Amino Acids, Fatty Acids, and Fat Sources for Calf Milk Replacers

The Professional Animal Scientist 23 (2007):401–408

Amino Acids, Fatty Acids, and Fat Sources for Calf Milk Replacers T. M. Hill,1 J. M. Aldrich, PAS, R. L. Schlotterbeck, and H. G. Bateman II Akey, Nutrition and Research Center, Lewisburg, OH 45338

ABSTRACT Three trials were conducted to examine the effect of including specific amino acids, fatty acids, and fat sources in 20 and 22% CP and 20% fat milk replacers (MR; as-fed) fed at 454 g daily. Trial 1 measured selected blood constituents in calves fed a 20% CP, 20% fat MR including all added fat from lard and no added synthetic amino acids (CON20); a MR with added butyrate (BUT20); a MR with added coconut plus canola oil (FB20); and a MR with added L-Lys plus DL-Met (LM20). Trial 2 compared CON20, LM20, and a MR with 22% CP (CON22). Trial 3 compared CON22, a MR with 20% CP with added Lys and Met, 20% lard, coconut, and canola fat with sodium butyrate (MOD20), and pasteurized whole milk at the equal rates of DM. Compared with calves fed CON20 in Trial 1, amylase increased (P < 0.05) and urea-N decreased (P < 0.05) in calves fed BUT20; alkaline phosphatase increased (P < 0.05), creatinine tended to increase (P < 0.10), and urea-N decreased (P < 0.05) in calves fed FB20; and urea-N decreased (P < 0.05) in calves fed LM20. Calves fed LM20 in Trial 2 grew faster (P < 0.05) than calves fed CON20. In Trial 3, the calves fed MOD20 grew faster (P < 0.05) than calves fed CON22 or whole milk and had fewer abnormal fecal score days (P < 0.05) than calves fed CON22. Calves fed 20% CP MR for-

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Corresponding author: [email protected]

mulated with considerations for fatty acids and amino acids grew faster than calves fed either 20% CP MR or pasteurized whole milk. Key words: calves, fatty acids, amino acids, milk replacers

INTRODUCTION Fatty acid profiles are not considered when formulating the majority of commercial milk replacers (MR) for dairy herd replacements in the United States. Animal fats are the predominate source of fat in MR (Davis and Drackley, 1998). Kato et al. (1989) and Guilloteau et al. (2004) reported that sodium butyrate increased pancreatic secretions and ADG of calves. Some medium-chain fatty acids and PUFA have antimicrobial and antiviral properties (Isaacs and Schneidman, 1991; Sun et al., 2002; Hristov et al., 2004). Polyunsaturated fatty acids have modulated immune cell function (Ayala and Chaudry, 1995), reduced edema (Scardino et al., 1999), increased cell differentiation (Allen et al., 1985; Hurley et al., 2006), stimulated the number of lactic acid bacteria (Bomba et al., 2002), increased bone formation (Watkins et al., 2001), and reduced intestinal inflammation (Caplan et al., 2001). Work in our laboratory (Hill et al., 2007) improved ADG and reduced days with watery feces when butyrate or a blend of coconut and ca-

nola oil was included in a MR based on animal fat. Estimates of amino acid requirements have been made by Williams and Hewitt (1979) in slow-growing calves (250 g ADG) and by Toullec (1989) in fast-growing calves (1,100 g ADG); 20 and 22% CP MR made from whey proteins and fed at 454 g/ d appear to be limiting in Met and sometimes Lys. The objective of these trials was to see if the addition of 1) butyrate, 2) a blend of coconut plus canola oil, and 3) Lys plus Met would alter specific blood constituents and improve ADG relative to conventional MR or pasteurized whole milk.

