Archaeological Survey of Approximately 22000

Archaeological Survey of Approximately 22,000 Acres on the Barry M. Goldwater Range West, Marine Corps Air Station Yuma, Arizona Mitchell A. Keur, Jeffrey A. Homburg, John D. Hall, and Robert M. Wegener

Draft report prepared for Karla James, M.A., Archaeologist Range Management Department Marine Corps Air Station Yuma Bldg. 151, Box 99134 Yuma, AZ 85369

Contract N62473-14-D-1412 PTO X002 Delivery Order 0006

Technical Report 15-06 Statistical Research, Inc. Tucson, Arizona

Distribution authorized to U.S. Government agencies and their contractors; and federally recognized Indian Tribes for purposes of cultural resource research/investigation. Other requests for this document shall be referred to Range Management Department, MCAS Yuma, Arizona.

Archaeological Survey of Approximately 22,000 Acres on the Barry M. Goldwater Range West, Marine Corps Air Station Yuma, Arizona Mitchell A. Keur, Jeffrey A. Homburg, John D. Hall, and Robert M. Wegener

Draft report prepared for Karla James, M.A., Archaeologist Range Management Department Marine Corps Air Station Yuma Bldg. 151, Box 99134 Yuma, AZ 85369

Contract N62473-14-D-1412 PTO X002 Delivery Order 0006

Technical Report 15-06 Statistical Research, Inc. Tucson, Arizona

January 2015

Distribution authorized to U.S. Government agencies and their contractors; and federally recognized Indian Tribes for purposes of cultural resource research/investigation. Other requests for this document shall be referred to Range Management Department, MCAS Yuma, Arizona.

CONTENTS

List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................... v List of Tables .............................................................................................................................................. vii List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ........................................................................................................... ix Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ xi 1. Introduction..................................................................................................................................................... 1.1 2. Environmental Context .................................................................................................................................. 2.1

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 2.1 Environmental Setting ........................................................................................................................... 2.1 Geology and Soils .................................................................................................................................. 2.3 Water Sources ...................................................................................................................................... 2.12 Vegetation ............................................................................................................................................ 2.14 Wildlife ................................................................................................................................................ 2.15 Climate ................................................................................................................................................. 2.16 Paleoenvironment ................................................................................................................................ 2.17 3. Culture History................................................................................................................................................ 3.1

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 3.1 Prehistoric Periods ................................................................................................................................. 3.1 Paleoindian Period ............................................................................................................................. 3.1 Archaic Period ................................................................................................................................... 3.3 Ceramic Period................................................................................................................................... 3.4 The Historical Period ............................................................................................................................. 3.6 Native American Use of the Project Area .......................................................................................... 3.6 Spanish Colonial (Mission) Period (A.D. 1540–1820) ....................................................................... 3.7 Mexican Period (A.D. 1821–1854) ................................................................................................... 3.10 Anglo-American Period (A.D. 1854–Present) .................................................................................. 3.10 4. Historic Contexts, Research Questions, and Previous Research .......................................................... 4.1

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 4.1 National Register of Historic Places Evaluation .................................................................................... 4.1 Prehistoric Contexts ............................................................................................................................... 4.2 Chronology ........................................................................................................................................ 4.2 Research Questions ........................................................................................................................ 4.2 Data Requirements ......................................................................................................................... 4.3 Subsistence......................................................................................................................................... 4.3 Research Questions ........................................................................................................................ 4.3 Data Requirements ......................................................................................................................... 4.3 Land-Use Patterns .............................................................................................................................. 4.4 Research Questions ........................................................................................................................ 4.4 Data Requirements ......................................................................................................................... 4.4 Historical-Period Contexts ..................................................................................................................... 4.4 Contact and Interaction between Native Americans and Europeans and Euroamericans .................. 4.4 Research Questions ........................................................................................................................ 4.5 Data Requirements ......................................................................................................................... 4.5 Transportation .................................................................................................................................... 4.5 Research Questions ........................................................................................................................ 4.5 iii

Data Requirements ......................................................................................................................... 4.6 Military Use of the Area .................................................................................................................... 4.6 Research Questions ........................................................................................................................ 4.6 Data Requirements ......................................................................................................................... 4.6 Previous Investigations .......................................................................................................................... 4.6 5. Methods ........................................................................................................................................................... 5.1

General Survey Methods........................................................................................................................ 5.1 Recording Sites, Features, and Isolated Occurrences ........................................................................ 5.2 Sites ................................................................................................................................................ 5.2 Isolated Occurrences: Nonsite Features ......................................................................................... 5.2 Isolated Occurrences: Artifacts ...................................................................................................... 5.3 Ceramics .................................................................................................................................... 5.3 Lithics ........................................................................................................................................ 5.3 Historical-Period Artifacts ......................................................................................................... 5.4 6. Results ............................................................................................................................................................. 6.1

AZ X:12:123 (ASM) .......................................................................................................................... 6.1 Environmental Setting ................................................................................................................... 6.1 Site Description .............................................................................................................................. 6.1 Site Condition ................................................................................................................................ 6.5 Interpretation .................................................................................................................................. 6.5 NRHP-Eligibility Recommendation .............................................................................................. 6.5 AZ X:11:28 (ASM) ............................................................................................................................ 6.5 Environmental Setting ................................................................................................................... 6.5 Site Description .............................................................................................................................. 6.6 Site Condition ................................................................................................................................ 6.6 Interpretation .................................................................................................................................. 6.9 NRHP-Eligibility Recommendation .............................................................................................. 6.9 AZ X:11:29 (ASM) .......................................................................................................................... 6.10 Environmental Setting ................................................................................................................. 6.10 Site Description ............................................................................................................................ 6.11 Site Condition .............................................................................................................................. 6.11 Interpretation ................................................................................................................................ 6.11 NRHP-Eligibility Recommendation ............................................................................................ 6.11 Isolated Occurrences ............................................................................................................................ 6.11 Isolated Features .............................................................................................................................. 6.13 Isolated Artifacts .............................................................................................................................. 6.15 Historical-Period Isolates ............................................................................................................. 6.15 Prehistoric Isolates ....................................................................................................................... 6.16 7. NRHP Eligibility............................................................................................................................................... 7.1

Sites on the BMGR West ....................................................................................................................... 7.1 Disturbances and Impacts ...................................................................................................................... 7.2 Isolated Occurrences .............................................................................................................................. 7.2 Management Recommendations ............................................................................................................ 7.3 Appendix A. Official Soil Series Descriptions for the BMGR West Survey................................................ A.1 Appendix B. Maps of Previous Surveys and Previously Identified Sites within 1 Mile of the Project Area.................................................................................................................................................. B.1 Appendix C. Location Data, Artifact/Feature Types, and Artifact Counts for Isolated Occurrences ................................................................................................................................................. C.1 Appendix D. Maps of Locations of Sites and Isolated Occurrences Recorded during Survey ............. D.1 References Cited ........................................................................................................................................... Refs.1

iv

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1. BMGR West project area ........................................................................................................ 1.2 Figure 2.1. Map of the Western Papaguería showing the location of the BMGR ..................................... 2.2 Figure 2.2. Geologic map of the project area ............................................................................................. 2.4 Figure 2.3. Surficial geologic map of the Tinajas Altas piedmont (modified from Biggs et al. 2002)...... 2.5 Figure 2.4. Soil map of the project area ..................................................................................................... 2.6 Figure 3.1. Regional cultural chronology for the project area ................................................................... 3.2 Figure 3.2. Map of the three survey areas for the current project along El Camino del Diablo (adapted from a map drawn by Ronald J. Beckwith) ......................................................................................... 3.9 Figure 6.1. Overview of AZ X:12:123 (ASM); view to the north ............................................................. 6.2 Figure 6.2. Plan-view map of AZ X:12:123 (ASM) .................................................................................. 6.3 Figure 6.3. Feature 1 (tent base) at AZ X:12:123 (ASM); view to the east ............................................... 6.4 Figure 6.4. Overview of AZ X:11:28 (ASM); view to the north ............................................................... 6.6 Figure 6.5. Plan-view map of AZ X:11:28 (ASM) .................................................................................... 6.7 Figure 6.6. Back portion of table clock (PP 2), AZ X:11:28 (ASM) ......................................................... 6.9 Figure 6.7. Overview of AZ X:11:29 (ASM); view to the north ............................................................. 6.10 Figure 6.8. Plan-view map of AZ X:11:29 (ASM) .................................................................................. 6.12 Figure 6.9. Photographs of two isolated features: (a) IO 2, view to the northwest; (b) IO 446, view to the south ........................................................................................................................................ 6.14 Figure 6.10. Photographs of isolated projectile points: (a) IO 226, Gypsum point; (b) IO 952, indeterminate; (c) IO 114, possible Datil point ................................................................................. 6.18 Figure 6.11. Photograph of IO 702, a pot drop in Survey Area 2; view to the north ............................... 6.18 Figure 6.12. Photographs of isolated ceramics: (a) IO 266, Tumco Buff; (b) IO 863, Topoc Buff; (c) IO 923, Colorado Beige; (d) IO 961, indeterminate Patayan I .................................................... 6.20

v

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1. Soil Taxonomy, Diagnostic Horizons, and Physiographic Setting for Soil-Map Units in the Project Area ................................................................................................................................... 2.7 Table 4.1. Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites and Traditional Cultural Properties within 1 Mile of the Project Area ................................................................................................................... 4.7 Table 4.2. Previous Cultural Resource Surveys within 1 Mile of the Survey Area ................................. 4.11 Table 6.1. Sites and Isolated Occurrences Recorded during Survey ......................................................... 6.2 Table 6.2. AZ X:12:123 (ASM) Artifacts .................................................................................................. 6.4 Table 6.3. AZ X:11:28 (ASM) Artifacts .................................................................................................... 6.8 Table 6.4. AZ X:11:29 (ASM) Artifacts .................................................................................................. 6.13 Table 6.5. Isolated Features ..................................................................................................................... 6.15 Table 6.6. Historical-Period Artifacts Recorded as Isolated Occurrences ............................................... 6.15 Table 6.7. Isolated Lithic Artifacts .......................................................................................................... 6.17 Table 6.8. Isolated Ceramics .................................................................................................................... 6.19

vii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

AFB

Air Force Base

AMSL

above mean sea level

ANG

Air National Guard

ARPA

Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979

ASM

Arizona State Museum

BLM

U.S. Bureau of Land Management

BMGR

Barry M. Goldwater Range

CFR

Code of Federal Regulations

CORS

Continuously Operating Reference Station

CPNWR

Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge

GBAFAF

Gila Bend Air Force Auxiliary Field

GLO

General Land Office

GPS

Global Positioning System

I-8

Interstate 8

IO

isolated occurrence

MCASY

Marine Corps Air Station Yuma

MLRA

Major Land Resource Area

MLWA

Military Lands Withdrawal Act of 1999

NAD 83

North American Datum 1983

NAVFAC

U.S. Department of the Navy, Naval Facilities Command

NHPA

National Historic Preservation Act of 1966

NPS

National Park Service

NRCS

Natural Resources Conservation Service

NRHP

National Register of Historic Places

NRPT

Natural Resources Planning Team

OPCNM

Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument

OSD

Official Soil Series Description

PD

provenience designation

SOW

Scope of Work

SPRR

Southern Pacific Railroad

SRI

Statistical Research, Inc.

SRID

SRI’s relational database

STATSGO

State Soil Geographic (database)

TCP

Traditional Cultural Property ix

USAAF

U.S. Army Air Forces

USAF

U.S. Air Force

USDA

U.S. Department of Agriculture

USGS

U.S. Geological Survey

UTM

Universal Transverse Mercator

x

ABSTRACT

Agency: United States Marine Corps Air Station Yuma (MCASY) Document Title: Archaeological Survey of Approximately 22,000 Acres on the Barry M. Goldwater Range West, Marine Corps Air Station Yuma, Arizona Project Title: Archaeological Survey of Approximately 22,000 Acres on the Barry M. Goldwater Range West, Marine Corps Air Station Yuma, Arizona Contractor: Statistical Research, Inc. (SRI) Date: January 2015 Contract Number/Delivery or Task Order Number: Contract No. N62473-14-D-1412 PTO X002, Delivery Order 0006 Project Description: SRI conducted an intensive pedestrian survey on the Davis Plain and the Lechuguilla Desert near the Gila and Tinajas Altas Mountains on the Barry M. Goldwater Range (BMGR) West, Arizona. The survey was designed to locate, identify, and record prehistoric and historical-period sites and isolated occurrences in an area of the range comprising nearly 22,000 acres. The survey footprint had not been previously investigated for cultural resources; therefore, newly discovered sites and isolated occurrences were evaluated for their condition, impacts and disturbances, integrity, and data potential. These attributes contributed to recommendations for National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) eligibility and management. Project Location: SRI surveyed portions of Section 31, Township 11 South, Range 18 West, on the 1990 Cipriano Pass, Arizona, 7.5-minute U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) quadrangle; Sections 5, 7–9, 16–22, 26–29, and 32–36, Township 11 South, Range 19 West, on the 1990 Vopoki Ridge and 1990 Cipriano Pass, Arizona, 7.5-minute USGS quadrangles; Section 13, Township 11 South, Range 20 West, on the 1990 Vopoki Ridge, Arizona, 7.5-minute USGS quadrangle; Sections 6, 7, and 17–20, Township 12 South, Range 18 West, on the 1990 Cipriano Pass and 1990 Butler Mountains, Arizona, 7.5-minute USGS quadrangles; Sections 1–4, 10–13, and 33–35, Township 12 South, Range 19 West, on the 1990 Cipriano Pass and 1990 Butler Mountains, Arizona, 7.5-minute USGS quadrangles; Sections 2–5, 8–11, and 14–16, Township 13 South, Range 17 West, on the 1996 Tinajas Altas and 1996 Coyote Water, Arizona, 7.5minute USGS quadrangles; Sections 5–11, 13–18, and 20–24, Township 13 South, Range 18 West, on the 1996 Tinajas Altas and 1990 Butler Mountains, Arizona, 7.5-minute USGS quadrangles; and Sections 1–5 and 9–13, Township 13 South, Range 19 West, on the 1990 Butler Mountains, Arizona, 7.5-minute USGS quadrangle. Number of Acres Surveyed: 21,941 Dates of Fieldwork: September 8 to November 13, 2014 Number of Person-Days (Fieldwork): 368

xi

Number of Sites and Isolates: 3 sites, 1,129 isolated occurrences Properties Recommended Eligible: IO 2 Properties Recommended Not Eligible: AZ X:12:123 (ASM), AZ X:11:28 (ASM), AZ X:11:29 (ASM); 1,128 isolated occurrences Comments: One isolated occurrence—IO 2—contains the potential for data related to issues of subsistence and settlement and of travel and transportation in the Western Papaguería. This feature is therefore recommended eligible for listing in the NRHP under Criterion d of Title 36, Part 60.4, of the Code of Federal Regulations (36 CFR 60.4). The research potential of 3 sites and 1,128 isolated occurrences is met by the documentation provided in this report, and they are recommended not eligible for listing in the NRHP.

