Israel Journal of Plant Sciences
Vol. 56
DOI: 10.1560/IJPS.56.4.349
2008
pp. 349–359
Species diversity of heterobasidiomycetous and non-gilled hymenomycetous (Aphyllophorales s.l.) fungi in Israel Daniel Ţura,a Ivan V. Zmitrovich,b,* Solomon P. Wasser,a,c,* and Eviatar Nevoa a Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Institute of Evolution, Faculty of Science and Science Education, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel b Laboratory of the Systematics and Geography of Fungi, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov St., St. Petersburg 197376, Russia c N.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 2 Tereshchenkivska St., Kiev 01001, Ukraine (Received 14 August 2008; accepted in revised form 26 November 2008)
Abstract The present study quantifies Aphyllophorales (Homobasidiomycetes) and Heterobasidiomycetes species diversity in Israel. More specifically, our aims were to conduct a critical literature investigation in order to build an inventory based on the presence of Aphyllophorales s.l. and Heterobasidiomycetes fungi in Israel and to contribute new taxa records. As a result, 53 newly recorded taxa, including two novel forms recently described, Peniophora quercina f. merulioides and Stereum hirsutum f. lobulatum, were added to the list of Aphyllophorales s.l. of Israel, which currently contains 232 taxa. In addition, taxonomical structure and trophic division of these fungi in Israel are provided, together with relative abundance analyses (a study based on 126 specimens stored in the HAI herbarium, Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa). Keywords: Aphyllophorales s.l., diversity, distribution, Israel
Introduction The fungi belonging to order Aphyllophorales (so-called non-gilled fungi) represent an ecologically and economically important group of macromycetes. This union comprises various forms of basidiomycetes in which the hymenophore is even, folded, toothed, poroid, or falsely lamellate, and rather tough basidiocarps (not fleshy as in Agaricales s.l.). Many species of this group are saprobic wood-decayers; thus, these fungi are most often found on logs, stumps, or other dead wood; some grow on living trees and cause decay of the non-functional heartwood; others invade conducting plant tissues as parasites; a few are mycorrhizal. Most wood-destroying basidiomycetes are in the families Polyporaceae, Corticiaceae, and Hymenochaetaceae and they play a crucial role in nutrient cycling of forest ecosystems (Jasalavich et al., 2000; Kirk et al., 2001; Gibertoni et al., 2007).
Data concerning content of Aphyllophorales s.l. species in the world are insufficient; the principal reason is that there are many geographic regions and ecological niches in the world that have not been sampled. However, so far, 3053 species of corticioid and polyporoid fungi have been recorded in the eastern and western hemispheres (Ginns, 1998; Mueller et al., 2007). Representatives of the order are known to have therapeutic properties; they are recognized as medicinal species of high biotechnological importance. These medicinal species have been used for a long time against various illnesses, especially in Oriental traditional medicine. Nowadays, modern medicine uses these mushroom species as great sources for pharmaceutical products. Technological development and scientific *Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
[email protected],
[email protected]
© 2009 Science From Israel / LPPltd., Jerusalem
350 research has provided a better understanding of their anti-cancer, immunostimulating, anti-inflammatory, or antibacterial activity (Mizuno, 1999, 2000; Wasser and Weis, 1999; Wasser, 2002; Jiang et al., 2006). Studies of this group in Israel, beginning with Hershenzon and Jaquenoud (1979/1980), Binyamini (1981, 1982a,b, 1983a,b, 1984a,b, 1987, 1993), and others (Czederpilz et al., 2004; Spirin et al., 2006; Zmitrovich et al., 2006; Ţura et al., 2007, 2008), are summarized below. 1979/1980 Hershenzon and Jaquenoud (1979/1980) described 7 species of Hymenochaetaceae (‘Mucronoporaceae’): Phylloporia ribis, Phellinus robustus, Ph. torulosus, Inonotus rheades, I. tamaricis, I. hispidus, and a rare species I. ochroporus. 1981–1993 Binyamini (1981, 1982a,b, 1983a,b, 1984a,b, 1987, 1993) briefly described 129 taxa of Aphyllophorales s.l., Tulasnellales, Auriculariales, and Tremellales. Many of these taxa were newly recorded for Israel, although well known in Europe. He also stated that Aphyllophorales s.l. fungi have been neglected in Israel, thus Israel belonged to countries in the Mediterranean that had no data on the distribution maps for this group. His work includes eight papers that appeared in a series entitled Lignicolous Aphyllophorales fungi from Israel (Binyamini, 1981, 1982a,b, 1983a,b, 1984a, 1987, 1993) and a book Larger fungi of Israel (Ascomycotina and Basidiomycotina), (Binyamini, 1984b) in which he gave brief descriptions of previously found and new recorded taxa of wood decaying fungi, collected mostly from the deciduous and coniferous forests of northern and central part of Israel. 