Algorythm Evolution of New Environmental Acoustic Theory ... - ijens

International Journal of Engineering & Technology IJET-IJENS Vol:13 No:04

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Algorythm Evolution of New Environmental Acoustic Theory on Housing Masterplan Design Erni Setyowati 

Abstract— Inverse Square Law in Environmental Acoustic Theory has always been recognized as a Grand Theory of Acoustic Environmental science. Since its inception by scientists including Diendrik Hendrik Buys Ballot in 1892, this theory has been much enhanced by the acoustic environment experts. This theory states that the greater the distance the less the intensity of the sound and the smaller the distance, the greater the intensity of the sound. Variables contained in these theories are the distance and intensity of sound. By the development of science and technology, it appears the angle of orientation variable. On understanding the theory, and in relation to aspects of the sound source within the building, the housing in the airport area will have an effective distance to the sound source and it will be varies depend on the direction of the orientation and configuration of the building blocks toward the runway which has a significance sound source of the airplane. This article will discuss the evolution of the new variable of orientation angle (α) into the formula of Grand theory, Inverse Square Law. To clarify the discussion, the housing close to Achmad Yani International Airport in Semarang, Indonesia has been choosen as a case of study. Index Term— Algorythm evolution; acoustics; Housing Master Plan Design.

Environmental

I. INTRODUCTION THIS study concern with the crystalization of theory on the environmental acoustics.[1], [2] The background study is the grand theory of environmental acoustic of Inverse Square Law which has a lot of contribution to the contextual setting of the sound source distance. Here is the grand theory: 2

I1  r2  …………………………… (01) [3]   I 2  r1 

I1 : r1 : r1 : I 2 : r2 :

receiver. City noise problems will always be associated with the 3 main sources of noise, such as transport, heavy equipment and factory activity [4], [5]. To clarify the discussion it would have taken the case of noise on residential areas near the airport. The population of the world continues to increase. As a result, the number of housing is also increasing day by day. With increasing urban population in the world, the urban sprawl is not inevitable. Transportation is an area that has never deserted the consumer in the condition as described above. Intensity of transportations by land, sea and air will always increase. To clarify the discussion, so in this article is taken case studies that have been done before, which is about the noise on the housing around the airport.

Noise Intensity of r1 from sound source (Watt/m2) Distance between source L1 and receiver (m) Noise Intensity of r2 from sound source (Watt/m2) Distance between source L2 and receiver (m)

r2 :

This study will discuss the algorythm formation of a new theory about the distance between the sound source and sound This work was supported in part by the Indonesian Government Grant 3299/UN7.3.3/PG.2011. F. A. Erni Setyowati is researcher at the University of Diponegoro, Faculty of Engineering, Chief of Building Technology Laboratory, Semarang 50275, Indonesia (corresponding phone: +62247473579; fax: +62247473579; email: ernisyahdu@ gmail.com).

Fig. 1. Noise maps in Region of Achmad Yani International Airport in Semarang, Indonesia [6], [7]

Housing around the airport has a different orientation angles vary the sound source the airport. Therefore, the patterns of the received sound levels were also different. This study will evaluate the algorithm formula of the grand theory which has 2 (two) variables, distance and intensity of the sound and transform it into a new theoretical formula that has orientation angle variable between the housing and the airport noise. II. RESEARCH QUESTION AND AIMS A. Research Question Housing around the airport has the orientation angle of the sound source which is vary depend on their lay out. Meanwhile, for conducting the master plan design approaches, it needs a new formulation that has angle of orientation variable; on the other hand, the grand theory only has distance variable and intensity of sound variable. In this study, we discuss several stages of research in order to answer the research question: How does the formula of Inverse Square

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Law is transformed as correlation model to create a new theory of the Housing Master Plan Design in the housing around the airport.

analysis and empirical analysis. Through validation with software Origin-8 found formula mathematical model of the correlationship between sound level and the orientation angle.

B. Research’s Aims Research's Aim in the study is to define a new theoretical model of the Housing Master Plan Design which is appropriate for housing around the airport, adaptable to airport noise and improve its Inverse Square Law Theory that does not have variable of orientation angle.

This relationship model would be useful to science in particular urban design masterplan design housing that can anticipate environmental noise, through the efforts of the orientation angle settings and configuration of the building blocks.

L  L0  A sin     c   

III. RESEARCH METHODS

L L0

Rv 

L0

Rv 

: :

Relative Value Noise Level of model having an orientation angle of  in deci Bell Noise Level of model having an orientation angle of 0 in deci Bell

:

 Rv x

(b)

…………………………..…… (03)

(c)

(d)

Fig. 2. Placement of the Sound Level Meter in the model

Similar to the previous studies, this study uses a formula of sound level equivalent as follows: [8], [9], [10], [11] Leq  10 log10

1  ni100,1Li (dBA) ............................(04) N

Leq  10 log10

1  ti100,1Li (dBA) ...........................(05) T

with: ni N Ti T

: : : :

the number of events with level Li Total number of events duration of sound level Li total time span/duration