MATERIALS AND METHODS In Trial 1, a 20% CP, 20% fat MR including all added fat from lard (control, CON20; Table 1) was fed during a pretreatment period (d 1 to 14) to 16 calves. These calves were randomly assigned to receive either the control MR (CON20), a MR with added butyrate (BUT20), a MR with added coconut plus canola oil (FB20), or a MR with added L-Lys plus DL-Met (LM20) during d 15 to 21 (4 calves per treatment). Blood was sampled intravenously on d 14 and 21 and the serum was analyzed for albumin (Hallback et al., 1991), alkaline phosphatase (ALP; Tietz et al., 1983), amylase (Wallenfels et al., 1978), creatinine (Whelton et al., 1994), glucose (Kaplan, 1989), total protein (Weich-

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Table 1. Composition and analyzed nutrients of milk replacers used in Trial 11 Item Ingredient,2 % Sweet whey Dry fat WPC Mineral-vitamin premix Emulsifier Butyrate premix Coconut oil Canola oil L-Lys DL-Met DM, % As-fed basis, % CP Fat Ca P

CON20

BUT20

FB20

LM20

Table 2. Composition and analyzed nutrients of milk replacers used in Trial 21 Item

51.1 32.1 14.2 2.3 0.3 — — — — — 96.1

47.8 32.1 14.5 2.3 0.3 3.0 — — — — 95.9

54.5 24.7 14.2 2.3 0.3 — 3.0 1.0 — — 96.2

52.0 31.0 13.8 2.3 0.3 — — — 0.3 0.3 96.0

20.3 20.2 0.74 0.61

20.2 19.9 0.77 0.60

20.4 20.0 0.79 0.58

20.0 20.5 0.77 0.62

1

CON20 = 20% CP control milk replacer (MR); BUT20 = MR with added butyrate; FB20 = MR with added coconut plus canola oil; LM20 = MR with added L-Lys plus DL-Met. 2 Dry fat = 7% CP, 60% fat from lard; WPC = whey protein concentrate: 78% CP, as-fed basis; mineral-vitamin premix: labeled nutrients were 0.017 g of Se/kg, 4,350 KIU of vitamin A/kg, 2.82 g of decoquinate/kg; butyrate premix = 33.3% sodium butyrate.

selbaum, 1946), and urea-N (Sampson et al., 1980). The change in these constituents between d 14 and 21 were calculated by calf and analyzed. In Trial 2, a negative control MR (20% CP with added no amino acids; CON20), a test MR (20% CP with added Lys and Met; LM20), and a positive control MR (22% CP with no added amino acids formulated to NRC, 2001 requirements; CON22) were compared (Table 2). Lysine was added to CON20 and LM20 to equal the Lys in the 22% CP MR, and Met was added to achieve a ratio of 2 parts Lys to 1 part Met plus Cys (Toullec, 1989). All MR contained 20% fat. Forty-eight calves were randomly assigned to the 3 treatments (16 per treatment). In Trial 3, a control MR (CON22) was formulated to NRC (2001) requirements, containing 22% CP and 20% fat (Table 3). A modified MR (MOD20) was formulated to 20% CP with milk sources and additional Lys

and Met (similar to the test MR in Trial 2) and 20% fat with sodium butyrate and coconut and canola oils. A third treatment was pasteurized whole milk fed to calves. The raw, whole milk was obtained from a local Holstein dairy farm. These 3 liquid types were fed at 2 rates to provide an equal amount of DM at each rate. These 3 liquid types and 2 rates (6 treatments) were randomly assigned to 48 calves yielding 8 calves per treatment. The low rate was based on the DM delivered from 454 g as-fed MR powder. The high rate was based on the DM delivered from 3.8 L of whole milk. Milk was pasteurized by increasing the temperature of the milk under moderate agitation to 72°C, holding it for 15 s, cooling it immediately to approximately 45°C, and feeding immediately. Samples (42) of each liquid diet were taken daily for analysis of DM, CP, fat, and standard plate count (AOAC, 1996).

