appendix II

168

appendix II

table 1 Hide-working experiments (N = 49) indiv type contact mat.

motion

durat. CSU haf rm gs ea

boring 3 boring 10 boring 10 boring 29 boring 45 boring 15 lOOx 6 229.0 110 fresh deerhide cutting cutting 8 172.0 210 dry leather 10 264.2 110 fresh elephant cutting 105.2 210 fresh harehide cutting 10 cutting 20.2 750 dry leather 10 cutting 14 153.0 110 fresh foxhide cutting 163.0 210 dry leather 15 cutting 18 320.0 110 dry deerhide 264.1 110 fresh elephant cutting 20 cutting 243.0 110 dry deerhide 30 cutting 39 225.0 210 dry leather 290.0 110 fresh deerhide cutting 40 263.0 110 fresh elephant cutting 45 depilating 8 262.0 221 wet harehide 249.0 221 humid deerhide ochre + 30 liver scraping 10 98.0 221 fresh foxhide 226.0 221 fresh deerhide scraping 10 93.0 221 wet leather scraping 12 227.0 221 fresh harehide scraping 15 100.0 221 fresh harehide scraping 18 85.0 221 fresh deerhide scraping 20 97.0 221 fresh deerhide scraping 20 92.0 221 fresh harehide scraping 29 31.0 221 dry leather scraping 30 272.0 221 fresh deerhide scraping 30 230.0 221 fresh deerhide scraping 30 105.1 210 fresh harehide scraping 30 233.0 221 fresh deerhide scraping 30 14.0 221 dry leather scraping 48 101.0 221 fresh foxhide scraping 50 60 197.0 221 fresh harehide scraping 293.0 171 dry deerhide scraping 60 265.0 221 fresh elkhide scraping 60 266.0 221 fresh elkhide scraping 60 29.0 221 fresh cowhide scraping 75 289.0 221 fresh deerhide scraping 150 253.0 221 humid deerhide scr.w. 30 brain 270.0 221 dry elkhide scr.w.fat 20 271.0 221 dry elkhide scr.w.fat 20 269.0 221 dry elkhide scr.w.fat 20 60 242.0 221 dry deerhide scr.w.fat 248.0 221 humid deerhide scr.w. 30 liver 51.0 210 fresh deerhide skinning 25 104.0 94.0 20.1 228.0 46.0 250.0

750 750 750 110 750 750

CS

SS

se eff exh edr rdi rwi rfo rte plo pdi pbr pte pwi pdr ptosdesdrslo

1 I I 1 I 1

12 12 11 II II II

8 8 8 8 8 8

1 II 1 II 1 II 1 22 I 11 I II

11 11 11 11 II II II II II 11 11 11 11 12 11

6 6 I 4 6 6 1 6 6 I I I 4 2 2

1 1 1 1 I I I I I I 1 1 1 1 1

22 11 22 11 11 11 11 11 22 22 22 22 22 11 33

1 1 I 1 1 1 I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I I I 1 I

II 31 12 33 22 22 32 22 12 23 33 12 33 22 22 22 21 22 11 11 22 11

I I I I 1

13 13 12 23 11

1

11

12 12 6 6 6 6

2 3 3 3 3 3

2 3

6 6 6 12 6 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3

39 44 52 15 55 48 33 29 28 27 35 37 25 73 75

1 1 1 I I 4 1 I I 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2 I 2 2 2 3 1 2 1 1 I 2 2 2 2 2 2 3

12 2 6 3 12 3 (3 4 2 12 2 4 2 12 2 12 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 12 3 6 3 6 3 12 2 6 3 13 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 13 2 6 3

78 80 70 65 69 77 85 66 60 75 63 43 70 68 76 66 65 40 70 60 60 86

1 1 2 I I I 1 1 2 2 2

12 12 12 12 12 12 11 12 32 11 31 II II 2 12 12 12 12 2 II II 12 12 12

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 I 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 6

