Anveshana Ayurveda Medical Journal

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ANVESHANA AYURVEDA MEDICAL JOURNAL

Review Article

ISSN: 2395-4159

A REVIEW ON THERAPEUTIC POTENTIALS OF “JIVANTI” IN AYURVEDA Raghavendra Naik1, R. N. Acharya2 1PhD

Scholar, 2Professor, Dept. of Dravyaguna, IPGT&RA, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India Corresponding Author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT Jivanti is one of the extensively used medicinal herbs in Ayurveda. It has been described as best whole some vegetable (Shreshtha Shaka) and highlighted for its Jivaniya (Promoting longevity), Snehopaga (Oleating), Shvasahara (Anti-asthmatic), Vayasthapana (Anti-aging), Rasayana (Rejuvinator), and Chakshushya (Eye tonic) properties in Ayurveda. The present review provides a single hand information collected from classical Ayurvedic literature on the drug “Jivanti”, being compiled from 18 Nighantus (lexicons), 21 Chikitsa granthas (compendia of Ayurveda) and 32 Rasa granthas (Compendia related to Rasashastra). It is observed that, about 40 synonyms were coined for describing the morphological and pharmacological characters of Jivanti. It possesses Madhura rasa; Snigdha, Laghu Guna; Sheeta veerya; Madhura vipaka and Tridoshahara properties. Various parts of Jivanti has been used as an ingredient of about 223 compound formulations which were used internally (155), externally (35) or both (33). Seven books related to Rasashastra included Jivanti as an ingredient of 6 different compound formulations. The drug is used in 19 different dosage forms, where Ghrita (Ghee) and Taila (Oil) are found to be maximum number. Majority of formulations containing Jivanti are indicated in Vatavyadhi (Diseases due to Vata dosha) followed by Rajayakshma (Tuberculosis), Vatarakta (Gout) and Shiroroga (Disease of head). Key words: Ayurveda, Jivaniya, Jivanti, Shaka INTRODUCTION The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 80% of the word's inhabitants still rely mainly on traditional medicines for their health care.1 Ayurveda has included herbals as one of its most powerful healing ingredients, which are recorded in the literature such as Veda (6000 BC), Samhita (1500 BC – 600 AD), Nighantu and Sangraha granthas (800AD – 1900AD).2 Based on the source drugs, Ayurvedic medicines are divided into three classes, namely herbal, mineral and animal. Among these,

formulations of herbal origin has gained great importance and rising global attention recently.3 Jivanti is one of the important and extensively used herbs in Ayurvedic medicine. Jivanti, as it is most commonly called, has been described as “one which maintains healthy state”.4 Charaka mentioned it as the best whole some vegetable (Shreshtha Shaka) to be consumed for maintaining the good health5. Basing upon its pharmacological properties and action, the drug has been categorized under different groups like Jeevaniya gana (Group of rejuvenating

Raghavendra & R. N. Acharya: A Review on Therapeutic Potentials of “Jivanti” in Ayurveda

herbs), Vayasthapana gana (Group of antiageing drugs), Madhura skandha (Group of drugs having sweet property), Shaka varga (Group of vegetables), Kakolyadi gana and Jeevaniya panchamula by most of the classical texts. As a single drug, it is used as Jivaniya (Promoting longevity), Snehopaga (Oleating), Shvasahara (Anti-asthmatic), Vayasthapana (Anti-ageing), Rasayana (Rejuvinator), and Chakshushya (Eye tonic) in Ayurveda. Like other drugs, Jivanti is also used as an ingredient of many polyherbal or herbomineral formulations. Though the drug is used extensively in Ayurvedic classics, recent review shows that, literature regarding Jivanti, has neither been explored nor presented in a systematic manner. Hence, in this article an attempt has been made to review the drug Jivanti from available classical literature and present in a systematic manner. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this article, information regarding the drug “Jivanti” is being compiled from 18 Nighantus, 21 Chikitsa granthas and 32 books related to Rasashastra. The available data are presented in a precise manner with regards to its synonyms, classification, properties, actions, indications and its use as an ingredi-

