Appendix C: Climate change vulnerability assessments by ... - PLOS

Appendix C: Climate change vulnerability assessments by species for corals *Assessments of overall vulnerability are based on optimistic assumptions for missing trait information.

Species Acanthastrea bowerbanki Acanthastrea brevis Acanthastrea echinata Acanthastrea faviaformis Acanthastrea hemprichii Acanthastrea hillae Acanthastrea ishigakiensis Acanthastrea lordhowensis Acanthastrea maxima Acanthastrea regularis Acanthastrea rotundoflora Acanthastrea subechinata Acropora abrolhosensis Acropora abrotanoides Acropora aculeus Acropora acuminata Acropora akajimensis Acropora anthocercis Acropora appressa Acropora arabensis Acropora aspera Acropora austera Acropora awi Acropora batunai Acropora bifurcata Acropora branchi Acropora bushyensis Acropora cardenae Acropora carduus Acropora caroliniana Acropora cerealis Acropora cervicornis Acropora chesterfieldensis Acropora clathrata Acropora convexa Acropora cophodactyla

SENSITIVITY H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H 1

UNADAPTABILITY H H H H H H H H H H H H L L L L L L H H L L L L L H L L L L L L L L L L

EXPOSURE L H L H L L L H U L L L H L L L H L L U L L H H H L H H L H L H L L H L

OVERALL VULNERABILITY* L H L H L L L H L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L

Acropora copiosa Acropora cytherea Acropora dendrum Acropora derawanensis Acropora desalwii Acropora digitifera Acropora divaricata Acropora donei Acropora downingi Acropora echinata Acropora efflorescens Acropora elegans Acropora elegantula Acropora elseyi Acropora exquisita Acropora fastigata Acropora fenneri Acropora filiformis Acropora florida Acropora forskali Acropora gemmifera Acropora glauca Acropora globiceps Acropora gomezi Acropora grandis Acropora granulosa Acropora haimei Acropora halmaherae Acropora hemprichii Acropora hoeksemai Acropora horrida Acropora humilis Acropora hyacinthus Acropora indonesia Acropora inermis Acropora insignis Acropora irregularis Acropora jacquelineae Acropora japonica Acropora kimbeensis Acropora kirstyae Acropora kosurini Acropora lamarcki Acropora latistella Acropora lianae

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H 2

L L L L L L L L H L L L L L L L L L L H L L L L L L H L H L L L L L L L L L H L L H H L L

L L L H H L L L U L L H H L L H H H L H L L L H L L U H L H L L L H L L H H H H L L H L H

L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L H L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L H L L L H L L

Acropora listeri Acropora loisetteae Acropora lokani Acropora longicyathus Acropora loripes Acropora lovelli Acropora lutkeni Acropora macrostoma Acropora maryae Acropora massawensis Acropora meridiana Acropora microclados Acropora microphthalma Acropora millepora Acropora minuta Acropora mirabilis Acropora monticulosa Acropora multiacuta Acropora muricata Acropora nana Acropora nasuta Acropora natalensis Acropora navini Acropora nobilis Acropora ocellata Acropora orbicularis Acropora palmata Acropora palmerae Acropora paniculata Acropora papillare Acropora parahemprichii Acropora parapharaonis Acropora parilis Acropora pectinatus Acropora pharaonis Acropora pichoni Acropora pinguis Acropora plana Acropora plantaginea Acropora plumosa Acropora polystoma Acropora prostrata Acropora proximalis Acropora pruinosa Acropora pulchra

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H 3

L L L L L L L L H H L L L L L L L L L L L H L L H L L L L L L H L L H L L L H L L L L H L

L L L L L L L H U U H L L L H H L L U L L H H L U H H L L H H U H L L H H L H H L L H H L

L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L H L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L H L L L L H L

Acropora rambleri Acropora retusa Acropora robusta Acropora rongelapensis Acropora rosaria Acropora roseni Acropora rudis Acropora rufus Acropora russelli Acropora samoensis Acropora sarmentosa Acropora scherzeriana Acropora schmitti Acropora secale Acropora sekiseiensis Acropora selago Acropora seriata Acropora simplex Acropora solitaryensis Acropora spathulata Acropora speciosa Acropora spicifera Acropora squarrosa Acropora stoddarti Acropora striata Acropora subglabra Acropora subulata Acropora suharsonoi Acropora sukarnoi Acropora tanegashimensis Acropora tenella Acropora tenuis Acropora teres Acropora tizardi Acropora torihalimeda Acropora torresiana Acropora tortuosa Acropora tumida Acropora turaki Acropora tutuilensis Acropora valenciennesi Acropora valida Acropora variabilis Acropora variolosa Acropora vaughani

