... Nicoll A, et al. A community trial of the impact of improved ... Rossouw JE, Finnegan LP, Harlan WR,. Pinn VW, Clifford ... high gestational weight gain can modify ... School ofPublic Health ... Washington, DC: National Academy Press,. 1992.
Editorials, Annotations, Topics 6. Zucker DM, Lakatos E, Webber LS et al. for the CATCH Study Group. Statistical design of the Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health (CATCH): implications of cluster randomization. Controlled Clin Trials. 1995;16:96118. 7. Luepker RV, Perry CL, McKinlay SM, et al. for the CATCH Collaborative Group. Outcomes of a field trial to improve children's dietary patterns and physical activity. JAMA. 1996;275:768-776. 8. Hayes R, Mosha F, Nicoll A, et al. A community trial of the impact of improved sexually transmitted disease treatment on the HIV epidemic in rural Tanzania: 1. Design. AIDS. 1995;9:919-926. 9. Grosskurth H, Mosha F, Todd J, et al. Impact of improved treatment of sexually transmitted diseases on HIV infection
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in rural Tanzania: randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 1995;346:530-536. Chlebowski RT, Grosvenor M. The scope of nutrition intervention trials with cancerrelated endpoints. Cancer 1994;74:27342738. Rossouw JE, Finnegan LP, Harlan WR, Pinn VW, Clifford C, McGowan JA. The evolution of the Women's Health Initiative: perspectives from the NIH. JAm Med Wom Assoc. 1995;50:50-55. Freedman LS, Green SB. Statistical designs for investigating several interventions in the same study: methods for cancer prevention trials. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1990;82:910-914. Buring JE, Hennekens CH. Cost and efficiency in clinical trials: the U.S. Physicians' Health Study. Stat Med 1990;9:2933.
14. Steering Committee of the Physicians' Health Study Research Group. Final report on the aspirin component of the ongoing Physicians' Health Study. N Engl J Med. 1989;321:129-135. 15. Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Manson JE, et al. Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:11451149. 16. Green SB, Byar DR Using observational data from registries to compare treatments: the fallacy of omnimetrics. Stat Med. 1984;3:361-370. 17. Peto R, Collins R, Gray R. Large-scale randomized evidence: large, simple trials and overviews of trials. J Clin Epidemiol. 1995;48:23-40.
Annotation: Cigarette Smoking, Nutrition, and Birthweight Cigarette smoking during pregnancy is associated with numerous adverse outcomes of pregnancy for both mother and infant. These include increases in preterm delivery (often mediated by an increase in the incidence of placenta previa and abruptio placentae), perinatal mortality, and, possibly, spontaneous abortion.' Postnatal effects on the child include deficits in long-term physical growth, intellectual performance, and behavioral development, but it is often difficult to determine if these and other deleterious outcomes are related to exposure to cigarette smoking in utero or
postnatally.I Pregnant smokers deliver infants who, on average, are 200 g lighter than those of nonsmokers. Smoking is also associated with a twofold increase in the risk of low birthweight (