ent in various compound formulations along with its dosage forms and route of administration. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Synonyms 11-24 In Ayurveda, traditionally various names known as Paryaya (synonyms) have been attributed to a single plant to describe its morphological as well as pharmacological characters and these can be traced in various texts known as Nighantus, Kosha and Samhitas.6 About 40 synonyms were attributed to Jivanti for describing its morphological and pharmacological characters by various classical texts of Ayurveda. The attributed synonyms when analyzed critically, it is observed that, the plant (creeper) which twines like a snake (Nagavalli), bears milky exudate (Payaswini, Madhusrava, Ksheerini), its flowers looks like that of Arka i.e., calotropis (Arkapushpi), follicles shortly curved like horn (Shrangati, Doda); considered as best vegetable (Shakasreshta); gives strength (Balavardhini), maintains health and liveliness (Jeevanti, Jeevavardhini), provides Rasayana effect for a long duration (Jeevani, Jeeva, Jeevada, Jeevanneya); used to treat Garavisha (Garahrit); is considered as Jivanti. (Table 1)

Table 1: Synonyms of Jivanti and their classification Pharmacognostical characters The plant is a creeper and twines like a snake Nagavalli Arkapushpi Flowers looks like that of Arka (calotropis) Shrangati, Doda Follicles are shortly curved like horn Payaswini, Madhusrava, Ksheerini Plant produces milky exudates Based on Karma (Specific action) Jeevanti It maintains healthy state. Jeevani, Jeeva, Jeevada It provides Rasayana effect for a long duration. Jeevanneya, It is a good tonic. Jeevavrdhini It bestows health and liveliness It provides strength Bala vardhini Based on Pharmacological actions Garahrit The plant is used to treat Gara visha Based on use Shakasreshta It is the best vegetable for health Others Bhadra, Mangalya, Sukhamkari That showers bliss and happiness Yashaskari, Yashasya That enables one to achieve fame

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Classification Based upon its pharmacological action, during Samhita period, Jivanti has been described under different groups like Jeevaniya gana (Group of rejuvenating herbs), Snehopaga gana (Group of drugs used in Oleation), Madhura skandha (Group of drugs having sweet property), Shaka varga (Group of vegetables), Kakolyadi gana SN 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

Table 2: Classification of Jivanti under different groups in various classical texts of Ayurveda Gana or Varga (Classification) Jivaniya gana; Snehopaga gana; Swasahara gana; Vayasthapana gana; Shakavarga; Charaka samhita7 Madhura skandha Kakolyadi gana; Kashaya varga; Shakavarga Susruta samhita8 Shakavarga; Jivaniya panchamula; Jivaniya gana; Snehopaga; Shvasahara; Astnga sangraha9 Vayasthapana. Shakavarga; Jivaniya panchamula; Madhura skanda; Jivaniya gana Astang hridaya10 Amarakosha11 Vanoushadhi varga Dravyaguna sangraha12 Shakavarga Nighantu shesha13 Shakha khanda Madhava dravyaguna14 Vividhoushadhi varga Shabda chandrika15 Vrikshadi varga Shodhala Nighantu16 Guduchyadi varga Dhanwantari Nighantu17 Guduchyadi varga Madanpala Nighantu18 Oushadi varga; Jivaniya gana; Shakavarga Kaiyadeva Nighantu19 Jivaniya gana Bhavaprakasha Nighantu20 Guduchayadi varga Shaligrama Nighantu21 Guduchyadi varga; Jivaniya gana Raja Nighantu22 Guduchyadi varga Nighantu Adarsha23 Arkadi varga Priya Nighantu24 Shatapuspadi varga Classical text/Nighantu

Pharmacological properties12-24 Details regarding the pharmacological properties of Jivanti have been presented in table 3. Jivanti has been attributed with Madhura rasa; Sheeta, Snigdha, Laghu Guna; SN 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Vayasthapana gana (Group of anti-ageing drugs), and Jeevaniya panchamula. Later Nighantus included this drug under Shakavarga, Vanoudhadhi varga, Vrikshadi varga, Guduchyadi varga, Jeevaniya gana, Arkadi varga and Shatapushpadi varga. Classification of Jivanti as per different classical texts has been enlisted in table 2.

Sheeta veerya; Madhura vipaka and Tridoshahara properties by almost all the classical texts. While Shodhala nighantu mentioned Guru guna and Rajanighantu mentioned Pittavatahara properties.