3 3 3 1 3

13 6 6 4 6

72 72 74 69 70

12 12 12 12 11

2 2 2 2 2

1

12 3 33 1 II

6

fresh foxhide dry leather dry leather dry leather dry leather humid deerhide

3 3 3 2 3

2

2

2

I

5 200 1

3

1 200 1 3 50 1 3 200 5

2 3 2

3 150 I

3

3

2

3

5

1

8

3 3

I I

3 3

5 6

50 I 100 1

8 8

3 3 3 3 4 3 1

1 12 7 12 7 7 7

3 2 2 I 3 2 2

5 100 1 6 450 3 5 500 3 6 2000 3 5 50 I 5 70 I 5 1500 3

8 5 4 8 8 8 4

1

7

3

6

175 2

5

5

7

3

5

100 2

4

1 7 2 7 2 7 3 7 3 7 4 11 1 7 1 7 4 6 1 7

2 2 1 I 2 3 2 3 3 3

6 450 2 5 125 2 6 120 2 6 200 2 6 150 2 5 200 I 5 1550 2 5 450 2 5 75 I 5 700 2

4 4 4 4 4 8 4 5 4 4

3 2 2 3

7 2 7 6

2 2 2 3

5 5 5 5

75 100 400 100

I 1 2 1

4 8 5 8

3

7

2

5

50 2

8

4 4 4 1 4

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 3

5 1000 5 5 2000 5 5 200 5 5 2000 2 6 400 2

4 4 8 4 8

2

1 3

2 2 4

169

APPENDIX II

table 2 Wood-working experiments (N = 62) indiv type contact mat. 84.0 88.0 13.1 244.0 52.2 33.0 52.1 156.0 295.0 217.0 61.0 286.0 284.0 44.0 278.2 203.0 60.0 208.0 306.0 296.0 161.2 30.1 74.0 5.0 59.0 13.2 81.0 75.0 45.0 27.0 55.0 260.0 47.0 280.2 294.2 204.0 35.0 38.0 30.2 325.0 209.0 161.1 294.1 324.0 173.0 211.0 292.0 212.0 198.0 317.0 77.0 221.0 214.0 79.0 168.0 257.0 76.0 50.0 321.0 285.0 202.0

750 750 750 711 221 221 221 231 221 110 221 221 131 221 110 230 221 110 131 110 230 221 220 220 110 750 210 210 110 110 210 210 110 110 110 210 221 221 221 221 211 230 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 850 210 230 110 210 210 210 210 110 110 210 130

soaked willow soaked hazel dry deal soft fresh wooc soaked hazel fresh cherry soaked hazel fresh willow fresh pine fresh oak fresh maple soft fresh wooc fresh willow dry prune fresh willow fresh willow fresh willow fresh birch fresh willow fresh pine dry deal fresh prune soaked poplar dry deal dry willow dry deal soaked maple fresh willow fresh cherry dry willow dry oak soaked maple dry prune fresh willow soft fresh wood fresh maple fresh prune dry deal fresh prune fresh oak fresh oak dry deal soft fresh wood fresh willow soak.cedar bark fresh willow soft wood fresh willow fresh willow fresh brambles dry poplar soaked birch fresh willow fresh maple dry maple soaked maple fresh elm soaked oak fresh maple fresh willow fresh maple

motion boring boring boring chopping debark. debark. debark. debark. debark. debark. debark. debark. debark. debark. debark. debark. debark. debark. debark. longit. longit. longit. longit. longit. longit. longit. longit. longit. longit. longit. longit. longit. longit. longit. longit. longit. scraping scraping scraping scraping scraping shaving shaving splitting splitting splitting splitting splitting splitting transv. whittling whittling whittling whittling whittling whittling whittling whittling whittling whittling whittling

durat CSU haf rm gs ea 7 7 30 7 10 12 13 15 20 22 30 30 35 37 45 52 55 60 4 5 6 7 8 17 17 18 20 20 22 25 30 30 30 45 75 8 11 14 20 30 15 45 5 10 10 30 41 55 45 5 6 7 10 10 15 29 30 37 45 50

1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 12 12 6 5 6 12 4 12 6 13 5 6 4 13 6 4 6 6 12 6 6 6 4 4 4 4 12 6 12 4 6 j

)

2 2

i\

2 1 2 2 2

2 2 3 2 1 1 3 3 3 3 2 2

f 1 1 6 1

6

4 6 4 6 13 6 6 6 4 4 6 4 13 6 6 6 6 6 6 13 4 6 6 4 6 4 4 4 14 6 6

2 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 2 3 2 3 2 3 1 3 3 3 3 2 1 3 2 3 2 2 1 2 3 3

55 75 16 50 80 67 15 40 62 70 71 45 40 75 37 53 42 30 40 45 15 25 42 36 35 30 32 40 35 40 15 35 40 70 52 65 77 55 45 35 32 52 31 20 32 55 78 41 32 12 20 50 32 35 30 37 40 35

CS

SS

1 1 1 4 2 4 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 I 2 4 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1

II 11 11 11 32 11 13 13 12 11 32 12 12 12 11 11 12 11 12 11 11 11 11 11 11 II 11 11 11 11 11 II 11 11 11 11 32 12 31 32 12 II II 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 II 11 13 11 II 11 11 11 II 11

se eff exh edr rd rwi rfo rte plo pdi pbr pte pwi pdr ptosdesdrslo

8 I 2 6 I 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 7 I 1 6 6 1 1 6 I 4 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 3 I 1 8 1 I 8 8 1 6 I 4 I 7 6 1 1 1 1 7

2 1 2 1 2 3 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 I I 1 1 I 1 1 1 2 I 2 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 I I 1 2 1 1 2 I I 1 1 2 I 1 1 1 I 1 1 I 1 I I

