advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/4/7/eaar4313/DC1
Supplementary Materials for A strategy for the conservation of biodiversity on mid-ocean ridges from deep-sea mining Daniel C. Dunn, Cindy L. Van Dover, Ron J. Etter, Craig R. Smith, Lisa A. Levin, Telmo Morato, Ana Colaço, Andrew C. Dale, Andrey V. Gebruk, Kristina M. Gjerde, Patrick N. Halpin, Kerry L. Howell, David Johnson, José Angel A. Perez, Marta Chantal Ribeiro, Heiko Stuckas, Philip Weaver, SEMPAI Workshop Participants *Corresponding author. Email:
[email protected] (D.C.D.);
[email protected] (C.L.V.D.) Published 4 July 2018, Sci. Adv. 4, eaar4313 (2018) DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar4313
This PDF file includes: Table S1. Surrogate parameters related to biodiversity and deep-sea ecosystem structure and function and examples. Table S2. Raw values and performance metric scores. Table S3. Climate change metric results. References (97–127)
Table S1. Surrogate parameters related to biodiversity and deep-sea ecosystem structure and function and examples. Parameter or Data Set Examples and Comments Bathymetry (Depth) Fish diversity patterns with depth and physiological adaptations (100); beta diversity of deep sea echinoderms (124) and other organisms (111) along depth gradients; a bathymetric effect on biodiversity is often attributable to energy availability (120) and/or pressure adaptations (109) Seamount Distribution
Potential for seamount-scale endemism (101), though see (108); role in regional biodiversity (98); fish vertical zonation (112)
Biogeographic Region
Spatially interpreted using global data sets for depth, temperature, POC flux, oxygen concentration (33)
Latitude
Latitudinal gradients in species richness (111, 118)
POC Flux
A primary determinant of α and diversity, biomass, and trophic interactions in bivalves (99); ocean biodiversity structured through a species-energy framework (49)
Seabed Slope
Coral habitat suitability (115, 113, 116, 117)
Transform Faults
Serve as conduits for E-W movement of water masses between basins (35); transport of larvae and physicochemical properties (105); steep slopes, occurrence of hard and soft substrata, high current and deposition regimes support a diverse fauna (36) (34–36, 105)
Hydrothermal Vents
Host endemic species of invertebrates and fishes that depend on microbial chemoautotrophic primary productivity (122); beta diversity patterns influenced by availability of multiple microhabitats (119)
Water mass properties
Water masses influence seamount species richness (106); temperature, pH, O2 water mass properties and diversity patterns (111, 126); critical in predicting biogeographic units (33)
Other key parameters for which there is insufficient data coverage or resolution or that are not relevant within the study area Bathymetric Position Index, curvature, rugosity (derived from highresolution bathymetry)
Proxies for seabed substratum type (102), proxies for current flow and predictors of coral habitats (97, 117); data not available with high enough coverage and resolution for the study area.
Substratum type
Coral distributions on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (114); seamount assemblages (97); data not available with high enough coverage and resolution for the study area
Fronts
Atlantic Sub-Polar Front is an asymmetric, taxon-specific biogeographic boundary for deep pelagic fish in the North Atlantic (59, 121); no known fronts within the study area
High-resolution hydrodynamic variables (e.g., ROMS, vertical and horizontal flow parameters)
Can predict, for example, coral distributions (113, 117); data not available with high enough coverage and resolution for the study area
Characteristic friction Ecologically relevant variables, including measures of seafloor disturbance and velocities and critical sheer scope for growth (107); data not available with high enough coverage and stress resolution for the study area Sediment characteristics
Positive correlation between sediment particle size diversity and species diversity
for macrofaunal infauna (104, 110); grain size and meiofauna on seamounts (127); particle size and abyssal hills (103); data not available with high enough coverage and resolution for the study area Other factors
Seabed litter (125), keystone structures (canyons, abyssal hills) (103, 123); data not available with high enough coverage and resolution for the study area
Table S2. Raw values and performance metric scores. Results of the assessment of the three APEI network scenarios across CBD network criteria (bold), and metrics (plain text). Methods for each metric are described in Table 1. Raw Values (RMSE, % Habitat Coverage Metric Scores & Distance ratios) nMAR Management Unit 100 200 100 200 300 300 km km km km km km IMPORTANT AREAS 100 100 100 5.0 5.0 5.0 Hybrid zones 100 100 100 5.0 5.0 5.0 Major transform faults Average REPRESENTATIVITY Spreading Ridge Active vents Inactive vents Fracture zones Seamounts
37.6% 45.5% 42.9% 27.4% 25.7%
42.9% 54.5% 50.0% 28.7% 27.2%
42.1% 54.5% 28.6% 30.8% 32.1%
5.0
5.0
5.0
3.8 4.6 4.3 2.7 2.6
4.3 5.0 5.0 2.9 2.7
4.2 5.0 2.9 3.1 3.2
3.5
3.9
3.5
Discrete Habitat Average Slopes Depth POC Flux to the Seafloor
0.02 0.04 0.08
0.02 0.03 0.07
0.00 0.04 0.03
4.9 4.8
4.9 4.8
5 4.8
Continuous Seascape Variable Average CONNECTIVITY Regional Connectivity Network Population Persistence
4.6 4.8
4.7 4.8
4.9 4.9
1.4 2.4
2.6 1.5
4.9 1.8
4.7 3.6
3.4 4.5
1.2 4.2
4.1
4.0
2.7
5.0
5.0
4.0
5.0
5.0
4.0
2.1 2.5 4.5 2.1
2.6 5 4.5 2.2
2.6 5 4.6 2.5
2.8
3.6
3.7
Average REPLICATION Number of APEIs Average VIABILITY & ADEQUACY Percent Management Unit Conserved Within APEI Population Viability Climate Change: Absolute Similarity Climate Change: Relative Local Change
12
21.3% 100
6
25.6% 200
4
25.6% 300
Average
RTF Management Unit
Transition Zones (Romanche)
Raw Values (RMSE, % Habitat Coverage & Distance ratios) 100 200 300 km km km 10.3% 70.1% 100.0%
Metric Scores 100 km 0.5
200 km 3.5
300 km 5.0
Table S3. Climate change metric results. Analysis of APEI placement scenarios relative to current and projected future oceanographic variables. Raw Values (RMSE & % Habitat Coverage) 100 km
200 km
300 km
100 km
200 km
300 km
0.07
0.07
0.04
4.6
4.7
4.8
pH
0.23
0.22
0.23
3.8
3.9
3.9
POC
0.19
0.17
0.12
4.0
4.2
4.4
Oxygen
0.02
0.03
0.04
4.9 4.3
4.9 4.4
4.8 4.5
Temperature
15.8%
26.3%
21.1%
1.6
2.6
2.1
pH
14.6%
17.1%
24.4%
1.5
1.7
2.4
POC
34.2%
36.8%
39.5%
3.4
3.7
3.9
Oxygen
19.6%
8.7%
15.2%
2.0
0.9
1.5
2.1
2.2
2.5
Variable Temperature Climate Change: Absolute Similarity
Metric Average Climate Change: Relative Local Change
Metric Scores
Metric average
