Ambient Intelligent Mobile Persistent Browsing Experience (AIMPBE ...

Ambient Intelligent Mobile Persistent Browsing Experience (AIMPBE): Seamless Session Browsing Experiences across Heterogeneous Devices using Sensors Rosaleen Hegarty†, Tom Lunney†, Kevin Curran†, Maurice Mulvenna* †

Intelligent Systems Engineering Laboratory (ISEL), School of Computing and Intelligent Systems (SCIS) * TRAIL Laboratory, School of Computing and Mathematics Faculty of Computing and Engineering University of Ulster, Magee College, Derry/Londonderry, BT48 7JL {hegarty-r, tf.lunney, kj.curran, md.mulvenna}@ulster.ac.uk

Abstract- Exploratory analysis on the development of an Ambient Intelligent Mobile Persistent Browsing Experience (AIMPBE) system activated by sensors is presented. AIMPBE is a communication and synchronisation framework for seamless web session browsing to provide integrated connectivity across heterogeneous geographically distributed devices. The intention is to provide persistent location independent and appliance sensitive viewing for the user enabling Internet mobility. Human technology interface communication will be abstracted to a common representation that will facilitate optimisation and customisation across a number of heterogeneous input output terminals. This will ensure smooth continuity between components for seamless usability and maximum user convenience; filtering current context aware information to the untethered user abetting their efficacy in a digitally enhancing information society.

Keywords: ambient intelligence, ubiquitous computing, digital communication, wireless networks, sensor technology, embedded design, location information, context awareness.

user session between client facilitators identified by the server network. A. Objectives of AIMPBE The motivation for this research is to provide seamless Internet connectivity across disparate geographically dispersed viewing devices. Through the use of sensor activated communication, viewing content is always available at the current terminal or display screen. The primary objectives of this study are to: • • •

I. INTRODUCTION • Mobile digital communication in an ambient setting is a complex force uniting ubiquitous computing, sensor technology, ad hoc networks and Internet to provide “nomadic, untethered, pervasive, anytime, anywhere facilities” [1]. The ever increasing demand is for ambient accessibility to information provided by utilising small portable and fixed devices fuelled by Moore’s Law with wireless communication [2],[3]; which in turn is revolutionising usage patterns of electronic service amongst academia, business and touches the life pattern of regular users. However within the frame of ubiquitous mobile and fixed computing there exists the challenge to provide ‘persistent’ web sessions between multiple devices, as the user’s session state is maintained regardless of the device in operation; enabling the user seamless transfer. Mobile devices with persistent web sessions will enable physical movement, and location change, when viewing for instance a lengthy web application, synchronising a seamless

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Develop a framework intrinsically linked to the porting of web browsing session information over the Internet. Develop a scalable solution distributing current context aware information to appropriate selected devices. Ensure user interface continuity and optimisation between distributed devices such as PDAs, PCs and smart mobile phones by using appropriate sensor technology. Organise intelligent content and management information for streaming audio and visual media. Customise and synchronise input and output between the distributed devices to ensure continuity of the user experience.

In pursuing the objectives outlined above, several research questions need to be addressed. For example: •

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What sort of profiler will be needed to track user behaviour/movement, both within the context of the virtual environment and the physical one (possibly intelligent algorithms coupled with infrared, or Radio Frequency IDentification-RFID tags) to provide persistence and session continuity? How will the profiler store the user’s session, will it cache and co-ordinate seamlessly to a new device from decentralised clients (subsequently passing from web

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script to client – client-side facilities), or from a central repository (heavy overload for concurrent sessions – server-side facilities)? [4]. How will AIMPBE tailor context sensitive intelligent user interfaces with automatic profiling to optimise the mobile user experience? What would be an appropriate architecture and design for AIMPBE?

