allelopathy and allelochemicals in rice weed ...

BANGLADESH RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS JOURNAL ISSN: 1998-2003, Volume: 4, Issue: 1, Page: 01-14, May-June, 2010

Review paper

ALLELOPATHY AND ALLELOCHEMICALS IN RICE WEED MANAGEMENT Md. Asaduzzaman1*, Mohammad Mahbub Islam2 and Shamima Sultana3 Md. Asaduzzaman, Mohammad Mahbub Islam and Shamima Sultana. (2010). Allelopathy and Allelochemicals in Rice Weed Management. Bangladesh Res. Pub. J. 4(1): 01-14. Retrieve from http://www.bdresearchpublications.com/admin/journal/upload/09146/09146.pdf

Abstract Allelopathy is described as both beneficial and deleterious biochemical interaction between plant and weeds, and/or plants and microorganisms through the production of chemical compounds that escape into the environment and subsequently influence the growth and development of neighboring plants. The allelopathic potential of rice has received enough attention especially against suppression the rice most common weeds including Heteranthera limosa and Echinochloa crus-galli. Separately, allelochemicals affect on plant growth and development through declining soil properties. In present situation of Bangladesh, natural herbicide or allelochemicals may be considered instead of synthetic herbicides to suppress weeds in rice crultivation. Therefore, it has enough scope to conduct such researches that will contribute to safe our environment as well as increase food safety.

Key words: Allelopathy, Allelochemical, Weed and Rice Introduction Weeds have been a persistent problem for farmers ever since beginning of agriculture because it cause economic losses of farmers by reductions in crop yields, increase costs of crop production and reduced crop quality (Bhuler et al., 1998). They often cause of total crop failure (Islam and Molla, 2001) whereas rice is the world's most important cereal staple crop. It provides the main source of calories for over half the world's human population (BRRI, 2008). Alarmingly greater loss in the yield of rice due to weed infestation has been reported by many investigators from the different parts of the world (Smith, 1993).In rice, the loss of yield due to weed infestation is greater than the combined yield losses caused by insect pest and diseases (Abbas et al., 1995). Both transplanted and direct seeded rice, weeds are common and highly competitive to the crop (Islam and Molla, 2001). In addition causing a considerable reduction in yield, weeds reduced the soil fertility particularly nitrogen (Ahmed et al., 1977). First industrialization in much rice producing countries offers the labor force an opportunity to earn more money outside the agricultural sector, and watering has always been used in transplanting rice as a tool to reduce weed pressure (Olofsdotter, 1998) and suggesting that the lack of sufficient manpower is the *Corrosponding Author 1 Assistant professor, Department of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh. 2 Assistant professor, Department of Agricultural Botany, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh. 3 Lecturer, Department of Agriculture, College of Development Alternative, Dhaka-1209, Bangladesh.

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barrier in crop production. Now the supply of water is not enough, especially industries are using water by paying much more the compared to agriculture or crop production. Taken together both shortages of labor and water are putting pressure on farmers to modify rice cultivation from transplanting to direct seeded. Direct seeded rice production could not provide better yield as transplanted. It reported that weeds a severe problem which is failure to avoid their harmful effect in association with rice in direct seeded system. When weeds and rice emerge together and early flooding of fields is not a possible weed control action until rice seedlings are 2-3 weeks old (Olofsdotter, 1998). There are many tactics are using to control weeds viz. mechanical, physical, biological and chemical methods. The chemical method is becoming popular for reducing the negative effect of weed in crop field. Herbicides are easy to use and chief synthetic for weed management (Naylor, 1996) that extremely used by farmers of Bangladesh. Separately, concerns about negative effects of herbicide use, such as environmental contamination, development of herbicide-resistant weeds, and human health problems, make it to find necessary to diversify or other weed management options (Holethi et al., 2008). The use of allelopathic behaviour of the rice crop is one of the new options for sustainable weed management (Olofsdotter and Navarez, 1995). where allelopathy is, direct influence of a chemical released from one plant in environment and then influence on the growth and development another, may provide an alternative to promising weed control methods (Kim, 2001). Many allelochemicals those are secondary plant metabolites including, alkaloids, penoloics, flavonoids, terpendis compounds and glucosionlates etc are synthesized by the plants during their growth and developmental period. Many authors have been analyzed to evaluate the allelopathy of plants to weed in agricultural field (Einhelling, 1996; Duke et al., 2000). As for example Cucumis sativa strongly inhibited the growth of white mustard (Brassica hirta) (Putnam and Duke, 1974); root extract of wheat affect on wild mustard (Beghestani et al., 1999); allelochemicals of buckwheat inhibits the growth and development of several common weed species (Niemeyer et al., 1995); application of 15 L ha-1 mixture of sorghum and sunflowerwater extracts ( phenoxoprop- p-ethyl) resulted in maximum weed suppression in wheat field(Mahmood et al., 2009). Moreover cultivars of rice that possessing allelopathic activity to major weed species could reduce the loss in crop yields due to weeds and hence reduce herbicide application and its costs , ultimately helping to safeguard our environment (Fujii,1994; Kim et al.,1999). This is suggesting that allelopathy is directly or indirectly involved in weed management during crop production. To our knowledge little is studied on rice cultivation and allelochemicals of plants. In worldwide there is a limited work has done on respect to weed management, especially on natural weed management by plant allelopathic potentiality. As a scientific area, although allelopathy has already contributed to some solution of naturally practical weed problems in agriculture but it is still now a new concept (An et al., 1998). The main objectives of this review paper to focus the importancy of allelopathy in crop cultivation as well as role of allelochemicals as natural herbicides in rice.

