information system technology in controlling pipeline vandalism of oil and gas industry. Res. J. Inform ... a computer system comprises of hardware and software,.
Research Journal of Information Technology
OPEN ACCESS
ISSN 1815-7432 DOI: 10.3923/rjit.2016.39.46
Research Article Application of Geographic Information System Technology in Controlling Pipeline Vandalism of Oil and Gas Industry 1
Dalhatu Aliyu Sani, 4 Baharin Bin Ahmad
2
Himan
Shahabi,
1
Bakhtyar
Ali Ahmad, 3Shilan Mirmokrigharehveran and
1
Department of Geoinformatics, Faculty of Geo Information and Real Estate, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Malaysia Department of Geomorphology, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Iran 3 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran 4 Department of Geoinformation, Faculty of Geoinformation and Real Estate, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Malaysia 2
Abstract Nigeria is among the top ten nations of the world that is endowed and blessed with oil and gas. However, the oil and gas industry has contributed a lot in generating revenue to the country but unfortunately that has not impacted much to the social and structural developments of the people in Nigeria. Level of poverty increased which led to high rates of crime and criminal behaviors like petroleum pipeline vandalism that is common in the oil communities in delta state of Nigeria. This type of crime is mostly committed by the jobless youth who are looking for alternative means to success. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential use of Geographic Information System (GIS) as a strategic tool for oil and gas industry for controlling pipeline vandalization in the oil communities of Oviri in delta state of Nigeria. The analysis used includes hotspot analysis, kernel density analysis and proximity analysis. The results of this study proven that GIS can be used as a strategic tool for oil and gas industry as well as it can be a useful tool for decision makers to plan, control and monitor the pipeline vandalism in Nigeria.
Key words: Criminal behaviors, vandalism of oil, GIS, controlling pipeline Received: December 02, 2015
Accepted: January 01, 2016
Published: March 15, 2016
Citation: Dalhatu Aliyu Sani, Himan Shahabi, Bakhtyar Ali Ahmad, Shilan Mirmokrigharehveran and Baharin Bin Ahmad, 2016. Application of geographic information system technology in controlling pipeline vandalism of oil and gas industry. Res. J. Inform. Technol., 8: 39-46. Corresponding Author: Himan Shahabi, Department of Geomorphology, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran Tel: +989186658739 Copyright: © 2016 Dalhatu Aliyu Sani et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Competing Interest: The authors have declared that no competing interest exists. Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its supporting information files.
Res. J. Inform. Technol., 8 (1-2): 39-46, 2016 MATERIALS AND METHODS
INTRODUCTION The oil and gas industry is an extremely important
Study area: Nigerian is a West African and federated country,
segment of the world economy. This industry is a major
comprising of 30 states and plus Abuja as federal capital
source of income for many countries of the world such
territory and round the country they are 774 local
as Saudi Arabia, Russia, China, Iraq Kuwait, Nigeria etc
governments (Toulmin, 2009). Nigerian is the most populous
(Witter et al., 2014). However, the safety of oil and gas
black man nation in the world and has a population of over
infrastructure from
vandalization events is critical to
140 million people 2006 census, figures records (Bamgbose,
quality, healthy and safe environment (Smallwood, 2012).
2009). It landmass covers 932,769 km2 and the country is
The persistent growth in population and the associated
bounded to the west by Benin republic, to its North Niger and
urban explosion, most of the petroleum pipelines carrying
Chad republic, west via republic of Cameroon and to the
products are
South by Atlantic Ocean. It gained its independent from
presently
passing
through city centers
the Great Britain (United Kingdom) in 1st October, 1960.
(Onuoha, 2009).
The study area is in Delta State of Nigeria as illustrated in
In Nigeria, over the past decades, the pipelines with their
Fig. 1.
associated rights of way have suffered sequences of acts of vandalism, to the level that the nigerian government have
Delta State is one of the states in Nigeria, derived its name
think of the possibility of burying the pipelines 12 m beneath
from delta as a feature of the river Niger. The state was carved
the surface of the earth, where they will be no or less
out from former Bendel State in the year 1991. The state
vulnerable (Chika-Amanze and Edomaruse, 2007). Vandalism
has 25 numbers of local government areas. Its capital city is
is classically defined as when an individual knowingly causes
called Asaba, while, Warri is known as the biggest commercial
critical physical damage to a construction or its contents
nerves city in the state.