Table 3: Pharmacological properties attributed to Jivanti Property Results Rasa Madhura Sheeta, Snigdha, Laghu Guna Guru (Shodhala Nighantu)16 Veerya Sheeta Vipaka Madhura Tridoshahara Action on Dosha Pitta-vatahara (Raja nighantu)22 Pharmacological action Chaksusya, Balya, Rasayana, Grahi, Vrishya, Svarya, Brimhana, Kanthya, Anulomana.

Formulations Formulations having Jivanti as an ingredient are tabulated in table 4. Analysis of data reveals that, about 223 compound formulations contain Jivanti as ingredient. Among them, 155 formulations were used AAMJ / Vol. 1 / Issue 6 / Nov – Dec 2015

internally, 35 formulations used externally and 33 formulations are used both internally and externally. Among the ancient texts, maximum formulations were mentioned in Charakasamhita and during medieval period, maximum formulations were mentioned in 444


Bhaishajya ratnavali and Vangasena. Bharata bhaishajya ratnakar, the latest compilation on Ayurvedic formulations mentioned 86 formulations which were compiled from earlier books. It was observed that, out of the 32 books referred from Rasashastra texts only 7 books noted Jivanti as an ingredient only in 6 different compound formulations. Dosage forms Jivanti is being used in 19 different dosage forms and among these maximum formulations were Ghrita (74) and Taila (58)

(Table 5). Ghrita is used as media for absorption of lipid soluble vitamins or other active principles in the food or medicine. It is also used as a carrier media in certain medicines to facilitate the transport of active principles across the cell membrane, which is permeable only to lipid molecules, e.g., the bloodbrain barrier, where transport of ‘Medhya’ (which promote intellect and memory) medicines is possible if the drug is processed in lipid media.47

Table 5: Different dosage forms of Jivanti SN 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Dosage forms Ghrita Taila Lepa Churna Avaleha Kashaya Basti Ksheerapaka, Vati Modaka, Rasa Yamaka Guda, Louha Anjana, Kshara, Svarasa, Upanaha, Varti

Disease wise indications It is observed that, maximum number of formulations are indicated in Vatavyadhi (Diseases due to Vata dosha) followed by Rajayakshma (Tuberculosis), Vatarakta (Gout) and Shiroroga (Disease of head). Jivanti possess Madhura rasa, Snigdha guna and Madhura vipaka which are exactly opposite to the qualities of Vata dosha (Table 2). Due to its Jivaneeya, Vayasthapaka, Brimhana,

Number 74 58 16 12 11 9 7 6 5 4 2 1

Vrishya and Tridoshahara properties, Jivanti is widely used drug in diseases like Rajayakshma. Due to Madhura rasa, Snigdha guna, Sheeta virya and Madhura vipaka it acts on Rakta dhatu and useful in diseases like Vatarakta. Number of formulations of Jivanti indicated in different disease conditions along with their probable equivalent English term as per AFI48 is enlisted in table 6

Table 6: Jivanti containing formulations and their indication in various disease conditions SN 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Disease Vatavyadhi (Diseases due to Vata dosha) Rajayakshma (Tuberculosis) Vatarakta (Gout) Shiroroga (Disease of head) Kshaya (Pthisis) Kasa (Cough), Streeroga (Gynaecological disorders) Hikka shvasa (Hiccup,Dyspnoea/Asthma), Jvara (Fever), Netraroga (Eye diseases) Arsha (Haemorrhoids), Balaroga (Diseases of children), Gulma (Abdominal lump), Lutavisha (Poison of spider), Mutraroga (Urinary diseases), Vrana (Ulcer) Apasmara (Epilepsy), Grahani (Malabsorption syndrome), Hridroga (Heart diseases), Karnaroga (Disease of ear), Timira (Early stage of catract), Yonivyapat (Disease of female genital tract) Raktapitta (Bleeding disorder), Shula (Colicky Pain), Unmada (Mania/Psychosis) Asrigdhara (Menorrhagia or Metrorrhagia or both), Atisara (Diarrhoea), Bhagna (Fracture) Garbhini roga (Disorders during pregnancy), Graha roga (Psychosis), Guhyaroga (Genital disorders), Jirnajvara (Chronic fever), Kushta (Diseases of skin), Masurika (Erruptions), Parshvashula (Intercostal neuralgia and pleurodynia), Pradara (Excessive vaginal discharge), Shotha (Inflammation), Sootika roga (Puerperal disease), Upadamsha (Syphilis/Soft chancre), Visarpa (Erysipelas)