xii

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

This report documents the results of a survey of nearly 22,000 acres (8,903 ha) on the Barry M. Goldwater Range (BMGR) West, Arizona. Statistical Research, Inc. (SRI), performed this survey for the Marine Corps Air Station Yuma (MCASY) under contract with the U.S. Department of the Navy, Naval Facilities Command (NAVFAC) (Contract No. N62473-14-D-1412 PTO X002, Delivery Order 0006). Archaeological inventory is required to ensure compliance with Sections 106 and 110 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA), as amended, and the Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979 (ARPA). In particular, Section 106 of the NHPA requires each agency to identify historic properties that may be affected by its actions and to consider ways in which to avoid or minimize present impacts and to mitigate any effects that an undertaking may have. Section 110 of the NHPA requires each federal agency to exercise caution to ensure that properties that might qualify for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) are not substantially altered or allowed to deteriorate significantly. The goal of this survey was to locate, identify, and record prehistoric and historical-period properties in three survey areas near the Gila and Tinajas Altas Mountains, adjacent to the international border with Mexico (Figure 1.1). The U.S. Marine Corps uses sections of the BMGR West for ground and air training, including live-fire exercises. The three survey areas, however, fall within public-use areas of the range. Visitors to the area are permitted to use all-terrain vehicles but are encouraged to stay on established roadways. Additionally, the U.S. Border Patrol maintains a strong presence in the area. Border Patrol vehicles generally stay on established roadways, but administrative exigencies and law-enforcement priorities often require their vehicular travel across two-tracks or open desert. These military, law-enforcement, and civilian activities present a considerable potential threat to cultural resources in the area. In addition to locating and recording cultural resources in the project area, a primary objective of the current investigation was to provide recommendations of eligibility for listing in the NRHP, as well as to provide recommendations for the management of the identified resources to ensure their protection. As noted above, SRI surveyed 21,941 acres (8,879 ha) in three survey areas (see Figure 1.1). Survey Area 1 was approximately 10,442 acres (4,226 ha) on the Davis Plain west of the Gila and Tinajas Altas Mountains. Survey Area 2 was approximately 9,185 acres (3,717 ha) on Davis Plain, adjacent to the international border. Survey Area 3 was approximately 2,314 acres (936 ha) in the Lechuguilla Desert, east of the Tinajas Altas Mountains. Several portions of BMGR West have been surveyed during previous investigations (see Chapter 4), but none of the three survey areas had been evaluated previously. Fieldwork was performed between September 8, 2014, and November 13, 2014. Participants in the BMGR West survey included Robert M. Wegener (principal investigator), Mitchell A. Keur (project director), Amelia Natoli (crew chief), Nicolas Hlatky (crew chief), and crew members Rita Sulkosky, Janet Griffitts, Patrick Stanton, Dean Duryea, Michael Kat, Mason Niquette, Erina Gruner, Matt Hyland, Devin Johnson, Jason Windingstad, Jesse Ballenger, Jonathan Knighton-Wisor, and Bryana Caldwell. SRI surveyed the project area to collect the information necessary to make recommendations regarding NRHP eligibility, to identify the effects of recreational use of the area, and to make management recommendations regarding mitigation of impacts to sites. Another purpose was to conduct site-condition assessments and to make determinations regarding ongoing threats and primary and secondary disturbance factors affecting conditions at new sites. Human-caused impacts on BMGR West are military activities, recreational use, vandalism, and Border Patrol activities. Primary disturbance is defined as direct human-caused impacts resulting from off-road-vehicle use and parking, camping, littering, trash dumping, vandalism, and 1.1

1.2 Figure 1.1. BMGR West project area.

illegal collecting and excavation. Secondary disturbance is defined as impacts associated with or resulting indirectly from these activities, such as use of rocks from prehistoric features in modern campfire rings and erosion from open roads and off-road-vehicle tracks. Military disturbance includes vehicle tracks, munitions debris, and impact craters. Natural disturbance, including erosion and alluvial transport, bioturbation, and vegetation growth, was also evaluated. Observations on disturbance will provide important management data to MCASY concerning threats to historic properties under its jurisdiction. Chapter 2 of this report describes the environmental conditions of the BMGR West survey area, including geology and soils, water sources, vegetation, wildlife, climate, and paleoenvironment. Chapter 3 describes the culture history of the project area and surrounding regions from prehistoric and historical-period contexts and includes a discussion of the past and present military use of the area. Chapter 4 presents historic contexts and research questions developed for the current investigation, as well as a survey of previous research in the areas surrounding this investigation. Chapter 5 describes the methods employed for survey, spatial and aspatial data collection and management, and cultural resource recording. Chapter 6 presents the results of the survey, including descriptions of newly discovered sites and nonsite isolated occurrences (IOs) of features and artifacts. Chapter 7 provides recommendations for NRHP eligibility and for management of cultural resources in the project area. These chapters are supplemented by four appendixes. Appendix A contains soil descriptions from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) that augment the discussion of area soils in Chapter 2. Appendix B is a series of indexed maps that show previous surveys and previously recorded sites within 1 mile of the project area. Appendix C is a table of data on individual IOs identified during the current project. Appendix D contains a subset of the maps in Appendix B, showing the locations of sites and IOs recorded in the current survey areas.

1.3

CHAPTER 2

Environmental Context Introduction This chapter presents background information on the environmental context of the project area on the BMGR. The presentation begins with a description of the geography, geology, soils, and water sources on the range and in surrounding areas. This is followed by a description of the vegetation, wildlife, climate, and paleoenvironmental conditions of the project area. The BMGR covers nearly 2 million acres (809,371 ha) of largely undisturbed desert in Maricopa, Pima, and Yuma Counties in southwestern Arizona, extending nearly to the Arizona-California border on the west, the international border and Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge (CPNWR) on the south, the Tohono O’odham Nation on the east, and Interstate 8 (I-8) on the north, between the cities of Gila Bend and Yuma. The range is divided into eastern and western sections; the dividing line runs through the Mohawk Mountains and the Sierra Pinta, and its northern point lies between Dateland and Tacna on I-8. The Military Lands Withdrawal Act of 1999 (MLWA) assigned jurisdiction over the BMGR East (1,050,000 acres [424,919 ha]) and the BMGR West (650,000 acres [263,045 ha]) to the secretaries of the U.S. Air Force (USAF) and the U.S. Navy, respectively. Currently, the USAF and the U.S. Marine Corps operate and use the range for training in aerial gunnery, rocketry, electronic warfare, and tactical maneuvering and air support. The range is also used by the Air Force Reserve, the Air National Guard (ANG), the U.S. Navy, the Army National Guard, and aircrews of allied nations.

Environmental Setting The BMGR West is located entirely within the Western Papaguería, which may be described as the driest and hottest portion of the Papaguería, a harsh land with few permanent water sources and sparse rainfall. The boundary between the Western Papaguería and the Eastern Papaguería (Figure 2.1) is both cultural and biotic: it separates Hia C’ed O’odham territory on the west from Tohono O’odham territory on the east. The Western Papaguería is dominated by the Lower Colorado River Valley subdivision, and the Eastern Papaguería by the Arizona Upland subdivision, of the Sonoran Desertscrub community. Except for its upland portions, the area has a strikingly sparse plant cover. Described by Fenneman (1931:Plate I) as “widely separated short ranges in desert plains,” the Sonoran Desert in the Western Papaguería is more barren and open than in the Eastern Papaguería. The mountains are lower and more linear than the larger sky islands to the east; the valleys are broader, with little vegetation to hide the wide vistas and great distances. A gradient of environmental harshness has been described for the Western Papaguería, from least harsh in the east to harshest in the west (Ahlstrom 2000:7). Given its particular shape and size—a long east–west transect across southwestern Arizona—the BMGR readily shows this gradient. Environmental harshness notwithstanding, numerous archaeological sites and isolates, including aboriginal trails, attest to widespread human activity in the region. During the time of Spanish occupation in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the primary land route from Sonora to the Colorado River and California was El Camino del Diablo (the Devil’s Highway), which ran along the southern edges of the mountains in the present-day BMGR. Generally, archaeologists view the Western Papaguería as a place to get through rather than live in (e.g., Lyon 2000), although this view was not necessarily shared by its indigenous inhabitants, the Hia C’ed O’odham (Lumholtz 1912:330; see also Altschul et al. 2002). 2.1

Figure 2.1. Map of the Western Papaguería showing the location of the BMGR.

2.2

Geology and Soils The western Sonoran Desert is divided into three main landscape elements: (1) rugged, narrow, northnorthwest-trending mountain ranges; (2) piedmonts/bajadas with minimal topographic relief; and (3) broad, low-gradient central-valley floors mantled by deposits of larger axial drainages (Biggs et al. 2002). The following discussion focuses on the geologic context of these individual landscape elements. Although the project area does not extend into mountainous terrain, the Tinajas Altas and Gila Mountains are close to the survey parcels. The entire Tinajas Altas range and the southern half of the Gila Mountains have a core of coarse-grained granitic rock, primarily monzogranite and granodiorite (Arnold 1986; Richard et al. 2000) (Figure 2.2). These granitic rocks are part of the Gunnery Range batholith (a large igneous intrusion that cooled slowly below ground), which also forms parts of several nearby mountain ranges (e.g., the Butler, Cabeza Prieta, and Copper Mountains) (Arnold 1986). The topography of the Gila– Tinajas Altas Mountains front is highly sinuous (embayed), and bedrock slopes typically meet the adjacent piedmont at a sharp angle. Extensive dissection of the mountain fronts, coupled with a lack of colluvial/alluvial cover at the mountain-piedmont junction, suggests long periods of erosion in a tectonically stable setting (Bryan 1925; Bull 1974). The piedmont surfaces in the project area are underlain by alluvial deposits that range in age from modern to early Pleistocene (Biggs et al. 2002). The total thickness of these deposits may be as much as 500 m (1,620 feet) on the east side of the Tinajas Altas Mountains; however, the presence of numerous inselbergs (isolated low bedrock hills or knolls) on the Davis Plain indicates the alluvium is much thinner on the western piedmont (Biggs et al. 2002; Gootee 2013; Scarborough 1985). The age of the piedmont surfaces can be estimated by several physical characteristics that are time transgressive (Biggs et al. 2002; Bull 1991). Active or recently active surfaces are characterized by distributary flow networks (channels diverge downslope on the piedmont), intact depositional topography (gravelly bar and swale), no or minimal soil development, a lack of desert pavement, and no rock varnish. Conversely, older surfaces that are no longer aggrading typically have smoothed surfaces with closely packed desert pavements and are underlain by well-developed soils with clay and/or calcium carbonate–enriched subsurface horizons (Biggs et al. 2002; Bull 1991). Relict surfaces are also identifiable by an incised dendritic drainage network with moderately to deeply incised channels that converge downstream. Figure 2.3 shows the distribution of geomorphic surfaces along the Tinajas Altas piedmont. The broad Lechuguilla Valley, east of the Gila and Tinajas Altas Mountains, is drained along its central axis by Coyote Wash. This ephemeral drainage is characterized by a shallowly incised coarse sand channel bed that ranges in width from 10 to 30 m (33 to 98 feet) (Biggs et al. 2002). The wash flows northward from the U.S.-Mexico border to its confluence with the lower Gila River in the vicinity of Wellton, Arizona. Along the eastern margin of the survey area, Coyote Wash is paralleled by a low, late to middle Holocene terrace with little vegetative cover and a weakly developed desert pavement. Figure 2.4 shows the soil complexes that have been mapped in the project area. This map is based on geospatial data available from the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) State Soil Geographic (STATSGO) database (http://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/App/WebSoilSurvey.aspx; data compiled July 5, 2006; accessed November 2014). Table 2.1 summarizes information for the soil series in each map unit in Figure 2.4, including the classification, physiography, and typical modern use and vegetation associations for each map unit. Detailed information for each soil series is provided in Appendix A. The dominant soil complex for each survey area is as follows: Survey Area 1—Superstition-Rositas complex, Survey Area 2—Ligurta-Gunsight-Cristobal complex, and Survey Area 3—Why-Wellton-Gunsight-Growler-Denure complex. Two soil orders are represented in the project area: (1) Aridisols—soils that are not moist for at least 90 consecutive days during most years and (2) Entisols—weakly developed soils (that is, ones that lack any diagnostic subsurface horizons and that consist of an A horizon above a C horizon), typically associated with young fan alluvium and aeolian deposits. The four Aridosol suborders in the project area, listed in order of greatest to least degree of soil development, are Argids, Calcids, Salids, and Cambids. These suborders are associated, respectively, with the following horizons: argillic (subsoil horizon with an illuvial 2.3

2.4 Figure 2.2. Geologic map of the project area.

Figure 2.3. Surficial geologic map of the Tinajas Altas piedmont (modified from Biggs et al. 2002).

2.5

2.6 Figure 2.4. Soil map of the project area.

2.7

Rillito

Rillito-Gunsight-DenureChuckawalla Aridisol

Aridisol

Aridisol

Gunsight

Cristobal

Aridisol

Soil Order

Ligurta

Ligurta-Gunsight-Cristobal

Soil-Map Unit/ Soil Series or Nonsoil

Calcids

Argids

Calcids

Salids

Suborder

calcic

argillic, calcic

calcic

argillic, salic, calcic

Diagnostic Subsurface Horizons

coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Typic Haplocalcids

loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Typic Calciargids

loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Typic Haplocalcids

fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Calcic Haplosalids

Taxonomic Class (USDA Soil Taxonomy)

The Rillito series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in mixed alluvium. Rillito soils are on fan terraces or stream terraces. Slopes are predominantly 0–5 percent but range to 40 percent.

Cristobal soils are on fan terraces and have slopes of 0– 20 percent. These soils formed in fan alluvium from mixed sources.

The Gunsight series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained, strongly calcareous soils that formed in alluvium from mixed sources. Gunsight soils are on fan terraces or stream terraces and have slopes of 0–60 percent.