The Concept of Allelopathy Allelopathy is a natural phenomenon and it occurs when plant or its cultivars release some specific chemicals, which affect other species in its vicinity, usually their detriment (An, et al., 1998; Bhowmik and Inderjit, 2003). Although allelopathy has been observed for over 200 years and the phenomenon reports

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as early as 300 BC document that many crop plants inhibited the growth of other plants and destroyed its field weeds (Rice, 1984). It was also focused that the term allelopathy by include both harmful and beneficial biochemical interactions between all types of plants including other microorganism (An, et al., 1998; Rizvi and Rizvi, 1992). In 1974, after the publication of first book of “allelopathy “by Elroy L. Rice the phenomenon got a new attention in science community, who later reinforced this definition of allelopathy (Olofsdotter et al., 2002). The effects of one plant to another plant may be either both stimulatory and inhibitory that depends on the concentration of the released compounds (Bhowmik and Inderjit, 2003). For example chemicals, at lower concentration that inhibit the growth of some species where at higher concentration that may be stimulate the growth of other different species (Ahmed et al., 2007). In this phenomenon the allelochemicals (active compound or its precursor) is released from living or dead tissues of a donor plant (crop) and the allelochemical(s) is/are received by the target plant (weed) (Fuerst and Putnam, 1983; Blum et al., 1999) Different groups of plants, crops, and weeds have wide known allelopathic interactions (Jain et al., 1989; Horsley, 1991; Lawrey, 1993; Inderjit and Dakshini,1994; Ahmed et al., 2007; Uddin et al., 2007). Although allelopathy has been discussed for many years but due to questioning of lack of identified allelochemicals. Recently, it has been accepted as a priority area of weed science (Duke et al., 1998).

Allelochemicals Plant releases chemicals that show allelopathic potentiality are called allelochemicals or allelochemicls (Duke et al., 1998). It covers a wide range of chemicals used by plants or organisms. Allelochemicals are largely classified as secondary plant metabolites which are generally considered as alkaloids, phenoloics, flavinoids, terpenoids and glucosinolates) which do not play a role in plant primary metabolic process, but these are essential for their survival (Rice, 1984; Dekker and Meggitt, 1983). Plant or organisms respond to different stimuli through synthesis of secondary metabolites; allelochemicals. Putnam (1988) suggested that allelochemicals are the single or mixture of chemicals of plants which can naturally suppressed weed, and suggesting that allelochemicals are termed as natural herbicide. Generally different plant organ such as plant tissues, including leaves, flowers, fruits, stems, roots, rhizomes, seeds and pollen are the main sources of allelochemicals of donor plants are in stressed or competing with neighbouring plants, that released through crop-environmental ecological process (An, et al., 1998). Plant releases allelochemicals or its precursors at their early developments stage of even plants are most stressed and competing with neighbouring plants, for light, nutrients and water (Dekker and Meggitt, 1983). Allelochemicals or natural compounds have more benefits over synthetic compounds as they have novel structure and short half-life, therefore considered safe of environmental toxic (Duke et al., 2002). Therefore plant allelopathy mechanism can be applicable as a component of integrated weed management program (Harborne , 1993). Number of reports has published on rice allelochemicals as a phenolic compounds (Rice, 1987; Chou et al., 1991; Inderjit, 1996; Blum, 1999; Mattice et al., 1998; Olofsdotter et al., 2002; Seal et al., 2004) and momilactones (Nojiri et al., 1996; Araki and Kurahashi, 1999; Tamogami and Kodama, 2000; Kato-Noguchi and Ino, 2005). It has accepted that the role of momilactones with phenolic compounds and some unknown compounds in rice plant may be creating the allelopathy activity in rice. There are possibilities that the responsible and key compounds have not been details identified and they remain undiscovered (Seal