2004 Czederpiltz and colleagues (2004) initiated a study to quantify taxa richness and abundance of wood-inhabiting corticioid and polyporoid fungi (including Heterobasidiomycetes) in eight aged forests dominated by Pinus halepensis trees located in the central part of Israel. The study was therefore intended to provide information about a particular Israeli forest ecosystem, while at the same time contributing to the more universal body of knowledge on the occurrence of these poorly studied fungi. As a result, a total of 78 taxa were observed in all eight sites from which 41 taxa were listed as being new for Israel. Any taxonomical descriptions of new recorded taxa were not given. 2006 Zmitrovich, Spirin, and Wasser (Zmitrovich et al., Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 56
2008
2006) gave a detailed description of a new xerophilous variety of Byssomerulius corium var. halileensis grown on Quercus calliprinos wood in Upper Galilee (UG) and discussed the variability of this widespread corticioid fungus. Spirin, Zmitrovich, and Wasser (Spirin et al., 2006) gave a detailed description of Oligoporus balsameus (a rare Eurasian species) and discussed its problematic taxonomy. 2007 Peniophora quercina and P. cinerea were recorded in Israel for the first time by Ţura and colleagues (Ţura et al., 2007). A new form with a merulioid hymenophore, Peniophora quercina f. merulioides, was described for the semiarid region of the Middle East, growing on Quercus calliprinos wood. 2008 Oligoporus subcaesius and O. rancidus, together with a closely related species, Ceriporiopsis balaenae, were described and their microstructure illustrated from recent collections in the northern Israeli forests by Ţura and colleagues (Ţura et al., 2008). Their distribution, habitat, and association with other species were discussed. Currently, the list of Aphyllophorales s.l. in Israel contains 232 species, of which 179 are from previous records and 53 are newly found species (Table 1—underlined species) including two new forms: Peniophora quercina f. merulioides and Stereum hirsutum f. lobulatum. Main sampling sites and their vegetal composition Many of the Israeli forests are newly planted by the Jewish National Fund (Keren Kayemet LeIsrael), which during the last 100 years has planted native and nonnative species such as Pinus halepensis, P. brutia, P. pinea, Quercus calliprinos, Cupressus sempervirens, and Eucalyptus camadulensis. Pinus halepensis (Aleppo pine) is considered the only pine species native to Israel (Czederpilz et al., 2004); however, with few exceptions (e.g., Mount Carmel, Judean Mountains), native pine forests are nonexistent in current-day Israel. The Aleppo pine is widely distributed in the surroundings of Mt. Meiron (Upper Galilee, UG), Jerusalem (Judean Mts., JM), or Mt. Carmel (Carmel Mt., CM), which together with Quercus calliprinos are quite common in northern Israel today. Q. calliprinos is a Mediterranean evergreen tree species characteristic of the maquis of Israel today and appears to be dominant on Mt. Carmel, Upper Galilee, Mt. Meiron, and the Judean Mountains reaching
351 Table 1 Biodiversity of non-gilled hymenomycetes (Aphyllophorales s.l.) and wood-inhabiting heterobasidiomycetes of Israel. Underlined species are considered new to Israel; * families belonging to Heterobasidiomycetes; HAI—herbarium of the Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa (Haifa, Israel, HAI). Order, Family
Genus
Species
References
Auriculariaceae*
Auricularia
A. auricula-judae (Bull.) Quél.
Binyamini, 1983b
Atheliaceae
Amphinema Athelia Amylocorticium Hypochniciellum Piloderma Tomentellopsis
A. byssoides (Pers.) J. Erikss. A. neuhoffii (Bres.) Donk A. epiphylla Pers. A. suaveolens Parmasto H. cremeoisabellinum (Litsch.) Hjortstam P. lanatum (Jülich) J. Erikss. & Hjortstam T. zygodesmoides (Ellis) Hjortstam T. echinospora (Ellis) Hjortstam
Bankeraceae Bankera B. fuligineoalba (J.C. Schmidt) Coker & Beers ex Pouzar Boletopsis B. subsquamosa (Fr.) Kotl. & Pouzar Hydnellum H. ferrugineum (Fr.) P. Karst. Sarcodon S. imbricatus (L.) P. Karst.
Czederpiltz et al., 2004 Binyamini, 1993 HAI HAI HAI Czederpiltz et al., 2004 Czederpiltz et al., 2004 Binyamini 1983b; 1984b HAI
Binyamini, 1981; 1984b Czederpiltz et al., 2004 HAI
Botryobasidiaceae
Botryobasidium
B. candicans J. Erikss. B. subcoronatum (Höhn. & Litsch.) Donk B. isabellinus (Fr.) J. Erikss.
Czederpiltz et al., 2004 Binyamini, 1982a; 1984b HAI
Cantharellaceae
Cantharellus
C. cibarius Fr.
Binyamini, 1984b
Boreostereaceae
Veluticeps
V. abietina (Pers.) Hjortstam & Tellería
Ceratobasidiaceae* Ceratobasidium C. cornigerum (Bourdot) D. P. Rogers Thanatephorus T. cucumeris (A. B. Frank) Donk Clavariaceae
Clavulinaceae
Clavaria Macrotyphula Clavulicium Clavulina
C. argillacea Fr. C. subfalcata G.F. Atk. C. typhuloides Peck M. fistulosa (Holmsk.) R.H. Petersen
Corticiaceae
Dendrothele Laeticorticium Vuilleminia
D. alliacea (Quél.) P.A. Lemke D. macrospora (Bres.) P.A. Lemke L. polygonioides (P. Karst.) Donk L. ionides (Bres.) Donk L. roseum (Pers.) Donk V. megalospora Bres.
