Walter Laqueur, Georgetown University, DC. Marlene Laruelle, George ... Mitchell Orenstein, Northeastern University, MA. Nikolay Petrov, Higher School of ...
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SOVIET AND POST-SOVIET POLITICS AND SOCIETY Vol. 1, No. 1 (2015)
Russian Media and the War in Ukraine JSPPS 1:1 (2015)
GENERAL EDITOR AND ISSUE EDITOR̢IN̢CHIEF: Julie Fedor, University of Melbourne CONSULTING EDITOR: Andreas Umland, Institute for Euro̢Atlantic Cooperation, Kyiv GUEST EDITOR: Andriy Portnov, Humboldt University of Berlin
EDITORIAL TEAM General Editor: Julie Fedor, University of Melbourne
E S
King's College London A Friedrich Schiller University of Jena A University of Tartu C E A Institute for Euro̢Atlantic Cooperation, Kyiv
ADVISORY BOARD Hannes Adomeit, College of Europe, Natolin Timofey Agarin, Queen's University, Belfast Mikhail Alexseev, San Diego State University, CA Catherine Andreyev, University of Oxford Anne Applebaum, The Legatum Institute, London Anders Åslund, Peterson Inst. for International Economics Margarita Balmaceda, Seton Hall University, NJ Harley Balzer, Georgetown University, DC John Barber, University of Cambridge Timm Beichelt, European University Viadrina, Frankfurt (Oder) Mark R. Beissinger, Princeton University, NJ Thomas Bohn, Justus Liebig University, Giessen Giovanna Brogi, University of Milan Paul Chaisty, University of Oxford Vitaly Chernetsky, University of Kansas, Lawrence Ariel Cohen, Institute for the Analysis of Global Security, MD Timothy J. Colton, Harvard University, MA Peter J.S. Duncan, University College London John B. Dunlop, Stanford University, CA Gerald M. Easter, Boston College, MA Alexander Etkind, European University Institute, Florence M. Steven Fish, University of California at Berkeley Gasan Gusejnov, Higher School of Economics, Moscow Nikolas K. Gvosdev, U.S. Naval War College, RI Michael Hagemeister, Ruhr University, Bochum Stephen E. Hanson, College of William & Mary, VA Olexiy Haran, Kyiv̢Mohyla Academy Nicolas Hayoz, University of Fribourg Andreas Heinemann̢Grüder, University of Bonn Stephen Hutchings, University of Manchester, UK Stefani Hoffman, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Mikhail Ilyin, Higher School of Economics, Moscow Wilfried Jilge, University of Basel Markku Kangaspuro, University of Helsinki Adrian Karatnycky, Atlantic Council, New York Andrei Kazantsev, MGIMO, Moscow
Jeffrey Kopstein, University of Toronto Hrant Kostanyan, Centre for European Policy Studies Paul Kubicek, Oakland University, MI Walter Laqueur, Georgetown University, DC Marlene Laruelle, George Washington University, DC Carol Leonard, Higher School of Economics, Moscow Leonid Luks, The Catholic University of Eichstaett̢Ingolstadt Luke March, University of Edinburgh Lisa M. Sundstrom, University of British Columbia Mykhailo Minakov, Kyiv̢Mohyla Academy Olga Onuch, University of Manchester Mitchell Orenstein, Northeastern University, MA Nikolay Petrov, Higher School of Economics, Moscow Andriy Portnov, Humboldt University, Berlin Serhii Plokhii, Harvard University, MA Alina Polyakova, Atlantic Council, DC Maria Popova, McGill University, Montreal Alex Pravda, University of Oxford Per Anders Rudling, Lund University Mykola Riabchuk, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, Kyiv Ellen Rutten, University of Amsterdam Jutta Scherrer, École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales Dieter Segert, University of Vienna Anton Shekhovtsov, The Legatum Institute, London Stephen Shulman, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale Oxana Shevel, Tufts University, MA Valerie Sperling, Clark University, MA Susan Stewart, SWP, Berlin Mark Tauger, West Virginia University, Morgantown Vera Tolz̢Zilitinkevic, University of Manchester Amir Weiner, Stanford University Sarah Whitmore, Oxford Brookes University, UK Andrew Wilson, University College London Christian Wipperfürth, DGAP, Berlin Andreas Wittkowsky, ZIF, Berlin Jan Zielonka, University of Oxford
B!"#!$%&'()!* !+,$&-'.!$+ (/"#!0)12 "3 .)1 41/.0*)1 5'.!$+'#"!"#!$.)16 The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de.