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et al., 2004). Therefore, identification, characterization, analysis and proper modifying strategies of these products may provide new area in modern research.

Inhibition of Plant Species Through Allelopathy The antagonistic relationship between the commercial herbicides (long half life, metal content) and environment (water, soil and plant) make it desirable to diversify weed management options (Putnam, 1988; Weston, 1996; Narwal, 1999). Many investigations and research have been attempted to exploit allelopathy of plants against to weed in agricultural fields (Einhellig, 1996; Duke et al., 2000). Many examples of such crops are- some species of cucumber (Cucumis sativa) which are strongly inhibited the growth of white mustard (Brassica hirta) (Putnam and Duke, 1974). Rye, some varieties of barley, oats as well as buckwheat are effective in inhibiting the growth habit of a large number of weed species (Clarka, 2005). Baghestani et al. (1999) found that root exudates of wheat and oats contained phenolic acid which has more detrimental effects on wild mustard. Root exudates of sorghum cultivars were evaluated by Alsaadawi et al. (1986) and they found that some cultivars are more potency to against the seed germination and growth of redroot pigweed. The secretions from roots of grain plants, which strongly inhibit the corn spurry (Spergula arvensis), Canada thistle (Crisimum arvense), scentless chamomile (Matricaria perforate) and yarrow (Achillea millefolium) (Lemerle et al., 2001.). During spring, rye suppressed the own filed weeds biomass by 93 % when compared to rye free plots (Barnes and Putnam, 1986). Oil seed crop, sunflower varieties inhibit the growth of certain weeds in respect to weed seeds germination (Leather, 1983; Leather and Forrence, 1979). Root inhibition of rye grass weed is influenced by wheat seed density (Inderjit et al., 2001). Rose et al. (1984) found that due to the allelopathic potentiality some soybean cultivars reduced 46% and 65% of dry weights of velvet and beauv (foxtail millet). In Poland, the best medicine for dangerous quack grass weed is buckwheat, the allelopathic compounds of buckwheat which inhibit the growth and development of this most common weed (Niemeyer et al., 1995). Allelo compounds contained in beet seeds that show an inhibitory effect on the germination of corn cockle (Agrostemma githago), corn chamomile (Agrostemma githago) and scentless chamomile (Matricaria perforate) (Rice, 1984). Continuous cropping of legume crop alfalfa has been created to auto toxicity (Webster et al., 1967; Miller, 1983) in low land weeds (Tsuzuki, 1999). Besides some crops are shown allelopathic potentiality when they are cultivate as a companion or cover crops by showing inhibitory effects on a number of weeds for presence or leachates of their allelo compounds ( Rice, 1984). Fujii (2005) assessed 53 cover crops species and found that leguminous cover crops hairy vetch and velvet bean, and graminaceous cover crops, oat, rye, certain cultivars of wheat and barley showing allelopathic potentiality as a companion crop due to their ability to give thick mulch straw.