Cystosteraceae
Crustomyces
C. subabruptus (Bourdot & Galzin) Jülich
Dacrymycetaceae* Exidiaceae*
Radulomyces
Calocera Dacrymyces
Basidiodendron Exidia Exidiopsis
Binyamini, 1982a; Czederpiltz et al., 2004 Czederpiltz et al., 2004 Binyamini, 1987 Binyamini, 1993 Binyamini, 1984a Binyamini, 1993
C. macounii (Burt) J. Erikss. & Boidin ex Parmasto Czederpiltz et al., 2004 C. cinerea (Bull.) J. Schröt. HAI C. coralloides (L.) J. Schröt. Binyamini, 1984b
Coniophoraceae Coniophora C. arida (Fr.) P. Karst. C. olivacea (Fr.) P. Karst. C. puteana (Schumach.) P. Karst
Cyphellaceae
HAI
R. confluens (Fr.) M.P. Christ. C. cornea (Batsch) Fr. D. stillatus Nees
B. cinereum (Bres.) Luck-Allen E. glandulosa (Bull.) Fr. E. nucleata (Schwein.) Burt E. effusa Bref.
Binyamini 1983a; 1984b; Czederpiltz et al., 2004 Binyamini, 1983a; 1984b; Czederpiltz et al., 2004 Binyamini, 1987 Binyamini, 1982a HAI Binyamini, 1982a; 1984b Binyamini, 1982b; 1984b Binyamini, 1982a; 1984b Czederpiltz et al., 2004 Czederpiltz et al., 2004
HAI
Binyamini, 1983b Binyamini, 1983b
Czederpiltz et al., 2004 Binyamini, 1983b Binyamini, 1983b Binyamini, 1983b
Ţura et al. / Species diversity of Aphyllophorales of Israel
352 Order, Family
Genus
Species
Table 1 continued
Fomitopsidaceae Daedalea D. quercina (L.) Pers. Osteina O. obducta (Berk.) Donk Postia P. fragilis (Fr.) Jülich P. floriformis (Quél.) Jülich P. stiptica (Pers.) Jülich P. mappa (Overh. & J. Lowe) M.J. Larsen & Lombard P. tephroleuca (Fr.) Jülich P. hibernica (Berk. & Broome) Jülich P. balsamea (Peck) Jülich P. rancida (Bres.) M.J. Larsen & Lombard P. subcaesia (A. David) Jülich Ganodermataceae
Ganoderma
G. applanatum (Pers.) Pat. G. lucidum (Curtis.) P. Karst. G. australe (Fr.) Pat. G. resinaceum Boud.
Gomphaceae
Lentaria Ramaricium Ramaria
L. afflata (Lagger) Corner R. albo-ochraceum (Bres.) Jülich R. botrytis (Pers.) Ricken R. decurrens (Pers.) R.H. Petersen R. celerivirescens Marr & D.E. Stuntz R. eumorpha (P. Karst.) Corner
Gloeophylaceae
Hapalopilaceae
Gloeophyllum
Bjerkandera Ceriporia Ceriporiopsis Leptoporus
G. abietinum (Bull.) P. Karst. G. trabeum (Pers.) Murrill G. sepiarium (Wulfen) P. Karst. G. subferrugineum (Berk.) Bondartsev & Singer
B. adusta (Willd.) P. Karst. C. viridans (Berk. & Broome) Donk C. purpurea (Fr.) Donk C. tarda (Berk.) Ginns C. excelsa (S. Lundell) Parmasto C. balaenae Niemelä L. mollis (Pers.) Quél.
Hymenochaetaceae Hymenochaete H. cinnamomea (Pers.) Bres. Inonotus I. rheades (Pers.) Bondartsev & Singer I. hispidus (Bull.) P. Karst. I. ochroporus (Van der Byl) Pegler I. tamaricis (Pat.) Maire I. levis P. Karst. I. dryophilus (Berk.) Murrill I. rickii (Pat.) D.A. Reid I. cuticularis (Bull.) P. Karst. Phellinus Ph. robustus (P. Karst.) Bourdot & Galzin Ph. torulosus (Pers.) Bourdot & Galzin Ph. punctatus (Fr.) Pilát Ph. contiguus (Pers.) Pat. Ph. ferruginosus (Schrad.) Pat. Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 56
2008
References
Binyamini, 1984a,b Binyamini, 1984a,b Binyamini, 1981; 1993 Binyamini, 1981; 1984b Binyamini, 1981; 1984b Binyamini, 1981; 1984b
Binyamini, 1981; 1984b Binyamini, 1981; 1984b Zmitrovich et al., 2006 Ţura et al., 2008 Ţura et al., 2008 Binyamini, 1981; 1984b Binyamini, 1981; 1984b HAI HAI
Binyamini, 1981; 1984b Binyamini, 1984a,b Czederpiltz et al., 2004 Czederpiltz et al., 2004 HAI Binyamini, 1984a HAI Binyamini, 1984a Binyamini, 1987 HAI
Binyamini, 1984a,b Binyamini, 1981; 1984b Binyamini, 1993 Binyamini, 1987 Binyamini, 1987 Ţura et al., 2008 Binyamini, 1981; 1984b
Binyamini, 1984a Hershenzon and Jaquenoud, 1979/80; Binyamini, 1983a; 1984b Hershenzon and Jaquenoud, 1979/80 Hershenzon and Jaquenoud, 1979/80 Hershenzon and Jaquenoud, 1979/80; Binyamini, 1983a; 1984b HAI HAI HAI HAI Binyamini, 1984b Hershenzon and Jaquenoud, 1979/80 Binyamini, 1984a Binyamini, 1983a; 1984b HAI
353 Order, Family
Genus
Species
Table 1 continued
Phylloporia P. ribis (Shumach.) Ryvarden Pseudoinonotus P. dryadeus (Pers.) T. Wagner & M. Fisch. Hydnaceae Hydnum H. repandum L. H. rufescens Pers.