Ligurta soils are on fan terraces on slopes of 0–6 percent. These soils formed in fan alluvium weathered from andesite, rhyolite, basalt, granite, gneiss, and schist.

Soil Description and Physiographic Setting

continued on next page

Irrigated areas are used to produce crops such as cotton, alfalfa, small grains, and citrus. The desert areas are used to a limited extent for livestock grazing. The vegetation is mainly creosotebush, sand sage, cacti, mesquite, palo verde, ironwood, and annual grasses and weeds.

Used for livestock grazing and wildlife habitat. The present vegetation is creosotebush, bursage, cacti, palo verde, ironwood, and annual grasses and forbs.

Used for livestock grazing and recreation. The vegetation is creosotebush, ocotillo, palo verde, saguaro, cholla, and triangle-leaf bursage.

Used for livestock grazing and wildlife habitat. The soil is nearly barren of vegetation except in the small drainages. Vegetation in the drainages is creosotebush, plantain, fiddleneck, filaree, turkshead, pencil cholla, and saguaro.

Modern Use and Vegetationa

Table 2.1. Soil Taxonomy, Diagnostic Horizons, and Physiographic Setting for Soil-Map Units in the Project Area

2.8

Aridisol

Aridisol

Denure

Chuckawalla

Not soil Entisol

Rock outcrop

Quilotosa

Rock outcrop–QuilotosaMomoli

Aridisol

Soil Order

Gunsight


Orthents

Argids

Cambids

Calcids

Suborder

argillic, calcic

cambic

calcic


loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, calcareous, hyperthermic Lithic Torriorthents

loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Typic Calciargids

coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Typic Haplocambids



The Quilotosa series consists of very shallow and shallow, somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in slope alluvium from granitic and metamorphic rocks. Quilotosa soils are on hills and mountains and have slopes of 3–65 percent.

The Chuckawalla series consists of very deep, well-drained soils formed in stratified mixed alluvium. Chuckawalla soils are on fan terraces and have slopes of 0–15 percent. They typically have a well-developed desert pavement with a thick varnish (patina).

The Denure series consists of very deep, well-drained and somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in alluvium. Denure soils are on alluvial fans, relict basin floors, stream terraces, or fan piedmonts and have slopes of 0–8 percent.



Used for livestock grazing, wildlife habitat, and recreation. Vegetation is saguaro, foothill (littleleaf) palo verde, brittlebush, creosotebush, ocotillo, ironwood, triangle-leaf bursage, white bursage, cholla, forbs, and grasses.

Used for recreation and watershed. Chuckawalla soils are usually barren except for some turkshead, sixweeks grama, and other annuals that are present for short periods in wetter years.

Most areas are used for livestock grazing and wildlife habitat. Some areas are now being irrigated and used to grow citrus, cotton, alfalfa, and small grains. Vegetation is creosotebush, white bursage, and annual forbs and grasses.



2.9

Superstition

Aridisol

Aridisol

Laposa

Superstition-Rositas

Not soil

Entisol

Aridisol

Soil Order

Rock outcrop

Schenco

Schenco–Rock outcrop– Laposa

Momoli


Calcids

Cambids

Orthents

Cambids

Suborder

calcic

cambic

cambic


sandy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplocalcids

loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Typic Haplocambids

loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, calcareous, hyperthermic, shallow Typic Torriorthents

loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Typic Haplocambids


Used for wildlife habitat and limited livestock grazing. Native vegetation is creosotebush, white bursage, foothill (littleleaf) palo verde, brittlebush, ocotillo, elephant tree, cholla, turkshead, and annual forbs.

Used mainly for grazing. Native vegetation is white brittlebush, jojoba, skeletonweed, staghorn cholla, teddybear cholla, barrel cactus, saguaro, ocotillo, pricklypear, triangle-leaf bursage, creosotebush, ironwood, Mormon tea, palo verde, and annual grasses.

Used for livestock grazing following summer and winter rains and as a source of sand and gravel. Vegetation is creosotebush, triangle-leaf bursage, ironwood, bush muhly, threeawn, big galleta, and turkshead.



Used for livestock grazing and irrigated The Superstition series consists of very deep, somewhat cropland. The present vegetation is creosotebush and bursage. excessively drained soils that formed in sandy aeolian deposits. Superstition soils are on dunes and have slopes of 0–10 percent.

The Laposa series consists of moderately deep, somewhat excessively drained soils formed in slope alluvium from schist, granite, gneiss, rhyolite, and aeolian deposits. Laposa soils are on hills and mountains and have slopes of approximately 10–75 percent.

The Schenco series consists of very shallow and shallow, welldrained soils formed in slope alluvium from schist. Schenco soils are on hillslopes and have gradients of 3–60 percent.

The Momoli series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained soils formed in fan alluvium and aeolian deposits. Momoli soils are on stream terraces and fan terraces and have slopes of 0–15 percent.


2.10 Aridisol

Aridisol

Gunsight

Aridisol

Entisol

Soil Order

Wellton

Why

Why-Wellton-GunsightGrowler-Denure

Rositas


Calcids

Argids

Cambids

Psamments

Suborder

calcic

argillic, calcic

cambic



coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Typic Calciargids

coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Fluventic Haplocambids

mixed, hyperthermic Typic Torripsamments



Wellton soils are on fan terraces or relict basin floors. They have slopes of 0–3 percent. They formed in fan or stream alluvium from mixed sources and aeolian deposits.

The Why series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained soils formed in stratified fan alluvium. Why soils are on alluvial fans and floodplains and have slopes of approximately l percent. Flooding is occasional, shallow, and very brief. In undisturbed areas, the proximal end floods more often than the distal end.

The Rositas series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained soils formed in sandy aeolian material. Rositas soils are on dunes and sand sheets. Slope ranges from 0 to 30 percent with hummocky or dune microrelief.



Used mainly for livestock grazing, but citrus, cotton, alfalfa, and small grains are grown under irrigation in some areas. The native vegetation is big galleta, creosotebush, white bursage, ocotillo, Wright’s cholla, and Christmas cholla.

Irrigated areas are used for the production of alfalfa, cotton, citrus, vegetables, and small grains. Native areas are used for limited livestock grazing. The vegetation is mesquite, creosotebush, bursage, and cacti. Sixweeks grama, filaree, and Indianwheat are common after rains.

Used for rangeland and wildlife habitat and for growing citrus fruits, grapes, alfalfa, and truck crops. Present vegetation is creosotebush, white bursage, desert buckwheat, and mesquite.


2.11

Aridisol

Denure

Cambids

Argids

Suborder

cambic

argillic, calcic


coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Typic Haplocambids

coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Typic Calciargids


The Denure series consists of very deep, well-drained and somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in alluvium. Denure soils are on alluvial fans, relict basin floors, stream terraces, or fan piedmonts and have slopes of 0–8 percent.

The Growler series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained, saline soils formed in fan alluvium from mixed rocks, including rhyolite, andesite, basalt, and rhyolitic and andesitic tuff with some influence from aeolian sediments. Growler soils are on fan terraces and have slopes of 0–5 percent.


Most areas are used for livestock grazing and wildlife habitat. Some areas are now being irrigated and used to grow citrus, cotton, alfalfa, and small grains. Vegetation is creosotebush, white bursage, and annual forbs and grasses.

Used for livestock grazing and wildlife habitat. Native vegetation is scattered creosotebush, saltbush, turkshead, and annual grasses and weeds.


Key: USDA = U.S. Department of Agriculture. a Scientific names of plants noted in this column are as follows (in alphabetical order by common name): barrel cactus (Echinocactus, Ferocactus), big galleta (Hilaria rigida), brittlebush (Encelia), bursage (Ambrosia), bush muhly (Muhlenbergia porteri), cacti (Cactaceae), cholla (Cylindropuntia), Christmas cholla (Cylindropuntia leptocaulis), creosotebush (Larrea tridentata), desert buckwheat (Eriogonum desertorum), sand sage (Salvia eremostachya), elephant tree (Bursera microphylla), fiddleneck (Amsinckia), filaree (Erodium), foothill (littleleaf) palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), grasses (Poaceae), Indianwheat (Plantago), ironwood (Olneya tesota), jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis), mesquite (Prosopis), Mormon tea (Ephedra), ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens), palo verde (Parkinsonia), pencil cholla (Cylindropunta arbuscula), plantain (Plantaginaceae), pricklypear (Opuntia), saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea), saltbush (Atriplex), sixweeks grama (Bouteloua barbata), skeletonweed (Eriogonum deflexum), staghorn cholla (Cylindropuntia versicolor), teddybear cholla (Cylindropuntia bigelovii), threeawn (Aristida), triangle-leaf bursage (Ambrosia deltoidea), turkshead (Chorizanthe rigida), white brittlebush (Encelia farinosa), white bursage (Ambrosia dumosa), and Wright’s cholla (Cylindropuntia kleiniae).

Aridisol

Soil Order

Growler


accumulation of clay [that is, accumulation of clay translocated from above]), calcic (subsoil horizon with an illuvial accumulation of calcium carbonate), salic (subsoil horizon with an accumulation of salt), and cambic (subsoil with minimal development, one with some soil structure and/or a color change that differentiates it from the underlying C horizon). Two Entisol suborders are represented in the project area: Orthents (soils that lack horizon development because of either steep slopes or parent materials that contain no permanent weatherable minerals) and Psamments (soils that are sandy in all layers). Soil classification at the suborder level provides a useful model for drawing interpretations of geomorphic landscape stability, age of deposits, and the probability that archaeological deposits might be buried in soils of the project area. The order of oldest to youngest age, and greatest to least geomorphic stability, for the suborders is as follows: Argids > Calcids > Salids > Cambids > Fluvents/Psamments. Buried archaeological deposits are most likely to be associated with Cambids, Calcids, Salids, Fluvents, and Psamments with intermediate textures (that is, sandy to loamy soils). Argids, Orthents, and younger Fluvents have low to no likelihood of having buried cultural deposits.

Water Sources Though bounded by the Colorado River to the west and the Gila River to the north, the Western Papaguería lacks permanent streams, and water is rare. The Gulf of California on the southern edge of the Western Papaguería is, of course, composed of salt water and is thus not potable. Ephemeral washes may have runoff flow during and after monsoon storms but only for a short period (hours rather than days) and cannot be depended upon. Much more lasting than these streams, ephemeral catchments that contain water after rainfall or flooding constitute the only dependable water sources in the entire Western Papaguería, and knowledge of these freshwater locations was critical for human survival in this dry land. Small quantities of potable water are found intermittently in tinajas (rock tanks), sand tanks, charcos (mud holes), playas, and—rarely—springs or pozos (seeps) (Broyles 1996:483–484; Bryan 1925; Fontana 1983a:129; Rankin et al. 2002, 2008). Broyles (1996) documented a total of 128 waterholes in the Western Papaguería that could provide up to 3,000,000 liters (792,516 gallons) of water when full; these include water sources in parts of the BMGR and the Sierra Pinacate in northwestern Mexico, most of which are located in the mountains. The availability of potable water at these sources varies with rainfall and temperature, and many of these sources are widely separated. Broyles (1996) concluded that, though widely separated, one or more waterholes were located within 40 km (25 miles) of nearly any location in the Western Papaguería. Even so, many of these water sources were unreliable. Natural water sources on the BMGR and CPNWR have been plotted and summarized by Ahlstrom (2000:30–39, Figure 2.2, Appendix F), and the reader is referred to that study for more information. Tinajas are most common in the mountain ranges and are catchments formed typically by the weathering action of water on granitic bedrock. The word tinaja is Spanish for “earthenware jar.” If a tinaja is filled with sand, it is called a sand tank. Tinajas are found in two different settings: in and away from stream channels. Away from stream channels, they are formed by irregular erosion of rocks and are usually no more than small pockets in the rock that hold water for only a few hours after a rain. Such pockets vary in size from a few centimeters wide and 1.25 cm (1/2 inch) deep to basins 1.5–6 m (5–20 feet) wide and 15– 20 cm (6–8 inches) deep (Bryan 1925:124). Most tinajas formed within stream channels are plunge pools and potholes associated with ephemeral waterfalls, seldom exceeding 3 m (10 feet) in diameter and 1.5 m (5 feet) in depth. Ephemeral waterfalls are found near mountain flanks and, consequently, so are the larger tinajas, such as Tinajas Altas (High Tanks), which is within 2 km (1¼ miles) of the SRI survey areas. Plunge pools can also form where drainages cross lava deposits, as in the Sierra Pinacate, and in valley settings where drainages are cut into bedrock, as is true for the six-pool Baker Tanks on the BMGR West. Some of these features may hold water year-round and may have had the potential to support long-distance travel across the region (Broyles 1996; Hill and Bruder 2000; McGuire 1982). Thirty or more tinajas of various sizes and degrees of reliability are distributed across the Hia C’ed O’odham region, although many 2.12