Refer to Erni (2013) this formula is used to obtain the value of the average sound level within a certain time. The aircraft crossed the measurement location within a very limited time, therefore researchers used measurements span of 2 minutes per 3 seconds. This measurement method has more accurate result than the curve of measurement which has a span of 2 minutes per 5 seconds. See the picture below: [1] Leq 90

80

70

LEQ (dB)

Rv L

…………………………………… (02)

(a)

LEQ (dB) B

This study uses a quantitative approach to polynomial regression method. Regression method used consists of 3 stages of regression, namely: logarithmic regression polynomial, exponential polynomial regression, and polynomial regression of goniometryc. Because the orientation angle which can be observed in a preliminary study on the existing cluster is limited to only 3 certain angles, it needs building modeling in order to study a lot of orientation angles. In order to examine the relationship between sound levels with varying orientation angles, then building models created can be rotated on its axis. While to examine aspects of configuration, the three combined building models coupled with the front wall of the building elements, as the embodiment of configuration patterns that are linear rectanguler housing. In this way, the relative value of sound changes can be determined by comparing the value of the sound level models screened (Lα) with sound level model which is not rotated (L0). Here is the formula to get the sound changes Relative Value (Rv) [1], [2]:

60

50

40

Rv

:

Rv

:

x

:

Relative Value

30 -20

TIME (SECOND)

Means Relative value

Fig. 3. Two minutes per 5 seconds duration of noise level measurements graph [1]

The amount of measurement data

Rating the relative value of sound changes obtained by using different test methods of compare means, while the sound level mathematical model of the relationship with the orientation angle L = f (α) is approached by the mathematical test of goniometrycs through Origin-8 software, theoretical

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

A TIME (SECOND)

Fig. 4. Two minutes per 5 seconds duration of noise level measurements graph [1]

Sound level results obtained by this method will also be recorded along with the results of measurements consisting temperature, humidity and wind speed. The correlation model between the noise level and temperature (climate aspects) for example, it will be compared with the findings of a correlation


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International Journal of Engineering & Technology IJET-IJENS Vol:13 No:04 between the level of sound and the orientation angle (α) of previous research. The Model between noise level and temperature will be analyzed by polynomial regression analysis of goniometryc through the processing data by software Origin-8. [1], [2] IV. THE ALGORYTHM OF THEORY

HENDRIK DIEDERIK BUYS BALLOT ( 1843 ) Sound level will increase if the distance is approaching and will be reduced if the distance away .”

INVERSE SQUARE LAW CM Harris, KA Attenborough, DM Howard, JAS Angus

NOISE IN THE TROPICAL – HUMID REGION

CHEW CHYE HENG Model building blocks parallel to the sound source will lead to multiple reflection and increase the sound level by 50% ISABELLE JACHET Combination of solutions between acoustic and airflow / ventilation (ground transportation noise sources)

AIRCRAFT NOISE HH. Hubbara F. Les Frirtz Ingerslev

CORRELATION MODEL

ERNI SETYOWATI Correlation Model of Orientation and Block Configuration Towards the Noise Level on Housing Close to the Airport in the Tropics

NOISE CONTROL ON URBAN HOUSING MASTER PLAN DESIGN

CHRISTIAN DOPPLER & JOHN SCOTT RUSSEL ( 1848 ) Developed a theory of the Doppler effect

COMMUNITY DISTURBED BY AIRCRAFT NOISE

BUILDERS GUIDE MITIGATING AIRCRAFT NOISE IN NEW RESIDENTIALCON STRUCTION - Determination of zone - treatment control of noise Regulation of the Indonesian Minister of Transportation 11/2010 Determination of zone using WECPNL

r

: Distance in meter

Equation (04) above at a distance r1 expresses that the sound intensity is I1, and at a distance r2, then the sound intensity is I2, and can be formulated as follows: [3]

I1  r2     ………………… (01) [3] I 2  r1  I1 : r1 : I2 : r2 :

1.

2.

3.

1 ………………………… (06)[3] r2

Noise Intensity in r1 from sound source (Watt/m2) Distance between source L1 and receiver ( m) Noise Intensity in r2 from sound source (Watt/m2) Distance between sound source L2 and receiver ( m)

This formula is a formula that is used when predicting the sound level at a certain distance from the sound source. But the receiver does not always have an orientation which is perpendicular to the trace distance between the sound source and sound receiver. Sometimes the sound receiver has a specific orientation angle (α) of the sound source. So that, the effective distance between source and receiver will be changed. Therefore, the inverse square law formula cannot always be used just like it is, it needs to be transformed as a new formula when the orientation angle to the sound source changed. Residential region in noisy urban areas are always affected by the noise emitted by the flight operations when both takeoff and landing. Hence the idea of the study was followed by a series of studies with the theme: Efforts to Control the sound (Noise Control strategy) in the field of residential master planning humid tropics in the airport area through the arrangement of building orientation. Various studies on the effects of airport noise on communities surrounding airports:

Regulation of the Indonesian Minister of Public Works NO 26 / 2008 Building on Spatial Planning and the Environment

Fig. 5. The Algorythm of Theory [12], [13], [14].

