Animal Remains from the Late Bronze Age and the ...

APPENDIX

Animal Remains from the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age found in the Western Netherlands G.F. IJZEREEF, F.J. LAARMAN AND R.C.G.M. LAUWERIER INTRODUCTION

Many of the Late Bronze Age (LBA) and Iron Age (IA) findspots studied by Van Heeringen (this publication) yielded animal remains. In most cases, the amount of bone collected was very small since most of the findspots were not investigated in large-scale excavations but merely by means of borings and trial trenches. Moreover the recovery of animal remains was not usually a specific aim of the investigation in the field. Sometimes no animal remains whatsoever were collected. No sieved samples were taken at any of the sites. For these reasons, the present study is necessarily limited to the analysis of the recovered remains of large and small domesticated animals and of wild animals. Bird and fish remains will be only described. The bones collected at most of the sites mentioned in the present contribution were analysed by the first two authors; some of the sites were investigated by others between 1967 and 1990.' Our aim is to present a reasonably complete, if rather general, survey of the faunal remains that have been found on IA settlement sites in the western Netherlands over the past 25 years. Other recent surveys of IA bone remains found in north-western Europe are to be found in the works of Roymans, who discusses 37 sites in northern Gaul, eight of which are also described in the present study, and Gautier, who discusses 25 sites in western Belgium and northern France.2 The number of bones and bone fragments found at the various sites ranges from 10 to 2081. The assemblages vary from collections of bones that were gathered specifically for I4c analysis, to combined collections of i Clason 1967; 1980; Prummel 1989; in press; Van Mensch unpublished; Verh3gen 1990; Van Wijngaarden-Bakker 1988. Any readers who sre interested in more detailed information

samples obtained from several findspots within a larger area, for example the assemblage of Voorne-Putten, which comprises the remains collected at Spijkenisse, Geervliet, Simonshaven and Poortugaal. The sites that yielded bone remains that have been included in combined collections are specified under the heading 'combined collection' in Table i. The table shows that not all the areas studied by Van Heeringen yielded bone remains. Bone was only found in areas i, 2, 3, 4, 5 and A.

THE ANIMAL REMAINS

Table i presents a survey of 32 assemblages of bone remains found at a total of 40 sites. The assemblages are numbered in Table i; the same numbers will be used to refer to the various assemblages in the text below and in the following tables. Where possible, Van Heeringen's site identification code has been indicated below each assemblage. The numbers and letters used to specify the areas and the pottery style groups are also the same as those used by Van Heeringen. Figure i (Van Heeringen's Fig. 39) presents a survey of the areas and their geological conditions. Table 2 shows the number of bones or bone fragments in each assemblage. The bones of wild mammals are here shown as one category under the heading 'wild mammals'. This category (with the exception of sea mammals) is treated separately in Table 4. Table 5 shows the remains of birds while Tables 6 and 7 show the remains offish and sea mammals, respectively. Corrections For some of the assemblages the numbers of bones have on the sites discussed in the present study should contact the last two authors of this srticle. 2 Roymsns 1990, Chspter 5; Gsuthier 1990.

257 (341)

APPENDIX / Animal Remains from the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age found in the Western Netherlands

species, which can only be collected by sieving. Sturgeons would have been caught mainly in May, June, and July, when they swam up the rivers to spawn.16 It is not surprising that seven of the ten sites that yielded sturgeon remains are situated in the wet areas along the Rhine, the Maas, and the Oer IJ. The occupants of the dunes of area 4 (sites 19, 21, and 14) apparently also practised fishing, in the main rivers. They may also have exchanged certain products for fish with the occupants of the Rijn and Oer IJ Estuaries. Very little can be said about the other fish species. Cod and pike are both large species, which may explain why their remains have been found. Remains of bream have been found on Voorne-Putten. Prummel also reports the discovery of the remains of two other species in the Iron Age, which cannot be placed in one of the three Iron Age periods though: Liza ramada/Chelon labrosus (thin-lipped or thick-lipped grey mullet) and Perca fluviatilis (perch).17 Remains of sea mammals have been found on two excavation sites (see Table 7). Remains of a whale, of unidentified species, were found at Santpoort (22) while Zandvoort (28) yielded remains of a grey seal, a bottle-nosed dolphin and a porpoise. CONCLUSIONS To summarize, we arrive at the following conclusions: 1. Of the domestic animals only cattle, sheep and/or goat and pigs were eaten. 2. In all periods small amounts of game supplemented the diet. The occupants of the Rijn Estuary and the 16 Lobregt & Van Os 1977.