tinajas that held water a generation or so ago have dried up (Doyel and Eiler 2003). Fewer than 25 percent of the tinajas are perennial, holding sufficient water to last during 6 months of drought; the rest are intermittent or ephemeral, lasting from a few weeks to a few months (Broyles 1996:484; Rankin et al. 2008). Small unnamed tinajas have been identified in all of the mountain ranges on the BMGR. Some of the best-known tinajas are located west of Quitobaquito Springs in Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument (OPCNM), across Growler Valley, and in the Tule Desert, the Lechuguilla Desert, and the blistering Yuma Desert. The trail connecting these water sources defines a route known as El Camino del Diablo, which was used by Native Americans traveling from Arizona and Sonora to the Colorado River and southern California (Broyles et al. 2012; Kresan 1997:595). Tinajas Altas, located directly along this route in the Tinajas Altas Mountains on the BMGR West, is the most significant of all tinajas in the Western Papaguería. Consisting of nine sets of pools arranged stepwise in a steep drainage that hold at least 75,710 liters (20,000 gallons) when full, it is the only reliable tinaja “for 100 miles” (Broyles et al. 2007; Broyles et al. 2012; Hartmann and Thurtle 2000a). Several other tinajas are known in the Tinajas Altas Mountains (e.g., Raven Butte Tank), as well as in the Gila Mountains (e.g., Roberson Tinajas, Spook Tank), the Copper Mountains (e.g., Coyote Peak Tanks, Majors Tank), and the Mohawk Mountains (e.g., Dominy Tinajas), all on the BMGR West. Playas would have provided intermittent water sources during periods of precipitation. Playas are shallow lakebeds resulting from internal drainage patterns within closed basins. These depressions are occasionally flooded by rainwater that stands for a while before evaporating (Bryan 1925:106). Playas are capable of holding water for long periods in wet years, but as a result of desiccation, they also commonly form evaporites (salt) and can be dry for extended periods. Few playas retain surface water for more than a couple of weeks, even during the wettest years. Historically, the Hia C’ed O’odham grew crops in the central, deepest portions of playas (Rankin et al. 2002, 2008). During wet periods in prehistory, plant crops would have been grown along playa edges when the playas were filled with water. These shallow lakes also form periodic habitats for a lush growth of native plants, which were no doubt attractive to foragers. Most playa lakes in the Western Papaguería are located in the central part of the area between the Mohawk Mountains and the Mohawk Dunes, east of the Aguila Mountains, north of the Crater Range, and east and south of the Sierra Pinta (along the international border) (Ahlstrom 2000). Las Playas (the last of these), Laguna Prieta (between the Tinajas Altas Mountains and the Colorado River), and Lago Seco (north of the Crater Range) in the Western Papaguería are potential sites for studying the history of a playa lake in the region. Charcos are natural or artificial water holes in adobe flats and washes (Bryan 1925:121, 204–206). Natural or artificial charcos are found in relatively impermeable soils along wash bottoms or human-made troughs (Hill and Bruder 2000). Charco is a Spanish word meaning a pool of standing or stagnant water; in areas outside the Papaguería, the usual term is mudhole or mud tank. Charcos are found as single pools or as series of pools along streambeds of washes with relatively flat areas of sandy clay. They vary from shallow basins 46 cm (18 inches) wide by 2 m (6 feet) long to depressions 1.5–2 m (5–6 feet) deep, 2–9 m (6–30 feet) wide, and more than 305 m (1,000 feet) long. The adobe flats in which charcos are found are the result of sedimentation from floodwater streams spreading as a thin sheet of water over a large area, depositing mud as sediment. In places where the current is swift, part of the mud laid down by past floods is removed and channels are formed; water remains in these depressions after the flood. The water drains away quickly, except when the depression is completely contained within the claylike adobe, in which case water loss is mainly through slow evaporation. The larger charcos are the only ones important to travelers, because only these hold water for more than a few days after the rain and stay in the same place through time. The largest adobe flats, and therefore most charcos, lie at the centers of the intermontane valleys. Jose Juan Tank (on OPCNM) is the site of a prehistoric charco and ak chin (alluvial-fan-floodwater-farming) area along San Cristobal Wash in Growler Valley. It was named after José Juan Orosco, a Hia C’ed O’odham hunting guide and medicine man, who lived nearby. Water could also have been available in the past at springs or seeps (the latter having a flow of less than 19 liters [5 gallons] per minute), particularly during wetter periods. Springs in southwestern Arizona are of two types: fracture springs and fissure springs (Bryan 1925:161–167). Fracture springs depend on water

2.13

derived from rainfall stored in fractures of certain rock types. Dripping Springs in the Puerto Blanco Mountains in OPCNM is a fracture spring (Bryan 1925:161–166). The springs and associated tinaja were used prehistorically and by historical-period travelers between Ajo and Sonoyta. A second Dripping Springs is present in the eastern Gila Mountains on the BMGR West. Its seeps have 4 associated tinajas, 2 permanent and 2 intermittent (Broyles et al. 2007). Fissure springs are similar to fault springs (i.e., springs with deepseated hot water along fault lines) but are not as hot. Bryan (1925:161–166) classified Quitobaquito Springs in OPCNM along the international border as a fissure spring. It originally consisted of 26 springs, 2 of which still flow today. The Hia C’ed O’odham name is A’al Waipia (“little springs” or “little water”). The springs at Quitobaquito are important because they enabled permanent settlement: they fed a large ciénaga, which was artificially deepened and in turn was used to irrigate crops and an orchard (Rankin et al. 2008:598). Crops were grown at Quitobaquito Springs even before Kino’s visit in the late seventeenth century. In addition to natural water sources, archaeological evidence indicates that prehistoric and historicalperiod human-made earthen-walled reservoirs or walk-in wells were constructed in the Western Papaguería (Bayman 1993, 1996, 1997; Bayman and Fish 1992; Rankin 1995). These features were probably essential for human survival in habitations away from permanent water sources.

Vegetation In spite of its barren nature, the Western Papaguería hosts a wide variety of plant species, and many of these were useful for people who not only traveled through the area but also subsisted on its resources. The project area lies in the northern part of the Sonoran Desert, which encompasses about half of the Mexican state of Sonora and extends from the tip of Baja California northward into southern Arizona and California. In latitude, this large desert ranges from about 23° to 35° north of the equator. The Sonoran Desert is relatively young and has probably existed for only the last 10,000 years. Despite its youth, it is the most complex desert in North America in terms of species diversity (Hastings and Turner 1965:10; Lowe 1964:24; Shreve and Wiggins 1964:35–39). The complex biogeography of the Sonoran Desert is largely a function of its subtropical location, a biseasonal pattern of precipitation, the intricate distribution of geologic formations and soil types, hydrology, and topography (McMahon 1985:62; Shreve and Wiggins 1964:35–39). Although many factors account for the distribution of plants in the Sonoran Desert, vegetation patterns are highly predictable. Shreve and Wiggins (1964:38) concluded that “for a situation of given altitude, physiographic character, and slope exposure, the composition of the vegetation may be predicted with great certainty.” Shreve and Wiggins (1964:49–72) divided the Sonoran Desert of Arizona into two provinces on the basis of differences in elevation and rainfall. These are the Lower Colorado River Valley and the Arizona Upland subdivisions. The first subdivision extends approximately from Ajo and Gila Bend west into California, whereas the latter extends from about Ajo and Gila Bend east to Tucson. The project area includes survey areas in both vegetation provinces. The Lower Colorado River Valley province is more arid, with elevations generally below 457 m (1,500 feet) above mean sea level (AMSL), whereas the wetter Arizona Upland province lies typically between 457 and 914 m (1,500 and 3,000 feet) AMSL in elevation. Brown et al. (1979) divided the Lower Colorado River Valley subdivision into series defined by the dominant vegetation types. According to this classification, portions of the project area are in the Creosotebush– White Bursage series and the Mixed Scrub series. Two plants, creosotebush (Larrea tridentata) and white bursage (Ambrosia dumosa), characterize the most widespread plant community of the Lower Colorado River Valley subdivision. Both species can persevere under conditions that sustain few other types of vegetation (Shreve and Wiggins 1964:57). Other species commonly found in this community include mesquite (Prosopis), big galleta (Hilaria rigida), ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens), and triangle-leaf bursage (Ambrosia deltoidea). In and near the washes grow leguminous trees such as western honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana), blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida), foothill (littleleaf) palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), elephant tree (Bursera microphylla), and ironwood (Olneya tesota). Crucifixion thorn 2.14

(Castela emoryi), cholla (Cylindropuntia spp.), acacia (Acacia spp.), various grasses (Poaceae), and other— mostly annual—plant species are present in varying quantities. This plant community commonly decreases in importance upslope on valley edges, where the Saltbush (Atriplex) series is more frequent, particularly where the soil is finer and more alkaline and has greater water-retention capacity than that on which the Creosotebush–White Bursage series is found (Ahlstrom 2000:46). Generally, species diversity increases with variability in topography. The Arizona Upland subdivision is characterized by the Palo Verde–Mixed Cacti–Mixed Scrub community and is restricted primarily to mountain ranges and upper bajadas throughout the region. It is the best-watered and least desertlike desert scrub in North America (Turner and Brown 1982). Foothill palo verde and saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea) dominate the series; ironwood is a secondary component of the assemblage (Turner and Brown 1982). Other species present are creosotebush, white brittlebush (Encelia farinosa), limberbush (Jatropha sp.), white bursage, and ocotillo (Ahlstrom 2000). Desert agave (Agave deserti var. simplex) is found in a few locations, mostly constrained to elevations above 200 m (656 feet) within the Western Papaguería (Turner et al. 1995:50–54). Cholla (Cylindropuntia spp.) is the most prevalent plant and can be seen dotting the rocky slopes of the adjacent mountain ranges in some areas. Saguaro is sparse west of State Highway 85. Engelmann’s pricklypear (Opuntia engelmannii) is present but is rare. Survey Area 1, which is located in the northern part of the Davis Plain, consists of the Lower Colorado River Valley Creosotebush–White Bursage series and Mixed Shrub series, dominated by ocotillo, fourwing saltbush (Atriplex canescens), and creosotebush, with scattered ironwood trees. Survey Area 2, which is located away from the mountains and immediately north of the international border, consists of the Creosotebush–White Bursage series, with more creosotebush and annuals and fewer ocotillos than Survey Area 1. Soils in Survey Area 2 are developed in weathered granitic material (that is, grus) that has a relatively low natural fertility. Survey Area 3 is in the Lechuguilla Desert in the Arizona Upland subdivision, with mesquite and palo verde trees and a dense understory. Vegetation is much more verdant than in the other two survey areas, because of its higher elevation and, in all likelihood, a relatively shallow water table related to Coyote Wash.

Wildlife Faunas in southwest Arizona have been inventoried by Henry (2007) (mammals), Griffin (2007) (birds), and Rosen (2007) (reptiles and amphibians); each of these works includes a detailed checklist. Other studies include those by Cockrum and Petryszyn (1986) (mammals) and Groschupf et al. (1988) (birds). For more detailed information, the reader is referred to these studies. The fauna commonly associated with the plant communities of the Lower Colorado River Valley subdivision includes three large mammals: coyote (Canis latrans) and desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni), which prefer the mountain ranges, and Sonoran pronghorn (Antilocapra americana sonoriensis) in the basins. Now verging on extinction, the Sonoran pronghorn was once common across much of the open lowland plains of the Sonoran Desert. Small mammals include desert cottontail (Sylvilagus audubonii), black-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus), and a variety of rodents (Rodentia). Reptiles and amphibians of this biotic zone include rattlesnakes (Crotalus); gopher snakes (Pituophis); lizards (Squamata), including geckos (Gekkonidae); and desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) (Coss and Jickling 1986). Bird species in the Lower Colorado River Valley subdivision are less numerous than those in the Arizona Upland subdivision. The Arizona Upland subdivision has a more diverse fauna than the Lower Colorado River Valley subdivision. Large mammals in the region include coyote, mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), desert bighorn sheep, and collared peccary, or javelina (Pecari tajacu). Predators in the canid family include (besides coyote) gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus scottii) and kit fox (Vulpes macrotis). Coyotes are found throughout the region, although during the summer they cannot stray too far from water. The foxes use different habitats: the kit fox prefers more-open, vegetated valleys, and the 2.15

slightly larger gray fox is more common in the rugged terrain in and around mountains. Felids are represented by two species: mountain lion (Puma concolor) and bobcat (Lynx rufus); a third species, jaguar (Panthera onca), has been observed in the past. Other predators include ringtail (Bassariscus astutus) and coatimundi (Nasua narica). The families Mustelidae (weasels and relatives) and Mephitidae (skunks) are represented by badger (Taxidea taxus) and spotted skunk (Spilogale putorius), respectively. Other small mammals are rabbits and hares (Lagomorpha), represented by desert cottontail and black-tailed jackrabbit, and many species of rodents (Hoffmeister 1986; Turner and Brown 1982), similar to those in the Lower Colorado River Valley subdivision. Between 15 and 25 bat (Chiroptera) species have been recorded in the region, most of them insectivores and all playing crucial ecological roles in desert ecosystems. Birds, reptiles, and amphibians are diverse in the Arizona Upland subdivision (Turner and Brown 1982).

Climate Climatic conditions are dominated by mild winters and hot to very hot summers. This desert environment places great constraints on settlement and other aspects of land use. Various systems have been used to delineate climatic units in the state of Arizona. The entire region of southwest Arizona is characterized as arid by the Köppen-Trewartha climatic classification, a popular worldwide system based on the mean and annual temperature and precipitation (Köppen 1936; Trewartha 1968). The project area is classified as arid mesothermal in the Thornthwaite system, an approach based on the concept of water balance (Thornwaite 1948). In this system, precipitation values are compared with rates of potential water losses to the atmosphere through evapotranspiration to estimate moisture surpluses and deficits. A third system, the Holdridge classification, which focuses on the relationship between climate and vegetation, defines the project area as subtropical desert scrub (Tosi 1964). The Sonoran Desert is defined by its biseasonal rainfall pattern: winter rain concentrated in December and January as a result of low-pressure systems and low-pressure troughs associated with the southwardshifting jet stream, and a summer monsoon season that extends typically from July through September, when moist air masses from the Pacific and/or the Gulf of California move inland to fill the partial vacuum created by the warm continental air mass that rises over the mountains (Ingram 2000). The Pacific High shifts northward to around 40° north latitude by late summer/early fall, allowing moist air from the area off the coast of Baja California, Mexico, to move into Arizona. These summer rains come in the form of violent thunderstorms that may drop more than half of the annual rainfall in a single event. The rainy seasons are separated by periods of pronounced aridity; the driest months are April, May, and June. Summer thunderstorms tend to produce brief periods of intense runoff, much of which is lost to evapotranspiration. Because they are gentler and of longer duration and occur during periods of lower temperature, rains from winter storms produce less runoff and tend to infiltrate into the ground to a greater degree, providing a crucial source of water to plants. Average annual precipitation is approximately 10–20 cm (4–8 inches). Temperatures in the region vary widely. Monthly average temperatures range from an average low of 4.4°C (40°F) and an average high of 21.1°C (70°F) in January to an average low of 25.5°C (78°F) and an average high of 42.7°C (109°F) in July. Mild to cool temperatures (4°C–21°C [39°F–70°F]) prevail in the winter, with occasional freezing temperatures in the lowlands that rarely last more than 24 hours (Hill and Bruder 2000; Sellers and Hill 1974). By contrast, high temperatures are the rule during the summer, with average daily highs of 32°C (90°F) and record highs between 40°C and 50°C (104°F and 122°F). As a result, a long growing season of more than 260 days is possible in the area, although the high temperatures and high rate of evapotranspiration are too harsh for most cultivated plants unless spring water is readily available.