I

: Sound Intensity in Watt/m2

2

It starts from the idea of embryo research laws squared distance (Inverse Square Law) which is established firstly by a Dutch scientist named Henrik Diederik Buys Ballot in 1843, which reads: "The level of noise will increase when the distance of the sound source is approaching, and will subside / diminish if the distance away ". After the fourth scientist, then appear scientists who conduct research related to the science of sound such as Cyril M. Harris, Attenborough, D.M. Howard, and JAS Angus.

HIPPOLYTE FREAU Discovering the wave theory of sound

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Fritz Ingerslev (1966) examined the aircraft noise which is beneficial for the arrangement of the functions of planning (land use). In his research, he suggests contour of noise mapping method around the airport as well as the prediction of sound levels without generating exposed noise without representation of correlationship formula between noise level and building orientation. [15] Frair Les (2002) propose a mathematical model that can predict the distribution of population affected by noise. The purpose of the study is to find the total number of population affected by noise for 24 hours. Model of the relationship between noise level and the building is not a concern of Frair Les research. [16] G. Mouritzen (2003) examines the markup of noise level up to 70 dB on the functions of the facilities at the airport happened because the addition of flight schedules. This study did not produce a correlationship model, but Mouritzen proposed design which can be referred as a sound barrier design considerations for airport designers. [17]


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International Journal of Engineering & Technology IJET-IJENS Vol:13 No:04 Meanwhile H.H. Hubbard, et. al (1966) proposed a noise reduction step through the configuration of aircraft engine design solutions. H.H. Hubbard examines noise impact near the airport on residential commercial region, especially during takeoff and landing with recommendations by the measurement procedure of NASA. [18] While X. Cai and D. Zheng (2003) studied at Beijing airport noise who gave proposal on measurements to reduce noise, but did not result in finding a mathematical model. [19]

For the noise in the humid tropics, some scientists conducted a series of studies, such as: 1. Liu Xiaotu (2003) conducted a study that links between city development and city noise pollution. The fundamental measurement to develop a comfortable urban acoustic environment, which becomes an important input for urban designers and architects in making regulations related to urban noise reduction strategy. Liu proposed a sound barrier wall construction (wall reflection) with a length of 30 meters high and 12 meters in urban housing areas. Measurements were performed in two conditions: opened and closed windows. [20] 2. Chew Chye Heng (1995) conducted research which produced findings that parallel configuration in a residential area will add to the value of the sound level by 50%, caused by multiple reflections (multiple reflection) occured by the housing’s lay out.[21] Wind movement occurs because of differences in temperature and air pressure. Wind effects may cause behavioral vibration / vibration in the air. However, low-frequency vibrations have no detrimental effect on the structural safety of the building. This study examines the effects of vibration on heavy vehicles passing through the bridge structure, and propagates vibration effects on structural elements of buildings nearby. Wave motion is described as follows:

I. Jachet presented knowledge of the formation of urban and typically could be seen in the simulation stage. V. GONIOMETRYC ANALYSIS In the development a correlationship model between the orientation angle and the level of noise, it was selected the sound source data of Boeing 737-200 aircraft, by consideration of the data mode. A. The Orientation Aspects (O) Measurements were taken at the time of aircrafts take-off (01) and landing (02). Whereas the model made in three measurement conditions consisting: outside the model (OS), inside the model (OI), and the condition of the open window inside the model (OW). Empirical data measured in the field to form the pattern of relationships between sound levels with aspect orientation angle (α), which is the output of the software Origin-8 is indicated by the notation x. While the sound level change results orientation angle (y) except dependent on x, y depends also on the value of the amplitude (A) constant (/), and phase (/. x), see the table below: No

α (º)

1 2

30 90

3

150

4

180

5

315

L

61

L 59,6 (dB) 55,80 55,55

60

60,13 56,79

59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 0

6

30 60 90 120150180210240270300330 ORIENTASI ANGLESUDUT OF ORIENTATION (º)

Table I Sample of modelling in the out side of building condition (Orientation model)

L=L0+A*sin(pi*(α-αc)/w)

Equation Adj. RSquare B B B B

Fig. 6. The multiple reflection research conducted by Chew Chye Heng (1995) [21]

LLRATA-RATA(B) EQ MEANS Sine Fit of B

62

LLEQ MEANS (dB) RATA-RATA

4.