(Vardi and Weitz, 2003). Vandalism is according or governed by state laws, which differs by state. Some states have distinct
Date used: The primary data used in this research is derived
statutes that deal particularly with vandalism to certain
from an existing data i.e., Google Earth and petroleum pipeline
possessions, which include autos, cemeteries, otherwise
map and it components obtained from Nigerian National
school property (Moser, 1992).
Petroleum Cooperation. The method adopted in this study is
The technology probably GIS is the best solution as GIS is
qualitative study where literatures were reviewed through
a computer system comprises of hardware and software,
the archival records, newsletters, journals, books, official
designed to permit users to obtain, process, analyze and
documents and maps that include topographic map, land use
retrieve large volume of
and related
map and existing pipeline map. The maps were processed in
attribute data collected from several sources (Shahabi et al.,
a GIS environment using Arc GIS 10.2 software. Utilization of
2014). However, GIS can be used as a strategic tool for control
GIS tools for strategic applications in the downstream
and proper management of such problems (Shahabi et al.,
sector of oil and gas industry (especially in controlling
2015). It is therefore necessary to develop a strategy for
vandalism) will be demonstrated. The evaluation will be
controlling the activities of vandals and vandalization, the
based on descriptive statistics as well as spatial and
complexity of this task requires mapping and analyses of
attribute query. The design of the research process is guided
the vandalism in the study area. The use of GIS as a strategic
by the choice of research strategy, which involves how data
tool to tackle this problem is offered in this study. Based on
for the study is to be collected and analyzed as shown in
the above problem, the main research
Fig. 2.
referenced
data
question to be
answered by this study is to how can GIS be used as a
The data used for the purpose of the study are mainly
strategic tool for controlling pipeline vandalism in oil and
secondary sources obtained from existing sources as shown in
gas industry. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate
Table 1. The petroleum pipeline map of Nigeria comprises
the potential use of GIS as a strategic tool for oil and gas
of deports, refineries, pumping stations and pipeline was
industry for controlling pipeline vandalism. The scope of the
vectorised using AutoCAD software, Vandalism Locations
study is limited to Oviri Court oil communities of delta
coordinates were collected using GPS so as to the locations of
state part of niger delta in South region of Nigeria, as a case
the vandalisms in the study area, the image data was derived
study.
from the Google to show the study area. 40
Res. J. Inform. Technol., 8 (1-2): 39-46, 2016 N
Africa
Delta state , Nigeria
IKA Nigeria
Sapele Itsekiri
Ukwuani Urhobo land Warri Isoko
Atlantic ocean Ijaw 0
24
Phase 3 data processing analysis
Phase 2 data preparation
Phase 1 research formulation
Fig. 1: Geographical position of study area
Preliminary study
Problem statements
Aims and objective
Physical data
Data collection
Data base design
Data base implementation
Data collections and scheme
Data processing and analysis Proximity analysis Buffer Near Select bylocation Spatial joint
Bar chart/pie chart Results
Hot spot analysis Kernel density
Conclusions and recommendations
Fig. 2: Flowchart methodology of study area
41
analysis Hyperlink
Res. J. Inform. Technol., 8 (1-2): 39-46, 2016 N Lake chad
Gasau
Maiduguri
Kano Biu
R. Niger [6”] Kaduna S” 72 km
Minna
10”
6”
12” 168 km
Jos
12” 299 km
Ilori n
Ibadan Ore
Altas Cove
Makurd 8” 180 km
12” 107 km
Oregha creek Wam
Bight of Benin
S” 170 km
Auchi Benin city
Yola
R. Benue
Suleja
Mosimi Apapa/ satelit
Gombe
8” 765 km
Destination depots
i Source depot-brid Refinery and depot
Enugu 12”
Aba
LEGEND
Distributon depot
{12”} 156 km
Booster Pipeline
Oloibdi
Calabar
Olarilca Port Harcourt
Fig. 3: Existing petroleum pipelines network in Nigeria (Sonibare and Akeredolu, 2006) Table 1: Data used for the purpose of this study Data type
Data
Source
Secondary
From existing data
From some organizations within Nigeria
Vector:- Deports, refineries, pumping stations and pipeline
Soured from NNPC, Digitizing and georefrencing using Google Earth
Raster:-
Georefrencing by obtaining GCPs from Google Earth
Google Earth Image of the study area Photograph of the vandalism location and the actors
The secondary data used involved the existing Petroleum
For this study, the analysis was carried out using GIS Analysis
Pipeline map of Nigeria sourced from Nigerian National
tool includes, hot spot analysis, kernel analysis, proximity
Petroleum Cooperation (NNPC) which the pipeline crossing
analysis (buffer analysis, select by location and near analysis)
the study area was extracted (vector and raster data). Figure 3
in the study area was developed by the used of ArcGIS 10.2
shows the existing petroleum pipelines network in Nigeria.