Amongst the challenges for this system, there exists the requirement to work in real-time and to cope with varying levels of ambiguity, such as changes in user predilection, user idiosyncratic actions and weak sensor signals. Adaptability to new heterogeneous devices and amended environments will result in readjustment to meet user specification and compensate for device failure supporting integration and interoperability. Whilst dynamically adapting to user requirements through reconfiguration, ‘trust’, ‘security’ and ‘safety’ standards must also be adhered to, and integrated into the AIMPBE design. An elementary functional requirement for systems within Ambient Intelligence (AmI) should be to provide simplicity and ease of use for the user and “reject any steep learning curve” [5],[6]. The core of the application architecture is to provide natural interactions and abstraction of the underlying technical communication infrastructure; hiding complexity, whilst enhancing experience and confidence. These challenges will be addressed by carrying out research associated with the design and implementation of AIMPBE – a seamless session browsing experience across heterogeneous devices aided by sensors. ‘Mobile device’ and ‘user’ are central to this topic of pervasive ubiquity. AIMPBE will be tested within the context of mobile and fixed systems using sensor detection to capture the essence of ambient intelligence for the inclusion of all citizens abetting their efficacy, whilst interacting through multi-digital modes of communication. The consecutive sections are divided as follows (II) details research related to ambient intelligent environments, whilst section (III) will focus on Internet technology and mobile persistent sessions. Section (IV) discusses the requirements for AIMPBE. Section (V) presents the proposed system schematic. Section (VI) discusses potential tools, future developments and enhancements for AIMPBE, and Section (VII) presents conclusions. II. RELATED RESEARCH The following section gives a review of related research that is relevant to AIMPBE within the context of Ambient Intelligent and Ubiquitous projects. Section A reviews the area of early Pervasive and Ubiquitous computing; while Section B

analyses the expansive range of Ambient Intelligence and Pervasive Computing technologies that followed from the work started at Xerox PARC.

A. Pervasive/Ubiquitous Computing Ubiquitous Computing (ubicomp) is a reflection of the situational use of computing technology and the embedding of complex computation within the social infrastructure of the ‘real world’. This interplay of digital in the physical was the basis for much early investigation at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) and to which the reference “from atoms to culture” was coined [7]. The focus was on redefining user interactions, eliminating complexity and submerging the technology around. Early projects in ubiquity included LiveBoard commercialised as ‘LiveWorks’ [8], which was an expansive wall display migrating from silicon to rear screen projection. A book sized ParcPad computer or MPad, used near field radio signals and maintained constant network connectivity [7]. The Olivetti Research Lab in conjunction with developments at Xerox PARC created the Active Badge system [9],[10],[11]. The unification of which became known as ‘the board,’ ‘the pad’ ‘the tab’ and ‘the badge’ [12],[7]. This system platformed on a flexible computational framework of wireless networks supporting mobile and remote access [13] and was capable of recognising device, location, setting, connection and ownership, and became an important test bed for ambient intelligence. B. Ambient Intelligence and Pervasive Computing Large scale ubiquitous research projects followed to include ‘Oxygen’ at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) incorporating a collaboration of communication and computation using natural perceptive interfaces employing multimodal speech and vision interchange [18],[19] and is illustrated in Fig. 1. The Cricket Location Support System was the location detection system incorporated into OXYGEN, and it used Radio Frequency and ultrasound technologies to provide location support services for the user [25]. ‘Project Aura’ at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU), [14], [15]; is a large blanket venture evolving from CMU’s projects to include legacy systems such as ‘Darwin’ (mobile application aware networking), ‘Coda’ (nomadic file access), ‘Odyssey’ (Operating System support for application adaptation) and ‘Spot’ (computer wearables), as discussed in [16]. ‘Endeavour’ at UC Berkeley, provides for nomadic access through pervasive storage of data in the network [17]. ‘Portalano’ at Washington investigates invisible computing with emphasis on data-centric routing for ‘smart’ data migration [16]. Others in this arena include EMBASSI, MOBILEARN, DYNAMITE, OZONE, ACTSLAINE, iRoom, Cyc Project,

EMERGE, BelAmI, SERENITY, and AMBIESENSE. These

possibly central repository, to facilitate viewing to commence as a new ‘continued’ session on a different platform. Contextaware and context-dependent information will be captured to provide the dynamics in supporting persistent sessions. Communication of information relevant to the user state and situation such as location, session, device identity, activity and time are all relevant entities in this context. A.