Hyphodermataceae Brevicellicium B. olivascens (Bres.) K.H. Larss. & Hjortstam Hypochnicium H. lundellii (Bourdot) J. Erikss. H. geogenium (Fr.) Banker Hyphoderma H. pallidum (Bres.) Donk H. argillaceum (Bres.) Donk H. tsugae (Burt) J. Erikss. & Å. Strid H. medioburiense (Burt) Donk H. praetermissum (P. Karst.) J. Erikss & Å. Strid H. litschaueri (Burt) J. Erikss.& Å. Strid H. setigerum (Fr.) Donk Metulodontia M. nivea (P. Karst.) Parmasto Subulicium S. minus Hjortstam Subulicystidium S. longisporum (Pat.) Parmasto Lachnocladiaceae
Asterostroma Scytinostroma
A. muscicola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Massee A. cf. cervicolor (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Massee S. duriusculum (Berk. & Broome) Donk S. portentosum (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Donk S. hemidichophyticum Pouzar
Meripilaceae
Antrodia Physisporinus
A. sinuosa (Fr.) P. Karst. A. serialis (Fr.) Donk A. albida (Fr.) Donk P. vitreus (Pers.) P. Karst.
Marasmiaceae
Lachnella
L. alboviolascens (Alb. & Schwein.) Fr. L. coprosmae G. Cunn.
References
Hershenzon and Jaquenoud, 1979/80 HAI Binyamini, 1984b HAI
Binyamini, 1982b; 1984b Binyamini, 1987 Binyamini, 1982a Binyamini, 1993; Czederpiltz et al., 2004 Binyamini, 1982a; 1984b Czederpiltz et al., 2004 Czederpiltz et al., 2004 Binyamini, 1982a; 1984b; Czederpiltz et al., 2004 Binyamini, 1982a; 1984b Binyamini, 1982a; 1984b HAI Czederpiltz et al., 2004 Czederpiltz et al., 2004 Binyamini 1983a; 1984b Czederpiltz et al., 2004 Binyamini 1983a; 1984b Czederpiltz et al. 2004 HAI Czederpiltz et al., 2004 Binyamini, 1993
Binyamini, 1981 Czederpiltz et al., 2004 HAI Binyamini, 1987
Meruliaceae Byssomerulius B. albostramineus (Torrend) Hjortstam Czederpiltz et al., 2004; Binyamini, 1982a B. corium (Fr.) Ginns Zmitrovich et al., 2006 B. corium var. halileensis Zmitr., Spirin & Wasser Zmitrovich et al., 2006 Crustoderma C. dryinum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis ) Parmasto Binyamini, 1984a,b; Czederpiltz et al., 2004 C. corneum (Bourdot & Galzin) Nakasone Czederpiltz et al., 2004 Chondrostereum C. purpureum (Pers.) Pouzar HAI Dacryobolus D. sudans (Alb. & Schwein.) Fr. Binyamini, 1982a; Czederpiltz et al., 2004 Gloeoporus G. dichrous (Fr.) Bres. HAI Mycoacia M. aurea (Fr.) J. Erikss. & Ryvarden Binyamini, 1993 M. uda (Fr.) Donk Binyamini, 1982b; 1984b Mycoaciella M. bispora (Stalpers) J. Erikss. & Ryvarden Binyamini, 1982b; 1984b Phlebia P. albida H. Post HAI P. mellea Overh. Binyamini, 1993 P. nitidula (P. Karst.) Ryvarden HAI P. centrifuga P. Karst Czederpiltz et al., 2004 P. deflectens (P. Karst.) Ryvarden Binyamini, 1987; Czederpiltz et al., 2004 P. livida (Pers.) Bres. Binyamini, 1987 Scopuloides S. leprosa (Bourdot & Galzin) Boidin, Lanq. & Gilles Czederpiltz et al., 2004 Peniophoraceae Peniophora P. incarnata (Pers.) P. Karst. Binyamini, 1982b; 1984b Ţura et al. / Species diversity of Aphyllophorales of Israel
354 Order, Family
Genus
Species
Table 1 continued
References
P. lycii (Pers.) Höhn. & Litsch Binyamini, 1982b; 1984b P. meridionalis Boidin Binyamini, 1982b; 1984b P. pini (Schleich.& DC.) Boidin Czederpiltz et al., 2004 P. polygonia (Pers.) Bourdot & Galzin Binyamini, 1993 P. pithya (Pers.) J. Erikss. Binyamini, 1993; Czederpiltz et al., 2004 P. quercina (Pers.) Cooke Ţura et al., 2007 P. quercina f. merulioides Ţura, Zmitr. & Wasser Ţura et al., 2007 P. cinerea (Pers.) Cooke Ţura et al., 2007 P. versiformis (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Bourdot & Galzin HAI Polyporaceae Cerrena C. unicolor (Bull.) Murrill Coriolopsis C. gallica (Fr.) Ryvarden Fomes F. fomentarius (L.) J.J. Kickx Laetiporus L. sulphureus (Bull.) Murrill Megasporoporia M. cavernulosa (Berk.) Ryvarden Polyporus Polyporus brumalis (Pers.) Fr. Polyporus squamosus (Huds.) Fr. Podofomes P. trogii (Fr.) Teixeira Skeletocutis S. percandida (Malençon & Bertault) Jean Keller Tyromyces T. lacteus (Fr.) Murrill Trametes T. ochracea (Pers.) Gilb. & Ryvarden T. versicolor (L.) Pilát
Binyamini, 1981; 1984b Binyamini, 1981; 1984b Binyamini, 1981; 1984b Binyamini, 1981; 1984b Binyamini, 1981; 1984b, Binyamini, 1981; 1984b Czederpiltz et al., 2004 Binyamini, 1981; 1984b HAI Ţura et al., 2008 Binyamini, 1981; 1984b HAI Binyamini, 1981; 1984b
