alternative husbandry practices of indigenous chicken ...

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BUSINESS, SOCIAL AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ISSN: 2309-7892 (Online), 2519-5530 (P rint), Volume: 5, Issue: 2, P age: 144-148, January-March 2017 Revi ew Paper

ALTERNATIVE HUSBANDRY PRACTICES OF INDIGENOUS CHICKEN PRODUCTION IN BANGLADESH *Farukul Islam1, Anjan Majumder2, Md. Redoan Akond Sumon 3, Mohammad Hemayet Hossain 4, Md. Shahadat Hossain 5 and S. M. Rabiul Hasan 6 [Citation: Farukul Islam, Anjan Majumder, Md. Redoan Akond Sumon, Mohammad Hemay et Hossain, Md. Shahadat Hossain and S. M. Rabiul Hasan (2017). Alternative Husbandry Practices of Indigenous Chicken Production in Bangladesh. Int. J. Bus. Soc. Sci. Res. 5(2): 144-148. Retrieve from http://www.ijbssr.com/currentissueview/140131902] Received Date: 06/12/2016

Acceptance Date: 31/12/2016

Published Date: 02/01/2017

Abstract Data like poultry species reared, husbandry practices, prospects and challenges, were collected from a total of 175 far mers during November to December 2015, through direct interviewing method, to explore knowledge to initiate an alternative husbandry practices for Indigenous chicken production. Flock size of chicken, duck and pigeon per family were bigger in Chapai Nawabganj than Sylhet. Majority of the chicken keeper supplied water and feed in Sylhet though most of them did not supply water in Chapai Nawabganj. Feed ingredients like, rice polish, broken rice, wheat bran and kitchen waste were used at both sites. Most of the families did not vaccinate and similarly they did not use anthelmintics regularly at both regions. P rospects, like high demand and price of Indigenous chicken meat, easy rearing system, did not need investment and women were empowered and challenges like, predators killed baby chicks, vaccination workers were not available and chicken damaged cultivated crops, were documented. So, an alternative husbandry practices which could ensure keeping birds safe from predators, assures regular vaccination and de-worming with a little amount of feed supplementation and supplying safe water would be worthwhile to keep Indigenous chicken rearing with lucrative fashion at rural villages in Bangladesh.

Key words: Alternative husbandry practices, Indigenous chicken production, Bangladesh. Introduction In the financial year 2011-12 in Bangladesh, contribution of the livestock and poultry sub sector in GDP at constant price is 2.5 percent. Livestock and poultry sub sector has enormous contribution to meet the daily animal protein requirements for hum an consumption though the share of this sub sector in GDP is small (MoFL, 2013). The national share of family poultry and commercial poultry in terms o f egg production is probably almost equal and that of meat production is 40:60 (Bhuiyan, 2011). Increas ed production of Indigenous poultry has the potential to improve food security, assist in poverty alleviation and mitigate the adverse economic impacts for rural people (Dutta et al., 2013). To increase productivity of Indigenous chicken Islam et al. (2015), proposed two low cost in-situ breeding strategies (strat egy one-use of superior Indigenous mature cocks alone and exercising cock rotation program to increas e egg production, hatchability and decreas e age at s exual maturity of fem ale birds of progressive generations, strategy two-use of both superior Indigenous mature cocks and hens at a time at farmers end and exercising cock rotation program to improve body weight) for rural village farmers. On the contrary, an ex situ breeding program was undert aken to improve Indigenous chicken in Bangladesh where, effect of selections for three generations in three di fferent Indigenous chicken types was investigated and found the program effective (Bhuiyan et al., 2014). Selection for some linear body measurements of Indigenous chickens will cause direct improvement in body weight (Tabassum et al, 2014). Indigenous chickens not only lay eggs but they also hatch chicks from their eggs as natural incubators, brood and take care of their baby chicks as good mothers (Shahjahan et al., 2011). However, standardization of the management system was suggested for incubation of Indigenous chi cken eggs by using mini hatcheries in rural areas of Bangl adesh (Desha et al., 2015). Separation and creep feeding of baby chicks could contribute to increas e egg production and reduced mortality of local chi ckens (Hossen, 2010). But management interventions like mini hatcheries for incubation of eggs and early separation of baby chicks from mother hens might contribute to decrease the broodiness and mothering capability of Indigenous chi cken. *Corresponding Author’s email: [email protected] 1 Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Bangladesh Agricultural University , Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh. 2 Department of Poultry Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University , Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh. 3 Scientific Officer, Conservation and Improvement of Native Sheep through Community and Commercial Farming Project, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Saver, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 4 Animal Husbandry Specialist, Suchana, Hellen Keller International, Uposhohor, Sy lhet 3100. 5 Country Manager Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Nepal, ISA (Institut De Selection Animale), A Hendrix Genetics Company , B.V. 6 Deputy Coordinator, Youth Training Centre, Department of Youth Development, Chapai Nawabganj