Fig. 1: MIT project Oxygen [20].

systems are commonly offering virtual support for embedded and distributed intelligence assisting the user autonomously in providing for their requirements [16]. Related Industrial research extends to AT&T Research in Cambridge, United Kingdom, IBM TJ Watson and their project ‘Platform Independent Model for Applications’ (PIMA), providing for platform independence amongst heterogeneous devices [16]. Philips Research [19] is the emerging industrial division for ambient intelligence and their current project is Philips’ ‘HomeLab’. The only truly large scale ubiquitous system in existence is the Internet [19]; a large scale distributed computing environment utilising wireless web access through fixed and handheld heterogeneous devices for general purpose information retrieval and composition. III. INTERNET TECHNOLOGY The prescience for the World Wide Web has grown and become increasingly influential for information retrieval via Internet technology. Info Strada is invariably extending into modern society, infiltrating life from work through to recreation [21]. Citizens on the move [22] are becoming networks on the move integrated into a framework of networks supporting a dynamic experience, through spatial and social relations. Current popular social networking sites include ‘Bebo,’ ‘Buzznet,’ ‘Facebook,’ ‘Flickr,’ ‘MySpace’ and there are many more. AIMPBE seeks to provide a social utility within ambient space by sanctioning the ‘firing up’ of Internet sessions on a selected device, and then the seamless coalescence and switching to other appliances whilst perpetuating a constant session browsing experience for the user activated by sensor communication. This is achieved by caching the mobile web session and associated objects and relaying them to another

Mobile Persistent Web Sessions

The proliferation of mobile devices has as a consequence increased the requirement for migrating sessions between multiple systems. ‘Sun Ray’ a stateless thin-client system centrally manages user applications, and draws computing resources from, the Sun Ray server [23]. A smart card enables user mobility between Sun Ray client appliances with continuity of session; permitting a new continued assembly on an alternative device. Low cost, portable storage devices have led to the development of web browsers for USB drives, such as Stealth Surfer [24] and Portable Firefox [25]. They are limited however to only running a web browser on a USB drive. Google Browser Sync for Firefox is an extension that continuously synchronises the users’ personal browser settings across user computers and enables the restoration of open tabs traversing different machines and browser sessions [26]. In conjunction with Firefox, Foxmarks offers a bookmark synchroniser to automatically coordinate a user’s bookmarks between two or more computers running Firefox, permitting remote access and bookmark management from any computer via my.foxmarks.com [27]. Yoono a Firefox add-on permits personalisation of the browsing experience through suggestions discovered by fellow surfers, including websites of interest, people and articles incorporating a social element. Yoono provides a scrapbook facility and bookmarks are also automatically synchronised across user computers [28]. Webpod [29] is a portable system enabling persistent Internet sessions, maintaining the entire user’s plugins, bookmarks, browser web content, cookies, web history and configurations; enabling personalised web browsing sessions on any Internetenabled device. Unlike Stealth Surfer and Portable FireFox, Webpod like Google Browser Sync provides an entire web browsing environment for its user. Webpod, as in [29] “provides a virtualisation and checkpoint/restart mechanism that decouples the browsing environment from the host, facilitating session suspension to a pocketable portable storage device,” allowing resumption from storage to another computer. MobiDesk [30] transparently virtualises a user’s computing session by abstracting underlying system resources in three main areas: operating system, display and network. It provides a thin virtualisation layer that decouples a user’s computing session from any particular end user device, and moves all application logic to the hosting provider. “The virtualisation