Platygloaceae*
Czederpiltz et al. 2004
Phanerochaetaceae Ceraceomyces C. sublaevis (Bres.) Jülich Binyamini, 1982a; 1984b C. tessulatus (Cooke) Jülich Binyamini 1987 Hyphodermella H. corrugata (Fr.) J. Erikss. & Ryvarden Binyamini, 1982a; 1984b; Czederpiltz et al., 2004 Lopharia L. spadicea (Pers.) Boidin Binyamini, 1982a; 1984b Terana T. caerulea (Lam.) Kuntze Binyamini, 1982b; 1984b T. roseocarneum (Schwein.) Hjortstam Czederpiltz et al. 2004 Phanerochaete P. calotricha (P. Karst.) J. Erikss. & Ryvarden Binyamini, 1982b; 1984b P. galactites (Bourdot & Galzin) J. Erikss. & Ryvarden Binyamini, 1982b; 1984b P. sordida (P. Karst.) J. Erikss. & Ryvarden Binyamini, 1982b; 1984b P. tuberculata (P. Karst.) Parmasto Binyamini, 1982b; 1984b P. velutina (DC.) P. Karst. Binyamini, 1982b; 1984b P. tuberculascens Hjortstam Czederpiltz et al., 2004 P. sanguinea (Fr.) Pouzar Czederpiltz et al., 2004 P. chrysosporium Burds. HAI Phlebiopsis P. ravenelii (Cooke) Hjortstam Binyamini, 1982b; 1984b; Czederpiltz et al., 2004 Rhizochaete R. filamentosa (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Gresl., Binyamini, 1993 Nakasone & Rajchenb. Platygloea
P. decipiens G.W. Martin
Sebacinaceae* Sebacina S. calcea (Pers.) Bres. S. grisea (Pers.) Bres. S. epigaea (Berk. & Broome) Neuhoff S. incrustans (Pers.) Tul. & C. Tul. Schizoporaceae
Basidioradulum Hyphodontia
Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 56
B. radula (Fr.) Nobles H. juniperi (Bourdot & Galzin) J. Erikss. & Hjortstam H. subalutacea (P. Karst.) J. Erikss. H. sambuci (Pers.) J. Erikss. H. crustosa (Pers.) J. Erikss. H. nespori (Bres.) J. Erikss. & Hjortstam
2008
Czederpiltz et al., 2004 Binyamini, 1984a; Czederpiltz et al., 2004 Czederpiltz et al., 2004 Binyamini, 1983b
HAI Czederpiltz et al., 2004 Binyamini, 1982a Binyamini, 1982a;1984b Binyamini, 1982a;1984b Binyamini, 1982a;1984b
355 Order, Family
Genus
Oxyporus Schizopora
Species
Table 1 continued
H. pruni (Lasch) Svrček H. quercina (Pers.) J. Erikss. H. microspora J. Erikss. & Hjortstam O. latemarginatus (Durieu & Mont.) Donk S. paradoxa (Schrad.) Donk
References
Binyamini, 1982a;1984b HAI HAI Binyamini, 1981; 1984b HAI
Schizophyllaceae Schizophyllum S. commune Fr. Henningsomyces H. candidus (Pers.) Kuntze
Binyamini, 1984b Binyamini, 1981; 1984b; Czederpiltz et al., 2004
Steccherinaceae Cinereomyces C. lenis (P. Karst.) Spirin Steccherinum S. ochraceum (Pers.) Gray S. fimbriatum (Pers.) J. Erikss. S. litschaueri (Bourdot & Galzin) J. Erikss. S. mukhinii Kotir. & Y.C. Dai
HAI Binyamini, 1984b Binyamini, 1984b; Czederpiltz et al., 2004 HAI HAI
Sistotremataceae Trechispora T. farinacea (Pers.) Liberta T. microspora (P. Karst.) Liberta T. praefocata (Bourdot & Galzin) Liberta Sistotrema S. octosporum (Höhn. & Litsch.) Hallenb. S. coroniferum (Höhn. & Litsch.) Donk S. diademiferum (Bourdot & Galzin) Donk
Stereaceae Acanthofungus A. thoenii (Boidin, Lanq. & Gilles) Sheng H. Wu, Boidin & C.Y. Chien Aleurodiscus A. cerussatus (Bres.) Höhn. & Litsch. A. dextrinoideocerussatus Moreno, Blanco & Manjon Gloeocystidiellum G. luridum (Bres.) Boidin Stereum S. hirsutum (Willd.) Gray S. hirsutum f. lobulatum Ţura, Zmitr. & Wasser S. gausapatum (Fr.) Fr. S. sanguinolentum (Alb. & Schwein.) Fr. Vesiculomyces V. citrinus (Pers.) E. Hagstr. Xylobolus X. subpileatus (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Boidin
Binyamini, 1982b; 1984b; Czederpiltz et al., 2004 Czederpiltz et al. 2004 Czederpiltz et al. 2004 Binyamini, 1982b; 1984b; Czederpiltz et al., 2004 Binyamini 1982b; 1984b; Czederpiltz et al. 2004
Czederpiltz et al., 2004
Binyamini, 1982a; 1984b Czederpiltz et al., 2004 Binyamini, 1982a; 1984 Binyamini, 1982b; 1984b HAI HAI HAI HAI Binyamini, 1982b; 1984b
Thelephoraceae
Tomentella Thelephora Tomentellastrum Pseudotomentella
T. lapida (Pers.) Stalpers T. badia (Link) Stalpers T. punicea (Alb. & Schwein.) J. Schröt. T. griseoviolacea Litsch. T. italica (Sacc.) M. J. Larsen T. litschaueri Svrček T. fuscocinerea (Pers.) Donk T. terrestris Ehrh. T. atra Weinm. T. caesiocinereum Svrček P. tristis (P. Karst.) M.J. Larsen
Tubulicrinaceae
Litschauerella Tubulicrinis
L. clematidis (Bourdot & Galzin) J. Erikss. & Ryvarden Czederpiltz et al., 2004 T. calothrix (Pat.) Donk Czederpiltz et al., 2004