266 (350)

areas further north appears to have hunted far more than those in the southern part of the research area. Beavers and otters were of course hunted exclusively along the rivers. 3. In so far as the evidence allows any conclusions to be drawn with respect to the economy, it would seem that it was based mainly on stock-breeding, for the purpose of the production of, primarily, milk and cheese and, secondarily, the meat of bull calves. Sheep breeding was an important economic activity in the Older Dunes between the Rijn and the Oer IJ (area 4). The sheep were primarily kept for the production of wool. In addition, they supplied meat and, possibly, also manure and milk. 4. The economy of area 2, the Older Dunes between the Maas and the Rijn, was different. Relatively small amounts of bones of sheep or goat, pig and game have been found in this area. It is possible that the emphasis was more on arable farming, in which oxen served as draught animals and suppliers of manure. 5. The fact that the greatest amounts of pig bones were found on the natural levees in the estuary of the Oude Rijn may indicate that these levees were some of the most wooded parts of the research area. 6. Horses were kept as riding animals and possibly also status symbols. Dogs will have been kept as guard animals, for hunting or simply as compagnions. 7. Most evidence for fishing was found in the wet areas along the rivers. Fish may have been exchanged with the occupants of the Older Dunes for other commodities. 17 Prummel 1989; in press; Van Trierum 1986.


TABLE 6 Fish. site no. i 2

3 4 5 12 14 19 21 24 31

sturgeon Acipenser

cod Gadus

pike Esox

bream Abramis

sturio

morkua

lucius

brama

-

-

name Voorne-Putten Voorne-Putten Voorne-Putten Vlaardingen-de Wetering Vlssrdingen-Broekpolder Valkenburg-Marktveld Leiden-Stevenshofjespolder Heemskerk-Duitslandlaan Heemskerk-Kerkweg Velsen-Hoogovens 82 Weesp

TABLE 7

I

-

13 I

-

9

i

i

6 4 _ 9

Total

I

2 T

__

-

2

-

15

-

-

2

II

!

! I

-

I

3

-

-

36

6 4 36 9

Sea mammals.

site

22 28

I

indeterminable

whales bottle-nosed dolphin Cetacea Tursiops truncatus

grey seal Halichoerus grypus

porpoise Phocoena phocoena

Total

Santpoort-Spanjaardsberg Zantvoort-Waterleidingduinen

The highest percentages of pigs were found on the natural levees of the Rijn. Apparently this area was sufficiently wooded to allow pig farming. We could infer from this that the Rijn Estuary and its border zones were some of the most wooded parts of the research area. The differences, in percentage terms, on which this conclusion is based are, however, relatively small.

BIRDS, FISH, AND OTHER MARINE ANIMALS

Only very few bird and fish bones have been found as no sieved samples were taken. Table 5 presents a survey of the different bird species whose remains have been found in excavations, while Table 6 presents a similar survey for the remains of fish.

The bones of what was presumably a domestic fowl found at Zandvoort stand out in the collection of wild bird species. They could indicate that domestic fowl were introduced into the Netherlands already before the Roman period.14 It is, however, generally assumed that domestic fowl did not start to form part of the diet of the occupants of these regions until some time in the Ist century AD, after the Roman conquest. Most of the oldest remains of fowl found so far come from Roman military settlements.15 Most of the fish bones come from sturgeon. These fish are greatly over-represented in comparison with those of other species. The remains of these fish, mainly bony plates, which can grow to be as long as 6 m, are large and are easily recognised during excavation. The same does not hold for the much smaller bones of other fish 15 Prummel 1987, 187.

14 Clason 1967. 265 (349)


TABLE 5 Birds. site

no. i 2

3 4 5 7 ii 12 14 23 24 28

grey heron Ardea cinerea

name Voorne-Putten Voorne-Putten Voorne-Putten Vlaardingen-de Wetering Vlaardingen-Broekpolder Schiedam Den Haag-strand Kijkduin Valkenburg-Marktveld Leiden- Stevenshofj espolder Velsen-Spuikanaal Velsen-Hoogovens 82 Zantvoort-Waterleidingduinen

common scoter Melanitta nigra

mute swan Cygnus olor

red-throated diver Gavia stellata

mallard fowl Anas Gallus platy- domesticus rhynckos

grey lag goose Anser anser

i _

_

j

-

_ _ _

_ _ _

_ _

_ _ _

_

:

_

_

„

_

_

_

_

_

!