2.16

Paleoenvironment Paleoenvironmental conditions for the late Pleistocene (22,000 years B.P. to the present) have been reconstructed for southern Arizona based on macrofossils in pack rat (woodrat, Neotoma) middens, fossil pollen assemblages from pluvial lake records, and stratified alluvial deposits. Unfortunately, many of the paleoclimatic data that can be used to characterize the Western Papaguería come from other parts of the Southwest (e.g., Davis 1992; Ely et al. 1993; Graybill 1989; Palacios-Fest et al. 2002; Stine 1990; Waters 1980). The data that are available for the Papaguería are sparse (e.g., Antevs 1948, 1955; Betancourt et al. 1990; Martin 1963; Van Devender and Spaulding 1979). The available data that can be used to characterize environmental change during human occupation of the Western Papaguería are presented below, beginning with information on climate during the late Pleistocene, when people first occupied the region, followed by information on climate change during the Holocene. Interpretations of these data have led to differing conclusions concerning the timing of environmental change, particularly for the late Pleistocene and early to middle Holocene; however, a broad consensus exists for the overall shifts that have occurred since humans first populated the landscape. The paleoclimatic significance of late Quaternary deposits from geochronological investigations, especially in southeast Arizona along Whitewater Draw, the San Pedro and Santa Cruz Rivers, and pluvial Lake Cochise (Willcox Playa), also played a considerable role in the development of the paleoclimatic sequence for the southwestern United States, in general. The late Wisconsinan climate in the Southwest is controversial. The term “pluvial climate” is often used to describe the southwestern United States, in which continental glaciation did not occur (Van Devender and Spaulding 1979). The term “pluvial” is used because now-dry playa-lake beds were filled when the continental ice sheets were at or near their maximum extent. However, within most geologic deposits and paleoecological systems, it is difficult to separate the effects of precipitation and temperature. The general consensus is that, during the glacial maximum before 12,000 years B.P., Pacific westerlies and associated storm tracks were displaced southward into the desert Southwest. This resulted in cooler temperatures, increased winter precipitation, and lower evaporation rates (Kutzbach 1983; Spaulding and Graumlich 1986). Spaulding and Graumlich (1986) have suggested that annual precipitation in the Sonoran Desert during this time may have been twice that of today. The paleoenvironmental record for the late Pleistocene, as determined from macrofossils in pack rat middens, indicates that the late Wisconsinan (22,000–11,000 years B.P.) vegetative community at middle elevations (550–1,520 m [1,804–4,987 feet] AMSL) in much of the Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts was dominated by piñon (Pinus)–juniper (Juniperus) woodlands (Van Devender and Spaulding 1979). Modern piñon-juniper woodlands are currently found at greater elevations or higher latitudes with wet winters and cool summers. This correlates with paleoenvironmental data taken from Willcox Playa (pluvial Lake Cochise), in the Sulphur Springs Valley, where strand lines circumscribe the playa at 1,274 m (4,180 feet) AMSL, indicating that this dry lake bed was part of a much larger lake in the Pleistocene (Waters 1989). Fossil pollen from this lake bed indicates that a wetter regime than that at present characterized the area beginning around 22,000 years B.P. (Hevly and Martin 1961). The terminal Pleistocene vegetation in the Sulphur Springs Valley was dominated by a combination of parkland, woodland, sagebrush (Artemisia), and grassland floras intermixed to form a complex mosaic of microenvironments. Warming and drying trends during the Two Creek interstadial (12,000 years B.P.) caused a drop in lake level and incited downcutting of the San Pedro River (Haynes 1991). Additionally, marl deposits that indicate high water tables in the San Pedro Valley at the Murray Springs Paleoindian site have been radiocarbon dated to 25,000– 13,000 years B.P. (Pigati et al. 2004). Spaulding and Graumlich (1986) suggested that the disintegration of the North American ice sheets between 12,000 and 9,000 years B.P. (Paleoindian period) produced a meridional circulation pattern in the Southwest. During this time, temperatures increased sharply, and winter precipitation was reduced but was still greater than modern (Van Devender et al. 1987). Using geologic-climatic-dating techniques in alluvial stratigraphy, Antevs (1948) identified this period as the Anathermal (12,000–7,000 years B.P.). The alluvial record 2.17

suggests that later in the Anathermal, the warmer, drier climate was replaced by a period of more-humid conditions. Paleovegetational evidence (Spaulding and Graumlich 1986; Van Devender and Spaulding 1979), along with a high stand of Lake Cochise (Waters 1988), indicates that the late Anathermal (also referred to as the early Holocene Pluvial) had enhanced summer precipitation. A possible additional source of moisture during this time may have been intense rainfall associated with late-summer to early-fall tropical storms that originated in the eastern North Pacific and tracked into the western United States (Webb and Betancourt 1988). Alluvial records in the eastern Great Basin near Las Vegas at Tule Springs, Nevada, suggest high water tables and standing water between 14,000 and 7,200 years B.P., and increased erosion coupled with a lower water table after 7,200 years B.P. corresponds to a change from sagebrush-dominated steppe to lower Mohave Desertscrub species in the fossil pollen record (Quade 1986). In general, the climate of the early Holocene in the desert Southwest was a continuation of the late Wisconsinan winter-precipitation regime, and Van Devender and Spaulding (1979) have suggested that a lack of characteristic Sonoran Desert species in pack rat middens indicates that a monsoonal summer pattern of precipitation had not yet developed. After 8,000 years B.P. (or the end of the Early Archaic period), the present climatic and vegetational regimes across much of the Southwest had been established. The period from approximately 7,000 to 4,500 years B.P. was identified by Antevs (1962) as the Altithermal period. This middle Holocene warm period was first identified in the Great Basin (an area characterized by winter rainfall). Many have viewed as problematic the extension of the Altithermal into other areas of the Southwest that receive more summer precipitation (Van Devender and Spaulding 1979), because atmospheric circulation patterns that result in dry conditions in the Great Basin are unlikely to produce the same result in the Sonoran or Chihuahuan Desert. This is evident in the fossil pollen record of the Murray Springs (San Pedro River) and Double Adobe (Whitewater Draw) sites, where the pollen data indicate a period of greater effective moisture and a shift in vegetational zones, downward in elevation, by 300 m (984 feet) (Martin 1970; Mehringer et al. 1967). It is believed that areas characterized by summer monsoons actually had increased summer rainfall as a result of warmer global temperatures that favored the development of the Bermuda High (Van Devender and Spaulding 1979). In contrast, the lacustrine record of Lake Cochise in the Willcox Basin indicates that a lake was not present during the Altithermal from 7,000 to 5,000 years B.P. (the Middle Archaic period) and did not fill again until the end of this period (5,000–4,000 years B.P.) (Waters 1989). These combined data suggest that the middle Holocene (Early and Middle Archaic periods) in southern Arizona was characterized by a warm, dry period from 7,000 to 5,000 years B.P., with a continued monsoonal rain pattern. This was followed by a period of increased moisture from 5,000 to 4,000 years B.P. (the Middle Archaic period). The Medithermal period (4,500 years B.P. to the present) is characterized by climatic conditions similar to those of the present; however, some fluctuations are known to have occurred. Paleoflood chronologies spanning the last 5,000 years developed on rivers in Arizona and southern Utah and indicate that floods group into distinct periods and are related to climatic change (Ely 1997). Highmagnitude floods were recorded from 5,000 to 3,600 years B.P. (dendrocalibrated age 3800–2200 B.C.) and again between 1,100 and 900 years B.P. and after 500 years B.P. These periods of high-intensity flooding are related to an increase in winter Pacific frontal storms and Pacific tropical cyclones that increase in frequency when the deep midlatitude troughs steer storm systems into the Southwest. This change in storm tracks has been correlated to the frequency of El Niño events over the last 3,000 years. Additional paleoclimate evidence spanning the late Holocene epoch comes from Willcox Playa, where a high stand dates between 5,000 and 3,000 years B.P., followed by a period of intermittent, shallow, ephemeral lakes that extends to the present day (Waters 1989). The paleoflood chronology and high stands in Willcox Playa suggest increased moisture following the mid-Holocene Altithermal in the Middle to Late Archaic period, from roughly 5,000 to 3,000 years B.P. Wet periods related to El Niño events are also evident from 1,100 to 900 years B.P. (the pre-Hispanic period) and after 500 B.P. (the late pre-Hispanic period to historical period) in the paleoflood record of many Arizona rivers (Ely 1997).

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CHAPTER 3

Culture History Introduction This chapter presents an overview of the cultural resources for the region surrounding the project area. It includes discussions of prehistoric human activity in the area, from the Paleoindian period through the Archaic period to the Ceramic period. Following these sections is a discussion of the historical-period activities surrounding the project area, including those during the Spanish Colonial (Mission) period, the Mexican period, and the Anglo-American period. Because of the considerable military significance of the area, included is a detailed description of historical-period and modern military activity. Although the situation is changing, so little intensive investigation has been conducted in southwestern Arizona that only sporadic data are available for constructing a culture history for the region. Very few stratified sites have been identified, and fewer still have been excavated. Given these limitations, investigators in the region rely on a generalized understanding of cultural-historical sequences. As a result of these factors, the archaeology of the southern deserts of Arizona and California is among the least understood for any region in the southwestern United States. Figure 3.1 summarizes the regional cultural chronology for the project area.

Prehistoric Periods Paleoindian Period In the Western Papaguería, the San Dieguito complex is represented by the oldest remains attributable to human activity. This long-lasting desert tradition was based on scraping and chopping tools and stretched from the Pacific Ocean to the Arizona deserts. Four phases of the complex are generally accepted: Malpais, San Dieguito I, San Dieguito II, and San Dieguito III. The Malpais phase of the San Dieguito complex is controversial, and it has been argued (Hayden 1976) that this is a lithic industry that may predate the widely accepted Clovis culture dated from 9500 to 9000 B.C. (approximately 11,500–11,000 B.P.). Hayden (1976:284–286) placed the beginning of the San Dieguito I phase at ca. 15,000 B.C. Artifacts of this phase differ from those of the preceding Malpais phase primarily on the basis of a lesser degree of surface patination or varnish. The subsequent San Dieguito II phase may have begun as early as 10,000 B.C. in southern California and western Arizona and is believed to have ended with the onset of the climatically arid Altithermal period, ca. 7000 B.C. The San Dieguito II phase is characterized by the presence of bifaces and bifacial flaking technology, along with continued use of unifacial tools (Huckell 1998:150). Radiocarbon methods have dated the San Dieguito III phase more solidly than the preceding phases; it began about 6000 B.C. Material culture of this phase includes a more diverse and technologically sophisticated stone-tool assemblage that incorporates a wide variety of unifacial and bifacial scraper types, knives, and small blades (Warren 1967:Table 3). This final stage of the San Dieguito complex is entirely absent from western Arizona and has been found only in southern California (Huckell 1998:150). The Clovis archaeological culture is the earliest unequivocal evidence of human occupation of the New World. The traditional interpretation of Clovis peoples as highly mobile big-game hunters was first popularized in the 1930s and gained prominence in the mid-twentieth century (Haynes 2002:30). However, the reliance on hunted resources, especially Pleistocene megafauna, is often debated (Dent 1985). Similarly, most archaeologists who study the Paleoindian period discount the notion that Clovis hunters were directly responsible for the extinction of late Pleistocene megafauna species (Willey 1966). In a review of Clovis 3.1

Figure 3.1. Regional cultural chronology for the project area.

3.2

studies in North America, Haynes (2002:33) suggested that the common perception of these early Paleoindian human groups is that they probably were generalist foragers who hunted megafauna species, such as mammoth (Mammuthus) or mastodon (Mammut), occasionally, or perhaps opportunistically, and who were highly mobile and capable of spreading throughout the North American continent relatively rapidly (Haynes 2002:265–268). By implication, the widespread nature of the Clovis spear-point style would have been a result of the high degree of mobility of foragers during this period and, perhaps to some extent, of the interaction among these mobile groups (sensu Haynes 2002). In contrast to its widespread presence in southeastern Arizona, evidence for Clovis occupation of southwestern Arizona is limited. Ezell (1954:13) recovered an isolated Clovis point in the northwestern Papaguería; the volcanic-debris layer of Ventana Cave may also have had a Clovis occupation (Haury 1950:176–199; Huckell 1979:18). A whole Clovis point and two fragments were collected from the surface of a single site on the BMGR (Tucker 2000). According to Mabry’s (1998:Figure 7.1) compilation, Paleoindian and Archaic Sites in Arizona, Paleoindian sites postdating Clovis are exceedingly rare in the Papaguería.

Archaic Period The cultural and biological connections between Paleoindian period groups and the first Archaic period groups in southern, central, and southwest Arizona are not known. Paleoindian period sites and Archaic period sites are generally distinguished by the absence of widespread ground stone technology in the earlier period and the presence of relatively smaller and stylistically more variable projectile points in the later period. Archaic period groups in southern Arizona retained what appears to have been relatively generalized subsistence strategies and foraging lifestyle, but production activities seem to have intensified as the period progressed. Such increasing intensification in production activities through time is a hallmark of the Archaic period throughout the New World. The Archaic period sequence in the western deserts of the U.S. Southwest is poorly understood, as absolute dates have been obtained from exceedingly few stratified sites. As a result, insufficient data are available for synthesizing settlement patterns or for attempting sociocultural reconstructions for the Archaic period of the western deserts. Rock features, areas cleared of desert pavement, and trail systems are common features of the western deserts, but their roles in settlement, subsistence, and land use are unclear. In the 1930s, Malcolm Rogers began to examine Archaic period sites in the region of the project area. He defined the Amargosa archaeological tradition, which chronologically followed his San Dieguito tradition (Rogers 1939), and it was applied to southern California and the Lower Colorado River region. It can also be applied to the Archaic period of southwestern Arizona. Dating of differing phases is problematic, however, and the most recent interpretation suggests that the Amargosa tradition may have begun as early as 7500 B.C. (Bruder and Spain 1986). As is true for the chronological placement, some disagreement exists with respect to the overall assemblage associated with the Amargosa I tradition. Most Amargosa I tradition projectile points are stemmed and basally notched, although those from Ventana Cave typically are triangular bladed, with parallel-sided or slightly expanding stems (Haury 1950). The Amargosa II tradition is identified by changes in projectile point styles. Triangular, short, corner-notched points similar to those of the Chiricahua phase (originally called “stage” [Sayles and Antevs 1941]) of the Cochise culture of southeastern Arizona are present in southwestern Arizona. Grinding implements, metates, and mortars also appeared in this stage in Arizona but not in California (Rogers 1958). Dating of the Amargosa II tradition is problematic. Generally, it is thought to span ca. 3500–1500 B.C. (Bruder and Spain 1986), but it may have lasted as late as A.D. 800 (Rosenthal et al. 1978). The Amargosa III tradition is the final preceramic phase (ca. 1000 B.C.–A.D. 300) in southwestern Arizona. Materials of this phase have been identified mainly in the Sierra Pinacate and the Lower Colorado River valley. Amargosa III tradition material culture is characterized by an increase in the quantity of ground stone and the absence of patination on flaked stone artifacts. Projectile points are similar to those of the San Pedro phase of the Cochise culture (Rogers 1939). Hayden (1967) indicated that late Amargosa III tradition materials are associated with brown plain ware pottery from the Sierra Pinacate to the Tucson area. 3.3

The Archaic period is relatively poorly known and documented in and around the Gila Bend area and appears to consist of materials from two relatively distinct archaeological traditions: the Amargosa and the Cochise (Rogers 1939; Sayles and Antevs 1941). The Amargosa tradition extends throughout southwestern Arizona, southern California, and portions of northern Sonora, Mexico. Reliable radiometric dates are scarce for Amargosa tradition sites; those that do exist fall between 3000 B.C. and A.D. 800 (Dart et al. 1989:7; see also McGuire 1982:175–176), or the Middle Archaic and Late Archaic periods. The Amargosa I tradition consists of Great Basin Pinto-Gypsum points, other crude stemmed or notched projectile points, and surface features such as desert-pavement clearings, trails, trail markers, and intaglios (Dart et al. 1989:7). The subsequent Amargosa II tradition includes the earliest ground stone technology in southwestern Arizona—mortars and metates—along with smaller, triangular, often serrated projectile points. The Amargosa III tradition is characterized by an increase in the frequency of ground stone artifacts, changes in projectile point styles (to become similar to the Late Archaic period San Pedro phase Cochise culture type), and the lack of patination on stone artifacts (Dart et al. 1989; McGuire 1982:175).