Tremellaceae*
Tremella
T. mesenterica Retz. T. foliacea Pers.
Binyamini, 1983a; 1984b Binyamini, 1987 Binyamini, 1987 Binyamini, 1993 Czederpiltz et al., 2004 Binyamini, 1983a; 1984b HAI Binyamini, 1983a; 1984b Binyamini, 1983a; 1984b Czederpiltz et al., 2004 Binyamini, 1987 Binyamini, 1983b Binyamini, 1983b
Tulasnellaceae*
Tulasnella
T. tomaculum P. Roberts T. violea (Quél.) Bourdot & Galzin
Czederpiltz et al., 2004 Binyamini, 1987
Xenasmataceae
Lepidomyces
L. subcalceus (Litsch.) Jülich
HAI
Typhulaceae
Typhula
T. uncialis (Grev.) Berthier
Binyamini, 1984b
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Fig. 1. Distribution of main sampling sites and their vegetal composition: ●—Quercus forest; ▲—Pinus forest; ■— Eucalyptus forest; ▐—Cupressus forest. AP—Akko Plain; AV—Arava Valley; BS—Bet She’an Valley; CC—Carmel Coast; CG—Coast Galilee; CM—Carmel Mountain; CN— Central Negev; DS—Dead Sea area; EP—Esdraelon (Yizre’el) Plain; GH—Golan Heights; GM—Gilboa Mountain; HE— Mount Hermon; HP—Hula Plain; JD—Judean Desert; JM— Judean Mts.; LG—Lower Galilee; LJ—Lower Jordan Valley; NN—Northern Negev; PP—Philistean Plain; SA—Samaria; SH—Shefela; SN—South Negev; SP—Sharon Plain; UG— Upper Galilee; UJ—Upper Jordan Valley; WN—Western Negev (Feinbrun-Dothan and Danin, 1998).
Forest name
Massada Bar’am Hanita Meron Safsufa Goren Park Biryia Tel Dan Park
a value of 75% dominance on Mount Carmel, Galilee Mountains, and Golan Heights; the second dominant oak species is Q. ithaburensis (Liphschnitz and Biger, 1990), distributed at low altitudes and characteristic of dry habitats in the marginal Mediterranean region. In Israel, Q. ithaburensis is distributed in the Galilee and Golan Heights, where it grows on basalt, chalk, and alluvial soil. Other oak species occurring in northern Israel are Q. boissieri, Q. cerris, and Q. libani. Q. boissieri is characteristic of cold, rainy environments, usually found above 500 m asl or on north-facing slopes in mountains, whereas Q. cerris can be found only in one site in Israel, at Nahal Arar (1300 m); however, Q. boissieri is a common species in Turkey. Q. libani is characteristic for high altitudes (1400–1900 m) and can be found on Mount Hermon. Sampling sites for previous and current authors were located mostly in the Golan Heights, Lower/Upper Galilee, or the surroundings of Jerusalem (Fig. 1), regions placed in the Mediterranean climate zone that receive greater precipitation than other parts of the country with mountainous, steppe, and desert climate types. Massada Forest, a principal collection site composed mainly of Quercus calliprinos and Q. boissieri, is located in the Golan Heights at an altitude of 1100–1200 m and has an average rainfall of about 1200 mm, low winter temperature, with snow occurring almost every year, and a basalt type of soil. Another important sampling site showing a great variety of fungi is the Upper Galilee Bar’am Forest situated at an altitude of 700–800 m, with an average rainfall of 700–900 mm and terra rossa soil. The plant associations found in this forest are mainly composed of Quercus calliprinos, Pinus halepensis, and P. pinea (Binyamini, 1982c). In order to compare the fungal community, Czederpiltz et al. (2004) sampled four sites in older pine forests and another four in younger forests located in central Israel, where the annual rainfall is 500–600 mm and the average annual temperature ranges between 17–19 ºC. Other important sampling sites and their ecogeographic characteristics are presented in Table 2.