CON20 LM20 CON22

Ingredient,2 % Sweet whey 51.0 Dry fat 31.4 WPC 15.3 Mineralvitamin premix 2.3 L-Lys — DL-Met — DM, % 96.2 As-fed basis, % CP 20.6 Fat 20.0 Ca 0.76 P 0.66 Ala 0.75 Arg 0.65 Asp 1.70 Cys 0.25 Glu 3.58 Gly 0.38 His 0.51 Iso 1.12 Leu 1.99 Lys 1.61 Met 0.33 Phe 0.90 Pro 1.68 Ser 0.85 Thr 0.94 Try 0.35 Val 1.24

51.1 31.4 14.6

48.2 31.1 18.4

2.3 0.3 0.3 96.5

2.3 — — 96.4

20.3 22.5 20.3 20.4 0.76 0.80 0.63 0.65 0.79 0.82 0.65 0.71 1.77 1.91 0.28 0.28 3.54 3.88 0.40 0.42 0.48 0.55 1.13 1.34 1.95 2.09 1.82 1.80 0.57 0.36 0.88 0.94 1.73 1.79 0.83 0.94 0.93 1.01 0.37 0.39 1.19 1.38

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CON20 = 20% CP control milk replacer (MR) with no added amino acids; LM20 = MR with added L-Lys plus DL-Met.; CON22 = 22% CP control MR with no added amino acids formulated to NRC, 2001 requirements. 2 Dry fat = 7% CP, 60% fat from lard; WPC = whey protein concentrate: 78% CP, as-fed basis; mineralvitamin premix: labeled nutrients were 0.017 g of Se/kg, 4,350 KIU of vitamin A/kg, 2.82 g of decoquinate/ kg.

Measurements were recorded to 21 d in Trial 1 and 56 d in Trials 2 and 3. The MR were formulated to be 20% CP, 20% fat, 0.8% Ca, 0.6% P, and 0.05% decoquinate in all trials,

Amino and Fatty Acid Sources for Milk Replacers

Table 3. Composition and analyzed nutrients of milk replacers used in Trial 31 Item Ingredient,2 % Sweet whey Dry fat WPC Mineral-vitamin premix Emulsifier Lard Butyrate premix Coconut oil Canola oil L-Lys DL-Met DM, % As-fed basis, % CP Fat Ca P Fatty acid,3 % C4:0 C6:0 C8:0 C10:0 C12:0 C14:0 C16:0 C16:1 C18:0 C18:1 C18:2 C18:3 C20:4

CON22

MOD20

50.5 24.2 18.7 2.3 0.3 4.0 — — — — — 96.5

50.3 24.5 15 2.3 0.3 — 3.0 3.0 1.0 0.3 0.3 96.6

22.6 20.5 0.79 0.64

20.1 19.8 0.73 0.60

0.03 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 1.64 25.61 2.93 13.82 45.94 8.66 1.05 0.30

0.59 0.01 0..0 0.03 1.34 2.07 25.26 2.98 13.07 44.34 8.73 1.29 0.29

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CON22 = 22% CP control milk replacer (MR) with no added amino acids formulated to NRC, 2001 requirements; MOD20 = 20% CP MR with added Lys and Met, 20% lard, coconut, and canola fat with sodium. 2 Dry fat = 7% CP, 60% fat from lard; WPC = whey protein concentrate: 78% CP, as-fed basis; mineral-vitamin premix: labeled nutrients were 0.017 g of Se/kg, 4,350 KIU of vitamin A/kg, 2.82 g of decoquinate/kg; butyrate premix = 33.3% sodium butyrate. 3 Percent of total fatty acids analyzed. Sum equals 100%.