Environment and Allelopathy Crop allelopathy potentiality largely influenced by the quality (composition) and quantity (concentration) of allelochemicals, which released from crops into soil and these chemicals were degraded by several soil factors including biotic and abiotic (Dalton 1989, Cheng 1995). Transport, transformation, retention in rhizosphere, leaching and residual effects of rice allelochemicals are influenced by soil texture (Inderjit and Dakshini,1994), temperature (Chou et al., 1991) and different chemicals (Cheng,1995). Several authors have hypothesized that allelopathy may be part of an intricate network of biochemical signalling in nature, comprising not only interactions between plants but also plants and other



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organisms (An et al., 2003). Therefore, allelopathy may be regulated in complex fashion by insect or pathogen-induced plant defences and related signalling, and vice versa. Incorporation of rice residue in the paddy soil result in higher microbial activity and phenolics which results in lower availability of NH4, NO3, N, Ca, Zn, Cu and Mn than soil without rice residues (Harper, 1977). It was also reported phenolic compounds form a complex structure with soil ions, which is undesirable (Appel 1993; Inderjit, 1996; Inderjit and malik, 1997). However, interaction among of NH+4, NO-3 and rice phenolics are still unclear.

Allelopathy in Rice To establish an alternative strategy to weed management in rice for sustainable agriculture the phenomenon “allelopathy” has been a subject of continued research for a long time (Olofsdotter 2001; Takeuchi et al., 2001) and already a large number of rice varieties have found to suppress the several weed species when grown together under field and laboratory conditions (Dilday et al., 1998; Kim et al., 1999, Olofsdotter et al., 1999; Azim et al., 2000). The first observation of rice was made in field examination in Arkansas, USA (1988 cropping season) where about 191 of 5,000 rice accessions inhibited the growth of duck salad weed (Heteranthera limosa) (Dilday et al., 1989) and thus finding led to a further large screening program. USDA-ARS have been screened more than 16,000 rice accessions from 99 countries and 412 rice accessions shown the allelopathic potentiality against Heteranthera limosa and 145 rice accessions shown the allelopathic potentiality against Ammannia coccinea (Dilday et al.,1994, 1998). Dilday and his colleagues (1998) evaluate the phytotoxic effects of 12,000 and 5000 rice accessions against ducksalad (Heteranthera limosa) and redstem (Ammannia coccinea) respectively and they found that 412 and 145 rice accessions developed an allelopathic zone around rice for ducksalad and redstem respectively. Several field screening was made in different countries such as Egypt, Korea, Japan, India, Thailand, United States and little bit in Bangladesh (Dilday et al., 1998). In Egypt, more than 40 out of 1000 (were screened) rice varieties shown inhibitory activity with they were associate with Echinichola crusgalli and Cyperus difformis (Hassan et al.,, 1998) and suggesting that genetic variation is the main factor to environment. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) developed a laboratory method for screening whole- plant bioassay for allelopathic rice screening (Navarez and Olofsdotter et al., 1996) to eliminate the effects of competitive interference for resources between rice and test plants. Interestingly using this method, inhibitory activity of 111 rice varieties in Philippines has shown inconsistent between laboratory and field trails. (Olofsdotter et al., 1999). However in both laboratory screening and field experiments revealed that rice allelopathy is active both monocot and dicot weeds (Dildey et al., 1991; Fujii, 1994; Olofsdotter and Navarez, 1996 ; Hassan et al.,1998; Kim and Shin, 1998) whereas laboratories screenings for allelopathic in rice have also been undertaken and found that a marked difference among rice varieties for weed species inhibition activity (Fujii,1994; Hassan et al.,1998; Kim et al.,1999; Azim et al.,2000) and suggesting that different rice cultivars are capable to suppress particular weed species.

Rice Allelochemicals The exploiting research for isolating and identifying rice allelochemicals has started but has not yet yielded chemicals that could allelopathic effect (Rimando et al., 2001). There is no evidence of the exact known chemicals released from rice can alone explain the weed suppression seen in the laboratory and fields. Several studies have been conducted by various authors for it (Chung et al.,2001; Kato-Noguchi et al.,2002; Kim and Kim, 2002; Rimando et al., 2001; Kong et al., http://www.bdresearchpublications.com/journal/