Number 38 19 14 10 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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Botanical sources Various plants are used as botanical source of Jivanti in the different parts of the country, namely Dregia volubilis Linn,49 Holostemma annulare Roxb. of Asclepiadaceae family, Dendrobium normale Fale (Orchidaceae), etc., However, Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) is officially accepted botanical source.50 CONCLUSION Jivanti is one of the important medicinal herbs having immense medicinal excellence described in almost all literatures of Ayurveda. It is attributed with pharmacological properties i.e Madhura rasa; Sheeta, Snigdha, Laghu Guna; Madhura vipaka and Sheeta veerya; and useful to combat various disease conditions such as Vatavyadhi, Rajayakshma, Vatarakta, Shiroroga etc. In Ayurveda, it is mentioned as an ingredient of 223 compound formulations which were used in 42 different disease conditions in 19 different dosage forms. Since the drug is used traditionally to treat many health related consequences, there is a need to investigate its biological properties through scientific studies. REFERENCES 1. Mathew L, Babu S. Phytotherapy in India: Transition of tradition to technology. Curr Bot 2011; 2:17-22. 2. Sharma PV. Ayurved ka Vaigyanik Itihas. Abridged edition. Varanasi; Chaukhambha Orientalia; 4th edition 2001 3. Parasuraman S, Thing GS, Dhanaraj SA. Polyherbal formulation: Concept of ayurveda. Phcog Rev [serial online] 2014; 8:73-80. 4. Ayurvedokta aoushadha niruktamala, Dr J L N Shastri, chaukhambha orientalia Varanasi, first edition 2001, pp; 50 5. Agnivesh In: Charaka, Dridhabala, Charaka Samhita, Sutrasthana, 25/38. 4th ed. Shastri K, Pandey GS, editors. Varanasi: AAMJ / Vol. 1 / Issue 6 / Nov – Dec 2015

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46. Vaidya Pandit Hari prapannaji: Rasayogasagara with Sanskrit and English introduction & Notes. Vol. 1, Choukhambha Krishnadas Academy,Varanasi. 2010 47.http://articles.pubarticles.com/use-ofghee-in-ayurveda-indian-ayurveda 1326099367, 659187. Html 48. Anonymous: Ayurvedic Formulary of India, part-1. New Delhi. Government of India, Ministry of health and family welfare, Dept. of Indian system of medicine & Homoeopathy, The Controller of publications. 1978 49. Kumar RK. Comparative Phyto ‑ chemical Analysis of Leptadenia reticulate W. and A. and Dregia volubilis Linn. (Source of Jivanti). M.Sc. Med. Plants, IAMPS, GAU. Jamnagar, 2006. p. 47‑59. 50. Sharma PC, Yelne MB, Dennis TJ. Database on Medicinal Plants Used in Ayurveda Volume 2, CCRAS, Dept.of ISM and H, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Government of India, 1st ed. 2001. p. 270‑3. How to cite this article: Raghavendra & R. N. Acharya: A Review on Therapeutic Potentials of “Jivanti” in Ayurveda. AAMJ 2015; 1: 442-9 Source of Support: Nil. Conflict of Interest: None declared

