May 12, 2010 - Applications of Piezoelectric and. Pyroelectric Materials as ..... List of the Properties (Sebald et al.2006) ... V. Investigation on Polyurethane.
Applications of Piezoelectric and Pyroelectric Materials as Microsources of Energy Dr. Nantakan MUENSIT Material Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Prince of Songkla University (PSU), Hat Yai, Thailand. Energy Harvesting & Storage 26-27 May 2010 Munich,Germany
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Collaboration
LGEF
Sponsors
Bangkok, Thailand
Source of Thai Energy News: Energy Policy and Planning Office (EPPO) Ministry of Energy, Thailand Energy Harvesting & Storage 26-27 May 2010 Munich,Germany
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Outline of the Presentation I. II. III. IV. V. VI.
Motivation Research Background Investigation on Piezoceramics Investigation on Pyroelectrics Investigation on Polymers Summary of the Presentation Energy Harvesting & Storage 26-27 May 2010 Munich,Germany
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I. Motivation Energy situation and strategies in home country www.eppo.go.th
Energy Harvesting & Storage 26-27 May 2010 Munich,Germany
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2008 Power Consumption Renewable energy 18%
Fuel oil 47%
Coal/ Lignite 12%
Natural gas 6% Electricity 17% Energy Harvesting & Storage 26-27 May 2010 Munich,Germany
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1993-2008 Energy Consumption
Energy consumption (k.toe)
Fuel oil
Renewable energy
Electricity Coal/Lignite Natural gas
Energy Harvesting & Storage 26-27 May 2010 Munich,Germany
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1993-2008 Expenditure on Energy
Petrolium Electricity NR Gas Coal/Lignite Renewable
Year
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Research & Development Plan •Stage 1 (2008-2011) Substitution of non-renewable resources with renewable such as wood, bio-plastics and bio-fuels •Stage 2 (2012-2016) Support of innovative tecnologies relating to Green energy (sea weed,biomass); Increase in solar, wind, wave and tidal energy capture. •Stage 3 (2017-2023) Advanced economies as the Regional Center of Biofuel and others Energy Harvesting & Storage 26-27 May 2010 Munich,Germany
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Advantages of energy scarvenging/harvesting Harvest on waste energies in industry, in home, in public (vibration, underground heat, traffic…..) No voltage sources needed Self powered and wireless systems (RF link) and thus no wiring, no plugging Reduction in size & dimension of electronic components and consequently lower power consumption
Energy Harvesting & Storage 26-27 May 2010 Munich, Germany
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II.Research Background a.
(Nye,1985) Energy Harvesting & Storage 26-27 May 2010 Munich, Germany
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b.
Symmetry vs d coefficients
Energy Harvesting & Storage 26-27 May 2010
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c.
Polarization Reversibility Zr/Ti
εr tan δ
(Khanumkhew et al.2007) Energy Harvesting & Storage 26-27 May 2010 Munich, Germany
30/70
40/60
52/48
60/40
70/30
458
929
1194
1119
384
0.012
0.026
0.025
0.047
0.393
(Muensit et al.,2008)
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III. Investigations on Piezoceramics
ECONOMY
Energy Harvesting & Storage 26-27 May 2010 Munich,Germany
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ABO3 Molecular Structure Modification molecular formula, e.g. Pb(Mg,Nb)O3 A(BI1/2BII1/2)O3 BI : lower valence cation BII : higher valence cation.
Energy Harvesting & Storage 26-27 May 2010 Munich, Germany
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Materials of Interest PMN-PT Pb(Mg,Nb)O3 or PMN with the addition of PbTiO3 or PT shifts up the Curie temperature (KR Han,2006).
Sintered PMN-PT disk was poled at 2.5 kV/mใ
PZT-Mn Power of PZT with MPB composition prepared by coprecipitation in an aqueous solution of oxalic acid & doped with acceptor Mn2+ (Guiffard and Troccaz, 1998). The so-called hard PZT was sintered and poled at 2.5 kV/m.
Energy Harvesting & Storage 26-27 May 2010 Munich
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Material Properties PMN-PT ε T33 (nF / m ) tanδ
d 33 ( pC / N ) d 31 ( pm / V )
QM s11E ( x10 −12 m 2 / N )
k
PZT-Mn 1.88
6.53
0.0267 235.0
0.0249 145.0
-17.0
-53.0
127.5
197.0
15.17
24.75
0.335 Energy Harvesting & Storage 26-27 May 2010 Munich,Germany
0.132 16
Energy Conversion Improvement: Non-linear Processing Piezoelectric constitutetive Spring-mass-damper system equations: equations:
D = dT + ε E T
S = s T + dE E
Mu&& + Cu& + K E u = F − αV dV I = αu& − C0 dt
Energy equations:
& = ∫ F udt
2 && & & & & M uudt + K udt + C u dt + ∫ α V udt ∫ ∫ E ∫
1 2 & Vudt C V α = + ∫ VIdt 0 ∫ 2 Energy Harvesting & Storage 26-27 May 2010 Munich,Germany
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NL Process Using SSHI Technique Synchronized Switch Harvesting on Inductor (SSHI) : The switch devices trigger on displacement, u(1) extremum occuring when voltage, V (2) equals to rectified voltage, VDC (3 ).