plus an additional MR formulated to be 22% CP in Trial 3. The feeds were tested (AOAC, 1996) for CP, fat, Ca, and P in all trials and additionally tested for fatty acids and amino acids (AOAC, 1996) in Trials 2 and 3. The liquid diets were cultured for total bacteria in Trial 3. All calves received a common pelleted starter formulated on an as-fed basis to be 18% CP, 0.7% Ca, 0.5% P, and contained 65%

corn, 23% soybean meal, 5% wheat midds, 2.5% of a protein blend (73% CP, as-fed basis; Papillon Agricultural Products, Inc., Easton, MD), macrominerals, trace minerals, vitamins, and decoquinate (0.025 g/kg). The starter used in Trial 1 analyzed (as-fed basis) 12.9% moisture, 18.0% CP, 0.88% Ca, and 0.49% P. The starter used in Trial 2 analyzed (as-fed basis) 13.3% moisture, 17.8% CP, 0.85%

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Ca, and 0.54% P. The starter used in Trial 3 analyzed (as-fed basis) 13.4% moisture, 18.4% CP, 0.88% Ca, and 0.51% P. In Trial 1, Holstein bull calves from a single dairy were received midday at 2 to 3 d of age after a 3-h transit. Their first MR was fed at the p.m. feeding. The day after arrival at approximately noon, the calves were weighed, blood was sampled intravenously for serum protein determination via a refractometer (Atago USA Inc., Bellevue, WA), and calves were then randomly assigned to treatment (d 0, initial BW). Calves were fed 227 g of MR reconstituted to 1.9 L with warm water twice daily in approximately 12-h intervals. This trial was conducted July through September. In Trials 2 and 3, Holstein bull calves were received from multiple dairies at < 1 wk of age after a 10-h transit and immediately fed 113 g of electrolyte (80% dextrose, 6% Na, 1% K) reconstituted to 2 L with warm water. Approximately 20 h later the calves were weighed, blood was sampled intravenously for serum protein; they were then randomly assigned to treatment and offered their respective MR treatment (d 0, initial BW). Calves were fed 227 g of MR reconstituted to 1.9 L with warm water twice daily in approximately 12-h intervals beginning approximately 15 h after arrival. Trial 2 was conducted April through June. Trial 3 was conducted September through November. Calves were weighed initially and weekly thereafter midway between a.m. and p.m. feedings. Dry starter feed was offered initially on d 3 and refused feed and fresh feed were weighed daily. Fecal scores were assigned daily based on a 1 to 5 system (1 being normal, thick in consistency; 2 being normal, but less thick; 3 being abnormally thin but not watery; 4 being watery; 5 being watery with abnormal coloring). Hip widths (with a caliper) and BCS were measured at time of initial weighing and at 2, 4, 6, and 8 wk thereafter. A 1 to 5 system using 0.25 unit increments with 1 being emaciated and 5 being obese

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was used for BCS (Wildman et al., 1982). Scores were based on changes around the vertical and transverse processes of the spine as palpated by one experienced technician and ranged from 1.5 to 3.5. Vaccines and medical treatments were based on the recommendations of a veterinarian and described in Hill et al. (2006). Calves were housed in a curtainsided, naturally ventilated barn with no added heat in 1.2 × 2.4 m pens bedded with straw. Calves had access to clean, fresh water at all times. All animals were cared for by acceptable practices as described in the Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Agricultural Research and Teaching (FASS, 1999). Data from each trial were analyzed separately as completely randomized designs using the GLM procedure of

SAS (version 8 ed., 1999; SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC). In Trial 1, the difference in blood constituents measurements between d 14 (pretreatment measurement) and 21 (treatment measurement) were calculated and analyzed along with BW by individual calf. In Trials 2 and 3, starter intake, fecal score, and medical treatment data were first pooled by 14-d periods and then analyzed. The data reported are least squares means for the experimental unit (calf). In Trial 3, the data were analyzed with a factorial arrangement of treatment with factors of effect of liquid type and liquid feeding rate. Main effects and interaction term were included in the fixed effects model. There were no interactions of main effects (P > 0.15). Main effect and interactive means are presented. In all trials, if differences

among treatment diets were significant (P < 0.05), orthogonal contrast statements were used to further characterize the treatments. In cases where P < 0.05, differences among treatments were considered significant. In cases where P > 0.05 and < 0.10, these numeric differences were noted as trends.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In Trial 1, there were no differences (P > 0.05) among treatments for changes in albumin or total protein (Table 4). From d 14 to d 21, amylase increased (P < 0.05) and urea-N decreased (P < 0.05) when BUT20 was fed compared with the control CON20. Increased serum concentrations of amylase from feeding buty-