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2004a; Seal et al., 2004). Among them Seal et al.( 2004) found 200 different compounds in rice root exudates those are under the three main chemical classes such as phenolics, phenylalkanoic acids and indoles, and several classes of secondary metabolites determined from this root exudates like phenolics (Jung et al.,2001; Kim and Kim,2002; Mattice et al.,1998; Rimando et al., 2001; Olofsdotter et al., 2002; Inderjit et al.,2002; Seal et al., 2004 ) alkyl resocinols (Bouillant et al.,1994), momilactone B (Kato-Noguchi and Ino, 2005; Kong et al.,2004a), carbohydrates and amino acids (Bacilio-Jimenez et al.,2003), and flavones (Kong et al., 2004b). Several studies focused that common putative allelochemical found in rice is phenolic acid compounds (Rice, 1987; Chou et al.,1991; Inderjit,1996; Mattice et al.,1998; Blum,1998) such as p-coumaric acid, phydrobenzoic acid, feruic acid and vanillic acid have also been detected that create a large attention as rice allelochemicals (Chou and Chiou,1979; Chou et al.,1991; Chung et al.,2001; Rimando et al.,2001; Seal et al.,2004). However, concentration of single phenolic acids and combinations of all phenolic acids measured in rice ecosystem do not approach phytotoxic levels (Tanaka et al., 1990; Olofsdotter et al., 2001). Nontheless, it is belived that phenolics must play an important role for rice allelopathy. So identifying allelochemical in rice is important issue for understanding allelopathy mechanism.

Prospect of Allelopathy in Rice Luxurious use of chemical fertilizers, synthetic herbicides and pesticides in agriculture may cause environmental degradation in the near future (Chung et al., 1997). Extremely use of weedicide may also cause a problem of weedicide resistant weed species in rice fields. Due to the water shortage and overcome the direct seeding of rice is encouraging and spreading throughout the Asia, while these are key limiting factors for transplanted rice. In direct seeded rice, weeds are a major problem as rice and weeds emerge together, at early stage of each crops are very sensitive to weeds, toxic metal contamination from herbicide in soils as well as water,(Xuan, et al., 2005) which is threat for sustainable agriculture. Several categories of chemical compounds have already been reported as an allelochemicals and there is a several allelochemicals remain identified especially from wild cultivars of rice (Einhelling, 1996). By extraction and modifying these chemicals then, the final product could be more active, selective and these can be use as pre or post emergence weedicide. eg. alkaloids, benzoxazinones, cinnamic acid derivatives, cyanogenetic compounds, ethylene, some weed seed germination stimulates and flavonoids these six classes of allelochemicals already have isolated from different thirty families of terrestrial and aquatic plants those possess actual or potential phytotoxicity (Putnam, 1998). Proper and judicial management of rice residue may be one of the readily applicable uses for weed management (Lovett, 1990 and Putnam, 1988). Rice straw produces a number of humic acids during their decay, which exhibit inhibitory effect on weeds (Jung et al., 2006) because during decomposition of rice residue inhibit or stimulate of some selective weeds growth through this acids and by extending this inhibitory period of decaying residues, weeds may controlled more effectively (An et al., 1996). eg. 70% weed biomass can be reduce together with 20% high yield through incorporation of the allelopathic plant material (1-2 tones ha-1) in rice field (Xuan et al., 2005). On the other hand rice flour and husk are potential components in organic farming for weed management those are traditionally using by Korean farmers. Allelopathic characters are more likely to occur from wild types than existing cultivars that have evolved in the presence of allelopathic and competitive influence from other species, so there is a possibility to breed



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allelopathic rice varieties, which enhance weed suppression potential by firstly elaborate, and universal screening and identification of allelopathic traits, allelochemicals and genes that regulate the allelopathic effects (Olofsdotter et al., 2002). In world among accessions rice has large differences in allelopathic potential. Some accessions strongly inhibited weed germination and growth (Olofsdotter and Navarez, 1996 and Putnam, 1988) and some time these accessions control up to 70% weeds population in rice field (Dilday et al., 1992). Therefore, minimum use of synthetic herbicides along with sufficient labour be an alternative way to minimize environmental loss; thus will increase the interest of researcher to conduct research on allelopathy through screening, breeding approaches (Bertholdsson, 2005). In rice field, allelochemicals can not completely suppress weed species as synthetic herbicide, the remain weeds can be suppressed by minimum use of synthetic herbicides.