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Journal of Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society Vol. 1, No. 1 (2015) Stuttgart: ibidem-Verlag / ibidem Press Erscheinungsweise: halbjährlich / Frequency: biannual ISSN 2364-5334 Ordering Information: Subscription (two copies per year): € 58.00 / year (+ S&H: € 4.00 / year within Germany, € 7.00 / year international). The subscription can be canceled at any time. Single copy or back issue: € 34.00 / copy (+ S&H: € 2.00 within Germany, € 3.50 international).
© ibidem-Verlag / ibidem Press Stuttgart, Germany 2015 Alle Rechte vorbehalten Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlages unzulässig und strafbar. Dies gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und elektronische Speicherformen sowie die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronical, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the prior written permission of the publisher. Any person who performs any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
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CONTENTS From the General Editor JULIE FEDOR ......................................................................................... vii
SPECIAL ISSUE: RUSSIAN MEDIA AND THE WAR IN UKRAINE Introduction: Russian Media and the War in Ukraine JULIE FEDOR ............................................................................................ 1 Putin’s Crimea Speech, 18 March 2014: Russia’s Changing Public Political Narrative EDWIN BACON ...................................................................................... 13 Filtering Foreign Media Content: How Russian News Agencies Repurpose Western News Reporting ROLF FREDHEIM ................................................................................... 37 “Gayromaidan”: Gendered Aspects of the Hegemonic Russian Media Discourse on the Ukrainian Crisis TATIANA RIABOVA and OLEG RIABOV ................................................. 83 Historical Myths, Enemy Images and Regional Identity in the Donbass Insurgency (Spring 2014) ALEXANDR OSIPIAN ........................................................................... 109 Memory, Media and Securitization: Russian Media Framing of the Ukrainian Crisis ELIZAVETA GAUFMAN ......................................................................... 141 Combating the Russian State Propaganda Machine: Strategies of Information Resistance TATIANA BONCH-OSMOLOVSKAYA ..................................................... 175 Infiltration, Instruction, Invasion: Russia’s War in the Donbass NIKOLAY MITROKHIN ......................................................................... 219
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Ukraine and the Global Information War: Panel Discussion and Forum Featuring: ANNE APPLEBAUM; MARGARITA AKHVLEDIANI; SABRA AYRES; RENAUD DE LA BROSSE; RORY FINNIN; JAMES MARSON; SARAH OATES; SIMON OSTROVSKY; KEVIN M. F. PLATT; PETER POMERANTSEV; NATALIA RULYOVA; MICHAEL WEISS; MAKSYM YAKOVLYEV; and VERA ZVEREVA ............................................................................. 251
REVIEW ESSAY Ukraine Crisis—Where From, Where To? Richard Sakwa, Frontline Ukraine: Crisis in the Borderlands Andrew Wilson, Ukraine Crisis: What it Means for the West RASMUS NIELSEN ................................................................................ 301
REVIEWS Karen Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy: Who Owns Russia? ANDERS ÅSLUND ................................................................................ 309 David R. Marples, Frederick V. Mills (eds.), Ukraine’s Euromaidan: Analyses of a Civil Revolution MYKOLA RIABCHUK ............................................................................ 312
About the Contributors .................................................................... 317
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From the General Editor For over a decade now, Andreas Umland has edited the Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society (SPPS) book series. Thanks to Andreas’ extraordinary energies, skills, and dedication,1 over 130 titles have been published in the series, which has developed into a valuable and richly comprehensive scholarly resource. The series has provided a home for original research on a diverse range of important but often under-studied topics, from neo-pagan political movements to corruption in higher education, to language policy and minority rights, through to state-sponsored youth patriotic associations, ultra-nationalism and hate crimes. Published as affordable paperbacks, SPPS books also reach audiences beyond the closed libraries of the wealthy Western research universities. The launching of this spin-off companion journal is aimed at continuing to grow this interdisciplinary platform for fresh and original research on the Soviet and post-Soviet world. Like the book series, the journal seeks to create a space for timely and in-depth analysis of the recent past and current affairs of the region, especially those aspects that have tended to remain below the radar of mainstream international research. The journal’s shape and content will be driven by contemporary developments in the region and in the scholarship, viewed from a variety of disciplinary perspectives. We launch this new journal in the wake of a year that offered a dramatic illustration of the urgent need for specialist knowledge on the post-Soviet region. One of the journal’s aims will be to provide a platform for current research and work-in-progress on 1
Everyone who has had any dealings with Andreas will have noted the prodigious volume of work that he performs as editor not only of SPPS, but also of Forum noveishei vostochnoevropeiskoi istorii i kul’tury and Russian Nationalism Bulletin, as well as his generosity in sharing knowledge, information, and opportunities, and creating and maintaining new global networks of scholars. We take this opportunity to acknowledge Andreas’ outstanding contribution to the ongoing invigoration and internationalization of the field and to thank him for his leadership and service to the research community.