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H 4

L L L L L H H H L L L L L L L L L L L L L L H L L L L L L H L L L L L L L L L L L L L H L

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L L L L L H L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L H L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L

Acropora vermiculata Acropora verweyi Acropora walindii Acropora wallaceae Acropora willisae Acropora yongei Agaricia agaricites Agaricia fragilis Agaricia grahamae Agaricia humilis Agaricia lamarcki Agaricia tenuifolia Agaricia undata Alveopora allingi Alveopora catalai Alveopora daedalea Alveopora excelsa Alveopora fenestrata Alveopora gigas Alveopora japonica Alveopora marionensis Alveopora minuta Alveopora ocellata Alveopora spongiosa Alveopora tizardi Alveopora verrilliana Alveopora viridis Anacropora forbesi Anacropora matthai Anacropora pillai Anacropora puertogalerae Anacropora reticulata Anacropora spinosa Anacropora spumosa Anomastraea irregularis Astrangia poculata Astreopora cucullata Astreopora expansa Astreopora gracilis Astreopora incrustans Astreopora listeri Astreopora macrostoma Astreopora moretonensis Astreopora myriophthalma Astreopora ocellata

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H 5

L L L L L L L L L H L L L L L L L H L H H H L L L L H L H L L L L H H L L L H L H H L H H

H L H L H L H H H H H H H L L H H L H U L H H L L L H L L H L H H U U H L L L H L L L L L

L L L L L L L L L H L L L L L L L L L L L H L L L L H L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L

Astreopora randalli Astreopora scabra Astreopora suggesta Australogyra zelli Australomussa rowleyensis Balanophyllia europaea Barabattoia amicorum Barabattoia laddi Blastomussa merleti Blastomussa wellsi Boninastrea boninensis Calathiscus tantillus Cantharellus doederleini Cantharellus jebbi Cantharellus noumeae Catalaphyllia jardinei Caulastrea connata Caulastrea curvata Caulastrea echinulata Caulastrea furcata Caulastrea tumida Cladocora arbuscula Cladocora caespitosa Coeloseris mayeri Colpophyllia natans Coscinaraea columna Coscinaraea crassa Coscinaraea exesa Coscinaraea hahazimaensis Coscinaraea marshae Coscinaraea mcneilli Coscinaraea monile Coscinaraea wellsi Ctenactis albitentaculata Ctenactis crassa Ctenactis echinata Ctenella chagius Cycloseris costulata Cycloseris curvata Cycloseris cyclolites Cycloseris hexagonalis Cycloseris sinensis Cycloseris somervillei Cycloseris tenuis Cycloseris vaughani

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H L H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H 6

L H H H H H H H H H U H H H H L H L L L L L H H H L L L H H H L L H H H H H H H H H H H H

L L L H L U L L L L H U U L H L H L H L L H U L H L H L U H H L L L L L H U U U U U U U U

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Cynarina lacrymalis Cyphastrea agassizi Cyphastrea chalcidicum Cyphastrea decadia Cyphastrea hexasepta Cyphastrea japonica Cyphastrea microphthalma Cyphastrea ocellina Cyphastrea serailia Dendrogyra cylindrus Diaseris distorta Diaseris fragilis Dichocoenia stokesi Diploastrea heliopora Diploria clivosa Diploria labyrinthiformis Diploria strigosa Duncanopsammia axifuga Echinomorpha nishihirai Echinophyllia aspera Echinophyllia costata Echinophyllia echinata Echinophyllia echinoporoides Echinophyllia orpheensis Echinophyllia patula Echinophyllia pectinata Echinopora ashmorensis Echinopora forskaliana Echinopora fruticulosa Echinopora gemmacea Echinopora hirsutissima Echinopora horrida Echinopora irregularis Echinopora lamellosa Echinopora mammiformis Echinopora pacificus Echinopora robusta Echinopora taylorae Echinopora tiranensis Erythrastrea flabellata Euphyllia ancora Euphyllia cristata Euphyllia divisa Euphyllia glabrescens Euphyllia paraancora

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H 7

H H H L H H H H H H H H H H H H H L H L L L L L L L L H H L L L H L L L L L H H L L L L L

L L L L U H L L L H U U U L H H H H L L H L L H L H H H H L L L U L L L L H U U L L L L H

L L L L L H L L L H L L L L H H H L L L L L L L L L L H H L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L