Limitation There are some problems in crop allelopathy, some of them possible to be solved. Identification of the rice cultivars and its allelochemicals function to suppress weed but the analysis of these chemicals is still unclear (Mattice et al., 1998, Rimando et al., 2001). Selectivity and limited activity are the other limitation of natural herbicides (Bhowmik, 1992). In addition, it may also toxic to non target organism. Duke et al.(2000) stated that there are some reason behind the shortcomings allelopathic research in crop field to natural weed management. Many allelochemicals are extremely expensive to synthesize although they have excellent herbicidal activity (Duke et al., 2000), some allelochemicals have short half-life and some are toxic and carcinogenic to mammalian (Duke et al., 2000). Inderjit and Bhowmik (2002) discussed some allelochemicals have allergy problems. Therefore, in view of the important of allelochemicals, it is necessary to gather knowledge regarding allelopathy.

Future Research Several area of allelopathy has already been identified although there are lots of areas have still yet not been started. There is a sufficient scope to do research on donor and receiver plants. Many approaches such as phenotypic characters, biotechnology, physiology, anatomy, plant source-sink relationship, nutrient availability, deficiency, ecology, environmental factor, soil physical and chemical charters and chemical analysis of their released allelochemicals can be used for analyzing and characterizing different agrochemicals which are derived from natural sources. Identification and chemical analysis of rice allelochemicals are important to toxicological and eco-toxicological studies before crossing between present traits and commercial germplasm although, some progress has been made with allelochemical in rice (Olofsdotter et al., 2002) but there has been limited success in finding rice allelochemicals and proper analysis of its in laboratory by using the high performance instruments technique eg (hyphenated chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques) (Haig, 2001). Rice agronomic managements like seeding depth, date of sowing, irrigation depth, amount and type of fertilizers, duration of dry period, number and species of weeds needed to be investigated for rice based allelopathy, as different agronomic management influence the weed establishment in paddy field, for example rice creates different environment (during transplanted, wetseeded or dry seeded) for his own field weed establishment. Using allelopathic potential rice cultivars in crop rotation, as companion crop need to be study further. Some rice cultivars are showing residual allelopathic effects on weed


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emergence as they contain acid during their decomposition (Jung et al., 2006). Therefore, proper crop management strategy of rice residues or straw need to identify and these can as a mulch material in an appropriate design would allow us to exploit the phototoxic activity to minimize the weeds in other crop fields. In paddy field many weed species (15-18) are either completely inhibited or significantly reduced by rice strong allelopathic potential (Xuan et al., 2005) and several studies has focused that the allelopathic materials on weed species is selective. Therefore, sensitive weeds are needed to evaluate of their seed moisture content, growing habit, survival capability and extend of competitive ability against rice for natural weed management. Mechanism of allelopathy of new rice cultivar, environmental fate and degradation patterns of newly born allelochemicals evaluation is require not only respect to non target organism but also water contamination because particularly in rice there is a also direct connection to water quality in respect irrigation (Olofsdotter, et al., 2002). So, in view of allelopathy, detailed researches are needed to clarify the interaction between rice and weed species.

A scenario in Bangladesh In Bangladesh rice is the staple food but the productivity of rice is very low than that in other rice producing country, severe weed infestation is one major reasons for low yield of Bangladesh (Mamun,1999). Eight weed species (Paspalum scrobiculatum, Echinochloa colonum, Fimbristylis littoralis, Cyperus iria, Alisma plantago, Jussieua decurrens, Polygonum orientale and Sphenoclea zeylanica belonging to six families are common in Bangladesh rice fields. (Main et al., 2007). Weed reduced the grain yield seeded summer (Aus) rice by 68-100%, that of autumn (Aman) rice by 16-48% and that of dry season (Boro) rice by 22-36 % ( Mamun, 1999). Most of the farmers depend on hand weeding method which is imperfect due limited number of labours during weed control peak period or delayed for limited budget, lack of proper knowledge of judicial use of selective herbicides. A very few research has been done on weed problem or managements over all in Bangladesh. Recently allelopathic potential of 42 high yielding and 60 traditional cultivars has been checked against some common weed like cress, lettuce, Echinochloa crussgralli and Echinochloa colonum and among the variety BR17 marked the greatest allelopathic potentiality against all bioassays (Kato-Noguchi et al., 2005). Main et al. (2007) reported that in Bangladesh most of the common weed species are dominant in semi dwarf modern variety like BR11 and BR22 than in traditional tall cultivars like Nizersail and Biroi. However very few researches have done on this issue. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct suitable researches on weed and crop management, these ultimately minimize the current demand of rice and build up a sustainable agricultural system in Bangladesh.

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