modulation for radio communications between CubeSat at low Earth orbit ... methods is the LoRa modulation [1-3] widely used in the networks of machine-to- ...
1.2.5 QAM for Wireless Communications . ... 1.7.4 Part IV: Advanced QAM ...... ings of the 1997 47th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, (Phoenix, USA), pp.
Aos professores Maria Flávia Marques Ribeiro e Alex Sander Araújo, pelo
incentivo, ... A Eduardo Farias Sanches, por ser o estímulo da minha vida.
Power gain and sensitivity . ...... The LoRa module can be used only in the socket 0. If the user ... This pin is used as power supply for the Expansion Board.
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DigiMesh, 868 MHz, 900 MHz, LoRa, WiFi, GPRS, GPRS+GPS, 3G, 4G, .... When setting the SX1272 module on, the module is prepared to use LoRa mode.
Carol Heaverlo. Lora Leigh Chrystal. Examples of broader impact collaborations
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and none of the signals are decoded by LoRa. Thus, both EDs have to retransmit, which further reduces the throughput. In this paper, we show that it is possible ...
24.4.4 The MAP Algorithm in the Logarithmic-Domain . . . . . . . . . . . 788 ..... such
as binary phase shift keying (BPSK), frequency shift keying (FSK), etc.
lishing a very detailed paper describing the development of a 256-level QAM modem in ..... The application of adaptive modulation in packet transmission was.
device, we impersonated a LoRa mouse trap and sent data as if it were coming from the mouse trap. Following this .... LoRa-security-guide-1.2-2016-03-22.pdf.
Many authors defined this venom as a Duvernoy´s gland secretion, but this term no longer applies to the colubrid families, as the glands were shown to be the ...
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Sep 29, 2016 - LPWAN, LoRaWAN, and LoRa technologies followed by an introduction to the ..... technology: LoRa and NB-IoT,â ICT Express, vol. 3, no. 1, pp.
Contact: Lora Taylor. Communications Manager. City of Bonita Springs. [email protected]. 239-949-6262.
Warmest regards, Lora Leigh. Chapter One. The soft glow from the aura of
magick that surrounded the twin moons of. Sentmar was slowly dissipating. The
twin ...
TTN LoRaWAN. Build your own LoRa network. 11. Page 13. TTN LoRa Infrastructure. 12. LoRa Gateway in Amsterdam. Page 14. Use Case: Waterproof ...
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Enumeration Date. Last Update Date. Deactivation Reason ...
Nov 4, 2017 - Power. 14dBm. Table 1. Specific Settings. Figure 1. Device Configuration. Note: The speeds were chosen as
in terms of radio power consumption and communication ranges. From the figure ... Near-field. Short-range. Figure 1. Power consumption versus communication range for various ... into two classes of time-difference-of-arrivals (TDOA)- based and ... Th
avoiding catastrophic failure of components. Possibilities to inspection of large areas ..... carburization, denting and crude deposits etc. Typical EC signals from.
Distributed Systems, Spring 2004. 23. (Coulouris et. al.) Access transparency:
enables local and remote resources to be accessed using identical operations.
LoRa is a proprietary spread spectrum modulation scheme that is derivative of
Chirp ... modulation (CSS) and which trades data rate for sensitivity within a fixed
...
Index of Figures Figure 1: Modulation / Spreading Process .................................................................................................... 7 Figure 2: Demodulation / De-spreading Process .......................................................................................... 8 Figure 3: Comparison of LoRa and FSK Sensitivity ...................................................................................... 12 Figure 4: Traditional Narrowband Signal vs. Wideband Interferer............................................................. 17 Figure 5: Narrowband Signal vs. Wideband Interferer ............................................................................... 18 Figure 6: Wideband Signal vs. Narrowband Interferer ............................................................................... 19 Figure 7: Example of Burst Interference ..................................................................................................... 19 Figure 8: LoRa vs FSK Selectivity in the vicinity of an AM interfering Signal .............................................. 20 Figure 9: Shinjuku Urban Range Test .......................................................................................................... 21
Index of Tables Table 1: Link Budget Comparison for Narrowband FSK .............................................................................. 22
1 Introduction LoRa is a proprietary spread spectrum modulation scheme that is derivative of Chirp Spread Spectrum modulation (CSS) and which trades data rate for sensitivity within a fixed channel bandwidth. It implements a variable data rate, utilizing orthogonal spreading factors, which allows the system designer to trade data rate for range or power, so as to optimize network performance in a constant bandwidth. LoRa is a PHY layer implementation and is agnostic with to higher-layer implementations. This allows LoRa to coexist and interoperate with existing network architectures. This application note explains some of the basic concepts of LoRa modulation and the advantages that this modulation scheme can provide when deploying both fixed and mobile low-power real-world communications networks.
3 Spread Spectrum Communications 3.1 Shannon – Hartley Theorem No discussion on spread spectrum techniques would be complete without a brief recap of the Shannon – Hartley Theorem. In information theory, the Shannon–Hartley theorem states the maximum rate at which information can be transmitted over a communications channel of a specified bandwidth in the presence of noise. The theorem establishes Shannon's channel capacity for a communication link and defines the maximum data rate (information) that can be transmitted within a specified bandwidth in the presence of noise interference: ∗
Equation 1
Where: C = channel capacity (bit/s) B = channel bandwidth (Hz) S = average received signal power (Watts) N = average noise or interference power (Watts) S/N = signal to noise ratio (SNR) expressed as a linear power ratio By rearranging Equation 1 from log base 2 to the natural log, e, and by noting that ln manipulate the equation as follows: .
∗
we can
Equation 2
For spread spectrum applications the signal to noise ratio is small, since the signal power is often below the noise floor. Assuming a noise level such that S/N