Table 2 Ecogeographic characteristics of some studied sampling sites Vegetation type
Q. caliprinos/Q. boisierii Q. calliprinos/Pinus halepensis/P. pinea mostly Q. calliprinos/Pinus halepensis mostly Q. calliprinos/Pinus halepensis Q. calliprinos/Pinus halepensis mostly Q. calliprinos Pinus halepensis mixed deciduous trees
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Altitude (m) 1100–1200 700–800 300–400 900–1200 300–400 300–400 900–1000 300–400
Annual rainfall (mm) 800–1200 700–900 700–800 600–900 600–700 600–800 600–700 500–600
357
Fig. 2. Taxonomical structure of Aphyllophorales s.l. in Israel. (a) Comparison between families comprising more than 5 genera. (b) Comparison between genera comprising more than 5 species.
Taxonomical structure, trophic distribution, and relative abundance analyses of hymenomycestes and heterobasidiomycetes of Israel Based on the modern systematic classification, the above-listed species belong to 43 families, of which the Polyporaceae is the richest one with 10 genera (Fig. 2a). Other rich families are: Meruliaceae (9 genera) and Phanerochaetaceae (7 genera), followed by Atheliaceae, Stereaceae, Hymenochaetaceae, and Hyphodermataceae. The heterobasidiomycetes as wood-inhabiting species were also taken into account by the presence of six families: Auriculariaceae, Ceratobasidiaceae, Dacrymycetaceae, Platygloaceae, Tremellaceae, and Tulasnellaceae. The largest genera in Israel are Peniophora with 10 species, followed by Postia with 9, and the genera Inonotus, Phanerochaete, and Hyphodontia with 8 species each (Fig. 2b). Many Aphyllophorales s.l. in the presented list are xylosaprotrophic species; thus, they play a crucial role in the trophic levels of ecosystems. The decay is performed by a vast number of species, where insects and fungi in particular play an important role. Therefore, a reduction of biodiversity may also affect decomposition rates of a given area (Jansson and Ranius, 2005). Based on this fact, the Israeli arid climate seems to slow the decaying rate of various xylotrophic fungi. Pathogenic/saprotrophic aphyllophoraceous species, inhabiting various living or dead trees, belong mainly to the Hymenochetaceae, Ganodermataceae, Stereaceae, and Polyporaceae families. The Israeli Hymenochaetaceae comprise 16 species, many of them known as dangerous wood-destroyers, of which 6 were recently found; other species are mycorrhizal on a variety of trees. To our knowledge, the Israeli aphyllophoraceous mychorrizal fungi are few and most of them belong to
Gomphaceae, Hydnaceae, Clavariaceae, and Clavulinaceae. Many wood-decaying species were found living on a wide range of substrates, whereas some species showed a degree of specificity for a particular type of substrate. Species trophic distribution analyses revealed that most of the aphyllophoraceous fungi are saprobic wooddecayers (approximately 83% of a total of 232 listed taxa), 11% are parasitic-saprobic, and 6% are mycorrhizal. The relative abundance (rare to common) of species collected between 2006 and 2008 in various forests in Israel was estimated. The 126 identified species currently kept in the HAI herbarium were categorized as rare (species found and recorded only once), rather rare (found 2–3 times), common (4–5 samples), or very common (more than 5 samples) (Fig. 3). The occurrence pattern of the studied fungi showed that 58 species (46%) were found only once, followed by 28 (22%) species that were
Fig. 3. Relative abundance of 126 species of Aphyllophorales s.l. collected in various Israeli forests between 2006–2008: rare (1 record), rather rare (2–3 records), common (4–5 records), and very common species (more than 5 records). Ţura et al. / Species diversity of Aphyllophorales of Israel
358 very common. The relative abundance figures for 126 taxa of Aphyllophorales s.l. is tentative because these fungi have been insufficiently studied in Israel. Moreover, studies of species composition for a certain territory or relative abundance of these species will require years of collecting. Conclusions • Critical literature investigations were conducted to compile an inventory of non-gilled hymenomycetous (Aphyllophorales s.l.) and heterobasidiomycetous (Heterobasidiomycetes) fungi in Israel. We concluded that these fungi have been studied very little, and the only previous records from Israel are those by Hershenzon and Jaquenoud (1979/1980), Binyamini (1981, 1982a,b, 1983a,b, 1984a,b, 1987, 1993), Czederpilz et al. (2004), Spirin et al. (2006), and Zmitrovich et al. (2006). Previous biodiversity studies revealed the presence of 179 species in Israel before 2007. After extensive collecting, from late October 2006 until the beginning of April 2008, 53 new species for Israel were found in various Israeli forests including two new forms: Peniophora quercina f. merulioides and Stereum hirsutum f. lobulatum. The newly recorded taxa enriched the list of Aphyllophorales in Israel, to a total of 232 species. • According to the current classification system, the largest genera comprising more than five species in Israel are Peniophora with 10 species, followed by Postia with 9, and then Inonotus, Phanerochaete, and Hyphodontia with 8 species each. • Most Israeli aphyllophoraceous fungi (approximately 83% of