Pharvested Pmax
2 V DC = R
k2 = 1− k 2
t1
t2
⎛ 2 ⎞ Ee ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ω ⎝ (1 − γ ) ⎠ π (Guyomar et al., 2005)
⎛ 2 ⎞ k 2Qm ⎟⎟ η max = ⎜⎜ ⎝ (1 − γ ) ⎠ π π Ropt = C0 (1 − γ ) ω
times greater than those in Standard technique
k : coupling coefficient, Qm : quality factor γ : inversion coefficient, η : efficiency Ee : elastic potential energy Ropt : optimal resistance
Energy Harvesting & Storage 26-27 May 2010 Munich,Germany
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Material-SSHI Interface steel bar 10 mm
Energy Harvesting & Storage 26-27 May 2010 Munich,Germany
magnet
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Harvested Energy (µW) Standard Parallel SSHI
PMN-PT
PZT-Mn
5
2
12
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•NL processing provides energy conversion improvement is over 100% (Self-powering SSHI technique require the energy < 3-5% of the harvested
one. Richard et al.,2007)
•Power generation between two compositions differ by ∼10% •Low- k 2Qm -piezoceramics are effective in energy harvesting. Energy Harvesting & Storage 26-27 May 2010 Munich,Germany
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IV.Investigation on Pyroelectrics • The SSHI energy harvesting techniques are applied directly on pyroelectric harvester • Ferroelectric materials with high pyroelectric effect PZT, PMN-PT are good candidates for harvesting on temperature variation • Magnitudes of the coupling coefficients are different when the energy source is different. Energy provided by temperature variation is easier than generating the temperature gradient. Electrothermal coupling factor:
P 2θ 0 k = θ E ε c 2
2 d Electromechanical coupling factor k 2 = ε T sE
θ0 Mean temperature average around a static temperature different from zero. Energy Harvesting & Storage 26-27 May 2010 Munich,Germany
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Case study on PMN-PT ceramic: P-E Curves for different temperatures (Sebald et al.2006)
D = e33 S + ε 33S E
∂D ∂D dD = dθ + dE ∂θ ∂E T D = pθ + ε 33 E
Energy Harvesting & Storage 26-27 May 2010 Munich, Germany
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PMN-PT, ceramic vs single crystal : Polarization vs Temperature (Sebald et al.2006) Pmax
P 2θ 2 = f T 2πε 33
Wmax
P 2θ 2 = T 2πε 33
FOM =
P2
ε 33T
⎛ ∂Ps ⎞ p =⎜ ⎟ ⎝ ∂T ⎠ T
Energy Harvesting & Storage 26-27 May 2010 Munich, Germany
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List of the Properties (Sebald et al.2006)
Energy Harvesting & Storage 26-27 May 2010 Munich, Germany
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V. Investigation on Polyurethane Current amplifier
Lock-in amplifier PMN 10PT
L
High Voltage amplifier
W Electromagnet
Power Signal amplifier generator
t
Signal generator
Large electric field induced strain under moderate field Energy Harvesting & Storage 26-27 May 2010 Munich, Germany
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Induced Current vs Electic field Current as a function of the electric field at displacement 310µm
4.5
10 Single PU Double PU
Pure PU PU1%C PU0.5%SiC
4
8
3.5
7
3
6
Current(nA)
Current(nA)
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(Putson et.al ,2009)
5 4
2.5 2 1.5
3
1
2
0.5
1 0 0
1
2
3 4 5 The electric field(MV/m)
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7
8
0 0
1
2
3 4 5 Electric field Edc(MV/m)
6
7
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When the surface is double, I is doubled/ SiC & C fillers improved energy conversion Energy Harvesting & Storage 26-27 May 2010 Munich, Germany
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Intrinsic Mechanism & Harvested Power S = Selectrostr iction+ SMaxwell= M E
* 2
S electrostriction = ME 2 S Maxwell
1 ε oε r 2 =− E (1 + 2µ) 2 Y
M ∼2-3 x 10-18 m2/V2
(Putson et.al ,2009) Energy Harvesting & Storage 26-27 May 2010 Munich, Germany
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VI. Summary of the Presentation •Energy harvesting on vibration and heat should be widely promoted as alternatives to renewable energy resources, in all countries. •Ferroelectric materials are most attractive, electrostrictive polymer is a promising candidate, however. • The piezovoltage is significantly increased by connecting the piezogenerator on the oscillating systems synchronously with the structure motion as proposed in the NL processing which is easy for interfacing with a material. • Both material and electronic aspects are necessarily taken into account. The harvested power is useful, depending on the applications and the environment that it is exposed. Energy Harvesting & Storage 26-27 May 2010 Munich,Germany
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