52

αc w A L0

Value 0,876 5,765 77,15314 3,74136 56,91444

Standard Error6,258 2,553 0,782 0,453

To clarify the analysis of orientation aspect development model on the condition of the plane take off, it becomes necessary to put forward the model summary table as the following relationship of L  f   :

3. Several mechanisms and architectural discourse presented by Isabelle Jachet (2002), [22] but not directly implemented on the context of the tropical climate, as well as socio-economic aspects, and tend to be more beneficial in the field of urban architecture. In her study


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The table shows each variable in the formula described by notation αc, , A, and L0 in each condition, both on condition of OS-01(out side – take-off), OI-01(in side- take-off) and OW-01(opened-window – take-off). The following are the results achieved in relation to the construction of models when the plane was landing, starting from the measurement conditions outside the building. On measurement conditions outside the building for an average sound level and the maximum is shown by the graph below: 50,75

y=y0+A*sin(pi*(x-xc)/w) R2 = 0,8682

LEQ MAXIMUM (dB) LMAKSIMUM

LEQ MEANS (dB) LRATA-RATA

49,75 49,50 49,25

66

LLMAKS(B) EQ MAX

Sine Fit of B

64 62

y=y0+A*sin(pi*(x-xc)/w) R2 = 0,9646

58 48,75

120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330

120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330

22,0

y=y0+A*sin(pi*(x-xc)/w) R2 = 0,8682

ANGLE OF ORIENTATION (º) SUDUT ORIENTASI

Fig. 8. Correlation Model – Max. OS-02

LEQ MEANS LRATA-RATA(B) Sine Fit of B

44

LLEQMAKSIMUM MAXIMUM (dB)

21,8

LEQLRATA-RATA MEANS (dB)

21,6 21,4 21,2 21,0 20,8 20,6 20,4

42 40 38 36 34 32

LLMAKS(B) EQ MAX Sine Fit of B

y=y0+A*sin(pi*(x-xc)/w) R2 = 0,9646

20,2 30

20,0

120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330

120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330


ORIENTASI (º) ANGLE SUDUT OF ORIENTATION

Fig. 10. Correlation ModelMaximum OI-02

Fig. 9. Correlation Model – Means OI-02

90

48,4

45,6


y=y0+A*sin(pi*(x-xc)/w) R2 = 0,9741

45,2

LEQLMAKSIMUM MAXIMUM (dB)


47,2

46,0

0,9104

MEAN (OI-01)

0,8763

L=L0+A*sin(pi*(α-αc)/w)  A L0

5,766 187,91 6

77,153

3,741

56,914

143,657

12,189

83,357

77,153

3,741

27,964

143,269

12,272

54,457

0,9918

5,766 187,94 2 144,38 9

118,595

1,362

52,821

0,9439

22,533

148,825

15,782

80,039

0,9155

Fig. 11 shows the pattern of different sound levels. The point of maximum peak sound level recorded by the angle 315º and 330º for direction toward building perpendicular to the aircraft's position when the sound peaks. Lowest sound level recorded by the orientation angle 180º for shadows sound effects. Sinusoidal pattern on the value of the average sound level graph those maximum graph are different, it is caused by the difference in sound level fluctuates between an average and maximum noise level. Same as the conditions outside the building, the graphs show the sinusoidal curve pattern of Origin-8 software. Empirical data measured in the field to form the pattern of correlationships between sound levels with the aspect of orientation angle (α). In summary, the correlationship model (model summary), all models show the relationship R2 figures are quite high. This proves that there is a fairly significant correlationship between the level of noise and the orientation angle. While the resulting empirical mathematical model is:

L  L0  A sin     c    …………(07)

86 47,6

46,4

0,8763

MAX(OS-01)

αc

88

48,0

46,8

MEAN (OS-01)

MAX (OW-01)

49,00

Fig. 7. Correlation Model – Means OS-02

R2

68

60

ANGLE OF ORIENTATION SUDUT ORIENTASI (º)

NOISE LEVEL

MEAN (OW-01)

70

50,00

Table II Summary of correlation model during the plane take-off

72

50,50 50,25

described by the orientation angle of 180º for shadows sound effects.

MAX (OI-01)


53

84 82 80 LLMAKS EQ MAX (B) Sine Fit of B

78 76 74 72

y=y0+A*sin(pi*(x-xc)/w) R2 = 0,9943

A 

70 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330


Fig. 11. Correlation Model – Means OW-02

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330

ANGLESUDUT OF ORIENTATION ORIENTASI (º)

Fig. 12. Correlation Model – Maximum OW-02

Fig. 07 and 08 depict the average sound level of the highest indicated by orientation angle of 210º due to environment reflection, while the value of angle 330º have an average sound level high because the building facing the aircraft position while experiencing the sound peaks, in example at the time of landing and was on the shelf runway. Fig. 08 and 10 show the pattern of different sound levels. The point of maximum peak sound level recorded by the angle 315º and 330º for direction toward building perpendicular to the aircraft's position when the sound peaks. Lowest sound level is





: :

Amplitudo constants

:

Angle of orientation ()

: phase  c  To clarify the analysis of aspect-oriented development model of the formula on the condition of the plane took off; it becomes necessary to put forward the model summary table in the following correlationship of L  f   :


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International Journal of Engineering & Technology IJET-IJENS Vol:13 No:04 Table III Summary of correlation model during the plane landing

Table IV Sample of modelling in the out side of building condition (Configuration model)

L=L0+A*sin(pi*(α-αc)/w)

NOISE LEVEL

R

MEAN (OS-02)

0,8682

98,675

50,336

0,725

49,697

1

30

59,37

66

MAX (OS-02)

0,9646

-42,681

145,954

4,948

65,505

2

45

6,55

64

MEAN (OI-02)