_

_

_

" _

I _

~~

~

:

_

_

t

_ _

_

_

_

! _ _

_

_

_

_ _

_

_ _

_

_

_

indeterminable

T

I

3

4 i i

! r

~

.

_

_ x

2 I I

I

2 _

_ _

Total

3 r

3 i 3 2

areas. The values recorded for cattle bones are, on the contrary, considerably higher than those recorded for area 4 for all periods. Apparently the economy of area 2 was different from that of area 4, even though the environments of the two areas were comparable. In area 2 the emphasis was presumably on arable farming; the oxen were probably used as draught animals and as suppliers of the manure required for agriculture. Unfortunately, we have insufficient information on the age at which the cattle was slaughtered to allow us to draw any conclusions regarding the function of the animals in area 2. Agriculture would have comprised mainly stock-breeding in the wetter areas A, i, 3, and 5, where the environmental conditions did not favour crop cultivation. Most of the sites discovered in these areas were not situated on the natural levees, where small-scale arable farming was possible, but on the peat soils. The bones recovered from the few sites that did yield some information on the ages of the slaughtered animals confirm the above picture of an economy based on stock-breeding. Most of the bones of the assemblages of Assendelft 60 (30), Weesp (31), Valkenburg (12), and Voorne-Putten (2) belonged to young and very young individuals.11 The

large number of calves indicates that the farmers allowed their cows to mate annually to ensure sufficient supplies of milk. In modern dairy farming a surplus of young animals is thus obtained. These calves are then separated from their mothers as soon as possible so that the milk can be used for human consumption. In the case of the Iron Age cattle, however, the presence of the calf was presumably required as a stimulus for the milk let-down.12 The consequence was a surplus of calves, mainly bull calves, of between six months and one year. Cows that were kept mainly for agricultural purposes were mated less frequently since cows in calf could not be used as draught animals. In such cases the calves were not slaughtered since once fully-grown, they would become economically useful as draught animals and, perhaps, suppliers of manure. The Iron Age farmers in this area therefore presumably kept cattle for the production of, primarily, milk and, secondarily, beef (i.e. the meat of the surplus of bull calves). Some of the milk would have been used to produce cheese, which could be kept much longer and could also be exchanged for other products. A perforated bowl found at Weesp (31) has been interpreted as a cheese mould.13

ii Van Wijngaarden-Bakker 1988; Verhagen 1990; Prummel in press.

12 Amoroso & Jewell 1963. 13 Van Wijngaarden-Bakker 1988.

264 (348)


TABLE 4 Wild mammals. site no. 2

4 5 7 8 9 IO 12 13 14 15 17

18 20 21

22 23 24 28 31

name Voorne-Putten Vlaardingen-de Wetering Vlaardingen-Broekpolder Schiedam Wassenaar-Huis Ter Weer Monster-Polanen Den Hssg-Escamppolder Valkenburg-Marktveld Leiden-Bosch- en Gasthuispolder Leiden- Stevenshofj espolder Alphen aan den Rijn-Kievitstraat Velsen-PEN Noordwijkerhout-Langeveld Heemskerk-Hoogdorperweg Heemskerk-Kerkweg Santpoort-Spanjaardsberg Velsen- Spuikanaal Velsen-Hoogovens 82 Zantvoort- Waterleidingduinen Weesp

re d deer (Oervus

elk

roe deer

beaver

otter

wild cat

wild bear

hare

fox

Alces

Capreolus

Castor

Lutra

Felis

Sus

Lepus

Vulpes

c laphus

alces

capreolus

fiber

lutra silvestris

scrofa

capensis

vulpes

3

6

3

-™,

2 _

3 _

i _

_

_

_

_

_

_

-

-

_

_ _ _

_ _ _

_ _ _

_ _ _

_ _ _

_ _ —

3 i i

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

!

_

_

_

-

_

_

_

!