Table 4. Least square means for BW and blood chemistry change between the pretreatment period measure on d 14 when all calves were fed the control milk replacer (CON20) and the treatment period measured on d 21 when calves were fed milk replacers with added butyrate (BUT20), a fat blend (FM20), or L-Lys plus DL-Met (LM20) in Trial 1 (4 calves per mean) Treatment Item Initial BW, kg d 14 BW, kg d 21 BW, kg Initial serum protein, mg/dL Albumin, g/L d 14 Change Total protein, g/L d 14 Change Urea-N, mmol/L d 14 Change Creatinine, ␮mol/L d 14 Change Amylase, U/L d 14 Change Glucose, mmol/L d 14 Change Alkaline phosphatase, U/L d 14 Change

Contrast P value

CON20 (A)

BUT20 (B)

FM20 (C)

LM20 (D)

A vs. B

A vs. C

A vs. D

SE

40.3 42.8 45.3 5.3

40.5 42.9 45.7 5.2

40.6 43.0 46.0 5.1

40.6 42.9 45.9 5.1

NS NS NS NS

NS NS NS NS

NS NS NS 0.3

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3

13.0 −2.8

13.3 −3.0

14.0 −2.5

13.5 −1.8

— NS

— NS

— NS

— 0.5

53.8 −4.3

55.0 −5.0

54.5 −3.8

54.1 −3.9

— NS

— NS

— NS

— 1.4

3.8 0.3

4.5 −1.3

4.3 −2.3

3.9 −2.1

— 0.05

— 0.05

— 0.05

— 0.3

86 21

93 12

— NS

— 0.10

— NS

— 8

99 −6

102 5

40.8 3.5

46.5 17.0

56.0 5.3

49.3 5.0

— 0.05

— NS

— NS

— 2.4

4.7 −0.2

4.6 −0.4

4.6 0.0

4.8 0.0

— NS

— NS

— NS

— 0.1

— NS

— 0.05

— NS

— 4

149 1

140 4

132 29

138 11

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Table 5. Least square means for calves fed a 20% CP milk replacer with added Lys and Met (LM20) compared with calves fed a 20% CP (CON20) and a 22% CP (CON22) milk replacer without added Lys and Met in Trial 2 (16 calves per mean) Treatment Item Initial BW, kg Initial serum protein, mg/dL BW gain, g/d 0 to 14 d 0 to 28 d 0 to 42 d 43 to 56 d 0 to 56 d Starter intake, g/d 0 to 14 d 0 to 28 d 0 to 42 d 43 to 56 d 0 to 56 d Gain per feed efficiency1 0 to 42 d 43 to 56 d 0 to 56 d Medical days 0 to 14 d 0 to 28 d Abnormal fecal score days2 0 to 14 d 0 to 28 d BCS3 Initial 0 to 56 d change Hip width, cm Initial 0 to 56 d change