0,8682

98,675

50,336

0,725

21,007

3

60

62,39

MAX (OI-02)

0,9646

-42,681

145,954

4,948

36,815

(G)4

90

56,79

(G)5

120

55,73

0,9740

45,496 228,01 6

104,400

1,220

46,575

6

150

57,79

134,888

7,589

80,027

7

225

64,45

8

300

62,3

0,9943

w

A

L0

In the table known each variable in the formula described by the notation c,, A, and L0 in each condition:OS-02 (outside model – landing), OI-02 (inside model – landing) and OW-02 (opened window condition – landing). B. The Configuration Aspects (C) The configuration represents several housing in one block. In this condition, the reflection factor is very significant to increase the noise level. Measurements were taken outside the building (CO), inside the building (CI) and when the window opens (CW). In the development model of the correlationship between the orientation angle and the level of noise, it was selected the sound source data of Boeing 737-200 aircraft due to the data mode. For further discussion, the development of correlation model will follow the order as described above. In the construction of the model formula for conditions outside the building, selected data used in the analysis processing software Origin-8 is the orientation angles of : 30, 45, 60, 90, 120,150, 225 dan 300.



NO

Equa tion Adj. RSquare B B B B

L (dB)


62 60 58 56 54 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 SUDUT ORIENTASI ORIENTATION ANGLE OF KONFIGURASI CONFIGURATION (º)

L=L0+A*sin(pi*(α-αc)/w) 0,729 xc w A y0

Value 29,64697 11,93433 3,91316 58, 3412

Standard Error 1,24954 0,14337 0,86374 0,61253

In the model summary, it is known correlation R2 value is 0.841 for the average sound level, which means that a very strong relationship between the dependent variable and independent variables L orientation angle (α), or L  f   . For the measurement conditions inside the building, the construction of the model formula follows the pattern of correlationships such as the measurement conditions outside the building. The results of the construction of the formula are explained with charts and graphs Fig. 09 and Fig. 10. Further analysis of the results presented are analogous formula development, but more simplified without displaying the table. Selected data used to build the model formula for the average sound level condition in the corners of the building are 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, 225 dan 300. LEQ MEANS LRATA-RATA(B) Sine Fit of B y=y0+A*sin(pi*(x-xc)/w) R2 = 0,7295

66


64

y=y0+A*sin(pi*(x-xc)/w) 92 R2 = 0,8412

62 60 58 56

LEQ MAX LMAKS(B) Sine Fit of B

90

LEQLMAKSIMUM MAXIMUM (dB)

MAX (OW-02)

αc

LEQ LMEANS RATA-RATA

MEAN (OW-02)

2

54

88 86 84 82 80 78 76

54

74

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 SUDUT ORIENTASI KONFIGURASI (º) ORIENTATION ANGLE OF CONFIGURATION

Fig. 13. Correlation model – means CI-01


-30 0 30 60 90 120150180210240270300330

ORIENTATION ANGLE OF CONFIGURATION (º) SUDUT ORIENTASI KONFIGURASI

Fig. 14. Correlation modelmaximum CI-01

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64,2

76 LEQ MAXIMUM (dB) L MAKSIMUM

63,9 63,6 63,3 63,0 62,7 62,4 y=y0+A*sin(pi*(x-xc)/w) R2 = 0,8192

62,1 61,8 61,5

Table V Summary of correlation model in configuration aspect during the plane takeoff L=L0+A*sin(pi*(α-αc)/w)

75 74

MEANS (CS-01)

72 71 70

y=y0+A*sin(pi*(x-xc)/w) R2 = 0,9287

MAX (CS-01)

69

120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 ORIENTATION ANGLE OF CONFIGURATION SUDUT ORIENTASI KONFIGURASI (º)

Fig. 15. Correlation model- means CW-01

2

NOISE LEVEL

73

MEANS (CI-01)

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 ORIENTATION ANGLE OF CONFIGURATION SUDUT ORIENTASI KONFIGURASI (º)

MAX (CI-01)

Fig. 16. Correlation modelmaximum CW-01

Chart shows the sinusoidal pattern of software Origin-8. Empirical data measured in the field to form the pattern of relationships between sound levels with aspect orientation angle (α). R2 value recorded 0.819 for sound level average and 0.928 for sound level maximum. This shows a significant correlation between the noise level and orientation angle of configuration variable. In fig. 15, the noise level shown by the angle 150º for the reflection factor is mitigated by the configuration cascade absorption factor of buildings. Then the sound level was gradually increased up to 225º orientation angle of configuration. At 240º noise level reach the highest average since the reflection factor during aircraft climb-out in the air and reach the peak sound. Fig. 16 shows a sinusoidal pattern with the highest noise level recorded at 27º because it is perpendicular to the sound source peak when the plane took off in the air. Lowest sound level is indicated by the orientation angle at 120º for the shadow area noise when taking off. From cases CS-01 (outside of building when take-off), CI01 (inside-take off), CW-01(opened window – take off), the curves show sinusoidal patterns. While the resulting empirical mathematical model is:

MEANS (CW-01) MAX (CW-01)