Ceramic Period Several important changes occurred around A.D. 500. Large dart points gave way to smaller arrow points, indicating a shift from the atlatl, or spear thrower, to the bow and arrow, and pottery appeared at sites along the lower Gila and Lower Colorado rivers and in the interior desert areas nearby. These changes imply that agriculture, possibly accompanied by a more sedentary lifestyle, was adopted along the major rivers of the Western Papaguería and the project area. The Ceramic period culture of the western deserts is known as the Patayan (McGuire and Schiffer 1982; Rogers 1945; Schroeder 1952, 1958). Ceramic period sites are generally dated by the presence of Patayan ceramics. The Patayan archaeological culture was described by Rogers (1945) and Schroeder (1957, 1979). (Schroeder referred to the Patayan as the Hakataya, but the more common designation, “Patayan,” is used here.) Both scholars viewed the Patayan tradition as reflecting a single cultural group that was ancestral to the historical-period Yuman Indians and Native American groups living along the Gila and Colorado Rivers today. Patayan tradition material culture is distinct from that of the Hohokam. The hallmark of Patayan tradition material culture is Lower Colorado Buff Ware, a distinctive buff ware ceramic found in abundance along the Colorado River in western Arizona, along the lower Gila River, and east to the Phoenix Basin (Waters 1982). Patayan tradition archaeological sites are ephemeral, and most appear to be the remains of temporary or relatively short-term campsites, or limited-activity locales. Rogers identified the remains of a Patayan tradition jacal structure on the Lower Colorado River in Baja California, Mexico, buried beneath 8 feet (2.4 m) of alluvium (McGuire 1982:219). As is true for the preceding traditions in the region, the Patayan tradition sequence is poorly understood. Between ca. A.D. 700 and 1100, there was a general eastward spread of Lowland Patayan tradition ceramics, which has been interpreted as an eastward population movement from the Lower Colorado River region. Three temporal periods based on changes in ceramic attributes are generally accepted for the Patayan tradition cultural sequence: Patayan I, Patayan II, and Patayan III. Waters (1982) and Rogers (1945) argued that the Patayan I period began sometime before A.D. 800 and lasted until ca. A.D. 1050. Huckell (1979) viewed the Patayan I period as contemporaneous with the Hohokam Classic period and saw Patayan I period groups as “displaced” by later Patayan II and Patayan III period groups. Patayan I period sites, dating from A.D. 700 to 1050 (Rogers 1945), are found along the Lower Colorado River and the lower Gila River and in the northwestern portion of the Papaguería (Huckell 1979; Waters 1982). Patayan I period ceramic traits include the Colorado shoulder, rim notching, incised decoration, lug-and-loop handles, burnishing, red slip, and manufacturing processes using basket molding and hemispherical casting (Waters 1982). Sites include cleared areas (sleeping circles) with gravel rims, roasting pits, hearths, trails, and trail shrines. Overall, the spatial distribution of Patayan I period sites and isolates in the Western Papaguería may be associated with travel across the landscape, perhaps in conjunction with the movement of goods and materials, such as shell and salt; with monitoring of the landscape; 3.4

and possibly with communication. The relatively even spacing among sites and isolates might suggest ceremonial activities involving the use or deposition of Patayan tradition vessels in the contexts of travel or the establishment of regular stops along travel routes. The relatively large number of isolates with a Patayan I period temporal affiliation, in comparison to those with other prehistoric temporal and cultural affiliations, also suggests that vessels were broken or discarded more often in the context of travel or other limited activities, rather than at more-intensively used sites where diverse and more-intensive activities were performed. An abrupt transition from the Patayan I to the Patayan II period ca. A.D. 1050 is marked by a rapid expansion of ceramics into new areas. The Patayan II period lasted until ca. A.D. 1540, or the time of the first Spanish colonial expansions into Arizona (Rogers 1945; Waters 1982). Patayan II period ceramics have been found as far north as southern Nevada, west to Lake Cahuilla, east to the Phoenix Basin and to the eastern side of the BMGR, and south to Puerto Peñasco, Sonora, Mexico. Patayan II period ceramics are associated with Hohokam Classic period sites in the Gila Bend area (Wasley and Johnson 1965), on the Tohono O’odham Nation (Rosenthal et al. 1978), and at Las Colinas in Phoenix. Patayan II period ceramics and sites have been identified throughout the Western Papaguería (Ezell 1954; Hill and Bruder 2000; Huckell 1979), including the Sierra Pinacate and Puerto Peñasco (Hayden 1967). Ceramics changed dramatically, and diagnostic traits of the Patayan I period did not persist into the Patayan II period. New ceramic traits include stucco finish, fine-lined geometric patterns, and recurved rims. The Patayan III period encompassed the postcontact period, from ca. 1540 to the early 1900s (Rogers 1945; Waters 1982), a time marked by relative continuity in ceramics. Although some Patayan II period forms were no longer made, other Patayan II period ceramic traits persisted, with some refinement, into the Patayan III period. New traits include reinforced rim bands and a new vessel form: the high-necked, smallmouthed olla. Material culture shows continuity with Quechan (Yuma) material, suggesting a Patayan– Quechan (Yuma) continuum (Huckell 1979). Hill and Bruder’s (2000) excavations at the Mobak site on the BMGR East identified partially overlapping components. Eighty percent of the ceramics were identified as Lower Colorado Buff Ware ceramics, most of them Patayan I period. Hohokam ceramics totaled 5 percent of the ceramic collection, but Classic period Hohokam ceramics outnumbered Patayan II–III period ceramics by about three to one. Hill and Bruder (2000:17) suggested that Patayan I period ceramics may have been produced into the Classic period. This suggestion is consistent with findings at the Lago Seco site, excavated by Huckell (1979), where Classic period Gila Polychrome and Tonto Polychrome have also been identified. However, radiocarbon analysis of the Patayan I period component of the Lago Seco site produced dates that support the temporal assignment of Rogers (1945). Most Patayan tradition–affiliated sites on the Western Papaguería with a temporal affiliation later than the Patayan I period cannot be clearly affiliated with either the Patayan II or the Patayan III period but are instead identified as Patayan II–III period. This inability to distinguish affiliation results in part from the coarse grain of the Patayan tradition chronology, which often results in an ambiguous temporal affiliation for components dated with Patayan tradition ceramic artifacts. Most Patayan II–III period sites are artifact scatters with feature(s) such as bedrock grinding slicks, bedrock mortars, cairns, thermal features, cleared areas in desert pavement, geoglyphs, rock alignments or piles, rock rings, petroglyphs, or rockshelters. Many of the Patayan II–III period sites and isolates are located in linear clusters, such as those aligned with segments of San Cristobal and Growler Washes, which suggest an association with travel. Perhaps, regular travel corridors were established during the Patayan II–III period in particular parts of the Western Papaguería. Most research on the Patayan culture is limited to broad-scale surveys (Breternitz 1957; Brooks et al. 1970; Rogers 1945; Schroeder 1952, 1961; Vivian 1965) along the Lower Colorado and lower Gila Rivers and in western Arizona (Brown and Stone 1982; Carrico and Quillen 1982; Fontana 1965; Huckell and Mayro 1978). Dating Patayan tradition ceramics is based on their association with intrusive Hohokam ceramics at Patayan tradition sites or on the presence of Patayan tradition ceramics at well-dated Hohokam sites. Absolute dates from Patayan tradition sites are rare because of the paucity of excavated sites and associated radiocarbon dates (Hill and Bruder 2000; Huckell 1979). Patayan I period sites, dating to A.D. 700–1050 (Rogers 1945), are found along the Lower Colorado River and the lower Gila River and in the northwestern portion of the Papaguería (Huckell 1979; Waters 1982). 3.5

Few Patayan tradition habitation sites have been excavated, and those that have been discovered appear to be deeply buried beneath alluvium in the Gila and Colorado Rivers’ floodplains in areas undisturbed by river scouring. Most of the sites with Patayan tradition ceramics are surface manifestations and appear to have been very short-term occupations or episodic reuses of limited-activity loci. Sites are characterized by features that include circular areas cleared of desert pavement, rock features of various types, rock geoglyphs, rare petroglyphs, trail segments and systems, ceramic and lithic scatters, and quarries. Thermal features and habitation features are exceedingly rare. The relationship between the Patayan archaeological culture and past cultures of the inhabitants of the southwestern portion of the state is not known. Traditionally, archaeologists have equated Patayan culture with a distinct and coherent culture group (Rogers 1945; Schroeder 1957, 1961; Wasley and Johnson 1965). Rogers (1945) surmised that Patayan I period populations emigrated from southern California around A.D. 800. He further suggested that changes in ceramics that mark the division between the Patayan I and the Patayan II period resulted from the immigration of new groups or from warfare among groups in the Lower Colorado River valley (see also Dart et al. 1989:17). In a similar vein, Huckell (1979) suggested that the Patayan I period and the subsequent Patayan II and III periods represent two distinctive cultural or ethnic groups (see also Dart et al. 1989:17). Rogers (1945) also viewed the Patayan II period as a time of expansion and cultural elaboration of groups living in the western deserts. Cerros de trincheras sites, as well as the Fortified Hill site in the Gila Bend area, were constructed in response to this population expansion of the Patayan culture (Dart et al. 1989:17). In a somewhat different interpretation of the Patayan culture, Schroeder (1957, 1979) described it as “diverse,” viewing variation in the archaeological patterning of the Patayan archaeological culture across its wide distribution. He attributed this diversity to a variety of “foreign” influences that acted upon the Patayan culture. For example, influences from the Colonial period Hohokam to the east and the Sinagua and Anasazi groups to the northeast effectively created the diversity of material culture that is visible archaeologically (see also Dart et al. 1989:17). Schroeder (1957), Rogers (1945), and others (e.g., Wasley and Johnson 1965) have also argued that the Patayan culture was directly ancestral to Yuman groups living in the western deserts during the historical period. However, as Teague and Baldwin (1978), Dart et al. (1989), and Wallace (1989) have noted, we cannot take this assertion for granted, and the exact relationships among populations that archaeologists call Patayan culture and historical-period Yuman speakers remain research issues with no clear answers. Similarly, the assumption that the Patayan archaeological culture represents a past coherent culture shared by groups living in the Western Papaguería may not be valid (Teague and Baldwin 1978) and is an issue that requires further study.

The Historical Period Native American Use of the Project Area Historical-period Native American groups in the region were confined largely to the margins of the Western Papaguería (Tohono O’odham to the east, Gila River Pima to the north, Yuma and Cocopah to the west, Seri to the south) or came more sporadically (Hopi, Zuni, Yavapai, and Apache). The Native Americans of the Lower Colorado and Gila Rivers region are classified as part of the Yuman subgroup of Hokan speakers (Kroeber 1943). Yuman speakers inhabited large sections of what currently are western Arizona, southern California, and northwestern Mexico. According to Kroeber’s (1943) typology, there were four branches of Yuman speakers: the Colorado River Delta groups (Cocopah, Kohuana, and Halyikwamai), the River Yumans along the Colorado and Gila Rivers (Yuma, or Quechan; Mohave [present-day Mojave]; Halchidhoma; and Maricopa), the Upland Yumans of western Arizona (Yavapai, Walapai [present-day Hualapai], and Havasupai), and the Western Yumans of the California deserts (Diegueño, Kamia [present-day Kumeyaay], Kailiwa [present-day Kiliwa], and Paipai). Yuman groups were bordered to the north and west by Numic speakers (Chemehuevi, Panamint, and Kawaiisu) who originally came out of the Great Basin into the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts ca. A.D. 1100, and to the west and east by speakers of Uto-Aztecan 3.6

languages—Takic speakers (Serrano and Cahuilla) in southern California and Piman speakers (Pima and Tohono O’odham) in Arizona and northern Mexico. Hia C’ed O’odham people are of central concern to this project. They were the only group who ranged throughout and lived in the entire Western Papaguería, and no other groups knew the resources of its interior as intimately. They interacted regularly with the Quechan, Cocopah, and Mojave, as they lived nearest to the Western Papaguería. The Hia C’ed O’odham were organized into small family groups and specialized in hunting and gathering; some individuals tended small fields of corn (Zea mays), squashes (Cucurbitaceae), and tepary beans (Phaseolus acutifolius) (Lumholtz 1912). Agaves (Agave) were commonly planted near water sources, and other native plants probably were encouraged. Contrary to erroneous labels such as “no-village people” or “nomadic village people,” the Hia C’ed maintained settlements across the Western Papaguería and farmed using traditional methods (Doyel and Eiler 2003). Highly fluid in residential patterns, they had villages at Wellton and Dome along the lower Gila River, at Quitobaquito and Ajo, at Mohawk Peak, and in the Sierra Pinacate, among many other places. On the basis of oral histories and texts, a sample of about 30 agricultural-field locations has been identified out of a probably much larger number of Hia C’ed O’odham fields (Doyel and Eiler 2003:Table 3.4). Hia C’ed O’odham commonly traveled west, to Tinajas Altas, and beyond to Yuma for trading or to the Colorado River delta to obtain materials such as willows (Salix) and arrowweed (Pluchea sericea) for bows and arrows. The Hia C’ed O’odham historically had two geographic centers for procuring resources. One was the Sierra Pinacate, which had a dozen or more tinajas and abundant plant and animal resources. The other was the shore of the Gulf of California, which provided fish and shellfish. They had firm knowledge of the intervening water sources and trails, as well as of what resources were available and when. Given the extreme harshness of their native environment, Hia C’ed O’odham had to be flexible in their subsistence practices, combining agriculture, plant gathering, hunting, and trade to maintain a balanced diet (Eiler and Doyel 2008). Hia C’ed O’odham further relied on sandfood (Pholisma sonorae, the famous food of sand dunes, flats, and hills) and other roots, fruits, insects, mesquite, honey, reptiles, small mammals, and shellfish (Fontana 1983b:131). They knew exactly when each resource was potentially available in this vast territory. Camps and seasonal habitations were set up for gathering and processing saguaro and other plants and for hunting, farming, and fishing. Nabhan et al. (1989:Table 3) listed 62 species of plants used for food and beverage sources by the Hia C’ed O’odham. Similarly, Doyel and Eiler (2003:Table 3.1) listed 22 native plants commonly used by the Hia C’ed O’odham. Ahlstrom (2000:Table 2.2) listed 26 plant species of importance in the Western Papaguería. Black-tailed jackrabbit was a major food resource for the Hia C’ed O’odham (Nabhan et al. 1982).