I

1 22 1 11 2 11 1 22 1 II 8 II 1 II 1 22 1 II 1 21 1 22 I 22 I 22 1 21 1 11 1 11 I 12 1 21 1 22 I 22 1 11 1 II 1 44 1 11 1 21 1 22 1 11 1 22 I 22 1 II 2 II 1 22 I 21 1 II 1 22 1 22 1 21 1 11 111 1 22 1 21 1 22 1 22 1 II 1 II III 1 II 1 11 I 11 1 22 III 1 11 1 II 1 II 1 12 1 11 1 II 1 22 1 22 1 II 2 II

I 350 4

4

5 200 I

2

5 500 1 2 70 1 3 500 1 3 200 I

3 2 2 2

4 3 5 5

500 200 100 150

1 5 I 1

3 2 3 2

2 5 5 3 3 3 I 3 3

500 500 50 700 500 200 200 500 500

1 I 1 1 1 I 1 1 1

3 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 3

5 100 4 2 100 I

2 3

2 100 1

1

2 300 4

4

2 250 2

3

4 400 1 5 300 4

2 2

3 5 3 3 5

5 5 5 10 11

2 2 2 I 3

3 1 3 2 3 I 3 5000 2 8 100 8

3 3

11 3

3 1

8 3

2 1 2 3 5 5 4 2 2 2 3 2

10 3 3 7 3 7 5 6 3 6 7 7

1 1 2 2 2 2 2 I 1 1 1 I

3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3

200 8 100 2

1 1 1 1 2 2

1

2 2 3 I 1 2 2 1 2 2 3 3

1 1 8 1 1 8 8 1 1 I 1 1

5 11 2 3 5 1 2 5 2 1 I 2 2 1 3 1 5 2 3 7 1 5 2 2 3 5 1 3 10 I 3 7 I 7 1 2 2 7 1 1 3 I 2 3 I

2 50 I 3 150 3 3 100 3 3 500 3 6 400 3 3 350 1 3 500 3 3 50 1 3 700 3 3 2000 3 3 200 3 3 1000 3 3 200 3 3 2000 3 3 200 2

8 1 1 1 8 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2

7 2 3 1 3 1 7 1

3 200 3 200 3 350 3 1000

8 1 1 2 2 1

1

6

3

2

6000 600 700 30 100 1200 100 75 1200 50 1000 650

1 2 2 2

3

20 1

1

2 2

5

2 2 2 5 2 3 2 1 3

2 1

3

2 1

1

2 1

3

2 1 3 2 2 3 2 I 3

2 1 4 2

12 1 3 1 5 1 7 2

3 500 3 3 2000 4 3 400 4 3 50 1

7 1 1 1

5 3 5 4 1

7 1 1 5 5

1 3 3 2 I

6 200 8 100 8 500 3 20 3 1200

2 1 I I 2

3 8 8 8 1

I 3 3 2

5 6 5 3

1 I 3 1

3 900 3 50 8 25 2 1000

4 2 1 2

1 2 3 7 8 8

3

1

170

APPENDIX II

table 3 Bone-working experiments (N = 53) indiv type contact mat. 16.0 215.0 205.0 49.0 72.0 71.0 213.1 69.0 66.0 82.1 70.0 67.0 63.0 64.0 259.0 65.0 68.0 110.0 258.0 56.0 111.0 279.0 206.1 19.0

750 750 750 750 210 750 210 212 111 750 111 212 221 112 210 110 750 110 210 750 110 110 210 221

fresh bone fresh bone fresh bone fresh bone fresh bone fresh bone soaked bone fresh bone fresh bone fresh bone fresh bone fresh bone fresh bone fresh bone fresh bone fresh bone fresh bone soaked bone fresh bone fresh bone soaked bone fresh bone fresh bone fr.bone w.meat

32.0 110 fr.bone w.meat 278.1 82.2 322.0 213.2 36.0 299.0 302.0 281.1 112.0 15.0 207.1 218.0 109.0 219.0 48.0 303.2 308.0 207.2 57.0 220.0 298.0 21.0 255.0 303.1 276.0 43.0 281.2 206.2

110 750 110 210 110 110 110 210 110 110 221 110 110 110 230 110 221 221 211 210 221 221 271 HO 221 221 210 210

fresh bone fresh bone fresh bone soaked bone fresh bone fresh bone fresh bone fresh bone soaked bone fresh bone fresh bone fresh bone soaked bone fresh bone fresh bone fresh bone fresh bone fresh bone fresh bone cooked bone fresh bone dry bone fresh bone fresh bone fresh bone cooked bone fresh bone fresh bone

motion boring boring

boring boring carving carving carving carving carving carving carving carving carving carving carving carving carving carving carving carving carving carving carving de-meating de-meating longit. longit. longit. longit. longit. longit. longit. longit. longit. longit. longit. longit. longit. longit. longit. polishing scraping scraping scraping scraping scraping scraping scraping scraping scraping scraping shaving whittling

durat. csu haf rm gs ea es ss se eff exh edr rdi rwi rfo rte plo pdi pbr pte pwi pdr ptosdesdrslo 10 12 15 30 3 3 5 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 16 26 30 35 35 45 45 20