R 0,72 9 0,84 1 0,72 9 0,84 1 0,81 9 0,92 9

αc 29,647

11,934

63,081

41,826

29,647

11,934

63,081

41,826 149,86 6 132,15 1

-92,854 166,02 1

LEQ MEANS

A

:

Amplitudo



:

constants

63

y=y0+A*sin(pi*(x-xc)/w) R2 = 0,9987

62 61 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 0

30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 SUDUT ORIENTASI KONFIGURASI


:

phase

83,381 30,144 54,431 63,037 73,150

75 74 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 60

LEQ MEANS

71 70

61,0 60,8 60,6 60,4 60,2 60,0

y=y0+A*sin(pi*(x-xc)/w) R2 = 0,9626 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330


Fig. 19. Correlation model- means CW-02

y=y0+A*sin(pi*(x-xc)/w) R2 = 0,9508

LEQ MAX

LRATA-RATA(B) Sine Fit of B

61,6

61,2

LMAKS(B) Sine Fit of B

Fig. 18. Correlation modelmaximum CS-02


:

   c

58,834

0 30 60 90 120150180210240270300330360390

61,4



L0


Fig. 17. Correlation model- means CS02

LEQ MEANS (dB) LRATA-RATA



A 3,91 3 7,17 3 3,91 3 7,17 3 1,01 0 3,04 5

LEQ MAX

LRATA-RATA(B) Sine Fit of B

64

ORIENTATION ANGLE OF CONFIGURATION (º)

L  L0  A sin     c    ………… (08) [1]

w

In the table, it is known that each variable in the formula is described by the notation of c,, A, and L0 in each condition: CS-01 (outside the building when take off), CI-01 (inside– take off) and CW-01 (opened window measurements when the airplane take off). In the estimated curve fitting method to the selected data on the outside building conditions when the plane landed, the software Origin-8 predicted pattern of relationships that occur in the angles of the orientation: 30, 45, 120, 210, and 240, and the results as shown in the graphs below:

LEQ MEANS (dB) L RATA-RATA

L LRATA-RATA EQ MEANS (dB)

LEQ MAX LMAKS(B) Sine Fit of B

77



64,5

55

69

L MAKS (B) Sine Fit of B

y=y0+A*sin(pi*(x-xc)/w) R2 = 0,8525

68 67 66 65 64 63 62 0 30 60 90 120150180210240270300330360390

ORIENTATION ANGLE OFKONFIGURASI CONFIGURATION (º) SUDUT ORIENTASI

Fig. 20. Correlation modelmaximum CW-02

Charts show the sinusoidal patterns of software Origin-8. Empirical data measured in the field to form the pattern of relationships between sound levels with aspect orientation


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International Journal of Engineering & Technology IJET-IJENS Vol:13 No:04 angle (α). Summary of the model produces a correlation value of R2 is 0.963 for the average sound level and 0.853 for the maximum sound level, which means that a very strong relationship between the dependent variable and independent variables L orientation angle (α). Fig. 19 describes the average sound level to the highest point on the curve having a reflection angle of 180º angle due to the building configuration. The average curve of sound level in the lowest value is demonstrated by angles of 120º and 240º for shadows sound effects. The 330º angle pattern shows a fairly high noise level due to its position directly facing the sound source. Fig. 20 describes the pattern of the maximum sound level. The highest sound level is shown by 120º angle of 69.50 dB, and then gradually decreased, while the lowest maximum sound level is indicated by the angle 210º. It is caused by the effects of noise due to the shadows turned position of sound source. Of all measurement conditions when the plane landed, a mathematical model is obtained as follows:





   c

sin  

:

Amplitudo

:

constants

:


:

phase

Table VI Summary of correlation model in configuration aspect during the plane landing

MEANS (CS-02) MAX (CS-02) MEANS (CI-02) MAX (CI-02) MEANS (CW-02) MAX (CW-02)

L=L0+A*sin(pi*(α-αc)/w) 2

0,951

αc 106,90 3 225,77 8 106,90 3 225,77 8

0,963

11,283

0,853

59,219

R

0,999 0,951 0,999

w 74,261 163,66 7 74,261 163,66 7 67,381 121,48 5

a  a  r2 sin  r2

r cos  1  r1  r2 cos r2

To clarify the above discussion, displayed the summary as follows:

NOISE LEVEL

VI. THEORYTICAL ANALYSIS To build a model of moving-linear sound level observed by the sensor of Sound Level Meter (SLM) based on changes in angle and position (α), it is used non-linear approach to the formulation of the calculus goniometrycs,[23], [24], [25], [26], [27] which is conducted as follows (V. Dale, et.al (2007): [28]

Based on this image, the process of theorytical validation is obtained by the following equation:

L  L0  A sin     c    ………… (09) [1] A 

A 3,74 0 5,49 7 3,74 0 5,49 7 0,60 5 2,85 3

56

L0 59,209 67,021

………... (10)

On the other hand, based on the law of Inverse Square Law of the distance to the sound intensity level, the validation is obtained as follows: 2

r  L2  L1  5 log  2   r1  ………………… (11) r  L2  L1  10 log  2   r1  I 1  r2  I 2  r1

  

2

……................ (12)

30,519 38,331 60,942 65,504

In the table, it is known that each variable in the formula is described by the notation of c, , A, and L0 in each condition: CS-02 (outside the building when landing), CI-01 (inside– landing) and CW-01 (opened window measurements when the airplane landing). In the empirical analysis has been described in a previous journal that the findings of the correlation formula only diverged by 0.01 to 0.15 of the results of field measurements of the existing housing cluster. [1],[2],[4],[5].