the total listed taxa) are saprobic wooddecayers, 11% are parasitic–saprobic fungi, and 6% are mychorrizal. • The relative abundance of 126 species of Aphyllophorales collected in various Israeli forests between 2006–2008 showed a total of 58 species that were found only once, approximately 46% of the investigated taxa, followed by very common species with more than 5 recorded samples for each, reaching approximately 22%. By contrast, common species with 4–5 records comprised approximately 15%. • Further species diversity studies of wood-inhabiting mushrooms are needed in order to evaluate the realistic number of species present in Israeli forests. References Binyamini, N. 1981. Lignicolous Aphyllophorales fungi from Israel-I. Nova Hedwigia 35(2): 357–369. Binyamini, N. 1982a. Lignicolous Aphyllophorales Fungi Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 56
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from Israel-III (Corticiaceae I). Nova Hedwigia 36: 569–586. Binyamini, N. 1982b. Lignicolous Aphyllophorales Fungi from Israel-IV (Corticiaceae II). Nova Hedwigia 36: 291–308. Binyamini, N. 1982c. Host index for Israeli wood-rotting fungi. Dept. of Botany, Tel Aviv, Israel, pp. 1–30. Binyamini, N. 1983a. Lignicolous Aphyllophorales fungi from Israel. II. Nova Hedwigia 38: 477–486. Binyamini, N. 1983b. Tremellales of Israel II. Mycotaxon 16: 380–386. Binyamini, N. 1984a. Addenda to the Aphyllophorales and Heterobasidiomycetes from Israel V. Nova Hedwigia 40: 71–77. Binyamini, N. 1984b. Larger fungi of Israel (Ascomycotina and Basidiomycotina). Ramot Publishing Co., Tel Aviv, pp. 91–92, 112–114. Binyamini, N. 1987. Addenda to the Aphyllophorales and Tulasnellales fungi from Israel VI. Nova Hedwigia 44: 365–372. Binyamini, N. 1993. Addenda to the lignicolous Aphyllophorales fungi from Israel VII. Mycologia 85(5): 856–860. Czederpiltz, D.L.L., Wikler, K., Radmacher, M.R., Volk, T. J., Hadar, Y., Micales, J. 2004. Biodiversity of wood-inhabiting fungi in Israeli pine forests. Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden 89 [http://www.treesearch.fs.fed. us/pubs/9127 (viewed online on 17 July 2006)]. Feinbrun-Dothan, N., Danin, A. 1998. Analytical flora of Eretz-Israel. 2nd ed. CANA Publishing House, Jerusalem, Israel, 1008 pp. (in Hebrew). Gibertoni, T.B., Santos, J.P., Cavalcanti, A.Q. 2007. Ecological aspects of Aphyllophorales in the Atlantic rain forest in northeast Brazil. Fungal Diversity 25: 49–67. Ginns, J. 1998. How many species are there? Folia Cryptog. Estonica Fasc. 33: 29–33. Hershenzon, Z.A., Jaquenoud, M. 1979/1980. Polypores in Israel. I. Mucronoporaceae. Isr. J. Bot. 28: 36–43. Jansson, B.G., Ranius, T. 2005. Ecology of species living on dead wood—lessons for dead wood management. Silva Fenica 39(2): 289–309. Jasalavich, C.A., Ostrofsky, A., Jellison, J. 2000. Detection and identification of decay fungi in spruce wood by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of amplified genes encoding rRNA. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66: 4725–4734. Jiang, J., Hirakawa, G.A., Nakamura, B.S., Hattori, M. 2006. In vivo antitumor effects of bitter principles from the antlered form of fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum. J. Nat. Med. 60: 42–48. Kirk, P.M., Cannon, P.F., David, J.C., Stalpers, J. 2001. Ainsworth and Bisby’s dictionary of the fungi. 9th ed. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. Liphschnitz, N., Biger, G. 1990. Ancient dominance of the Quercus calliprinos–Pistacia palestina association in mediterranean Israel. J. Veg. Sci. 1: 67–70. Mizuno, T. 1999. Bioactive substances in Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: Fr.) Pers. (Yamabushitake), and its medicinal utilization. Int. J. Med. Mushrooms 1: 105–119.
359 Mizuno, T. 2000. Development of an antitumour biological response modifier from Phellinus linteus (Berk. et Curt.) Teng (Aphyllophoromycetideae) (Review). Int. J. Med. Mushrooms 2: 21–33. Mueller, G.M., Schmit, J.P., Leacock, P.R., Buick, B., Cifuentes, J., Desjardin, D.E., Halling, R.E., Hjortstam, K., Iturriaga, T., Larsson, K-H., Lodge, D.J., May, T.W., Minter, D., Rajchenberg, M., Readhead, S.A., Ryvarden, L., Trappe, J.M., Watling, R., Wu, Q. 2007. Global diversity and distribution of macrofungi. Biodivers. Conserv. 16: 37–48. Spirin, W.A., Zmitrovich, I.V., Wasser, S.P. 2006. Oligoporus balsameus—rare Eurasian species plus notes on some related taxa. Mycotaxon 97: 73–82. Ţura, D., Zmitrovich, I.V., Wasser, S.P., Nevo, E. 2007. The
genus Peniophora in Israel (highlighting the variability of P. quercina). Mycotaxon 101: 385–394. Ţura, D., Zmitrovich, I.V., Wasser, S.P., Nevo, E. 2008. Notes on species of Oligoporus and Ceriporiopsis new for Israel. Mycotaxon 103: 217–227. Wasser, S.P. 2002. Medicinal mushrooms as a source of antitumor and immunomodulating polysaccharides. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 60: 258–274. Wasser, S.P., Weis, A.L. 1999. General description of the most important medicinal higher Basidiomycetes mushrooms. 1. Int. J. Med. Mushrooms 1: 351–370. Zmitrovich, I.V., Spirin, W.A., Wasser, S.P. 2006. Variability of Byssomerulius corium in the Mediterranean. Mycotaxon 97: 83–90.
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