and the discussion of the entire results of the study.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Evaluation of hot spot analysis in number of vandalism incidents: For the study area (Oviri) of vandalism, hot spot
The skills for processing and presentation of data for the
analysis has been done. However, numbers of incidents are
motive of geospatial analysis need good knowledge of GIS
used as input field and number of actors was use as
tools, functionalities and their capabilities for data evaluation
self-potential field (weight). However, the results on which
without error or error free and standardized in terms of quality.
point is hot spot and cold spot, is according to p-value (cold 42
Res. J. Inform. Technol., 8 (1-2): 39-46, 2016
0 Hotspot 2 Score
N W
110 220
E S
-1.563950 -1.563949- -0.074189 -0.074188-0.655703 0.655704-1.004060
440
660
Meters 880 Locational area
Pipeline Road Building Boundary
Fig. 4: Hot spot map for vandalism in Oviri spot) and z-value (hot spot) when z-value is negative number
to the study areas (Oviri) the 50 m buffer is backed by
is cold spot and positive is hot spot as shown in Fig. 4.
the Nigerian petroleum pipeline Right Of Way (ROW) is 50 m in terms of their width. Figure 6 shows the 50 m
Evaluation of kernel density analysis in number of
buffer zones of pipeline and vandalism locations in the study
vandalism incidents: Kernel density mapping is among of the
area.
most common and known methods of describing hotspots for crime and as well as crash data, because it facts smooth and
Evaluation of distance analysis by spatial join in vandalism
incessant risk targets in the study area. Kernel density has
and pipeline location: Spatial join was used to show the
been used for vandalism incidents in the study area. In
nearest facilities according to distance like hospital, police
population field number of incidents was used according to
station, fire station within the study area from vandalism or
maps point with high density have the high number of
pipeline buffer. The analysis can be used for emergency cases
incidents. Figure 5 displayed four locations of vandalism, the
like fire explosion caused by vandalism. Figure 7 shows the
points with high density have purple color in the middle of the
nearest fertilities include, (a) Fire station, (b) Hospital and (c)
point.
Police station in the Oviri area.
Evaluation of buffer analysis in vandalism and pipeline
was used to analyse crime incidents of vandalism by showing
location: Buffer analysis and multiple ring buffer analysis its
the hotspots of vandalism, pattern and trends of incidents of
use to create area features at stated or specify distance or
vandalism as well as density of the incidents and proximity of
numerous specified distance around the chosen input
the settlements to the incidents points in order to control the
features. In this study 50 m buffer was created for vandalism
petroleum pipeline vandalism in the study areas (Oviri) in delta
point layer and also pipeline polyline layer these was done
state of Nigeria.