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Table 4: Number of formulations of Jivanti mentioned in different classical texts of Ayurveda Book Number Indications Dosage forms Parshvashula, Jvara, Gulma, Kushtha, Lepa, Taila, Avaleha, Rajayakshma, Arsha, Hikka Shvasa, Kasa, Charaka samhita7 33 Ghrita, Vati, Vrana, Vatarakta, Shiroroga, Vatavyadhi, Ksheerapaka, Churna Yonivyapat Sushruta samhita8 3 Vatavyadhi, Atisara, Shvasa Ghrita, Svarasa Jirna jvara, Hikka Shvasa, Rajayakshma, Arsha, Ghrita, Churna, Lepa, Ashtanga Sangraha9 26 Kushtha, Vatavyadhi, Vatarakta, Graha roga, Taila, Avaleha. Shiroroga, Vrana, Visha. Jvara, Kasa, Hikka Shvasa, Rajayakshma, Ghrita, Kwatha, Ashtanga Hridaya10 19 Vidradhi, Kushtha, Vatarakta, Timira, Churna, Lepa, Avaleha. Shiroroga, Guhya roga Bhela Samhita25 2 Rajayakshma, Hridroga Modaka, Ghrita 4 Harita Samhita26 Gulma, Shula, Kshaya, Vatavyadhi Ghrita, Taila, Kshara Grahani, Arsha, Rajayakshma, Kasa, HikkaGhrita, Guda, Avaleha, Vrinda Madhava27 17 shvasa, Vatavyadhi, Shula, Hridroga, Netraroga, Churna, Taila, Lepa, Shiroroga, Visha Arsha, Rajayakshma, Kasa, Hikka, Vatavyadhi, Hridroga, Karnaroga, Netraroga, Shiroroga, Ghrita, Avaleha, Taila, Chakradatta28 22 Asrigdhara, Yonivyapat, Balaroga, Streeroga, Ksheerapaka, Guda. Gulma, Vatavyadhi, Rajayakshma. Churna, Avaleha, Sharangadhara samhita29 5 Shiroroga, Rajayakshma, Vatavyadhi Ghrita, Taila. Gulma, Karnaroga, Shiroroga, Netraroga, Ghrita, Vati, Taila, Yogaratnakara30 10 Rajayakshma, Vatavyadhi Churna. Ksheerapaka, Grahani, Arsha, Raktapitta, Rajayakshma, Hikka-shvasa, Vatavyadhi, Vatarakta, Shula, Taila, Ghrita, Avaleha, Bhaishajya ratnavali31 47 Gulma, Hridroga, Bhagna, Upadamsha, Lepa, Vati, Ksheerapaka Netraroga, Shiroroga, Pradara, Yonivyapat, Streeroga, Balaroga. Arsha, Rajayakshma, Hikka-shvasa, Vatavyadhi, Kashaya, Ghrita, Taila, Sahasrayoga32 19 Vatarakta, Hridroga, Netraroga, Shiroroga, Churna, Avaleha, Lepa, Streeroga, Balaroga. Vati Kwatha Rajayakshma, Kasa, Shotha, Balaroga, Timira, Ghrita, Churna, Varti, Gadanigraha33 20 Shiroroga, Arsha, Vatavyadhi, Tamaka shvasa Taila, Avaleha Jvara, Streeroga, Balaroga, Grahani, Arsha, Kshudraroga, Karnaroga, Netraroga, Shiroroga, Ghrita, Taila, Avaleha, Vangasena34 45 Raktapitta, Rajayakshma, Kasa, Shvasa, Modaka, Churna. Apasmara, Vataroga, Vatarakta, Guulma, Hridroga, Mutraghata, Bhagna, Shotha Bhavaprakasha35 6 Vatarakta, Bhagna, Shiroroga Taila, Ghrita Shvasa, Kasa, Vatavyadhi, Rajayakshma, Churna, Ghrita, Taila, Abhinava navajeevana36 18 Shiroroga, Jvara, Avabahuka, Visarpa, Balaroga Avaleha, Lepa, Basti Chikitsa kalika37 4 Vatavyadhi, Shosha, Shiroroga Taila, Avaleha, Ghrita Rajamartanda 38 1 Mukharoga Nasya Vatavyadhi, Grahani, Arsha, Rajayakshma, Ghrita, Rasa, Taila, Jvara, Shiroroga, Streeroga, Ardita, Apasmara, Avaleha, Churna, Bharata Bhaishajya Netraroga, Bhagna, Vatarakta, Timira, Kasa, 86 Kwatha, Basti, Lepa, Ratnakara39 Mukharoga, Hikka-shvasa, Gulma, Balaroga, Ksheerapaka, Guda, Hridroga, Shoola, Unmada, Mutraghata, Modaka, Yamaka, Kshudraroga, Shotha Rasendra chintamani40 1 Unmada Louha Rasendra mangala41 1 Rasa Rasendra sambhava42 2 Streeroga, Unmada Rasa, Louha Rasa sanketa kalika43 1 Vajikarana Rasa Rasendra sara sangraha44 1 Vatavyadhi Louha Rasa kamadhenu45 2 Jvara, Unmada Rasa, Louha Rasayoga sagara46 1 Vajikarana Rasa


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