Spanish Colonial (Mission) Period (A.D. 1540–1820) The rugged, arid, and isolated nature of the Western Papaguería constrained historical-period European activities. Shortly after the conquest of central Mexico by Hernando Cortés, the accounts of Cabeza de Vaca in 1536 and Fray Marcos de Niza in 1539 provided descriptions of some areas of what is now the U.S. Southwest. The Spanish presence in the Southwest began with the expedition of Francisco Vásquez de Coronado in the 1540s. Although Coronado’s entrada passed far to the east, one of his lieutenants, Melchior Díaz, traveled along El Camino del Diablo through the Western Papaguería to Yuma, where he forded the Colorado River into California (Sheridan 1995:26). The expedition did little more than provide limited information on the region, which was largely forgotten by the Spanish for the next 150 years. Later-sixteenth- and early-seventeenth-century Spanish exploration remained well to the north and east, following more-reliable water sources. The next group of Europeans believed to have entered the region was led by Friar Juan de San Buenaventura and Francisco de Escobar, who may have traveled along the Gila River and through the present-day project area on their way to the Gulf of California in 1605. As was true elsewhere in the Western Hemisphere, Europeans had a significant impact on the Native American inhabitants of southern Arizona. Introduced diseases, new ideas, and improved technologies disrupted and changed social systems. The mission structure in Arizona was a substantial component of this presence. Many of the Spanish and, later, Euroamerican routes of travel in southern Arizona followed the 3.7

course of the Gila River, no doubt following along Native American trail systems. Between 1698 and 1701, Father Eusebio Kino made intermittent journeys from Sonora to the Gila River near present-day Wellton, to the Cabeza Prieta region, to Tinajas Altas, and to the Sierra Pinacate. In that time, he founded a visita near a large Native American village, which he called San Dionisio, at the confluence of the Gila and Colorado Rivers. In the 1690s, the Hia C’ed O’odham led Kino to their villages at Wellton and Dome along the Gila River. Kino and his military companion, Captain Juan Mateo Manje, were taken to hunting camps and tinajas in the Western Papaguería (Doyel and Eiler 2003). The traditional Hia C’ed O’odham settlement pattern included mobility and long-term habitation, the latter at many places, including, among others, Ajo, Antelope Hill, Bates Well, Chico Shunie, Darby Wells, and Quitobaquito. By the early 1800s, European diseases had depopulated some areas, and some groups moved to more-distant locations, including the interior of the Western Papaguería. The lifeways of all O’odham were disrupted by the arrival of the Europeans, which was accompanied by new diseases, the new mission and mining communities, the creation of the international border, and the loss of access to traditional sites and use areas. Unlike the situation of their O’odham neighbors, no land was set aside on the Mexican or the American sides of the border for the Hia C’ed O’odham in their traditional homeland in the Western Papaguería. Overall, the history of the region after 1600 involved systemic impacts to the local populations from Apache, Spanish, and Euroamerican intrusions; violence; diseases; and foreign religious and governance practices (Doyel and Eiler 2003; Eiler and Doyel 2008). In addition, the introduction of new cultivars, livestock, and technology had significant impacts on indigenous lifeways in the Western Papaguería, even despite the lack of Spanish settlements (Doyel 1989; Sheridan 1988). The first organized Spanish overland expedition to California was led by Juan Bautista de Anza, captain of the Spanish presidio at Tubac. Between 1774 and 1776, de Anza and approximately 300 other people, along with herd animals and supplies, trekked from Sinaloa, Mexico, to the San Francisco Bay area of California to establish a mission and presidio (Sterner and Bischoff 1997:17). In southwestern Arizona, his route followed the Gila River to the Yuma Crossing. de Anza’s expedition opened what is now California to Spanish colonists and began the missionization process along the California coast. During the Spanish Colonial period, the Western Papaguería was an important travel corridor linking northern Sonora with southern California. Its importance also derived from the fact that it was not close to the Gila River, which was subject to Apache raiding for extended periods, especially during the nineteenth century. One of the earliest routes across the region was El Camino del Diablo, which ran from the towns of Altar and Caborca in Sonora to Yuma, extending east–west to the south of what is now the BMGR. El Camino del Diablo crossed some of the driest country in the Papaguería. The route followed a line of widely spaced tinajas and other intermittent water sources across the desert. The distance between water sources ranged between 10 and 20 leagues (approximately 22 and 44 miles [35 and 71 km]) (Sheridan 2000:Table 2.2). The exact route of El Camino del Diablo has been a matter of considerable discussion. Three different alternatives have been posited, two crossing a more westerly traverse and one located to the east (Sheridan 2000). Both western routes cross the BMGR West in the Western Papaguería (Figure 3.2). Tinajas Altas may have been a water stop on the two western routes. As Sheridan (2000) has pointed out, the choice of which route to take was influenced by political conditions and shifting tribal alliances, as well as water availability. Native peoples used one or both of the western routes to bring basketry, marine shell, and salt to the Quechan in exchange for agricultural produce (Lumholtz 1912:329–332). U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) geologist Kirk Bryan (1925:334–340, 413–423), who did most of his research in this area in the 1910s, provided detailed logs and descriptions of El Camino del Diablo. Bryan’s maps and descriptions are highly relevant to the current project, because these roads may still be represented in the range’s archaeological record in the form of preserved roadbeds, features, and artifacts. Several associated sites have been recorded, but many more await discovery. The first European to use El Camino del Diablo was Melchior Díaz, a member of the Coronado expedition, who traveled from what is now Ures, Sonora, to the mouth of the Colorado River at what is now Yuma. In 1699, Father Kino followed portions of El Camino del Diablo from Sonoyta to the Gila River at what is now Wellton. Kino located and named several rock tanks along this route, including Heart Tank 3.8

Figure 3.2. Map of the three survey areas for the current project along El Camino del Diablo (adapted from a map drawn by Ronald J. Beckwith).

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and Cabeza Prieta Tanks. It is now apparent that Kino missed the important water source at Tinajas Altas (Hartmann and Thurtle 2000b):1.25). In 1774, de Anza sought a route to California from Sonora and followed El Camino, possibly stopping at Tinajas Altas. From there, he went north through Tinajas Altas Pass and crossed the Yuma Desert. This route was followed by numerous subsequent travelers. El Camino was also used by many hopeful prospectors during the California gold rush beginning in the late 1840s. During this period, the road received its name, as an estimated 400 travelers died along the route (Natural Resources Planning Team [NRPT] 1986:10–17).

Mexican Period (A.D. 1821–1854) The Spanish Colonial (Mission) period ended in 1821, when Mexico won its independence from Spain. The missions and presidios of the Santa Cruz River Valley soon declined, as the new central government was forced by political and financial turmoil to neglect its remote northern frontier. Apache raiding again became a major threat to the small Hispanic settlements along the Santa Cruz River, a threat that continued unabated throughout the Mexican period. The missions of the Santa Cruz River Valley, although escaping the secularization mandated for the rest of Mexico shortly after independence, were dealt a serious blow when all Spaniards were officially expelled from Mexico in 1828. The Spanish-born Franciscans at San Xavier and Tumacácori were ordered to leave, and no priest was ever again in permanent residence at either mission during the Mexican period. Officially, the missions and their lands remained intact and were viewed by the Mexican government as useful in securing the frontier, but the combination of government neglect and local encroachment on mission property meant that the influence of the missions would never again be the same (Kessell 1976:275–319; Officer 1987:100–104; Sheridan 1995:44–47; Weber 1992:50–53). With the decline of the missions and a rise in the pressures put on mission lands by Hispanic settlers, the Mexican government was suddenly confronted by unrest among the Tohono O’odham, many of whom had come to depend on mission lands. The first hint of such problems came as early as 1835, when Tohono O’odham leaders in the Altar Valley filed a formal complaint with the president of the Franciscan missions, stating their concern that their land and water rights were being violated by Hispanic settlers (Officer 1987:130–131). Minor incidents of violence in 1835 led to more serious incidents by 1840, when a rebellion broke out among the Tohono O’odham living in the vicinity of the Altar River. The rebellion ended in January 1841, after a bloody battle that took place in a canyon at the foot of Baboquivari Peak (Officer 1987:154). Two years later, another rebellion took shape among the Tohono O’odham, and once again a battle was fought at the foot of the Baboquivaris. This rebellion ended in 1843, when the Tohono O’odham, together with the Gila River Pima (now known as the Akimel O’odham), agreed to a peace that would last for the rest of the Mexican period (Officer 1987:165–166). Fontana (1989:67–69) has reviewed the conflicts between the Tohono O’odham and Mexicans in the 1830s and 1840s, making it clear that violent confrontations took place in a number of locations in the Papaguería, but that much of the Western Papaguería, well removed from the irrigable mission lands coveted by Mexican settlers, was never directly affected by the turmoil. Another kind of conflict common in the same period—Apache raiding—probably did affect settlements in the Papaguería, given the widespread general frequency of Apache raids throughout the Mexican period. For instance, in 1852, the Tohono O’odham settlement of Batki, at the northern foot of the Quijotoa Mountains and near the head of the Santa Rosa Valley, was essentially destroyed in an Apache raid (Fontana 1989:70–79).

Anglo-American Period (A.D. 1854–Present) U.S. interests in the Western Papaguería began with attempts to link California with other states to the east. With the discovery of gold in California in 1848, this link became critical. As noted earlier, El Camino del Diablo, which crosses the formidable southern portion of the Papaguería and was first used by Europeans in Kino’s day, became a common and lethal route for the rush of forty-niners headed to California. Another, less hazardous east–west route followed the Gila River to its confluence with the Colorado (Hartmann 1989; 3.10

Sheridan 1995). Roads in isolated southwestern Arizona were critical to survival during the historical period. Trails used for millennia by Native Americans became the first roads of the historical period, but others were added as Spanish, Mexican, and Euroamerican travelers passed through and eventually settled the area. An important north–south route across the Papaguería passed through the Quilotosa Valley and connected what is now Gila Bend with Pozo Blanco and points south. This route also was first used by Kino and other Spanish explorers (see above) and was later followed by miners and others in the nineteenth century (Homburg et al. 1994). The Gadsden Purchase included lands south of the Gila River and west of the Rio Grande; it was obtained largely so that the United States might construct a transcontinental railroad along a deep southern route. It also aimed to reconcile outstanding border issues between the United States and Mexico after the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the Mexican-American War of 1846–1848. Survey parties crossed the Gadsden Purchase during the 1850s in search of routes for a transcontinental railroad, although it would be decades before a railroad was constructed across the region. Surveys of the U.S.-Mexico border were also commissioned and constituted the first Euroamerican exploration of much of southwestern Arizona. Such surveys brought the region to the attention of others, particularly those seeking precious minerals. Stagecoach lines—most notably the Butterfield Overland Stage, in 1858—were established across the region. The stage line allowed for more concerted exploration of southwestern Arizona. Mines were sought out in the area, and a few were opened during this frontier period. Although the U.S. military followed the settlers and miners to afford them protection, military presence in this portion of the West remained slight. With the outbreak of the Civil War, U.S. military resources were sent east, and in other portions of the region (e.g., south and southeast of the Papaguería), Apache raiding again took its toll. Transportation corridors throughout the region (e.g., roads and trails) slowly expanded during this period, and archaeological traces of the associated activities, including mining, can be expected throughout the BMGR West. Mining, especially of copper and gold, has been one of the biggest economic draws in southwestern Arizona. Most early prospecting in Arizona occurred during the period from 1853 to 1861. In 1858, the discovery of gold placers near Dome, northeast of the project area, resulted in the founding of the town of Gila City on the south bank of the Gila River and at the northern end of the Gila Mountains (Vivian 1965). In the late 1800s, mining enterprises were established, and transportation routes connected settlements throughout southern Arizona. The most productive mine in the area was the Fortuna Mine, west of the Gila Mountains. Other well-known mines in the region were the Harquahala, North Star, and King of Arizona Mines, all of which were gold mines established in the late 1880s or the 1890s (Walker and Bufkin 1979). After the Civil War, ranching and mining increased in Arizona, as did routes of travel across the region. To protect the new settlers, the military began a concerted effort to subdue “hostile” Native American groups. To supply the military posts and new settlements, cattle ranches appeared across the state, even in arid places like southwestern Arizona. Mines increased their activities during this period, and communication and transportation links were much improved. Trails that had been used by Native Americans for centuries were expanded to handle wagon transportation. A few new wagon roads emerged after American acquisition of the area in 1854. The Arizona Mining and Trading Company first blazed a road connecting Gila Bend with mines in Ajo during that year. The road was developed soon after the discovery of copper in the Ajo area, providing a wagon route from the mines to the Gila River. From there, the ore was transported to the Colorado River, from which it was shipped all the way to Wales for processing. This transportation proved to be prohibitively expensive, and the mines were forced to shut down until less expensive transport could be found (Ahlstrom et al. 2000:131). The Yuma wagon road also developed as mines began to emerge in the Ajo area in the middle of the nineteenth century. The road followed El Camino del Diablo from Yuma, branching off in the region of Las Playas. From there, the road headed due east through the Agua Dulce Mountains, then northeast to Ajo. Many of the early miners in Ajo followed this route, including organizers of the Arizona Mining and Trading Company in 1854. At that time, Papago Well and Bates Well were not yet established, and the journey, therefore, was perilous (NRPT 1986:10–17). Before the construction of the rail line, ore from the reopened mines at Ajo was hauled by wagon along the Yager Road. Louis J. F. Jaeger constructed this road just after the Civil War in order to transport copper 3.11