1 1 1 1

6 6 6 4 4 I 4 1 6 4 4 12 4 4 4 4 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 6

40

4

4 5 8 9 10 10 12 12 13 15 15 15 20 30 30 10 10 12 18 20 20 25 45 60 60 75 35 45

6 12 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 4 6 6 4 6 4 13 4 6 4 6 4 6 4 13 6 12 6 6

2 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 A 2 2 2 1 2 1 3 1 1

8 8 8 8 1 1 8 I I I I I 1 1 1 1 8 I I I 2 8 6 2

I I 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 I I I I I I 1 1 1 I I I I

1 2 2 1 I 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 I 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 I I

11 12 11 II 11 II II II II 11 11 11 II II II 21 11 22 II II 12 11 11 21

3 42 4 11 2

3

I

II

3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 1

1 I 1 1 1 2 I I 1 3 I I 1 2 2 I 1 1 I I 1 I I I 1 1 1 1

2 I 1 I 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 I 1 1 I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2

II 11 11 11 II 11 11 II II 11 11 II 22 II II 21 21 22 12 21 22 11 22 22 21 21 12 11

3 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 3

32 75 40 35 40 47 42 50 32 50 27 40 50 35 32 50 40 45 35 77

32 33 40 15 39 25 35 32 40 40 50 32 35 42 55 105 55 73 55 22 64 63 86 110 67 78 45 32

I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1

3 1 3 1 1 I 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 I 3 1 1 I 1 1 1 I 1 4

12 12 11 12 12 12 11 II 22 12 12 12 22 22 11 22 12 11 II II 11 11 II 12

II 11 II II II 11 II 11 II II 11 II 11 11 13 11 12 12 23 II 12 12 12 II 12 12 II II

1 I 1 2 I 6 1 1 I 6 I 1 I 1 3 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 6 1

4 I

300 1 500 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I 1 1 1 1 1 I

2 1 2 2 I 2 2 2 2 I 2 2 2 2

700 I

2

3 500 5 3 700 1 3 1300 I 5 1000 1 2 700 1

1 2 2 2 2

3 500 I 3 500 5 5 600 5 3 700 I 1 1200 1 3 600 1 I 800 1 3 1000 1 3 200 1

3 1 2 I I 2 2 2 2

1 1200 1 5 300 I

I 3

5

3 5 3 5 3

3 3

800 500 300 1200 500 1000 800 300 300 300 800 300 800 300

2 1

800 I 800 5

3 2

5 3 5 2

6 3

10 1 2

3 5 2 5 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 1 5 I 5 I 5 2 5 3 5 I 5 3 5 3 5 3 7 3 5 3 10 2 2 3 7 1 5 2 5

1 2 2 2 1 2 I 2 I 2 2 2 2

1 2 1 27 2 2 3 5 3 5 I I I 2 I 2 1 5 3 5 3 10 1 5 3 7 1 5 1 5 2 7 2 5 3 2 4 5 5 7 3 2

2 I 1 2 I 3 2 3 2 I 1 2 I 1 I 1 1 1 2 1 3

6 3 3 3 3 6 3 6 3 3 3 6 6 6 3 3 3 3 6 3 6

2 2 2 2 I 1

1 1 1 I 2 1

3 200 3 50 3 100 3 100 6 100 3 1000

5 7 7 7 2 5

2

8 8

3 2 9 6 100 4 9 6 200 4 9 6 100 4 8 9 6 120 4 6 200 4 9 3 150 4 9 6 50 4 9 6 300 4 9 6 200 4 9 6 200 4 9 8 6 300 4 6 200 4 9 75 4 9 6 3 1000 3 9 6 200 4 8 6 500 4 9 3 600 3 9 3 100 2 9 3 1000 4 9 3 10 I 10

80 100 800 1000 100 50 300 50 1000 200 1000 200 1000 50 75 50 50 100 100 200 50

3 8 3 9 3 9 3 8 3 7 1 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 3 9 4 3 3 8 7 3 8 3 5 8 3 3 9 3 9 2 10 2 10 2 8 2 2 8 2 4 2 10 1 8 2 2 2 2 2 4

5 10 10 10 2 8

171

APPENDIX II

table 4 Antler-working experiments ( N = 18)

indiv type eontaet mat.

