An Object-Oriented Framework for Operations Research Algorithms

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Anbil, R., E. Gelman, B. Patty, and R. Tanga, ´Recent Advances in Crew Pairing ..... Durso, A., and S.F. Donahue, ´An Analytical Approach to Reshaping the ...
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