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However, in developing countries, indigenous and local breeds share 90% of the total poultry population (Besbes, 2009). Poor livestock keepers under traditional husbandry system, indigenous chicken found better matched to the economy of Bangladesh (Bhuiyan, 2011). Necessity for local chicken’s development is obvious because, local chicken production is an established component of the rural economy (Kperegbeyi et al., 2009). Though many res earch experiments carried out for Indigenous chicken development but research work encompassing village women and addressing their opinions in Indigenous chicken development is scanty. So, this research work was designed and conducted to explore knowl edge about traditional husbandry practices and seeking the opinions of rural village chicken farmers to initiate alternative husbandry practices of Indigenous chi cken at rural villages in Bangladesh. Methodology A total of 68 poultry keeping families randomly select ed from the villages of 3 upazilas under the district of Sylhet and a total 107 families were enum erat ed in the villages of 7 upazilas under the district of Chapai Nawabganj in Bangladesh to explore knowledge about the traditional husbandry practices and seek opinions for alternative of the practices to run the Indigenous chicken production activities in a lucrative fashion from November 2015 to December 2015. Dat a like poultry species reared, husbandry practices, prospects and challenges identi fied by the farmers were collected through direct intervi ewing method using a pre structured questionnaire. The numbers of observation was unequal and the experimental design was unbal anced factorial in nature. All data were stored and edited on excel spread sheet, then edited data were analyzed for having frequency, mean and percentages using des criptive statistics menu under the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 14.0 (SPSS, 2005). Results Main poultry species kept by the rural families All of the families kept chicken at the villages in Sylhet district but most (74.77%) of them kept chicken in Chapai Nawabganj district. Majority (60.29%) of the families kept duck at Sylhet region but some (29.91%) of them kept the same at Chapai Nawabganj. Table 1: Flock size of Indigenous Poultry per household at the villages in Chapai Nawabganj and Sylhet districts Species Chicken Duck Pigeon Total family

Chapai Nawabganj Flock size (N) % Family 9.36±1.04 (80) 74.77 5.19±1.08 (32) 29.91 18.15±3.43 (34) 31.78 107 100

Sylhet Flock size (N) % Family 7.84±0.62 (68) 100 4.52±0.30 (41) 60.29 2.8±0.17 (20) 29.41 68 100

Note: Number in the parentheses denotes the number of household Some families at both regions kept pigeon but flock size of pigeon was bigger at Chapai Nawabganj than in Sylhet region. Flock size of chicken and duck per family were bigger in Chapai Nawabganj than Sylhet (Table 1). Husbandry practices of Indigenous chicken: Majority (72.10%) of chicken keeping families used to provide water twice a day in Sylhet region though most (73.80%) of the chicken keeper did not supply water at Chapai Nawabganj. Similarly most (72.10%) of the families supplied feed twice in a day in Sylhet region but some of the families provided feed twice (28.00%) and thri ce (35.50%) a day in Chapai Nawabganj. Interestingly all families at Sylhet region used ri ce polish, broken ri ce, wheat bran and kitchen waste to feed their chi cken but only 5.60% family used commercial feed with rice polish, broken rice, wheat bran and kitchen waste at Chapai Nawabganj. Table 2. Husbandry practices of chicken at the villages in Chapai Nawabganj and Sylhet districts Item Watering frequency in a day

Feeding day

frequency in a

Category Once Twice Thrice Did not supplied Once Twice Thrice Did not supplied http://www.ijbssr.com

Chapai Nawabganj 8 (7.50%) 15 (14.00%) 5 (4.70%) 79 (73.80%) 5 (4.70%) 30 (28.00% 38 (35.50%) 34 (31.80%)

Sylhet 6(8.80%) 49 (72.10%) 5 (7.40%) 8 (11.80%) 5 (7.40%) 49 (72.10%) 12 (17.60%) 2 (3.00%)

Alternative Husbandry Practices of Indigenous Chicken

Item Feeding ingredients

Feed mixed with water and common salt Regular vaccination Regular de-worming Birds in confinem ent

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Category 1. Rice Polish 2. Broken Rice 3. Wheat Bran 4. Kitchen Wastage 1. Rice Polish 2. Broken Rice 3. Wheat Bran 4. Kitchen Wastage 5. Commercial Feed Yes No Yes No Yes No Only at night time

Chapai Nawabganj

Sylhet 68 (100%)

101 (94.40%)

6 (5.60%)

0

9 (8.40%) 98 (91.60%0 12(11.20%) 95(88.80%) 14 (13.10%) 93 (86.90%) 107 (100%)

39 (56.70%) 29 (43.30%) 14 (20.60%) 54 (79.40%) 14 (20.60%) 54 (79.40%) 68 (100%)

Majority (91.60%) of the families did not mix common salt and water with feed to feed their chicken in Chapai Nawabganj but many (56.70%) of the families used to mix common salt and wat er with feed at Sylhet region. Most of the families did not vaccinate and used anthelmintics regularly at both regions. At both sites all of the families provided shelter and kept their Indigenous chicken in confinement only at night. Prospects in Indigenous chicken production Families at both sites (89.72% at Chapai Nawabganj and 80.88% at Sylhet region) reported high demand and high price of Indigenous chi cken meat, easy rearing system, did not need investment to operat e chicken production and women were empowered through chicken rearing as women had access and control of Indigenous chicken rearing. Table 3. Prospects of Indigenous chicken rearing at the villages of Chapai Nawabganj and Sylhet districts Prospects 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3.