With I = Intensity of sound (Watt/m2), L = sound intensity level in DeciBell, and r = distance between the sound source to the receiver noise. Equation model is similar to the model equations found in this study, or the model equations:

L  L0  A sin     c    ……… (07 - 09) VII. CONCLUSION In general, efforts to reduce the noise are made by sound barriers, but in this study, it was found that there are other measures that should be considered, namely the arrangement of the orientation and configuration of residential buildings in the master plan of the housing estates near the airport area.


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International Journal of Engineering & Technology IJET-IJENS Vol:13 No:04 Here are presented the results of research related to the research objective is the development of models and mapping relationships Housing Region Airport Noise Zone. The series of research studies ranging from introductory to the final research, the model obtained correlation between the received noise levels in buildings (L) with building orientation angle (α), as follows: [1], [2]

L  L0  A sin     c    ...[1]

[6]

With:

A

:

Amplitudo



:

constants

: :

Angle of orientation () phase

     c

[7]

This is caused by the configuration of the pattern which is very dominant in influencing the level of sound received. [1], [2] Aspects of reflection and absorption on the order of configuration causes the value of the noise level is very significance. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors would like to thank the supports of the correlation models by the author’s colleagues in Mathematical and Science Department, University of Diponegoro Semarang, Indonesia. The opinion and analysis presented in this paper are those of the authors.

[3]

[4]

[10]

[11] [12] [13] [14]

[15]

[16]

[17] [18]

[19] [20] [21]

REFERENCES

[2]

[8] [9]

Model in properties can be generalized for several reasons [29], [30]: 1. Generated from empirical testing in the field using sterile models, and can represent the original existing building in a residential area of the airport 2. This study took place in a sterile location, away from the noise of the existing residential area. 3. The resulting model is the essence of the sound levels, but not of the absolute value of the relative value of the sound.

[1]

[5]

E. Setyowati, 2013, Sustainable Master Plan Design in Residential Area Near the Airport, presented and published in International Conference Proceeding on the 1st Architecture and Civil Engineering 2013, Fort Canning Hotel, Clark Quay, 18th-19th March 2013, Singapore, GSTF (Global Science and Technology Forum) ISSN: 2301-394X. E. Setyowati, H. Trilistyo, 2013, Climate Assessment of Orientation Design in The Housing Master Plan Close to the Airport, Journal of Engineering Technology (JET), ISBN: 2251-3701, E-periodical ISBN: 2251-371X, pages ; 158-164. JET is indexed by Ulrich’s, EBSCO, CrossRef, and Proquest. It will also be submitted to Scopus and ScienceDirect. D.M. Howard dan J.A.S. Angus, Acoustics and Psychoacoustics- 4th Edition, Elsevier. Ltd, Burlington, USA, ISBN: 978-0-240-52175-6 (2009) E. Setyowati, A. Fitri Sadwikasari, 2013, The Orientation Angle Rating of The Simple Model Construction Having an Optimal Sound Transmission Loss (STL) in Residential Region Close to the Airport,

[22]

[23]

[24] [25] [26]