CON20 (A) 39.4 5.5

LM20 (B) 40.1 5.6

Contrast P value CON22 (C) 39.6 5.7

201 331 444 922 564

215 390 488 931 599

224 401 489 938 601

45 159 430 1,847 784

55 206 459 1,903 820

61 215 489 1,921 847

A vs. B

B vs. C

SE

NS NS

NS NS

0.5 0.3

NS 0.10 0.05 NS 0.10

NS NS NS NS NS

41 27 19 44 26

NS NS NS NS NS

NS NS NS NS NS

30 36 45 128 58

0.51 0.50 0.50

0.54 0.49 0.52

0.52 0.49 0.51

NS NS NS

NS NS NS

0.02 0.02 0.02

5.3 5.9

5.6 5.8

5.3 6.1

NS NS

NS NS

0.4 0.4

8.0 8.8

8.0 8.6

8.1 8.7

NS NS

NS NS

0.5 0.5

2.2 0.9

2.2 0.9

2.4 1.0

NS NS

NS NS

0.4 0.4

16.9 3.9

17 4.2

17.4 4.3

NS NS

NS NS

0.3 0.2

1

Gain divided by milk replacer plus starter. Fecal score system: 1 = normal, thick in consistency; 2 = normal, but less thick; 3 = abnormally thin but not watery; 4 = watery; 5 = watery with abnormal coloring. Abnormal fecal scores were days with scores > 2. 3 BCS: 1 to 5 system with 1 = emaciated and 5 = obese. 2

rate (BUT20) is consistent with the increase in pancreatic secretions reported by Kato et al. (1989) and Guilloteau et al. (2004). The decreased urea-N concentration from feeding butyrate might be consistent with the greater ADG reported by Kato et al. (1989) and Guilloteau et al. (2004), suggesting that more muscle is being built and deposited, thus reducing serum urea-N concentrations. From d 14 to d 21, ALP increased (P < 0.05), creatinine tended to in-

crease (P < 0.10), and urea-N decreased (P < 0.05) when FB20 with coconut plus canola oil was fed compared with the control MR (CON20). Watkins et al. (2001) reported increased bone formation with feeding PUFA and ALP is a marker of bone formation. Thus, the increase in serum ALP suggests stimulated bone growth in calves fed FB20. The decrease in serum urea-N combined with a trend of increased serum creatinine could indicate more muscle growth.

Additionally, urea-N decreased (P < 0.05) from d 14 to 21 when LM20 with Lys and Met was fed compared with the CON20. This decrease in serum urea-N would indicate that one or both of these amino acids were limiting in CON20. In Trial 2, the calves fed the 20% CP MR with added amino acids (LM20) gained faster from 0 to 42 d, and tended to gain faster from 0 to 28 d and 0 to 56 d than calves fed the 20% CP MR without added amino acids (CON20; Table 5). Other-

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Table 6. Least square means for the main effects of type of liquid fed to calves in Trial 3 (16 calves per mean) Type of liquid1 Item Initial BW, kg Initial serum protein, mg/dL BW gain, g/d 0 to 14 d 0 to 28 d 0 to 42 d 43 to 56 d 0 to 56 d Liquid intake, 0 to 42 d DM, g/d CP, g/d Fat, g/d Starter intake, g/d 0 to 14 d 0 to 28 d 0 to 42 d 43 to 56 d 0 to 56 d Gain per feed efficiency2 0 to 28 d 0 to 42 d 43 to 56 d 0 to 56 d Medical days 0 to 14 d 0 to 28 d Abnormal fecal score days3 0 to 14 d 0 to 28 d BCS4 Initial 0 to 56 d change Hip width, cm Initial 0 to 56 d change