3 13

3 i

-

1 -

i i

-

-

_ 3 _ i i

_ -

! 2

4 i 7 i _ _ i 6 _. 3

T

_

-

i i

_

-

_ -

_

-

i _ - _

-

_

_

I

_

-

_

-

2

10 19

_

2

_

-

8 3

i _

_

i i i i

_

i

-

-

-

3

-

-

3

r

3 -

_

I

-

-

-

-

-

4

-

_

15 3

2

_

_

_

Total

2

-

i

1

-

2

7 7

were all found to be sheep and therefore we will use the term 'sheep' below, although the possibility of the rare occurrence of goats is not excluded. Most conspicuous in the table is the high percentage of sheep from the settlement sites in the Older Dunes of area 4. Apparently this is the most suitable area for sheep-breeding, where the largest number of sheep were kept for their meat, wool and possibly also milk and manure. The relatively large number of spindle whorls and loom weights found in this particular area (see Van Heeringen, this publication) show that wool production was an important economic activity. In the MIA the people who produced the pottery of the Santpoort i pottery style group lived in two different types of environments. The occupants of the wetter areas along the Rijn and the Oer IJ, that is, areas 3 and 5, kept substantially fewer sheep than the occupants of the Older Dunes. Sheep require open and relatively dry, unwooded, areas such as high-lying pastures and moors. Such areas were

to be found in the dunes between the Rijn and the Oer IJ.9 The wetter areas 3 and 5 would have been less suitable for sheep breeding owing to the higher risk of infectious diseases, for example that caused by liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica).10 No differences whatsoever are observable in the bone remains found at the MIA sites of the Santpoort I pottery style group and those of the LIA sites of the Santpoort II pottery style group, which suggests that the economy remained unchanged over a long period of time. We would also expect to find high percentages of sheep and/or goat on the sites in the Older Dunes in the area between the Maas and the Rijn further south (area 2), which was as suitable for sheep breeding as area 4. Surprisingly enough, however, we observe much lower percentages of sheep or goat bones for all three Iron Age periods. Also the percentages recorded for pig bones for area 2 are low, they are the lowest of all the

9 Jelgersma et al. 1970.

10 Bekedam & Herweyer 1978, 181-4. 263 (347)


farm economies were of minor importance, and that horses were kept mainly for riding. Horses were always attributed a different status to cattle, sheep, or pigs: they were not consumed. They may, however, have served as status symbols, as has been attested elsewhere.7 Particularly conspicuous are the large amounts of horse remains recorded for the LBA Older Dune sites of the Heemskerk group (17 and 18). The values recorded for all the other sites in the western Netherlands outside the research area are very low, less than i% or even zero in the case of the LBA site of Bovenkarspel in an area of fine sand, sandy clay, and clay deposits.8 This total absence cannot be ascribed to chance as several thousand bones from this site have been analysed. Apparently, therefore, horses were of no economic value whatsoever at Bovenkarspel. This makes it rather unlikely that the horses whose remains were found at the LBA sites of the Heemskerk group served any useful purpose, corroborating the status symbol theory. We may hence conclude that in our research area horses were kept, at least partly as status symbols in the LBA and the IA. Dogs The skeleton of a dog found at the MIA site Heemskerk Kerkweg (21) and the many more or less complete dog bones that have been found, suggest that dogs on the whole were not eaten either. One reason why dogs did not end up on their owners' plate must be that they were regarded as companions, as in later periods of western civilisation. They were presumably also kept as watch dogs, and for hunting. Dogs were kept in all periods in all areas. The absence of dog bones on some sites of the Broekpolder pottery style group and from the EIA sites of area 3 is attributable to chance: the percentages recorded for dog remains for the assemblages from the sites of the other groups are very low, which means that the chance of a sample being unrepresentative is high, in particular in the case of a class of animal whose bones were less likely to have been scattered across the settlement site because its meat was not eaten.

7 See e.g. Muller 1991.

262 (346)

GAME

It is likely that in every period the occupants of all areas supplemented their diets with game. Table 4 shows the wild mammals that have been found in the various settlements. Most common is red deer (Cervus elaphus), which constitute more than one third of all the game bones. Over a quarter of the remains belonged to roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). Eight elk (Alces alces} bones have been identified and also a few bones of wild boar (Sus scrofa). All these animals will have had a particular interest in the farmers' fields, which is presumably the main reason why they were hunted. Beavers (Castor fiber} and otters (Lutra lutra) both require watery environments; beavers also require light woodland. These animals have therefore only been found at sites near the Maas, the Oude Rijn and the Oer IJ (areas A, 3, and 5). Such animals would have been hunted for their meat and their fur. In addition, hare (Lepus capensis}, fox (Vulpes vulpes}, and wild cat (Felis silvestris) have been found. The discovery of bones of wild cat at three sites is noteworthy since they usually are only rarely encountered in excavations in the Netherlands. The highest percentages of game are those recorded for the LBA sites of the Heemskerk group and the MIA sites 13, 14, and 31 of the Santpoort I group. The small assemblage of 15 bones from the LIA site 15 of the Santpoort n group was also found to include one elk bone and one red deer bone. The game remains do not yield a very clear picture of the occupants' hunting activities. At the most, they suggest that hunting was more important in area 3, the estuary of the Oude Rijn and the northern parts of the research area than in the southern parts. The percentages of game bones recorded for the sites in the Older Dunes of area 2 and in the peat-clay regions of areas i and A are very low for all periods.

