ACEE – Volume 01 - P 13- 21
Advances in Civil and Environmental Engineering www.jacee.us - copyright © 2013 Jacee.us official website.
Cost emission assessment of NOx and SOx pollutions from gas flare, Case study South Pars Industiries, The Persian Gulf, Iran Hassan Hoveidi 1*, Ali Ahmadzaheh1,2, Javad Kazemzadeh Khoei3, Alireza Aslemand1, Seyed Masoud Tayefeh3, Mehdi Esmaeili Bidhendi1 1*
Graduate Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6135, Tehran, Iran 2 Department of Research and Technology, Pars Special Economic Energy Zone (PSEEZ), National Iranian Oil Co. (NIOC), Iran 3 Department of Environmental Engineering, Academic Center of Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Sharif University Branch, Tehran, Iran *
Corresponding author, Tell: +98 912 199 5673 E-mail:
[email protected]
Abstract Gas flares are one of the main sources of air pollutions such as SOx, NOx and CO2. Proper managing of flares is essential to reduce the drawbacks. In this research, the effects of SOx and NOx pollutants on human health which are spread from a gas flare located in phase 9 & 10, South Pars, the Persian Gulf, Iran, are considered. The Scope of this study is a circle with a radius of 50 km. with respect to the results; the selected flare generates NOx pollutant about 666916 tons per year whereas the SOx amount is 1.7 tons per year. In addition, due to the RiskPoll model the cost emission of these air pollutants is calculated more than 958000 $/year. The mortality Years of Life Lost (YOLL) is founded as the most drawback.
Keywords Cost Emission Assessment - Gas Flare Sox – Nox - Risk Poll
Volume 01 – Year 2013 copyright©2013 Jacee.us official website.
Hassan Hoveidi, et al / ACEE Volume 01- P 13 – 21
41
Lower
1 Introduction Due to the consumption growth of fusil
respiratory
symptoms
(children
asthmatics) (Roemer et al, 1993).
fuels and hydrocarbon materials, the oil and
The quantification of damage costs has
petrolium industries are developed fastly
many important applications, such as guide the
around the world. However, these industries
environmental
are known as one of the biggest pollutant ones
determining the optimal level of the limit for
which lead to generate huge amounts of wastes
the emission of a pollutant), estimating the
and pollutions (Reis, 1996). One of the most
socially optimal level of a pollution tax,
significant sources of air pollutants are gas
identifying technologies with the lowest social
flares. Gas flares are mainly used to decrase
cost, evaluating the benefits of improving the
the system’s shock and flame the waste gas.
pollution abatement of an existing installation
Pars Espesial Economy Enery Zone (PSSEZ)
such as a waste incinerator, optimizing the
is one of the biggest center of gas and
dispatching of power plants or "Green
petrolium industries in the world. There are
accounting", i.e. including corrections for
many gas flares are located in this area which
environmental damage in the traditional
cause significant air pollitions.
accounts of Gross National Product (GNP).
regulations
(for
example,
SOx and NOx are known as the two
Air pollutants can cause enormous
pollutants generated from the gas flare in the
social-economic and environmental losses. For
refineries (Reis, 1996). They are generated
instance, the emission costs on human health
from the flaming the waste gases. Moreover,
due to the air pollutants in United States of
SOx and NOx emissions have significant
America (USA) was fluctuated between 55
drawbacks on human health which lead to
and 670 million Dollars from 1990 to 1991
heavy emission costs to the society such as
which was calculated by the USA’s damage
Mortality Years of Life Lost (YOLL) (Pope et
estimation function (Chestnut & Rowe, 1990).