CON22 (A) 37.3 5.8

MOD22 (B) 37.4 5.8

Contrast P value MILK (C) 36.3 5.7

A vs. B

A vs. C

B vs. C

SE

NS NS

NS NS

NS NS

1.2 0.3

217 343 441 933 564

364 431 530 961 638

206 391 483 889 585

0.05 0.05 0.05 NS 0.05

NS 0.05 0.05 NS 0.05

0.05 0.05 0.05 NS 0.05

34 25 24 56 29

480 108 99

478 102 101

482 111 123

NS 0.05 NS

NS NS 0.05

NS 0.05 0.05

9 3 3

33 155 331 1,800 698

59 192 398 1,948 785

70 211 418 1,941 799

NS NS NS NS NS

0.10 0.10 0.10 NS 0.10

NS NS NS NS NS

14 23 32 101 47

0.51 0.53 0.51 0.52

0.61 0.60 0.48 0.55

0.53 0.53 0.45 0.50

0.05 0.05 NS 0.10

NS NS 0.05 0.05

0.05 0.05 NS 0.05

0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01

5.8 8.4

5.6 7.9

5.6 7.6

NS NS

NS 0.10

NS NS

0.3 0.4

8.8 9.5

8.1 8.3

8.1 8.2

NS 0.05

NS 0.05

NS NS

0.6 0.6

2.1 0.7

2.1 0.7

2.2 0.7

NS NS

NS NS

NS NS

0.0 0.1

17.2 4.0

17.2 4.2

16.9 4.4

NS NS

NS NS

NS NS

0.3 0.3

1

CON22 = 22% CP, no added L-Lys or DL-Met, lard-based; MOD22 = 20% CP with added L-Lys or DL-Met, lard, coconut oil, canola oil, and butyrate; MILK = pasteurized whole milk. 2 Gain divided by milk replacer plus starter. 3 Fecal score system: 1 = normal, thick in consistency; 2 = normal, but less thick; 3 = abnormally thin but not watery; 4 = watery; 5 = watery with abnormal coloring. Abnormal fecal scores were days with scores > 2. 4 BCS: 1 to 5 system with 1 = emaciated and 5 = obese.

wise, there were no differences among MR treatments. This indicated that 20% CP is not adequate vs. 22% CP in a MR fed at 454 g/d when no amino acids are supplemented. This also indicated that a 20% CP MR supplemented with Lys and Met was equivalent to feeding a 22% CP whey-based MR. Extrapolations from

the requirements estimated by Williams and Hewitt (1979) and Toullec (1989) suggested that the concentrations of Lys, Met, and Met plus Cys should be increased in a 20% CP MR based on whey and fed at 454 g/d, consistent with the results in Trial 2. In Trial 3, the pasteurized milk averaged 14 ± 1.2% DM, 3.2 ± 0.9% CP,

and 3.6 ± 1.2% fat (from 42 daily samples) as a liquid. On 40 of the 42 d, bacteria were too few to count. On 2 d, the counts were approximately 200,000 cfu/ml corresponding to unpasteurized milk that plated too numerous to count on those days. The reconstituted MR ranged from too few to count to 4,000 cfu/ml, and the

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CON22 and MOD20 MR powders tested 9,000 and 8,000 cfu/g, respectively. For the main effect of liquid type in Trial 3, calves fed the MOD20 gained the fastest (P < 0.05), whereas calves fed CON22 gained the slowest (P < 0.05) from 0 to 28 d, 0 to 42 d, and 0 to 56 d (Table 6). Calves fed the MOD20 were the most efficient (P < 0.05) from 0 to 28 d, 0 to 42 d, and 0 to 56 d. Calves fed the CON22 had more (P < 0.05) abnormal fecal score days from 0 to 14 d than the calves fed the other treatments. For the main effect of liquid feeding rate in Trial 3, calves fed the high rate gained faster (P < 0.05) from 0 to 56 d than calves fed the low rate (Table 7). This was also the trend (P < 0.10) for most other intervals. Calves fed the high rate were more efficient from 0 to 42 d, 43 to 56 d, and 0 to 56 d than calves fed the low rate. Calves fed the high rate had fewer (P < 0.05) abnormal fecal score days from 0 to 14 d than calves fed the low rate. The only publication to compare feeding somewhat similar amounts of milk and MR (Godden et al., 2005) was conducted as a field trial. Calves were fed an equal liquid volume of pasteurized milk to 450 g of a 20% CP, 20% fat MR (somewhat similar to CON22 but lower in CP) reconstituted in 3.8 L liquid volume with water. Calves fed pasteurized milk gained faster (470 vs. 350 g/d), were healthier (12.1 vs. 32.1% of calves required medical interventions), and had a lower mortality rate (2.2 vs. 11.6%) than calves fed MR. Liquid DM fed was not equalized, exact amounts of liquids fed were not reported, starter intake was not reported as measured, and feeds were not analyzed for nutrients in their field trial. In trial 3, no attempt was made to hold all nutrient intakes equal among treatments, but DM intake was equal. Importance of equal DM intake was demonstrated by the difference in calf performance observed between low and high intakes in trial 3.