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presented and published in the 13th International Conference on Quality in Research QIR Proceeding, Sheraton Mustika Hotel Yogyakarta, 25th – 28th June 2013. E. Setyowati, A. Fitri Sadwikasari, 2013, Building Materials Composition Influence to the Sound Transmission Loss (STL), presented in the 13th International Conference on Quality in Research QIR Proceeding, Sheraton Mustika Hotel Yogyakarta, 25th – 28th June 2013. Published in the International Journal of Advanced Material, University of Indonesia. It is indexed by Scopus. E. Setyowati, S. Soetomo, W. Setia Budi, Wahyu; E. Prianto, Housing Orientation and Transportation Noise in Residential Area Near The Airport, Dinamika Journal, Civil Engineering,University of Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Indonesia, Vol.10, No:3- September 2010, National Accredited Journal BAN DIKTI: 110/DIKTI/Kep/2009 (2010). Government of Central Java Province, Dinas Pemukiman dan Tata Ruang: Final Report “Penyusunan Rencana Tata Bangunan dan Lingkungan (RTBL) Kawasan Bandara Ahmad Yani Semarang, PT. Duta Citra Design Consultant, Semarang, Indonesia (2005). C.M. Harris, Handbook of Noise Control, Second Edition, Mc Graw – Hill Book Company, New York, St. Louis, San Fransisco (1979). K. Attenborough, K.M. Li, K. Horshenkov, Predicting Outdoor Sound, Taylor & Francis, London, New York, ISBN: 0-203-08873-5 (2007). M. Harrison, Vehicle Refinement – Controlling Noise and Vibration in Road Vehicles, SAE International, Warrendale, USA, ISBN 0 7680 1505 7 (2004). S.V. Szokolay, Environmental Science Handbook for Architects and Builders, The Construction Press, Lancaster London New York (1980). Regulation of Transportation Ministry No: KM.11 - 2010 about: Tatanan Kebandarudaraan Nasional Regulation of Public Work Ministry No 06/PRT/M/2007 datel 26 Maret 2007 about Pedoman Umum Rencana Tata Bangunan dan Lingkungan Regulation of, Environment Minstry, Kep.Men. No. 48/MENLH/11/1996 about: Baku Tingkat Kebisingan Lingkungan (Ambience of Environmental Noise Level) F. Ingerslev, Measurement and Description of Aircraft Noise in the Vicinity of Airports, J. Sound and Vibration, vol. 3, Issue 1, pages 95-99 (1966) F. Les, Airport Noise Modelling and Aircraft Scheduling so as To Minimize Community Annoyance, J. Applied Mathematical Modelling vol. 8, Issue 4, pages 271-281 (2002). G. Mouritzen, Airports Can be Quieter, J. Applied Acoustics, vol. 3, Issue 4, pages 259-264 (2003). H.H. Hubbard, D.J. Moglieri, W.L. Copei, Research Approaches to Alleviation of Airport Community Noise, J. of Sound and Vibration, Volume 5, Issue 2, March 1967, pages 377-386, IN7,387-390 (2003) C. Xiulan dan D. Zheng, Aircraft Noise Around Beijing Airport, J. Applied Acoustics, vol. 25, Issue 2, pages 103-111 (2003). L. Xiaotu, Analysis of The Acoustical Environment of Urban Dwellings, J. Applied Acoustics, vol. 65, Issue 4, pages 557-581 (2003). C.C. Heng, Sound Propagation in Housing Estates from a Passing Vehicle, J. Applied Acoustics, vol. 48, Issue 2, pages 175-183 (1995). I. Jachet, Modelling and Simulation of physical ambient factors, noise and wind in tropical humid climate : proposition for methodology‘ , Laboratoire CERMA, Architectural and Urban Ambient Environment, First International Workshop, Nantes, France, February 6-8, 2002 (2002). K. Soetaert dan P.M.J. Herman, A Practical Guide to Ecological Modelling-Using R as Simulation Platform, Netherland Institute of Ecology, Yerseke, The Netherland, Springer, Netherland, ISBN: 978-14020-8624-3 (2009) G. Casella, Statistical Design, Springer, New York, USA, ISBN: 9780387-759654 (2008) H. Sanoff, Visual Research Methods in Design, Van Nostrand Reinhold, ISBN 0-4442-23827-4, New York (1991). C.M. Macal, Model Verification and Validation, workshop on : "Threat Anticipation: Social Science Methods and Models", The University of Chicago and Argonne National Laboratory, April 7-9 (2005).


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[27] http://www.originLab.com, access on 9th October 2010. [28] V. Dale,J. P. Edwin, R.E. Steven, Calculus, Erlangga Publishin, Jakarta (2007). [29] J. Newman dan C.R. Benz, Qualitative – Quantitative Research Methodology : Exploring the Interactive Continuum, ISBN 0-80932150-5, Southern Illinois University Press, USA (1998). [30] J.C. Snyder, Architectural Research – Environmental Design Series, Volume 6, ISBN 0-442-28211-7, Van Nostrand Reinhold, Melbourne , Australia (1984). Erni Setyowati has become a Member of GSTF (Global Science and Technology Forum), Singapore since March 2013. Erni was birth in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 4th April 1967. She finished her study of Architectural undergraduate degree at University of Diponegoro, Semarang in 1990. Then in the same University, she finished her study for master degre in 2000 and doctoral degree in 2011. The major field of study which she concerns is Building Science and Technology. She works at Architecture Department, Engineering Faculty, University of Diponegoro in Prof. Sudharto Street, Tembalan Region, Semarang, Central Java Province, Indonesia. She is a lecturer and has become a Chief of Building Technology Laboratory since 2011. The previous publications which she has written consisting “ Sustainable Master Plan Design in Residential Area Near the Airport”, presented and published in International Conference Proceeding on the 1st ACE 2013, Singapore and “Housing Orientation and Transportation Noise in Residential Area Near the Airport, published in National Journal of Dinamika, Civil Engineering, University of Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Vol.10, No:3-September 2010, a National Journal Accredited by High Education Directorat General, BAN DIKTI: 110/DIKTI/Kep/2009. She also wrote the educational book in March 2013: “Thermal and Acoustics”, UNDIP Press Publisher. She has conducted research on Nano-material recently. Dr. E. Setyowati has become memberships of AMER (Association of Malaysian on Environmental Behaviour Researcher) since 2013, Indonesian Architect Association (IAI) since 2005. She conducted research on Nano material with her students and gained the best five for Eco materials catagory on National Research Competition in 2013.


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