al, 2002), restricted activity days (Ostro,
Moreover, in 1992 the annual value of a
1987), chronic Bronchitis (Abbey et al, 1995),
human life is appraised at 3 million Dollars in
respiratory hospitalization (Dab et al, 1996),
America which is known as statistical value of
Chronic cough, children (Dockery and Pope,
life whilst in Italy the cost of mortality is
1994), adult asthmatics cough (Dusseldurp et
estimated at 16443.8 million Dollars (Borger
al,
(adult
& Wouters, 1998). In addition, in New
asthmatics) (Dusseldurp et al, 1995), Lower
Zealand every year, air pollution from all
respiratory
asthmatics)
sources was estimated to cause more than
(Dusseldurp et al, 1995), Bronchodilator use
1,600 premature deaths, 930 hospitalizations
(children asthmatics) (Roemer et al, 1993), and
and 2.6 million restricted activity days in
1995),
Bronchodilator
symptoms
(adult
use
Hassan Hoveidi, et al / ACEE Volume 01- P 13 – 21
41
urban areas
which
the costs
of these
drawbacks are estimated roughly $1.62 billion
(population, crops, forests, buildings, etc.) (ExternE 1995; 1998; 2000).
per year (Kuschel & Mahon, 2010). Due to the
This study aimed to evaluate the
recent World Bank estimations air pollution in
emission costs of the produced gases and air
Tehran causes more than 3.3 billion dollars
pollutants namely; NOx and SOx for the gas
which obviously increased each year (Hastaie,
flare located in South Pars based on the
1993). Furthermore, Iran’s Ministry of Health
ExternE methodologies (RiskPoll Model).
estimates that between 4,000 and 5,000 people die every year in Tehran due to air pollution
2 Material and methods
(WWW.MOHME.gov.ir).
The South Pars field is a natural gas
There are other studies which evaluate the external costs of energy are conducted in Europe and US in recent years such as ExternE and ORNL/RFF researches (ExternE 1995; 1998; 2000; ORNL/RFF, 1994; Rowe, 1995). In addition, some researches such as Pope et al (Pope et al, 1995) which measure the chronic effects of air pollution on mortality YOLL lead to major changes of the methodology. Thus,
within
methodology
ExternE
known
as
a
bottom-up
Impact-Pathway-
Approach, has been developed and applied to assess impact and damage cost of a pollutant, tracing the passage of the pollutant from where it is emitted to the affected receptors
condensate field located in the Persian Gulf. It is the world's largest gas field, shared between Iran and Qatar. The phases 9 and 11 were startded
in
September
2112 .
However,
investment value is more than 2 billion US$ based on EPCC by the method of financing. Finally, it became fully operational in 2112 (http://www.pseez.ir/en/gas).
The
area
is
illustrated in Figure 1. These phases produce more than 50 million barrel of gas per day which during the process lots of gas waste is generated
which
needs
to
be
flared.
Additionally, to control and reduce the shock of input gases to the system some of them are brougth to the falres.
Figure 1. Study area
Hassan Hoveidi, et al / ACEE Volume 01- P 13 – 21
41
The methodology is divided in two
Project of the European Commission and the
sections. First, based on the data gatherd from
multimedia impact assessment is based on the
the PSEEZ the ratios of gases emission are
transfer
calculated. Second, by using the RiskPoll
Environmental Protection Agency (Spadaro,
software which is based on the EXTERNE
2004).
methodology the imapcts of pollutants on
factors
published
by
the
US
Riskpoll model is also calibrated for the
human health are estimated. It should be noted
South Pars regional conditions.
For the
that the RiskPoll Software needs to be
countries that have not damages’ costs such as
calibrated for the local conditions.
Iran, we can use the other countries damages’
In section one the input materials to the
costs data (Europe Union’s data based on the
flare are founded and due to the the mass and
EXTERNE project was chosen to use) and
energy equations in adiabatic conditions with
calibrated with the following formula:
an efficiency of 90% the ratios of gases Unit cost in country = Unit cost in EU
emission are obtaned. In section two the applied software is
(1)
* (PPPGNPcountry/PPPGNPEU)
discussed. RiskPoll (Version1.05; Jan 2004) is a very usful software to estimate the various human
health
impacts
due
to
where PPPGNP is Purchasing Power Per
the
capita equivalent to Gross National Product in
environmental emissions including SO2, NO2,
dollar terms. With respect to central bank of
CO and PM10 or the heavy metals in the air
Iran PPPGNP for Iran is 13053$ and according
such as Pb, Ni, Mg, Cr, As.