Euphyllia paradivisa Euphyllia paraglabrescens Euphyllia yaeyamaensis Eusmilia fastigiata Favia albidus Favia danae Favia favus Favia fragum Favia helianthoides Favia lacuna Favia laxa Favia leptophylla Favia lizardensis Favia maritima Favia marshae Favia matthaii Favia maxima Favia pallida Favia rosaria Favia rotumana Favia rotundata Favia speciosa Favia stelligera Favia truncatus Favia veroni Favia vietnamensis Favites abdita Favites acuticollis Favites bestae Favites chinensis Favites complanata Favites flexuosa Favites halicora Favites micropentagona Favites paraflexuosa Favites pentagona Favites russelli Favites spinosa Favites stylifera Favites vasta Fungia concinna Fungia fralinae Fungia fungites Fungia granulosa Fungia horrida

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H 8

L H L H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H

H H L H U L L H L U L L L L H L L L L L L L L L L H L H L L L L L H L L L L H L L H L L L

L H L H L L L H L L L L L L H L L L L L L L L L L H L H L L L L L H L L L L H L L H L L L

Fungia moluccensis Fungia paumotensis Fungia puishani Fungia repanda Fungia scabra Fungia scruposa Fungia scutaria Fungia seychellensis Fungia spinifer Fungia taiwanensis Galaxea acrhelia Galaxea astreata Galaxea cryptoramosa Galaxea fascicularis Galaxea horrescens Galaxea longisepta Galaxea paucisepta Gardineroseris planulata Goniastrea aspera Goniastrea australensis Goniastrea columella Goniastrea deformis Goniastrea edwardsi Goniastrea favulus Goniastrea minuta Goniastrea palauensis Goniastrea pectinata Goniastrea peresi Goniastrea ramosa Goniastrea retiformis Goniastrea thecata Goniopora albiconus Goniopora burgosi Goniopora cellulosa Goniopora ciliatus Goniopora columna Goniopora djiboutiensis Goniopora eclipsensis Goniopora fruticosa Goniopora lobata Goniopora minor Goniopora norfolkensis Goniopora palmensis Goniopora pandoraensis Goniopora pearsoni

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H 9

H H H H H H H H H H L H L L L L L H H H H H H H H H H H H H H L L H H L L L L L H L L L H

L L L L L L L H L H H L H L L H H L L L H H L L L L L H L L U H H H U L L H L L L H H L U

L L L L L L L H L H L L L L L L L L L L H H L L L L L H L L L L L H L L L L L L L L L L L

Goniopora planulata Goniopora polyformis Goniopora savignyi Goniopora somaliensis Goniopora stokesi Goniopora stutchburyi Goniopora sultani Goniopora tenella Goniopora tenuidens Gyrosmilia interrupta Halomitra clavator Halomitra pileus Heliofungia actiniformis Heliopora coerulea Herpolitha limax Heterocyathus aequicostatus Heteropsammia cochlea Horastrea indica Hydnophora bonsai Hydnophora exesa Hydnophora grandis Hydnophora microconos Hydnophora pilosa Hydnophora rigida Indophyllia macassarensis Isophyllia rigida Isophyllia sinuosa Isopora brueggemanni Isopora crateriformis Isopora cuneata Isopora cylindrica Isopora elizabethensis Isopora palifera Isopora togianensis Leptastrea aequalis Leptastrea bewickensis Leptastrea bottae Leptastrea inaequalis Leptastrea pruinosa Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea transversa Leptoria irregularis Leptoria phrygia Leptoseris amitoriensis Leptoseris cailleti

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H 10

L L H L H L H L H H H H H H H H H H L L L H L L H H H L L L L H L L H H H H H H H H H L L

L H U L L L U H L U H L L L L L L L H L L L L L H U H H L L H H L H L L L L L L L L L H H

L L L L L L L L L L H L L L L L L L L L L L L L H L H L L L L H L L L L L L L L L L L L L

Leptoseris cucullata Leptoseris explanata Leptoseris foliosa Leptoseris gardineri Leptoseris hawaiiensis Leptoseris incrustans Leptoseris mycetoseroides Leptoseris papyracea Leptoseris scabra Leptoseris solida Leptoseris striata Leptoseris tubulifera Leptoseris yabei Lithophyllon lobata Lithophyllon mokai Lithophyllon undulatum Lobophyllia corymbosa Lobophyllia dentatus Lobophyllia diminuta Lobophyllia flabelliformis Lobophyllia hataii Lobophyllia hemprichii Lobophyllia pachysepta Lobophyllia robusta Lobophyllia serratus Madracis asanoi Madracis asperula Madracis decactis Madracis formosa Madracis kirbyi Madracis mirabilis Madracis pharensis Madracis senaria Manicina areolata Meandrina braziliensis Meandrina meandrites Merulina ampliata Merulina scabricula Merulina scheeri Micromussa amakusensis Micromussa diminuta Micromussa minuta Millepora alcicornis Millepora complanata Millepora dichotoma