The results from this analysis shows how GIS technology
43
Res. J. Inform. Technol., 8 (1-2): 39-46, 2016
0
120
240
720
Legend
Locatinal area
Kernel 0-0.000712298
Pipeline
N
0.000712298-0.002374323
Road W
Meters 960
0.002374325-0.004273786
E
0.004273786-0.006291962
Boundary
0.006291962-0.008310139
S
Building
0.008310139-0.01050639 0.01030639-0.012643283 0.012643283-0.015136325
Fig. 5: Kernel analysis for vandalism in Oviri area
0
110
220
440
660
Meters 880 Locational area
Legend
N W
E S
Vandalism
Bufferpipeline
Pipeline
Buffer vandalism
Road
Building Boundry
Fig. 6: Buffer analysis of 50 m for vandalism and pipeline in Oviri area
44
Res. J. Inform. Technol., 8 (1-2): 39-46, 2016 (a) Map of nearest fire station from vandalism in
Locational area
Legend
0
125
250
500
Meters 1,000
750
Vandalism Hospital Pipeline Road Bufferpipeline Buffer vandalism Building Boundry
(b)
Map of nearest hospital from vandalism in oviri Locational area
Legend
0
125
250
500
Meters 1,000
750
Vandalism Hospital Pipeline Road Bufferpipeline Buffer vandalism Building Boundry
(c) Map of nearest police station from vandalism in oviri
Locational area
Legend
0
125 250
500
750
Meters 1,000
Vandalism Police station Pipeline Road Bufferpipeline Buffer vandalism Building Boundry
Fig. 7(a-c): Distance analysis by spatial join in vandalism and pipeline location in Oviri Area (a) Nearest fire station, (b) Nearest hospital and (c) Nearest police station answering the laid down objectives which included related literature were reviewed on the activities of oil and gas industry, vandalism and GIS application in controlling pipeline vandalism as well as GIS analysis conducted in the study area
CONCLUSION Conclusively, the study investigated the uses of GIS as a strategic tool for controlling petroleum pipeline vandalism by 45
Res. J. Inform. Technol., 8 (1-2): 39-46, 2016 Moser, G., 1992. What is vandalism? Toward a psychosocial definition and its implications. Vandalism: Res. Prev. Soc. Policy, 28: 20-33. Onuoha, F.C., 2009. Why the poor pay with their lives: Oil pipeline vandalisation, fires and human security in Nigeria. Disasters, 33: 369-389. Shahabi, H., S. Keihanfard, B.B. Ahmad and M.J.T. Amiri, 2014. Evaluating Boolean, AHP and WLC methods for the selection of waste landfill sites using GIS and satellite images. Environ. Earth Sci., 71: 4221-4233. Shahabi, H., M. Hashim and B.B. Ahmad, 2015. Remote sensing and GIS-based landslide susceptibility mapping using frequency ratio, logistic regression and fuzzy logic methods at the central Zab basin, Iran. Environ. Earth Sci. 10.1007/s12665-015-4028-0 Smallwood, J.J., 2012. Health, safety and environmental implications in Nigeria's oil and gas industry. Ph.D. Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa. Sonibare, J.A. and F.A. Akeredolu, 2006. Natural gas domestic market development for total elimination of routine flares in Nigeria's upstream petroleum operations. Energy Policy, 34: 743-753. Toulmin, C., 2009. Securing land and property rights in sub-Saharan Africa: The role of local institutions. Land Use Policy, 26: 10-19. Vardi, Y. and E. Weitz, 2003. Misbehavior in Organizations: Theory, Research and Management. Psychology Press, USA. Witter, R.Z., L. Tenney, S. Clark and L.S. Newman, 2014. Occupational exposures in the oil and gas extraction industry: State of the science and research recommendations. Am. J. Ind. Med., 57: 847-856.
comprises of hotspot, kernel density analysis and buffer analysis. The GIS application in controlling petroleum pipeline vandalism in oil and gas industry of the study area (oil communities) of delta state has come up with lots of lessons which include, ability of GIS tool to develop database showing all the layers used for the study from logical to physical database design. Another advantage is handling bulky dataset in the form of in both spatial and attributes data. Furthermore, GIS tools demonstrated how crime like vandalism can be analyzed by the use of various of it tools like hotspots analysis, kernel density analysis and buffer analysis were also used to show the photographs of the hottest spot locations of vandalism incidents in the study area. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was conducted as a part of Research University Grant (Q.J130000.2527.12H65) by Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM). The authors would like to acknowledge anonymous reviewer and editor for their helpful comments on the previous version of the manuscript. REFERENCES Bamgbose, J.A., 2009. Falsification of population census data in a heterogeneous Nigerian state: The fourth republic example. Afr. J. Polit. Sci. Int. Relat., 3: 311-319. Chika-Amanze, N. and C. Edomaruse, 2007. Nigeria: Vandalismfederal government opts for underground pipelines. This Day, 13 October, 2007.
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