layer decouples a user’s computing session from the underlying operating system and server instance, enabling highavailability service by transparently migrating sessions from one server to another during server maintenance or upgrades,” [30]. pTHINC provides seamless mobility across a broad range of different clients, and is implemented in Windows Mobile, using thin-client computing. pTHINC connects to the server and presents the user with the most recent session; should one not exist then a new one is created. Existing sessions can be seamlessly continued without change to the session setting or server configuration providing seamless mobility across different devices [31]. Many thin-clients have been developed and some with PDA clients such as Microsoft’s Remote Desktop, Citrix MetaFrame XP, Virtual Network Computing, GoToMyPC, and Tarantella [31]. These systems were designed for desktop computing and later retrofitted for PDAs. They do not address key system architectures and usability issues relating to display quality and system performance important for PDAs as PASSWORD does [31]. PASSPORT as in [32] is a thin-client architecture that can be used by service providers to deliver general application services on mobile handheld devices. PASSPORT virtualises and resizes the display on the server to efficiently deliver high-fidelity screen updates to a broad range of different clients, screen sizes and orientations. This enables PASSPORT to provide the same persistent session over different client devices. PASSPORT works transparently with existing applications, window systems, and operating systems and “does not require modifying, recompiling, or relinking existing software”. PASSPORTs’ persistent application session model facilitates the user to reconnect to a session from any device and continue with the session or to commence a new one [32]. PASSPORT provides a common computing environment for running applications across computers enabling the user to remotely use the exact same environment and applications from any computer, however it does not interface with sensor technology as is an intended design dimension of AIMPBE.

IV. REQUIREMENTS FOR AIMPBE The ability to capture the user in state, application and service requires interpretation of the ‘6 W’s’; ‘Who?,’ ‘What?,’ ‘Why?,’ ‘Where?,’ ‘When?’ and ‘hoW?’ [33] and is central to the design and profile of the user. Context is argued to be a feature of interaction [34] in any human computer symbiosis. Within the framework of ambient intelligence, context is a key factor, and this element has given rise to Activity Theory Modelling taken from the psychology and social science disciplines, working in the areas of consciousness and cognitive acts within phenomenology [35]. Activity theory applied in

AIMPBE finds application in the areas of context awareness and situational descriptions because of its adaptability to sociotechnical perspectives. It is based on the premise that intelligence is action orientated and context can be used to bring order and clarity to unclear situations in order to deliver appropriate actions. Therefore context is seen as a tool for action selection. The tagging of context to information is an essential factor for the later retrieval of that same data. Within AIMPBE enabling device exchange whilst sustaining the capabilities and resources of the current session is part enabled by context awareness. Location information is one form of context aware information. This locating information may be physical (gathered through Global Positioning Systems (GPS) tracking, RFID tagging or infrared) or virtual within the system session such as time stamping, image recognition, calendar applications, camera reading or Internet Protocol (IP) address [36]. Location management, a context aware feature utilised in travel tourist guides [37] coupled with user profiling can be incorporated into AIMPBE. The concept of tourist guide systems defines the convergence of ubiquitous computing communication and friendly user interfaces; encompassing the ethos of ambient intelligent space - embedding, personalisation, adaptivity, and anticipatory results, providing access everywhere. The visual display screens of the incorporated devices must be rescaled from the server to deliver user interface continuity. In so doing efficient delivery and content management will permit a perpetual session amongst the client devices. V. SYSTEM SCHEMATIC The proposed high level schematic for the system is illustrated in Fig. 2. The key components of AIMPBE work to ensure continuity of service between multiple parts and include a sensor network, web server, session server, and user session (to store user history, cookies, current web page state and bookmarks amongst other user facilities) to different mobile devices. The server side can act as a coordinator to manage the data sessions, with the aforementioned facility for screen resizing before exporting to a newly activated device. The client side component will have the necessary functionality to manage session synchronisation as a feature. The server must also maintain a user’s personal profile and orchestrate this profile to heterogeneous devices within dynamic environments. In addition the server will also be responsible for carrying out routine authentication and authorisation and provide session state and mobility handling within the design. The information flow through the high level schematic is activated by a session instantiation on a client and then coordinates between multiple client devices through sensor detection supported by the server updates and configurations. Middleware connecting the applications within the system schema may use an Extensible Markup Language (XML) and