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important unfolding transformations in post-Soviet space. To this end we want to put in place a rigorous but rapid peer-review process with a view to enabling the timely publication of research that is relevant and engaged with contemporary events on the ground. JSPPS sets out to complement rather than rival existing journals. We want the journal to follow and build on the important and pioneering work done by projects like Ab Imperio and Kritika in terms of internationalising the scholarly conversation. We are especially keen to involve researchers from post-socialist countries, and to provide a new bridge linking the English-, Russian-, and German-speaking scholarly communities in particular. By accepting submissions in all three languages, we hope to further expand the dialogue enabled by one of the world’s best periodicals in the field— the magisterial German-language monthly Osteuropa. JSPPS will offer a home for quality texts that may be hard to place in the current academic publishing environment. These might be studies of non-standard length: shorter than book length and/or longer than the standard journal article. We want to publish the work of emerging early-career researchers as well as established scholars. We are happy to consider first-class graduate theses for publication in article form. In addition to publishing research articles, review essays, and conference reports, we are also open to ideas for submissions from non-scholarly actors in the region, such as civil society activists, artists, or journalists. We also invite proposals for guest-edited special thematic issues. Like the book series, the journal is published by ibidem Press in Stuttgart and Hannover, and distributed outside Europe by Columbia University Press in New York. In recent years, ibidem has become one of the most prolific East European studies publishers in Europe. Our journal will complement not only the SPPS book series, but also other ibidem publication series in the field: the journal Forum für osteuropäische Ideen- und Zeitgeschichte (Forum for East European Contemporary History and Ideas); and the book series Literatur und Kultur im mittleren und östlichen Europa (Literature and Culture in Central and Eastern Europe); Archiv der Forschungsstelle Osteuropa—Quellen zur Zeitgeschichte und Kultur (Archive of viii
the Research Center for East European Studies—Sources on Contemporary History and Culture); Changing Europe (edited by the Research Center for East European Studies in Bremen), and Studien zur Ideen-, Kultur- und Zeitgeschichte (Studies in the History of Ideas, Culture, and Contemporary Times, with a focus on Eastern Europe). The journal sets out to meet high standards of excellence in terms of both scholarship and readability. We want JSPPS to become known for publishing creative, intelligent, and lively writing, tackling and illuminating important issues and capable of engaging wider educated audiences beyond the academy. We hope to offer a valuable new resource to researchers in the field of East European studies and welcome comments and suggestions. Melbourne, March 2015 Julie Fedor
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ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS
Edwin Bacon is Reader in Comparative Politics at Birkbeck, the University of London. He has published widely on Russian affairs, including books on the domestic politics of Putin (Securitising Russia, 2006), the Brezhnev years (Brezhnev Reconsidered, 2002), and forced labor in the Stalin era (The Gulag at War, 1994). He is also the author of Contemporary Russia (Palgrave, 2014), now in its third edition. Dr Bacon has served as a Specialist Adviser to the House of Commons Foreign Affairs Select Committee. He has advised the Finnish parliament’s Committee for the Future, and in autumn 2014 was a Visiting Fellow at the Aleksanteri Institute, University of Helsinki. Tatiana Bonch-Osmolovskaya holds a PhD from the University of New South Wales, where she wrote her thesis on contemporary Russian experimental poetry. She is the author of six books of prose, poetry, and translation, and a number of journal articles. Most recently, she co-edited (with Valerii Kislov) the Anthology of Contemporary Russian Texts based on Strict Formal Restriction 89:; ?@DF GHIJKL MNO ON;NPOŝŬĞƚŚĞŬƐĞƌŝĞƐ͕ƚŚĞũŽƵƌŶĂůƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐ ĂŶŝŶƚĞƌĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĂƌLJĨŽƌƵŵĨŽƌŶĞǁŽƌŝŐŝŶĂůƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŽŶƚŚĞ^ŽǀŝĞƚĂŶĚƉŽƐƚͲ^ŽǀŝĞƚǁŽƌůĚ͘dŚĞũŽƵƌŶĂů ĂŝŵƐƚŽďĞĐŽŵĞŬŶŽǁŶĨŽƌƉƵďůŝƐŚŝŶŐĐƌĞĂƟǀĞ͕ŝŶƚĞůůŝŐĞŶƚ͕ĂŶĚůŝǀĞůLJǁƌŝƟŶŐƚĂĐŬůŝŶŐĂŶĚŝůůƵŵŝŶĂͲ ƟŶŐƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚŝƐƐƵĞƐĂŶĚĐĂƉĂďůĞŽĨĞŶŐĂŐŝŶŐǁŝĚĞƌĞĚƵĐĂƚĞĚĂƵĚŝĞŶĐĞƐďĞLJŽŶĚƚŚĞĂĐĂĚĞŵLJ͘
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