motion

103.0 106.0 216.0 200.1 309.0 200.2 222.0 223.0 170.0 277.0 24.0 91,0 96.0 25.0 28.0 201.0 254.0 200.3

boring 7 boring 15 boring 25 boring 30 boring 66 engraving 3 longit. 10 longit. 16 longit. 18 longit. 20 longit. 30 scraping 10 scraping 15 scraping 20 scraping 25 scraping 35 scraping 45 whittling 10

750 750 750 750 750 750 210 110 210 110 100 221 221 221 221 221 221 750

soaked reindeer soaked reindeer soaked roedeer soaked roedeer soaked roedeer soaked roedeer soaked roedeer soaked roedeer soaked reindeer soaked roedeer dry reindeer soaked reindeer soaked reindeer dry reindeer soaked reindeer soaked roedeer soaked roedeer soaked roedeer

durat. csu haf rm gs ea es ss se eff exh edr rdi rwi rfo rte plo pdi pbr pte pwi pdr pto sde sdr slo 12 12 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 4 12 6 6 6 4 6

3 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 3

42 37 52 60 32 40 72 78 65 74 75 95 32

1 1 1 I I

12 11 11 II II

8 8 8 8 8

I I

II 6 II 1

I I I 1 1 I 1 1 1

II 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 11

I I 2 2 2 2 2 2 7

3

2

2

2

11 11 22 2 11 II II II II 22 23 1 11 11 22 I 11 12 21 11 I 11

3 3

5 3 5 3 3

400 500 200 200 400

2 1 1 1 1

3 2 3 3 2

2 700 I

2

5 1 10 2

3 3

2 2

1 8

3

5

1

3

3

1

1 2 I I 3 5 2 5 3 5 5

5 5 7 7 5 5 5 6 I 7 7

2 I I I 2 1 1 2 2 1 1

5 100 1 3 300 3 3 200 3 6 1400 3 3 120 1 3 100 1 3 150 2 3 20 1 3 100 I 3 100 2 3 50 2

8 8 2 2 I 5 8 1 8 5 5

table 5 Soft plant experiments (N = 35)

indiv type contact mat.

motion

314.0 315.0 4.0 150.0 18.0 186.0 185.0 190.0 42.0 102.0 41.0 26.0 288.0 287.0 280.0 326.0 192.0 7.0 189.0 183.0 95.0 261.0 180.0 311.0 312.0 313.0 282.0 283.0 188.0 178.0 2.0 275.0 1.0 3.0 310.0

cutting cutting cutting cutting cutting cutting cutting cutting cutting cutting cutting cutting cutting cutting cutting transv. cutting cutting splitting cutting cutting cutting cutting cutting cutting cutting cutting cutting cutting cutting cutting cutting cutting cutting cutting

110 110 110 210 110 210 210 221 IIO 110 110 110 110 110 110 850 110 110 110 110 110 110 210 110 110 110 110 110 210 110 110 110 210 210 110

cat"s-tail cat"s-tail celery celery stalks chinese cabbage dry grass dry grass dry grass dry past.grass dry reed dry reed dry reed dry reed dry reed dry reed flax fresh reed fresh reed fresh reed fresh reed green past.grass green plants green plants horse-tail horse-tail horse-tail moor grass moor grass stinging nettle stinging nettle turnip turnip turnip turnip water hemlock

durat. csu haf rm gs ea es ss se eff exh edr rdi rwi rfo rte plo pdi pbr pte pwi pdr pto sde sdr slo 27 32 25 15 25 30 30 60 10 7 10 22 30 30 40 65 10 22 30 60 6 15 30 30 30 43 25 30 10 35 20 25 40 80 18

1 1 1 I I I I 1 I I 1 I I I 1 2 1 I 1 I I 1 I I I 1 1 1 I 1 1 2 I I 1

1 I I I 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I 1 I I 1 I I 5 1 I I I 1 1 I I

4 6 4 12 6 6 6 6 6 12 6 4 6 6 6 13 6 6 6 6 12 6 6 4 6 14 6 12 6 6 4 6 4 4 6

1 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3

17 20 64 12 31 47 42 42 27 31 32 50 43 45 35 75 32 37 40 38 30 22 38 30 32 36 40 37 36 41 40 30 32 41 37