to the World Bank stats for Europe Union
Health impacts of air pollution are
(EU)
PPPGNP
is
31607$
in
2011
calculated using an impact pathways analysis,
(www.wikipedia.com & www.worldbank.org).
which traces the fate of a pollutant in the
So, the unit cost in Iran is 0.413 than the EU.
environment from point of emission into the
So, the unit cost of damage in Iran can be
air, to atmospheric dispersion and eventual
obtained from multiplying 0.413 to the EU’s
receptor uptake. Health impacts such as loss of
unit of damage.
life expectancy (mortality YOLL) and various morbidities (e.g., asthma attacks, chronic
( (
) )
11410
)2(
bronchitis and hospital visits) are considered as the main calculation in this model. However, quantification of the impacts and damage costs in the Riskpoll software follows the methodology developed by the ExternE
3 Results and Discussion The selected flare (Low pressure) is located in the phase 9 & 10 at South Pars. The input materials due to the data gathered from
Hassan Hoveidi, et al / ACEE Volume 01- P 13 – 21
41
the refinery are given in Table 1. Table 1. Input materials Input Materials
(mol/hr)
Efficiency (%)
2O
250167
90
Nitrogen
00111
90
Carbon Dioxide
1714
90
H2S
1114
90
C1
721112
90
C2
51150
90
C3
29171
90
iC4
512
90
C4 C5+
13
90
260162
90
In this section, due to the input gases of flare
chemical
reactions
(complete
and
incomplete) are identified and balanced. It should be mentioned that 90 percent efficiency in the reactions is assumed in this study. Complete reactions based on the materials
H 2 S O2 H 2O SO
) 3(
CH 4 2O2 CO2 2H 2 O
) 4(
7 C 2 H 6 O2 2CO2 3H 2 O 2
) 5(
C3 H 8 5O2 3CO2 4H 2 O
) 6(
13 O2 4CO2 5H 2 O 2
C5 H12 8O2 5CO2 6H 2 O
) 10(
7 C3 H 8 O2 3CO2 4 H 2O 2
) 11(
9 C 4 H 10 O2 4CO2 5H 2 O 2
) 12(
C5 H 12
mentioned in Table 1are as follows:
C 4 H 10
5 C 2 H 6 O2 2CO2 3H 2 O 2
) 13( 11 O2 5CO2 6 H 2 O 2
As regards to these reactions the final outputs of flare are estimated and given in Table 2. The results indicate that 69.3 percent of the
) 7( ) 8(
output gases after burning is N2 which can be predicted that N2 would have a noticeable affects on the area. In the next step the SOx and NOx generated amounts are obtained which are given in Table 3. To estimate the
On the other hand, the incomplete reactions
amounts of SOx and NOx from Table 2, it
are given as follows:
should be considered that each mol of H2S and
3 CH 4 O2 CO2 2 H 2 O 2
) 9(
N2 changes to two molls of SOx and NOx, respectively.
Hassan Hoveidi, et al / ACEE Volume 01- P 13 – 21
41
Table 2. Output materials Materials
Mol/hr
Portion (%)
H2O
4327.17
19.7
CO2
2158.83
9.8
H2S
0.04
1.8E-6
CO
237.82
1
N2
15235.43
69.3
According to Table 3, there is a massive
by using the RiskPoll software the impacts of
rate of NOx generation which leads to
SOx & NOx emissions are modeled to assess
significant costs on human health and the
the impacts on human health. The damage
nearby environment. Moreover, due to the
costs of the SOx & NOx are given in Table 4
local conditions and the above achieved data
and 5, respectively.