CONSUMED FARM ANIMALS

The meat of the farm animals cattle, sheep or goat, and pigs was eaten. Convincing arguments for this are the fragmentary condition of the bones and the butchery marks observed on them. Since it is often difficult to distinguish sheep from goat bones, they have been grouped together. Those bones that could be identified 8 IJzereef 1981, 26.


TABLE 3

The mammal remains within each pottery style group and area. The percentages indicated for cattle, sheep/goat and pig are relative to one another, while the values given for horse, dog and wild mammsls are each a percentage of the total number of bones found. Where fewer than a hundred bones or bone fragments have been found, the table indicstes only the presence (+) or sbsence (—) of the species in question.

pottery style group no.

area

cattle

sheep/ goat

5 4 3

+ 60 + 84 70

+ 34 — 14 24

60 75 83 77 75 +

33 15

+ + 3 9 +

IO

Pig

Middle Iron Age 9 Santpoort I 9 Santpoort I (9 Ssntpoort i) 8 Broekpolder I 8 Broekpolder i MIA early Early Iron Age 5 Assendelft

2

I +A

4 3 5 2

I +A

4

_

+

-

6 +

2 +

2 -

2

5 6

5 i

4 4 7

i 2 3

2 2

O 2

+

+

6

7 IO

12

5 4 9 +

19

16 +

Rotterdsm Rotterdsm

I +A

+ + 87 88 +

Lste Bronze Age 2 Heemskerk

4

67

22

II

4

+

-

+

4 4

dog

wild

total

site

2 + o i

14 459 15 193 275

32 28 15 n 3,7

1134 477 149 165 1714 93

22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 13, 14 31

name

Late Iron Age 12 Ssntpoort n 12 Santpoort II (12 Ssntpoort ii) n Broekpolder ii n Broekpolder ii

-

horse

EIA EIA

5 4 3 2

+ + 2 _

i 6 5 i i

_

_

2 2

+ O I

+ i i

83 25 153 131 30

3

5

232

-

—

IO

+

9

9, 10 2, 4> 5. 6 21

29,30 19, 20 12

8 I

17,18

Middle Bronze Age - MBA

16

sen-Hoogovens (25) do not seem to constitute sufficient evidence to assume that horses were eaten at this site.5 Elsewhere too, horse meat was only very rarely consumed in the IA. 6 Horses would have been of greater use to the prehistoric farmer whilst still alive: as riding, pack, or draught animals or, alternatively, as status symbols. In Table 3, horses are reasonably well-represented in every period throughout Van Heeringen's area of study, which is

rather surprising as far as the peat regions of areas i, 5 (and A) are concerned, particularly considering that the occupants of these areas could have used oxen - oxen being more suitable draught animals in wet environments. If the horses were indeed used mainly as riding, pack and draught animals then we would expect to find higher values from the Older Dunes (areas 2 and 4) than for the wetter peat areas. Possibly, the absence of expected differences can be explained by assuming that

5 Van Wijngaarden-Bakker 1988, 167.

6 Gautier 1990. 261 (345)

APPENDIX / Animsl Remains from the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age found in the Western Netherlands