1 1 3 I 4 I I I 12 6 1 12 6 1 I I 1 1 I 6 I I 1 I I 1 I I 1 I I 1 I I I 1 I 6 1 1 4 1 I 1 I 6 1 I 1 4 I 1 1 I 6

2 2 2

I I I I 1 I I I 1 I I 1 1 I I 1 1 I I 1 1 I I 1 I I I 1 I I 1 1 I I 1

II II 22 11 II 22 22 22 II II 22 22 22 22 22 22 II 22 22 22 II II 11 22 22 22 11 II II 12 22 22 II 22 11

3 2000 4 3 800 4

4 4

1 I 3

5 1 12 1 10 2

3 1000 3 3 800 4 6 7000 3

7 7 2

5

50 1

3

3 3 2

5

150 1

3

3

500 1

3

3 2

200 I 200 I

3 2

5

200 1

3

1 1 I 2 I 3 2 1 1 2 I

7 1 7 I 7 I 2 2 7 2 10 I 7 I 7 1 7 1 7 I 12 1 10 2 10 1 10 I 10 1

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

500 300 1000 50 100 2000 4000 3000 5000 400 800 5000 1500 5000 7000

3 3 3 3 3 I I 3 3 3 2 3 3 4 3

I I 2 8 I I 3 1 1 I 1 8 I 2 1

3 2 3 3 5

7 1 7 1 7 1 6 I 6 I 6 3 10 1 10 1 10 I 10 2 10 I 7 3

3 3 3 3 3 6 3 3 3 3 3 4

6000 2000 2000 30 30 100 4000 6000 5000 5000 5000 50

3 3 3 1 I I 3 3 1 I 3 1

1 I I I 1 8 I 2 2 1 2 8

3 300 1

2

3 300 I

3

1

3

50 1

172

APPENDIX n

table 6 Cereal-reaping experiments (N = 21) indiv type contact mat. 116.0 117.0 119.0 118.0 121.0 114.0 122.0 237.0 238.0 234.0 239.0 316.0 318.1 318.2 318.4 318.3 319.0 235.0 120.0 115.0 273.0

110 210 110 110 220 210 110 110 110 890 890 110 110 110 110 110 110 890 110 110 110

barley barley barley barley barley barley barley barley barley barley barley barley-ears barley/weeds barley/weeds barley/weeds barley/weeds barley/weeds bread wheat emmer emmer oats

motion reaping reaping reapmg reapmg reaping reaping reaping reaping reaping reaping reaping pieking reaping reapmg reapmg reaping reapmg reaping reaping reaping reaping

durat. csu haf rm gs ea es ss se eff exh edr rdi rwi rfo rte plo pdi pbr pte pwi pdr pto sde sdr slo 30 30 35 60 75 90 98 140 265 300 300 200 135 135 135 135 155 300 30 30 60

4 4 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 6 1 14 6 14 6 4 6 14 6 4 6 14 6 6 I 6 I 4 6 14

2 2 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2

48 37 31 45 41 35 33 33 35 52 48 34 26 15 38 40 30 53 40 33 41

1 4 I I I I 1 1 3 6 1 6 4 3 1 1 1 22 3 1 22 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 22 3 1 3 1

I

1 1 1 1 I I 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

33 12 12 22 12 22 22 33 33 33 33 II 33 23 22 22 22 33 22 22 22

5 200 1

3

3 300 1

3

5 150 1 5 200 1

3 3

5 200 1

3

5 100 1

3

2 1 3 3 3 1 I 1 1 2 1 3 1 1

10 10 10 10 7 10 7 10 10 10 10 5 7 7 7 7 10 10 10 10 7

1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 I I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I

3 7000 3 3 1000 3 5 2000 3 3 5000 3 5 3000 3 3 8000 3 3 1000 3 3 9000 3 3 7000 3 3 1000 3 3 10000 3 3 20 1 3 100 3 3 120 3 3 400 3 3 200 3 3 3000 3 3 4000 3 3 3000 3 3 5000 3 3 2000 4

2 8 8 2 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 8

2 2 2 I

5 7 7

3 3 3

7 2

3 3

table 7 Meat-cutting and butchering experiments (N= 12) indiv type contact mat. 158.0 54.0 53.0 151.0 157.0 152.0 224.0 58.0 162.0 164.0 90.0 171.0

110 210 210 110 110 210 110 221 210 210 210 110

fresh fresh fresh fresh fresh fresh fresh fresh fresh pork fresh pork

motion

badger butcher. roedeer butcher. roedeer butcher. fox butcher. roedeer butcher. fox butcher. roedeer butcher. roedeer butcher. pork fat cutting meat w.bone cutting lamb meat cutting meat w.fat cutting

durat. csu haf rm gs ea es ss se eff exh edr rdi rwi rfo rte plo pdi pbr pte pwi pdr pto sde sdr slo 14 15 15 17 30 40 45 60 8 10 14 45

I I 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 6 3 37 1 1 4 2 30 1 1 4 2 42 1 1 6 3 35 1 I 6 3 41 1 1 4 2 35 1 4 6 3 37 1 1 12 3 12 1 1 4 2 31 1 1 4 2 32 1 1 4 2 35 1 I 6 3 35 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 6 1 1 6 1 1 6 6 6 6