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H 11

L L L L L L L L L L L L L L H L H H H H H H H H H H H L H H H H H H H H L L H H H H U L L

U L L L L L L L L L H H L U L H L L L H L L L L H H H H H L U H H H L H L L U L H H H H L

L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L H L L L L H H H L H L L H H H L H L L L L H H L L L

Millepora exaesa Millepora intricata Millepora platyphylla Millepora squarrosa Millepora tenera Montastrea annularis Montastrea annuligera Montastrea cavernosa Montastrea colemani Montastrea curta Montastrea magnistellata Montastrea multipunctata Montastrea salebrosa Montastrea serageldini Montastrea valenciennesi Montipora aequituberculata Montipora altasepta Montipora angulata Montipora aspergillus Montipora australiensis Montipora cactus Montipora calcarea Montipora caliculata Montipora capitata Montipora capricornis Montipora cebuensis Montipora circumvallata Montipora cocosensis Montipora confusa Montipora corbettensis Montipora crassituberculata Montipora cryptus Montipora danae Montipora delicatula Montipora digitata Montipora dilatata Montipora echinata Montipora efflorescens Montipora effusa Montipora flabellata Montipora florida Montipora floweri Montipora foliosa Montipora foveolata Montipora friabilis

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H 12

L L L L L H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H

L L L L L U L U L L L L L L L L L L U L H L L L L L U H L L L U L H L H U L L H H L L L H

L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L H L L L L L L H L L L L L H L H L L L H H L L L H

Montipora gaimardi Montipora grisea Montipora hemispherica Montipora hirsuta Montipora hispida Montipora hodgsoni Montipora hoffmeisteri Montipora incrassata Montipora informis Montipora kellyi Montipora lobulata Montipora mactanensis Montipora malampaya Montipora meandrina Montipora millepora Montipora mollis Montipora monasteriata Montipora niugini Montipora nodosa Montipora orientalis Montipora pachytuberculata Montipora palawanensis Montipora patula Montipora peltiformis Montipora porites Montipora samarensis Montipora saudii Montipora setosa Montipora spongiosa Montipora spongodes Montipora spumosa Montipora stellata Montipora stilosa Montipora taiwanensis Montipora tuberculosa Montipora turgescens Montipora turtlensis Montipora undata Montipora venosa Montipora verrilli Montipora verrucosa Montipora verruculosus Montipora vietnamensis Moseleya latistellata Mussa angulosa

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H 13

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H L H H H H

H L U H L H L L L U L H H H L L L H L H U H H L H L U H U L L H H H L L H L L L L H H H H

H L L H L H L L L L L H H H L L L H L H L H H L H L L H L L L H H H L L H L L L L H H H H

Mussismilia braziliensis Mussismilia harttii Mussismilia hispida Mycedium elephantotus Mycedium mancaoi Mycedium robokaki Mycedium steeni Mycedium umbra Mycetophyllia aliciae Mycetophyllia danaana Mycetophyllia ferox Mycetophyllia lamarckiana Mycetophyllia reesi Nemenzophyllia turbida Oculina diffusa Oculina patagonica Oculina robusta Oculina valenciennesi Oculina varicosa Oulastrea crispata Oulophyllia bennettae Oulophyllia crispa Oulophyllia levis Oxypora convoluta Oxypora crassispinosa Oxypora egyptensis Oxypora glabra Oxypora lacera Pachyseris foliosa Pachyseris gemmae Pachyseris involuta Pachyseris rugosa Pachyseris speciosa Palauastrea ramosa Paraclavarina triangularis Parasimplastrea sheppardi Pavona bipartita Pavona cactus Pavona clavus Pavona danai Pavona decussata Pavona diffluens Pavona duerdeni Pavona explanulata Pavona frondifera

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H 14

H H H L L L L H H H H H L L H H H H H H H H H H L H L L L L L L L H L H H L H L L H H L L

L L L L L L H U H H H H H H H U H H H L L L H U L U L L H L H L L L L L L L L H L U L L L

L L L L L L L L H H H H L L H L H H H L L L H L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L