TABLE 2

Survey of the bones in each assemblage. cattle sheep/ goat

site no. i 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 IO

ii 12* 13 14 15

16 17 18 19 20 21

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

horse

dog

20 -

29

3 14 5 5

15

IO

12 -

3

-

-

12

2 I _

3 i i i i

Pig

wild

total

fish

birds indeterminable

name Voorne-Putten Voorne-Putten Voorne-Putten Vlaardingen-de Wetering Vlaardingen-Broekpolder Vlaardingen-Holierhoeksepolder Schiedam Wassenaar-Huis Ter Weer Monster-Polanen Den Haag-Escamppolder Den Haag-strand Kijkduin Valkenburg-Marktveld Leiden-Bosch- en Gasthuispolder Leiden- Stevenshofj espolder Alphen aan den Rijn-Kievitstraat Beverwijk-Hofland Velsen-PEN Noordwijkerhout-Lsngeveld Heemskerk-Duitslandlaan Heemskerk-Hoogdorperweg Heemskerk-Kerkweg Santpoort-Spanjaardsberg Velsen- Spuikanaal Velsen-Hoogovens 82 Velsen-Hoogovens ROB Velsen-Hoogovens 76 Velsen-Hoogovens 86 Zantvoort-Waterleidingduinen Assendelft 39 Assendelft 60 Weesp Assendelft 4

_

24 980 66 96 "3 38 no

3 178 15 53 25 i 46

112

12

113

30

IO

-

147 129 62

24

253 II 8 95 34 8 7 72 233 30 249 55 63 9 260 IO

36 106 n

5 13 5i 39 4 2

4 5 74 37 212

99 2

3 14 3 6 4 15 4 37 i

4* 9 3 7

-

I

II

-

-

9 i 7 3 3 -

I

-

2

2

12 I -

2

7 19 149 3 31 15

-

4 26 i 2

7 -

2

IO 20 2 -

IO

I*

38

II

4 23 6 36

15 3

8 3 _ i i

20

4

2

2

_

-

2

-

2

I

6 3 9 -

3 3 i 8 4 -

12

10

i

-

7 7 -

30 1306 88 198 165 45 187 131 174* n 193 153 97 380 15 IO

176 56 IO

15 93* 370 76 5i8 67 70 33 459 14 69 149 14

2

t 15 i ii i 3 6 4 36 9 -

I 4 i i 2

18 770 13 — II 125

I

227

99 193 i i 3 -

72 130 153

18 -

27 37 i 3 -

229 776 5 32

2

IO6

-

2

-

3

* Corrected number (see text)

in the normal way end up scattered over a fairly large area, as is also the case with cattle bones. In the case of such stray bones it is no longer possible to determine the specific individual to which they belonged. The bones of a horse that died from illness or old age and was not cut up and eaten are likely to have remained clustered close together, as in the case of the remains of horses from the Roman period.4 The bones from buried 4 See, for example, Lauwerier & Hessing in press; Van Wijngaarden-Bakker 1970.

260 (344)

carrion are likely to remain closer together than if they had been left on the surface to rot. Another indication that horses were not consumed is the fact that the average weight of the recovered horse bones is much higher than that of cattle bones. In the case of seven IA assemblages for which the weight data has been recorded the average weight of the horse bones is about twice that of the cattle bones. This is more understandable if we assume that horses, unlike cattle, were not cut up into portions for consumption. The three small fragments of horse bones found at Vel-

APPENDIX / Animal Remains from the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age found in the Western Netherlsnds

cause all of the 27 dog bones recovered from this site appeared to have belonged to the same animal. The 18 horse bones found at Monster-Polanen (9) were found to have belonged to only four animals and so the recorded number was corrected to four. The number of horse bones indicated for the assemblages of Noordwijkerhout (18) and Santpoort (22) also seem rather high. These have not been corrected, since it was not entirely certain whether they had belonged to only a small number of individuals. The following discussion is based on the corrected values. Representativeness

«• I C

Fig. i The western Netherlsnds with the map sheets 1-3 studied by Van Heeringen and the areas 1-6, A-c, and x-z distinguished by Van Heeringen (after Van Heeringen this publication, Fig. 39). Legend: dark screen Pleistocene deposits; light screen Older Dune and Besch Ssnds; without screen marine deposits, fluvial deposits, and peat moors.