I 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 I I 1 1

1 2 2

11 12 12 11 II II 11 2 21 11 11 II 22

5

11

3

8 300 I

8

3 400 3

1

3

1 3

5 350 3

8

5 200 1 3 300 1 5 200 I

3 3 2

3 2 3 5

11 3 11 3 11 3 6 2

8 300 1 5 250 1 5 100 I 5 80 1

8 8 8 8

3 500 1

2

4

5

I

3

75 3

8

5 100 1

3

1

7

2

5 150 3

8

table 8 Fish-processing experiments (N = 27) indiv type contact mat.

motion

179.0 184.0 187.0 191.0 176.0 195.0 8.0 108.1 155.0 23.0 83.0 108.2

cut. meat cut. skin cut. meat cut. meat decapit. deeapit. filleting filleting filleting gutting gutting gutting

110 110 210 210 210 210 110 110 110 110 210 110

sturgeon sturgeon sturgeon sturgeon whiting rudd whiting grey mullet rudd bream whiting grey mullet

durat. CSU haf rm gs ea CS 10 15 10 20 10 15 35 8 13 15 20 6

1 1 1 1 I 1 I 1 1 I I I

1 I 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 I I

6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 4 4 6

3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3

35 34 35 30 60 37 35 42 52 30 50 38

1 I I I 1 1 1 I 1 I 1 1

SS

se eff exh edr rdi rwi rfo rte plo pdi pbr pte pwi pdr pto sde sdr slo

II II II 11 11 II 13 II 11 11 11 11

1 I I I 1 6 I I 6 I 6 1

1 1 1 I I I I 1 I I I 1

111 I 22 111 I 11 III I 11 I 22 1 21 1 21 I 21 I 22 I 21

2 1 2 I I I 4 1

3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3

5 200 5 3 300 I 2 120 1

2 3 2

2 3 5 5 5 5 3 2

25 150 150 850 25 500 100 100

3 I I 3 I

13 11 13 2 13

2 3 2 3 1

2 5 1 3 2 2 3 6 2

6 5 6 6 3

100 300 900 200 700

6 170 3 100 3 150

3 I 3 3 3

7 8 8 8 7

5

3

1

1

I 7 I 7 3 7

5 1

2 3

APPENDIX II

173 indiv type eontact mat. 196.0 297.0 177,0 194.0 6.0 22.0 80.0 154.0 193.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 86.0 107.0 175.0

210 110 210 210 110 110 221 110 210 110 110 110 210 110 210

rudd rudd whiting rudd roach bream grey mullet rudd rudd defrosted pike pike bream grey mullet pike whiting

motion gutting gutting cut. tails cut. tails scaling scaling sealing sealing scaling scal+ gut seal + gut scal + gut scal + gut scal + gut scal + gut

durat. csu haf rm gs ea es SS se eff exh edr rdi rwi rfo rte plo pdi pbr pte pwi pdr pto sde sdr slo 35 35 4 15 145 45 8 22 40 10 7 15 15 5 15

1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3

6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 4 4 4 12 6

3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 2 3

36 30 27 41 38 39 78 50 32 32 48 28 50 48 37

1 11 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 11 1 1 11 1 1 III 1 1 13 1 1 12 2 1 11 1 1 11 I 1 11 1 1 Il 1 1 11 1 1 21 I 1 Il 1 1 11 4

1 1 I 1 1 1 I 1 I I 1 1 I 1 1

11 12 11 22 21 21 11 II 12 11 II 21 21 11 II

3 5 2 3

400 400 250 300

1 I 1 1

2 2 3 2

5 100 2

200 150 50 300 500 450

3 1 3 3 1 I

7 7

5

I

7

5

1 3

3

2 13 2 1 2 2 3 2 1 I 2 I 5 7 2 2 7 2

3 6 6 3 5 5

2

2 100 1 3 300 1

3 2

3 12 3 4 12 3

6 100 5 3 61000 25 8

1 2 4

3 150 5 2 100 4

2 4

3 12 3 1 2 2

6 450 3 150

I 1 4 1 1 4

7 8 8

5 8 3 7

table 9 Projectile experiments (N = 9)

indiv type contact mat.

motion

135.0 144.0 142.0 149.0 127.0 130.0 147.0 128.0 129.0

shooting shooting shooting shooting shooting shooting shooting shooting shooting

510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510

roedeer roedeer roedeer roedeer roedeer roedeer roedeer roedeer/sand roedeer/sand

durat. csu haf rm gs ea es ss se eff exh edr rdi rwi rfo rte plo pdi pbr pte pwi pdr pto sde sdr slo I 1 I I 1 I 1 I 1