Table 3. The ratios of SOx & NOx emissions Materials
Emission ratio (ton/year)
NOX SOX CO
555915102 11202 4711172
Table 4. Damage cost of SOx pollutant Exposure Response Function
Impact
Damage Cost
Mortality YOLL
2.39E-04
4.94E+00
Chronic Bronchitis
3.08E-05
2.16E+00
Restricted activity days
1.64E-02
7.39E-01
Respiratory hospitalization
1.71E-06
3.05E-03
Chronic cough, children
3.42E-04
3.38E-02
Congestive heart failure, elderly
2.14E-06
2.88E-03
Cough, adult asthmatics
7.71E-03
1.39E-01
Bronchodilator use, adult asthmatics
3.76E-03
6.20E-02
Lower respiratory symptoms, adult asthmatics
1.40E-03
4.62E-03
Cough, children asthmatics
1.54E-03
2.86E-02
Bronchodilator use, children asthmatics
4.47E-04
8.27E-03
Lower respiratory symptoms, children asthmatics
5.93E-04
1.96E-03
Total
8.12E+00
Hassan Hoveidi, et al / ACEE Volume 01- P 13 – 21
41
Table 5. Damage cost of NOx pollutant Exposure Response Function
Impact
Damage Cost
Mortality YOLL
2.76E+01
5.71E+05
Chronic Bronchitis
3.73E+00
2.61E+05
Restricted activity days
1.88E+03
8.53E+04
Respiratory hospitalization
1.98E-01
3.53E+02
Chronic cough, children
3.94E+01
3.90E+03
Congestive heart failure, elderly
2.47E-01
3.33E+02
Cough, adult asthmatics
8.93E+02
1.66E+04
Bronchodilator use, adult asthmatics
4.34E+02
7.16E+03
Lower respiratory symptoms, adult asthmatics
1.61E+02
5.33E+02
Cough, children asthmatics
1.78E+02
3.31E+03
Bronchodilator use, children asthmatics
5.16E+01
8.51E+02
Lower respiratory symptoms, children asthmatics
6.85E+01
2.26E+02
Total
9.51E+05
12 different illnesses caused by exposing
asthmatics,
respiratory
hospitalization,
to SOx & NOx pollutants are considered. The
Congestive heart failure (elderly) and lower
orders of the impacts intensity for both
respiratory symptoms regards to children
pollutants are the same. With respect to the
asthmatics are founded as the other costs on
Tables 4 and 5, mortality YOLL has the most
human health, respectively.
proportion of damage costs rather than the
To sum up with respect to Table 6, the
other illnesses which stands at 571005 $/year.
total emission cost caused by NOx is
After that, Chronic Bronchitis stands as the
95100000 $/year whereas the SOx cost is 8.12
second damage cost at 261002 $/year. The
$/year.
third significant costs are caused due to the restricted activity days. The cost emission of
4 Conclusions
NOx is much more than the SOx. In other
Emission costs of the SOx and NOx
words, the impacts of SOx can be neglected. In
pollutions are assessed for a gas flare located
addition, adult asthmatics cough is placed at
in the South Pars. The ratios of gases emission
the
pollutants.
are calculated due to input materials of the
Bronchodilator use (adult asthmatics) leads to
flare and the regional conditions. The amount
fifth major costs on human health whereas
of NOx emission is 555915102 ton/year
Chronic cough (children) stands at the sixth
whereas the ratio amount of SOx is 11202
place. Moreover, cough and Bronchodilator
ton/year. In the next step, according to the
use caused by children asthmatics, lower
EXTERNE methodology (RiskPoll Software),
respiratory
the NOx emission cost is 950635.9 $/year and
forth
place
for
symptoms
both
caused
by
adult
Hassan Hoveidi, et al / ACEE Volume 01- P 13 – 21
02
the SOx cost is 8.1 $/year. It can be concluded that managing the NOx generation caused by the gas flare is needed to be focused by the local authorities.
Table 6. the final emission costs caused by SOx & NOx Emission
Costs ($/year)
SOx
8.121452
NOx
950635.9
Acknowledgements The work was supported by the research and technology department of NIOC. We also acknowledge the sub companies of NIOC who have kindly provided data.
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