An Evaluation Framework for Context of Use in Mobility

International Journal of Mobile Human Computer Interaction, 6(4), 43-58, October-December 2014 43

An Evaluation Framework for Context of Use in Mobility Yaser Mowafi, School of Computer Engineering & Information Technology, GermanJordanian University, Amman, Jordan Ahmad Zmily, School of Computer Engineering & Information Technology, GermanJordanian University, Amman, Jordan

ABSTRACT Context information is commonly linked to various physical and user activities embedded in users’ everyday lives. Research has mainly focused on sensing and inferring context information, yet the relevancy among these contexts is rarely investigated. In this paper, the authors propose an analytical framework for modeling and evaluating collected context data and the nature of relevancy among these data towards defining context awareness. They validate the proposed framework on a case study using a dataset that incorporates users’ activities in various situations and surrounding environment scenarios. The framework provides preliminary guidelines for determining representative measures of user and physical context in the design and evaluation policies of context awareness in mobile human computer interaction. Keywords:

Analytic Framework, Context Awareness, Context of Use, Mobile-Human Computer Interaction, Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis

1. INTRODUCTION Proliferations of mobile devices in people’s everyday life spurred by the significant advancement in mobile computing have taken personal computing beyond the desktop level. Today’s mobile devices have evolved from merely phones to full-fledged computing, sensing, and communication devices. Fueled with remarkable market demand, mobile phone providers are working around the clock on enhancing their products with innovative value-added services and rich content applications. By taking a quick

glance at most existing mobile devices, one can notice a long list of value-added personal digital assistance applications, ranging from location-based information retrieval and messaging services to embedded ambient and touch sensors to detect environment and automatically adapt the applications behavior accordingly. Amid this evolving trend, context-aware computing, which refers to computational systems that can sense clues about the users’ context and enable desired interaction between those systems and users, has gained increasing recognition as one of the emerging technolo-

DOI: 10.4018/ijmhci.2014100103 Copyright © 2014, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited.

44 International Journal of Mobile Human Computer Interaction, 6(4), 43-58, October-December 2014

gies for the next generation of mobile devices. Such context-aware systems typically acquire the context using sensors or user behaviors to perceive a situation, and then try to match the perceived stimulus to context in order to adapt the application based on the recognized context. Today’s smart phones are typically equipped with various built in sensors to measure motion, environmental conditions, and location. Motion sensors measure acceleration forces and rotational forces along three axes; environmental sensors measure various environmental parameters, such as ambient air temperature and pressure, illumination, and humidity; while position sensors measure the physical position of a device. These sensors are capable of providing high precision, accurate raw data that can be used to make inference about user personal context and behavior. In addition to sensor-based data, user activities such as searching the web or checking emails may also provide more clues about user’s personal context. Mobile devices use the collected context to smartly recognize and interpret their surrounding environment and then react accordingly. This is typically done by context-aware applications that adapt their interfaces, tailor the set of application-relevant data, increase the precision of information retrieval, discover services, make the user interaction implicit, or build smart environments (Bolchini et al., 2007). For example, a context-aware mobile phone may sense nearby Bluetooth-enabled mobile devices within its range and enable users to exchange and share information to facilitate a social interaction (Persson & Jung, 2005). Another example of a context-aware application is a location-aware tour guide that provides real-time attraction guidance and points of interest based on users’ current location and set preferences (Schwinger et al., 2007). Much work has been devoted on sensing and inferring context information, yet the relevancy among these multifaceted contexts is rarely investigated. The main challenge that

renders context-aware services lies not so much in acquiring data, but in determining which collection of data best represents the current context (Anderson et al., 2006). While sensors can gather information relevant to context, such as location, acceleration, light levels, orientation, etc., the connection between the collected context data and the usage of these data in mobility has not been investigated (Barnard et al., 2007). This results in a deficit of understanding of the entangled relationship among the context data in reality. In this paper, we propose a framework for modeling and evaluating collected context data and the nature of relevancy among the data. The framework examines a comprehensive and integrated context awareness approach that aims at linking context awareness to multiple context data, and quantifying the interrelationship among these data. Through the estimation of such a model, it becomes possible to isolate the contribution of each context data towards context awareness. The framework provides preliminary guidelines for determining representative measures of context data in the design and evaluation policies of context awareness in mobile human computer interaction. We validate the framework model on a case study consisting of a dataset of user activities in various situations and surrounding environment scenarios. The data configuration incorporates various indoor/outdoor set locations associated to various user activities. The case study analysis illustrates how the framework can be used to quantifiably determine the nature of relevancy among context data towards defining context awareness. The remainder of this paper is structured as follows. In Section 2, we provide an overview of context aware computing and we discuss the related research that this work is based on. Section 3 presents the research methodology and describes in details the framework architecture that has been developed. In Section 4, we show and discuss the analytical results. We conclude with final comments in Section 5.

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