Pavona gigantea Pavona maldivensis Pavona minuta Pavona varians Pavona venosa Pectinia africanus Pectinia alcicornis Pectinia ayleni Pectinia elongata Pectinia lactuca Pectinia maxima Pectinia paeonia Pectinia pygmaeus Pectinia teres Physogyra lichtensteini Platygyra acuta Platygyra carnosus Platygyra contorta Platygyra crosslandi Platygyra daedalea Platygyra lamellina Platygyra pini Platygyra ryukyuensis Platygyra sinensis Platygyra verweyi Platygyra yaeyamaensis Plerogyra discus Plerogyra simplex Plerogyra sinuosa Plesiastrea devantieri Plesiastrea versipora Pocillopora ankeli Pocillopora capitata Pocillopora damicornis Pocillopora danae Pocillopora effusus Pocillopora elegans Pocillopora eydouxi Pocillopora fungiformis Pocillopora indiania Pocillopora inflata Pocillopora kelleheri Pocillopora ligulata Pocillopora meandrina Pocillopora molokensis

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H 15

H H L L L H L L L L L L L L H H H H H H H H H H H H L L L H H L L L L H L L H L H L L L H

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Pocillopora verrucosa Pocillopora woodjonesi Pocillopora zelli Podabacia crustacea Podabacia motuporensis Podabacia sinai Polyphyllia novaehiberniae Polyphyllia talpina Porites annae Porites aranetai Porites arnaudi Porites astreoides Porites attenuata Porites australiensis Porites branneri Porites brighami Porites cocosensis Porites colonensis Porites columnaris Porites compressa Porites cumulatus Porites cylindrica Porites decasepta Porites deformis Porites densa Porites desilveri Porites divaricata Porites echinulata Porites eridani Porites evermanni Porites flavus Porites furcata Porites harrisoni Porites heronensis Porites horizontalata Porites latistella Porites lichen Porites lobata Porites lutea Porites mayeri Porites monticulosa Porites murrayensis Porites myrmidonensis Porites napopora Porites negrosensis

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H 16

L L L L L H H H H H H H L H H H H L H H L L H L H L L H L H L L H H L L L H H H L H H L L

L L H L L U L L L L L H L L L H H U U H H L U L L L H U H L H H U H L L L L L H L L H H H

L L L L L L L L L L L H L L L H H L L H L L L L L L L L L L L L L H L L L L L H L L H L L

Porites nigrescens Porites nodifera Porites okinawensis Porites ornata Porites panamensis Porites porites Porites profundus Porites pukoensis Porites rugosa Porites rus Porites sillimaniana Porites solida Porites somaliensis Porites stephensoni Porites tuberculosa Porites vaughani Poritipora paliformis Psammocora albopicta Psammocora contigua Psammocora decussata Psammocora digitata Psammocora explanulata Psammocora haimeana Psammocora nierstraszi Psammocora obtusangula Psammocora profundacella Psammocora stellata Psammocora superficialis Psammocora vaughani Psammocora verrilli Pseudosiderastrea tayami Sandalolitha dentata Sandalolitha robusta Scapophyllia cylindrica Schizoculina africana Schizoculina fissipara Scolymia australis Scolymia cubensis Scolymia vitiensis Seriatopora aculeata Seriatopora caliendrum Seriatopora dendritica Seriatopora guttatus Seriatopora hystrix Seriatopora stellata

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H 17

L H H L H L L H L H L H H H L L H H L H L L L L L L L L L H H H H L U U H H H L L L L L L

L U H H H H H H H L H L L L H L H L L H L L L L H L H L H H L L L L H H H H L H L H H L H

L L H L H L L H L L L L L L L L H L L H L L L L L L L L L H L L L L L L H H L L L L L L L

Siderastrea glynni Siderastrea radians Siderastrea savignyana Siderastrea siderea Siderastrea stellata Simplastrea vesicularis Solenastrea bournoni Solenastrea hyades Stephanocoenia michelinii Stylaraea punctata Stylocoeniella armata Stylocoeniella cocosensis Stylocoeniella guentheri Stylophora danae Stylophora kuehlmanni Stylophora madagascarensis Stylophora mamillata Stylophora pistillata Stylophora subseriata Stylophora wellsi Symphyllia agaricia Symphyllia erythraea Symphyllia hassi Symphyllia radians Symphyllia recta Symphyllia valenciennesii Symphyllia wilsoni Trachyphyllia geoffroyi Tubipora musica Turbinaria bifrons Turbinaria conspicua Turbinaria frondens Turbinaria heronensis Turbinaria irregularis Turbinaria mesenterina Turbinaria patula Turbinaria peltata Turbinaria radicalis Turbinaria reniformis Turbinaria stellulata Zoopilus echinatus

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H

18

H H H H H L H H H H L L L L H H H L L H H H H H H H H H L L L L L L L L L L L L L

U H L H L H H H U L L H L U U H U L H U L U L L L L H L L H H L L H L L L L L L L

L H L H L L H H L L L L L L L H L L L L L L L L L L H L L L L L L L L L L L L L L