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

6 6 6 4 6 6 4 6 6

3 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 3

38 29 32 40 31 42 30 29 31

1 I 3 1 3 3 1 1 I

1I 2 I1 2 11 2 1 1 1 I 1 I

1 I 1

1 II 5 80 1 I 11 5 400 I 1 11 5 80 1

3 3 3

I 4 I

12 2 12 2 12 2

6 6 6

2 2 2

8 8 8

I 1

1 11 5 300 1 1 11 5 300 I

3 3

3

12

1

6

2

8

1 1

1 I

2 2

3 3

12 12

I 1

6 6

2 2

8 8

II II

3 200 5 3 700 5

table 10 Experiments with pottery (N = 8)

indiv type eontact mat. 167.0 99.0 210.0 34.0 62.0 199.0 166.0 37.0

750 221 221 110 221 110 750 HO

motion

cham.temp/baked boring cham.temp/dry scraping cham.temp/dry scraping quartz temp/dry scraping quartz temp/dry scraping quartz temp/dry scraping untemp/baked boring untemp/dry scraping

durat. csu haf rm gs ea es ss se eff exh edr rdi rwi rfo rte plo pdi pbr pte pwi pdr ptosdesdr slo 7 18 40 25 40 30 10 15

I 2 3 3 3 3 I 3

6 12 6 6 12 6

6 6

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

85 80 60 96 40

1 2 1 I I

40 I

12 12 12 11 12 II 12 II

8 2 2 1 2 1 8 7

2 1 I 1 1 I 1 1

1 1 I 1 I 1 I I

11 3 400 I 33 33 33 33 33 5 300 1 12 33

2

3

2 1 1 3 1 I 2 1

5 2 7 7 7 10 7

5 2 7 I

6 2 6 2000 2 6 5000 2 6 1000 2 6 10000 2 6 3000 2 6 2 6 2000 2

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

4

2 4

4

2 4 2 4

4

table II Experiments with shell, stone and tooth ( N = l l )

indiv type contact mat.

motion

169.0 78.0 113.0 291.0 256.0 307.0 39.0 174.0

boring longit. longit. boring boring boring boring boring

750 110 110 750 750 750 750 750

deer canine limestone ostrich shell shell shell shell shell shell

durat. csu haf rm gs ea es ss se eff exh edr rdi rwi rfo rte plo pdi pbr pte pwi pdr pto sde sdr slo 60 2 7 60 39 5 5 3

I 1 I 1 1 I 1 1

1 I 1 I I 1 1 I

6 4 4 6 6 6 4 6

1 11 8 3 2 32 I II 1 1 45 1 11 I I II 8 3 I II 8 3 I II 8 3 I 12 8 2 3 1 11 8

1 I 1 I 2 2 22 I 22 2 II

I 3 3 I I

200 500 500 500 250

5 1 I 5 5

I 300 5

1 3 2 2 1

1

5 I

2 2 2 2

6 200 2 3 400 3

5

5 2

6

3 2

5 3 12 2

2

8 2 6 100 2

1 1 1 1

174

APPENDIX II

indiv type contact mat.

motion

40.1 110 Shell 40.2 UO Shell 323.0 750 Shell

boring longit. boring

durat.csu haf rm gs ea es ss se eff exh edr rdi rwi rfo rte plo pdi pbr pte pwi pdr ptosdesdrslo 6 2 25

1 1 I I 1 1

1 40 1

1 8 3 2 11 1 1 1 1 11 3 400 I 1 g 1 2 33

3

5 2

6

table 12 Experiments with soil (N = 5) indiv type contact mat.

motion

181.0 182.0 236.0 246.0 274.0

cutting cutting cutting cutting hoeing

110 110 890 110 890

sods sods sods sods soil

durat. csu haf rm gs ea es ss se eff exh edr rdi rwi rfo rte plo pdi pbr pte pwi pdr ptosdesdrslo 30 35 60 60 35

1 5 1 1 6

6 6 6 6 6

3 3 3 3 3

42 55 50 60 50

Abbreviations used in appendix II indiv contact mat durat CSU

haf rm gs ea CS SS

se eff exh edr

individual number contact-materiai duration of the experiment in minutes contact-surface(s) hafting (way of prehension) raw material grain-size of the flint edge angle form cross-section shape of the aspect surfaces shape of the edge effectiveness degree of exhaustion after completion of the experiment edge-rounding

11 11 22 11 22

6 2 6 2 3 I 6 2 3 1

rdi rwi rfo rte plo pdi pbr pte pwi pdr pto sde sdr slo

33 33 33 33 33

1 2 3 2 3

10 10 10 10 10

1 1 1 1 1

6 6 6 6 6

12000 20000 24000 30000 18000

3 3 5 3 5

2 2 2 2 2

7 3 3 7 3

1 1 4 1 4

3 3 3 3 3

distribution 'use-retouch' width 'use-retouch' form 'use-retouch' termination 'use-retouch' polish location polish distribution polish brightness polish texture polish width polish directionality polish topography definition of striations directionality of striations location of striations

For further information on these variables the reader is refe referred to 2.6.