Table 7. Least square means for the main effects of rate of liquid fed to calves in Trial 3 (24 calves per mean) Liquid rate1 Item Initial BW, kg Initial serum protein, mg/dL BW gain, g/d 0 to 14 d 0 to 28 d 0 to 42 d 43 to 56 d 0 to 56 d Liquid intake, 0 to 42 d DM, g/d CP, g/d Fat, g/d Starter intake, g/d 0 to 14 d 0 to 28 d 0 to 42 d 43 to 56 d 0 to 56 d Gain per feed efficiency2 0 to 28 d 0 to 42 d 43 to 56 d 0 to 56 d Medical days 0 to 14 d 0 to 28 d Abnormal fecal score days3 0 to 14 d 0 to 28 d BCS4 Initial 0 to 56 d change Hip width, cm Initial 0 to 56 d change

Low 36.9 5.7

High 37.0 5.8

P value

SE

NS NS

0.9 0.3

233 360 459 861 560

292 417 510 994 631

NS 0.10 0.10 0.05 0.05

28 21 19 45 23

436 97 98

524 117 117

0.05 0.05 0.05

8 2 2

57 199 401 1,840 761

51 173 363 1,952 761

NS NS NS NS NS

11 19 27 82 38

0.54 0.53 0.46 0.51

0.56 0.56 0.50 0.54

NS 0.05 0.05 0.05

0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01

5.8 8.3

5.6 7.7

NS NS

0.2 0.3

9.0 9.3

7.6 8.0

0.05 0.10

0.5 0.5

2.1 0.6

2.1 0.8

NS NS

0.0 0.1

16.9 4

17.3 4.3

NS NS

0.2 0.2

1

Low rate based on the DM delivered from 454 g as-fed milk replacer powder. High rate based on the DM delivered from 3.8 L of whole milk. 2 Gain divided by milk replacer plus starter. 3 Fecal score system: 1 = normal, thick in consistency; 2 = normal, but less thick; 3 = abnormally thin but not watery; 4 = watery; 5 = watery with abnormal coloring. Abnormal fecal scores were days with scores > 2. 4 BCS: 1 to 5 system with 1 = emaciated and 5 = obese.

The nutrients that were increased (butyrate, medium-chain fatty acids and PUFA, and Lys and Met) in our MR formulations increased calf ADG in all trials and had significant positive effects on other important performance measurements, especially in re-

ducing abnormal fecal score days. Change in some blood constituents with the inclusion of each nutrient indicated they were having a metabolic effect on the calf. More research is needed with these nutrients. Although most are not currently used

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in commercial feed production, they have a large potential to increase calf productivity.

IMPLICATIONS Calf ADG was increased and abnormal fecal score days were reduced when butyrate, canola oil, and the combination of coconut and canola oil (sources of medium-chain, C18:2-, and C18:3-fatty acids) were added to MR based on all animal fat. When Lys and Met were added to 20% CP MR, ADG was increased vs. 20% CP MR without added amino acids, and ADG was equal to calves fed 22% CP MR without added amino acids (formulated to NRC, 2001, requirements). When Lys, Met, butyrate, coconut oil, and canola oil were added to MR, ADG was increased 20% and abnormal fecal score days were reduced compared with calves fed a MR without these nutrients, and ADG was increased 10% over calves fed pasteurized milk at equivalent DM intakes. These nutrients also changed several key blood constituents, indicating they were altering calf metabolism and should be considered when formulating calf MR.

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