High demand and high price Easy rearing Need not investments Organic meat supplier Women empowerment High demand and high price Easy rearing Need not investment

Chapai Nawabganj

Sylhet

96 (89.72%)

55 (80.88%)

11 (10.28%)

13 (19.12)

Challenges in Indigenous chicken production: Majority of the families (88.79% at Chapai Nawabganj and 83.80% at Sylhet region) pointed out some major challenges like predators killed baby chicks, vaccination workers were not availabl e and chicken damaged cultivated crops (Table 4). Table 4. Challenges in Indigenous chi cken rearing at the villages in Chapai Nawabganj and Sylhet districts Challenges 1. Predators kill the baby chicks 2. Lack of vaccination worker 3. Damages cultivated crops 1. 2. 3.

Lack of bushes to scavenge Damages cultivated crops Lack of vaccination worker

Chapai Nawabganj

Sylhet

95 (88.79%)

57 (83.80%)

12(11.21%)

11 (16.20%)

Only a few (11.21% at Chapai Nawabganj and 16.20% at Sylhet region) of them uttered challenge like lack of bushes to scavenge their chicken.

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Discussion Main poultry species kept by rural families All of the families kept Indigenous chicken at the villages in Sylhet district and majority of them reared duck and some of them kept pigeon. Most of the families kept Indigenous chicken in Chapai Nawabganj district but some of them kept duck and pigeon. Flock size of Indigenous chicken, duck and pigeon per family were bigger in Chapai Nawabganj district than Sylhet. However, Islam et al. (2012) found the average number of chi ckens per hous ehold was 9.5 in Bangladesh. The discussion might be suggestive that Indigenous chicken and pigeon were equally popular at both sites but duck were more popular at Sylhet than Chapai Nawabganj district and this might be due to the variation of geographical location. Husbandry practices of Indigenous chicken Majority of the Indigenous chicken keeping families used to provide water and feed twice a day in Sylhet region though most of the Indigenous chicken keeper did not supply water and many of them provided feed at the villages in Chapai Nawabganj. Nearly every families in both sites used rice polish, broken rice, wheat bran and kitchen waste to feed their Indigenous chi cken. Majority of the families did not mix common salt and water with feed to feed their Indigenous chicken in Chapai Nawabganj but many of them used to mix common s alt and water with feed at Sylhet region. Similarly, Islam et al. (2015) documented that farm ers were feeding their Indigenous chi cken with or without water and table salt, and feed ingredients were rice kura, rice polish, rice bran, broken rice, wheat, kitchen waste and boiled rice. Most of the families did not vaccinate their chicken at both sites. Majority of them did not use anthelmintics regularly at both regions. At both sites all of the families provided shelter for Indigenous chicken and kept in confinement only at night. The above discussion might be pointed out that farm ers at Sylhet region were comparatively better manager of feed and water for their Indigenous chicken though poor healthcare management was documented at both sites. Prospects of Indigenous chicken production Many prospects were identi fied by the families at both sites like high demand and high price of Indigenous chicken meat, easy rearing system, need not investment and women were empowered through Indigenous chicken rearing as they had access and control in this operation. However, high demand and high pri ce of indigenous (Ahmed and Ali, 2007; Chowdhury, 2012) chicken were also reported by different researchers. Challenges of Indigenous chicken production Majority of the families pointed out some major challenges like predators killed baby chicks, vaccination workers were not available and Indigenous chicken damaged cultivated crops but a few of them found lack of bushes to s cavenge their Indigenous chi cken. Similarly, increased vulnerability to predation, diseases, poor feeding and inadequate husbandry management, under the free range system of production were reported by Bett et al. (2014). Conclusion Indigenous chicken and pigeon were equally popular at both sites but duck were more popul ar at Sylhet than Chapai Nawabganj district. Farmers at Sylhet region were comparatively better manager of feed and water for their Indigenous chicken though poor healthcare management was document ed at both sites. High demand and high price of Indigenous chicken meat, easy rearing system, need not investment and women empowerment were the prospects and predators killed baby chicks, lack of vaccination workers, damaging cultivated crops and lack of bushes to scavenge were the challenges in Indigenous chicken production. So, present study might be suggestive that safe rearing practices (a rearing system where baby chicks and adult chicken would scavenge safely and predators would not allowed to kill them) and regular vaccination and de-worming program, a little supplementation of feed and supplying safe water could help lot more to keep rearing the pricel ess Indigenous chicken with lucrative fashion by rural village women. Implication A research work s eeking the safe husbandry practices, without disturbing the broodiness and mothering capabilities of Indigenous chicken would be useful. References Ahmed, S.T. and Ali, M.A. (2007). Performance of Synthetic, Desi, Synthetic х Desi and Synthetic х Star cross brown chicken at marketing. Proceedings of the 5th International Poultry Show and Seminar, World’s Poultry Science Association, Bangladesh Branch, p. 18 - 25.


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