Extensible Hypertext Markup Language (XHTML) to facilitate the transformation and representation of data via the Internet and between the session and web server. They may be used both to encode documents and to serialise data. A middleware knowledge repository such as MySQL may be incorporated as it is compatible with the Ruby on Rails language (an object oriented web application developer) and will be integrated in the overall schema for interactive user web applications. AIMPBE Session Client

Sensor

Session Server

Output Middleware, Server, Network

Web Server

Context Awareness Fig. 2: General information flow for AIMPBE.

Java2EE could be used for both the client-side (J2SE) and the server-side (J2EE) communicating relatively easily between each other. With this configuration, a user could employ an application on a mobile phone (J2ME). ASP and PHP are powerful server side languages that may also be utilised. PHP like Ruby on Rails (RoR) has session maintenance built into the framework, making the system structure more robust. RoR is a free open source object web application and persistence framework written in the Ruby programming language. It is a full stack system for developing database backed applications appropriate to AIMPBE. Ruby works with a wide range of web servers, such as Apache, lighttpd, nginx proxying through to Mongrel. The database options that could be used in connection with Ruby may range from any one of the following, Oracle, SQLite, or PostgreSQL. A number of existing toolkits could also be considered for Knowledge Repository (such as MySQL, or DB2), Server Support (SQL server) and Middleware (such as XML or SOAP) in the system architecture. Class User < ActiveRecord::Base validates_uniqueness_of :username validates_confirmation_of :password, :on => :create validates_length_of :password, :within => 5..40 # If user matching the credentials is found, return user object, else return nil

The area of context awareness is concerned with the tracing and locating of objects along with their social and environmental interactions. This facility will require the implementation of intelligent algorithms, for pattern matching, learning and situation assessment and may include Case Based Reasoning and Data Mining currently being investigated. The data flow of this high level schematic will be refined through iterative processes in the prototype build as the development of AIMPBE progresses.

VI. POTENTIAL TOOLS AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS The potential software and tools required for the system design will take into account, a unique username (and password) for individual users as a necessary privacy/security feature. An example of this type of code implemented in Ruby is illustrated in Fig. 3. This can be achieved in two different ways (i) have the server put a lifelong cookie into the browser on the PC. This could be done on the server side for instant communication to the client, however there is a problem in that the user could have all cookies automatically deleted after use or (ii) alternatively the user downloads a small file for every device they intend to employ the application on. This file will have the username/password imprinted on it as well as a link to the server. When the user clicks on the file, it will contact the server, and the server will send the last used web page(s) address(es).

def self.authenticate(user_info) find_by_username_and_password(user_info[ :username], user_info[ :password]) end end Fig. 3: Example of Ruby code for validating username and password.

VII. CONCLUSION Ambient Intelligence is a dynamic vision, one in which the technology serves individuals in a symbiosis of human machine communication. In essence human culture, as a diverse mosaic of social networking integrates with a flexible standard in technology constantly adapting to user preferences in accommodating convenience and comfort. AIMPBE will be deployed in a prototype space containing state of the art equipment to include; PC, laptop, smart mobile phones, RFID tags, Bluetooth, and sensor location technology. The objectives for the design of AIMPBE, are in the provision of a seamless session browsing experience between multiple devices. A review of the fundamental infrastructures required for Ambient Intelligent environments has given an insight into the diversity of the technology and its utility in mobile information access. A review of existing mobile web sessions and mobile computing sessions has also been given, which are of pivotal importance to this development. A potentially unique contribution of AIMPBE has been identified, namely providing seamless session browsing via sensor network technology.

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