We need only look at the total numbers of mammal bones in the various assemblages to realize that there is no sense in comparing the individual assemblages. In the case of eighteen assemblages the number of identified mammal bones is even less than one hundred. This means that many of the values in Table 2 must be the result of chance circumstance. Extremely unrepresentative values are obtained if, for instance, an archaeologist who is investigating a particular site happens to take the one sample he requires for I4c analysis from the very pit into which an Iron Age farmer had first thrown the remains of a meal of pork and perhaps a few days later cattle butchery remains. Because of such chance factors not one of the values specified in the table may be regarded as representative of the site or area as a whole. The larger values, of several hundred bones, which were obtained for larger samples may be considered most reliable. In view of the problem discussed above, the data obtained for the individual assemblages will, on the whole, be considered together in the following discussion in order to reduce the influence of chance factors to some extent and to obtain a more reliable impression of the actual situation in the prehistoric settlements. NON-CONSUMED SPECIES: HORSE AND DOG

been corrected (as indicated by means of an asterisk). Verhagen corrected the number of bones recorded for the assemblage of Valkenburg-Marktveld (12) because the remains were found to include many bones of a number of more or less complete skeletons.3 The number of dog bones recorded for the assemblage of Heemskerk-Kerkweg (21) has also been corrected be3 Verhagen 1990.

Horse

It is probable that horses were not consumed. An indication for this is the concentration of bones of four horses at the MIA site Monster (9) and the concentrations of horse bones found at the LBA site Noordwijkerhout (18) and the MIA site Santpoort (22), which, as already mentioned, may each represent the remains of only one individual. The bones of an animal butchered 259 (343)

APPENDIX / Animsl Remains from the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age found in the Western Netherlands

TABLE i

Survey of the assemblsges of bone remains discussed in this study. area

site no.

name

pottery style group

period

combined collection and references*

MIA

Spijkenisse, Rotterdam-Hartel (p, M) Spijkenisse, Geervliet, Simonshaven, Poortugasl (p, M) Rocksnje, Nieuwenhoorn, Geervliet, Spijkenisse, Abbenbroek (p, M) (c) (c)

MIA

(ILL)

LIA

(ILL)

EIA

(ILL)

MIA

(ILL)

MIA

(ILL)

LIA

(ILL)

EIA MIA

(V) (ILL)

Voorne-Putten Voorne-Putten

A A

4 8

EIA

2

3

Voorne-Putten

A

II

LIA

4 5 6 7 8 9

Vlaardingen-de Wetering (37-0051-32) Vlaardingen-Broekpolder (37-Oost-22 and 31) Vlaardingen-Holierhoeksepolder (37-0051-33) Schiedam (37-Oost-) Wassenssr-Huis Ter Weer (3o-Oost-i) Monster-Polanen (37-West-i5) Den Haag-Escamppolder (3O-West-8) Den Haag-strand Kijkduin (3O-West-5) Valkenburg-Marktveld (3o-Oost-56) Leiden-Bosch- en Gasthuispolder (3o-Oost-8) Leiden-Stevenshofjespolder (30-0031-54) Alphen aan den Rijn-Kievitstrast (3i-West-i) Beverwijk-Hofland (i9-West-24) Velsen-PEN (25-West-33) Noordwijkerhout-Langeveld (24-Oost-3) Heemskerk-Duitslandlaan (i9-West-3 1) Heemskerk-Hoogdorperweg (i9-West-44) Heemskerk-Kerkweg (i9-West-28) Ssntpoort-Spanjaardsberg (25-West-g) Velsen-Spuiksnssl (25-West-32) Velsen-Hoogovens 82 (i9-West-7) Velsen-Hoogovens ROB (25-West-io) Velsen-Hoogovens 76 (tg-West-36) Velsen-Hoogovens 86 (ig-West-47) Zandvoort-Waterleidingduinen (24-Oost-i7) Assendelft 39 (25-West-i9) Assendelft 60 (25-West-i8) Weesp Assendelft 4 (25-West-i4)

I

8 8 8 ii 4 8 8 II 9 9

MIA

MIA

(ILL)

(12)

LIA

(ILL)

i

IO

ii 12 13 14 15

16 17 18 19 20 21

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

I I I 2

2

2 2

3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5

MIA

-

MBA

(ILL)

2

LBA

2 „

LBA

(c) (c)

EIA

(ILL)

-

EIA

(ILL)

-

MIA

(ILL)

9 9 9 9 9 9

MIA

(c)

MIA

(ILL)

MIA MIA

(ILL) (w)

MIA

(ILL)

MIA

12

LIA

(ILL) (c, ILL)

5 5 (9)

EIA

(ILL)

EIA MIA

(w) (w)

12

LIA

(ILL)

* For the references, between brackets, the following sbbreviations have been used: C Clason 1967 and 1980 Van Mensch unpublished M P Prummel 1989 and in press V Verhagen 1990 Van Wijngaarden-Bakker 1988 W ILL IJzereef, Lsarman & Lauwerier this study

258 (342)


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