2017
Africa Sustainable Development Report: Tracking Progress on Agenda 2063 and the Sustainable Development Goals
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All rights reserved First printing: September 2017 Sales no.: E.17.II.K.5 ISBN: 978-92-1-125130-2 eISBN: 978-92-1-362743-3 Cover design, layout and graphics: Karen Knols, Carolina Rodriguez and Tessa Schlechtriem Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted. Acknowledgement is requested, together with a copy of the publication. The designations used and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Economic Commission for Africa, African Union, African Development Bank and the United Nations Development Programme concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or its economic system or degree of development. Designations such as “developed”, “industrialized” and “developing” are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. Printed in Addis Ababa by the ECA Printing and Publishing Unit. ISO 14001:2004 certified. Printed on chlorine free paper.
Table of Contents Lists of boxes, figures & tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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x
Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Chapter 1 Introduction: scope, methodology and statistics in Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1.1 Scope and methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2 About the report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.3 Statistics in Africa: key issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3.1 Overview of data issues in Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3.2 Situation of data and statistics in Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 Statistics for progress reporting on the 2030 Agenda and Agenda 2063 . . . . . 7 1.4.1 Indicators for the 2030 Agenda and Agenda 2063: Africa’s contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.4.2 Data availability and opportunities for reporting on Agenda 2063 and the 2030 Agenda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.4.3 Africa’s contributions to informing the global database of Sustainable Development Goal indicators on Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.4.4 Advocacy for action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Chapter 2 Sustainable Development Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.2 Targets and alignment with Agenda 2063 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.3 Progress in poverty reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Chapter 3 Sustainable Development Goal 2: Zero hunger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3.2 Targets and alignment with Agenda 2063 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3.3 Progress and trends regarding the targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Table of Contents
2.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
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AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017
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Chapter 4 Sustainable Development Goal 3: Good health and well-being . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 4.2 Targets and alignment with Agenda 2063 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 4.3 Current status in Africa and the progress made . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 4.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Chapter 5 Sustainable Development Goal 5: Gender equality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 5.2 Targets and alignment with Agenda 2063. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 5.3 Synergies between the 2030 Agenda, Agenda 2063 and the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 5.4 Current status and progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 5.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Chapter 6 Goal 9: Industry, innovation and infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 6.2 Targets and alignment with Agenda 2063 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 6.3 Data availability, current status in Africa and the progress made . . . . . . . . . 85 6.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Chapter 7 Sustainable Development Goal 14: Life below water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 7.2 Targets and alignment with Agenda 2063 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 7.3 Data availability, current status in Africa and the progress made . . . . . . . . . 99 7.4 Implications for small island developing States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 7.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Chapter 8 Conclusion and recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 8.1 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 8.2 Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
List of boxes, figures & tables List of boxes Box 2.1
Global poverty: overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Box 3.1
Global hunger: most recent overview
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Box 3.2 El Niño effects threaten Africa’s food security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Box 4.1
Global health status: most recent overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Box 6.1
Key facts in industry, innovation and infrastructure globally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Box 6.2
Promotion of renewable energy in Morocco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Box 7.1
Key facts about life below water for Africa
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Box 7.2 Small island developing States environmental issues: lessons from Seychelles . . 103
List of figures Figure 1.1
Milestones in the development of statistics in Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Figure 2.1 Subregional trends in GDP growth and Annual GDP growth by Region, 2010–2015 . 16 Figure 2.2
GDP growth rates, 2005-2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Figure 2.3
Proportion of people living below $1.90/day, 2002-2013
Figure 2.4
Changes in poverty rates, 2002-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Figure 2.5
Proportion of working population living under $1.90 per day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Figure 2.6
Vulnerable employment per region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Figure 2.7
Proportion of workers living below the poverty line by age
Figure 2.8
Gender distribution of the total working poor by region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Figure 2.9
Proportion of employed population below the poverty line by sex . . . . . . . . . . 23
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Figure 2.10 Proportion of unemployed receiving unemployment benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Figure 3.1 Estimated prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in the adult population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Figure 3.2
Children under 5 years of age with WHZ