ore from Ajo to the port at Yuma (Bryan 1925:347). The road has seen infrequent but consistent use since it was built (Tucker, ed. 2000:500). Bryan (1925) stated that it was traveled by at least two other parties just before his explorations. Hauling ore by wagon was a very expensive, if not hazardous, undertaking; therefore, the eventual construction of the railroad provided a cheaper, more efficient means by which to transport the ore, and it ensured that Ajo would prosper. Other routes of travel were developed to supply mines and ranches. For the most part, however, the focus of travel through the region remained to the north, along the Gila River. Along this route, the Butterfield Overland Stage Line connected San Antonio, Texas, with San Diego, California. With the start of the Civil War, however, the line was abandoned. The old route was used by other stage companies after the end of the war until the arrival of the railroad in 1880 (Homburg et al. 1994:337–338). With the presence of the Southern Pacific Railroad (SPRR) across southern Arizona in the 1880s, additional feeder lines sprouted almost immediately. The arrival of the railroad in the early 1880s was one of the most significant developments for the area during the historical period. The railroad connected the region to the rest of the nation, brought more people into the area, and, more importantly, provided a link to outside markets and goods. Cattle, ore, and other resources could now be transported to markets with ease, and these enterprises became more profitable. As a result, ranches expanded and prospecting increased in the late nineteenth century. The construction of railroads within or along the present-day BMGR certainly contributed to the development of the area, providing a vital connection between the copper-producing locations at Ajo and the community of Gila Bend and its link with the SPRR. The cattle ranching that began in the Western Papaguería in the mid-nineteenth century expanded as ranchers developed water sources to maintain their livestock in areas where surface water was rare (NRPT 1986:10-18–10-19). Along the lower Gila River, ranchers and farmers were able to construct ditches to irrigate cropland (Moody 1947), but water development in the Western Papaguería focused on developing tanks and wells to provide water for livestock. Water development accelerated with the arrival of electrical and gasoline-powered pumps. Ranching and farming was an individual, isolated, and family-sponsored venture in the Western Papaguería. Ranchers located and improved springs, dug and developed wells, and established gasoline-powered pumps at some wells (Puffer 1988). With these improvements, some ranching operations in the Western Papaguería were sizable. Ranching families like the Childs family and the Stout family ran large ranching operations tethered to the water sources that they had developed and taking advantage of vast tracts of open, public land. The potential of the Papaguería for military training was recognized during World War I, by which time U.S. pilots were using airplanes to fly in bombing raids, strafing missions, air-to-air combat, and reconnaissance missions. Southwest Arizona is an ideal training ground for pilots because of excellent flying conditions and dependable weather and has been the choice as a national center for pilot training for more than 60 years. The start of World War II marked meteoric growth in U.S. military aviation. Between 1940 and 1944, $60 billion was appropriated to the U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF)—resulting in a fourfold increase in uniformed personnel, from 51,000 to more than 2 million, mainly in the desert training centers of California and Arizona. This large, sudden influx of soldiers, fliers, and defense-plant workers swelled the population and boosted local economies throughout the Southwest. In early 1941, the U.S. Army selected two parcels of desert land near Phoenix to construct two pilottraining facilities, eventually naming them Luke Field and Williams Field. Auxiliary airfields at Gila Bend and Ajo provided air-to-air and air-to-ground gunnery training for USAAF trainees. As a complement to the two facilities, a vast tract of largely vacant lands in southwestern Arizona was set aside during the same year for a gunnery range. The area encompassed by the gunnery range was initially selected for its isolation, coupled with the same predominantly clear skies that had made Phoenix an attractive site for Luke and Williams Fields. The range was first withdrawn from public use and reserved for military training by a series of four executive orders and two public land orders between 1941 and 1943. Most of the land within the range was already owned by the federal government, although grazing permits had been granted to a significant number of ranchers under the Taylor Grazing Act of 1934. In theory, all of the ranchers using the range were required by a federal court order of December 26, 1941, to vacate the range (Rogge et al. 1995:29), 3.12

but many ranchers initially refused to relinquish their permitted lands, exercising their right to graze stock on public land using a 10-year grazing permit as stipulated under the Taylor Grazing Act of 1934. When the range went largely unused from 1946 to 1951, ranchers seized the opportunity to reclaim the pastures that they had used previously. But when Luke Field was reactivated in 1951 and intensive use of the range was again proposed, all remaining ranchers were effectively forced off their grazing allotments (Homburg et al. 1994:40). The range has been used by the USAF and other services essentially continuously since 1951; most activities have centered on training pilots and other personnel. This has included the establishment of gunnery ranges, targets, maneuver areas, and auxiliary airfields. The range expanded to its current size of more than 2.6 million acres (more than 1 million ha) in 1962. With U.S. entry into World War II, the two air bases and the gunnery range began to play important roles in the training of pilots for action in Europe and the Pacific. During World War II, the dominant activity on the range was the advanced training of pilots based at Luke Field. Trainees received basic flight training at Williams Field, then transferred to Luke Field for advanced flight training, then underwent further flight and gunnery training at the Ajo and Gila Bend Auxiliary Fields. The gunnery training included both air-to-ground and air-to-air exercises (Provence 1954:27–28). Flying cadets in World War II progressed from Primary Flying Training programs, often at private air facilities under contract to the army, to Basic Flying Training at an army airfield such as Williams Field. Advanced Flying Training was carried out at Luke Field, where cadets were trained to fly single-engine fighter planes. As part of this advanced training program, pilots were instructed in gunnery training, primarily out of the auxiliary airfields south of Gila Bend. Early training missions continued at the gunnery range until the construction of the airfield in the summer of 1942, after which time gunnery students from Luke Field could be stationed at Gila Bend and fly missions from there. At that time, the Gila Bend airfield was designated a subpost of Luke Field. A companion airfield to Gila Bend was built about 5 miles (8 km) north of Ajo in 1942. The gunnery range, initially consisting of 1.1 million acres (0.4 million ha) but soon expanded to 2.1 million acres (0.85 million ha), was originally divided into eastern and western components, designated the Gila Bend Gunnery Range and the Yuma Aerial Gunnery and Bombing Range, respectively; the eastern section was authorized for use by the Advanced Flying Training program at Luke Field (Thompson 2004). The Gila Bend Gunnery Range, which was established in the fall of 1941, was subsequently (in 1943) designated the Ajo–Gila Bend Aerial Gunnery Range, reflecting the establishment of auxiliary fields at Ajo and Gila Bend during World War II. When Luke Field was closed for 5 years (1946–1951) after World War II, the name became the Williams Bombing and Gunnery Range. After World War II, the USAAF dropped from 2 million personnel in 1944 to 300,000 in 1947 and decided to close many bases, including Luke and Gila Bend. In 1947, the USAF became a separate branch of the military. With the onset of troubles in Korea, the USAF reopened Luke Field as Luke Air Force Base (AFB) and the Gila Bend facility as Gila Bend Air Force Auxiliary Field (GBAFAF). In the spring of 1951, the USAF reactivated and rehabilitated the gunnery range and the dilapidated GBAFAF to support the combat-crew-training program at Luke AFB. Construction of a wide variety of other targets began during the Korean War, in response to newly available jet aircraft and changing weapons technologies. This process continues today, and the BMGR East preserves widely scattered inactive target sites from one or another decade of USAF training (Tunnicliff 2000). The Korean War–era target ranges at the auxiliary fields were abandoned in the 1960s. These ranges, or updated versions of them, are still in use today (current Ranges 1 and 2, respectively). Cold War–era flight training saw the modification of the triangular configuration of the World War II runways in the 1950s. A single, longer runway to accommodate jet fighters was constructed over the alignment of the original north–south leg of the triangle. Since 1942, GBAFAF has served as an essential element in the overall support of training activities on the BMGR and to this day continues to fulfill the same mission. The range is divided into eastern and western sections; the dividing line runs through the Mohawk Mountains and the Sierra Pinta. The MLWA assigned jurisdiction over the BMGR East and the BMGR West to the secretaries of the USAF and the Navy, respectively.

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CHAPTER 4

Historic Contexts, Research Questions, and Previous Research Introduction This chapter presents the investigative contexts for the current survey effort. As noted in Chapter 1, a significant objective of this project is the contemplation of eligibility for listing in the NRHP. This chapter discusses the criteria inherent to that contemplation, including the text of controlling regulations. The discussion then transitions to research questions that may be addressed during these investigations, and the data and observations necessary to explore them. Finally, an overview of previous research conducted in and around the project area is presented to place the current survey into investigative context.

National Register of Historic Places Evaluation To be eligible for listing in the NRHP, a cultural resource must possess historic significance and integrity. These qualities can be achieved by meeting at least one of the four criteria defined by Title 36, Part 60.4, of the Code of Federal Regulations (36 CFR 60.4), which reads as follows: The quality of significance in American history, architecture, archeology, engineering, and culture is present in districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects that possess integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association, and (a) that are associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history; or (b) that are associated with the lives of persons significant in our past; or (c) that embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction; or (d) that have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history. In addition to these four criteria, there is a general stipulation that the property must be 50 years old or older (for exceptions, see 36 CFR 60.4, Criteria considerations a–g). The importance of information that a property may yield is measured by its relevance to identified research questions that can be addressed through the analysis of particular property types. In addition to research potential, the cultural resources of Native Americans, Euroamericans, and other ethnic communities may possess public and ethnic value. Finally, cultural resources may also have broader public significance, such as serving to educate the public about important aspects of national, state, and local history and prehistory. The first step in determining the significance of cultural resources is to define appropriate historic contexts. A historic context is a body of information about patterns or trends in history organized by three basic elements: theme, place, and time (National Park Service [NPS] 1997). In essence, a historic context is a historically meaningful segment of the history or prehistory of a particular geographic area. Together, all 4.1

of the possible historic contexts for an area form a comprehensive summary of all aspects of the area’s history and prehistory. A theme is the equivalent of a research problem, and a historic context is developed by placing the problem into an appropriate setting in both time and space. The context is linked to tangible cultural resources by the concept of a property type. The historic contexts for the current project are presented below. Each follows the same structure: a short discussion of current research issues is followed by a set of research questions, and a discussion of data requirements, including a listing of pertinent property types, closes each context.

Prehistoric Contexts Chronology Chronology is the key component in understanding the processes of cultural change in the Western Papaguería. Most sites located in the project area are primarily surface manifestations, ephemeral sites with little or no stratigraphic depth and few or no diagnostic artifacts. Prehistoric residential sites on the floodplain and low terraces of major drainages such as the Colorado River and the Gila River probably were once far more substantial—possibly containing the remains of houses, pit features, and other subsurface cultural deposits. Disturbance from floods and cultivation, however, explains the almost total absence of sites and associated material culture (Altschul 1994; Huber 1999; Huber and Ezzo 1995; Huber et al. 1999; Northrop 1986; Prescott College Archaeological Survey 1973; Sterner 1992; Sterner and Bischoff 1997). As a result of disturbance and burial by these dynamic river systems, stratified sites with materials suitable for absolute dating are both exceptionally rare and immensely valuable when located. Chronology—that is, establishing, evaluating, and refining chronologies for cultural phases and their associated diagnostic items of material culture—is a major research issue for the Western Papaguería and nearby areas of the Lower Colorado River and Gila River systems. Given the paucity of reliable absolute dates from well-understood contexts, archaeologists in the Western Papaguería have been forced to rely heavily on artifact cross-dating and, to a lesser extent, on interpretations of the superpositioning of surface features, pioneered by Malcolm Rogers. It is no surprise, therefore, that our knowledge of the chronology of cultures in the region is very basic and that our comprehension of regional cultural processes remains poor. In the absence of an abundance of materials for absolute dating and stratigraphic deposits, we must turn to other methods for trying to derive chronological information from sites in the Western Papaguería. New methods, such as the use of variation in surface artifact assemblages (be they lithic or ceramic artifacts) or innovations in ceramic crossdating, must be developed and evaluated to determine their effectiveness in placing sites or areas of human use into temporal context. Knowing which new methods may work and which will not be profitable will move us toward refining our chronological understanding of the area.

Research Questions 1. Can the sites yield information that can be used to refine regional lithic technological systems and ceramic typologies? 2. Can surface sites yield information useful for placing sites, areas, or the landforms on which sites exist into some chronological order? 3. Can the Patayan ceramic chronology be further refined through new methods or measures? 4. Do prehistoric materials lie on recent alluvial surfaces that indicate that additional cultural features or artifacts might be buried? 4.2

Data Requirements In most areas of the Southwest, addressing issues of chronology requires samples suitable for absolutedating analysis. Sample materials include botanical and faunal remains for radiocarbon dating, burned clay associated with cultural features for archaeomagnetic dating, and wood samples from specific species for tree-ring dating. Other, less precise absolute-dating methods include thermoluminescence and obsidianhydration analyses. Sites that can provide these kinds of samples, recovered from interpretable contexts, are extremely rare in the archaeological record of the Western Papaguería. Sites that do not contain materials amenable to absolute-dating techniques or clearly diagnostic artifact types may contribute lines of data that include the frequencies or spatial associations of different artifact types.

Subsistence There is a sharp contrast in the diversity and richness of resources between the upland deserts of the Western Papaguería and the riparian zones along the Gila and Colorado Rivers. Most of the resources exploited by the prehistoric and protohistoric inhabitants of the region were concentrated in the rich riparian zones along the rivers rather than in the upland deserts. The upland zones away from the rivers would have provided a variety of resources that were exclusive to the desert or that were available at times when riverine resources were fewer. Paleoindian and Archaic period foraging strategies gave way to a collector-based strategy in subsequent hunting-and-gathering cultures tethered to riverine resources. These cultures were succeeded by floodplainbased, logistically organized horticultural societies that continued to exploit wild riparian and desert resources. For the horticulturists, using wild resources minimized risk imposed by an agricultural adaptation. The degree of organizational complexity had to be responsive to a variety of environmental factors. As a result, household size, composition, and organization; the size of local population aggregates; and the mix of resources used (cultigens or wild plants, riverine or desert resources) varied on the basis of the distribution and availability of resources. The subsistence strategies employed by the pottery-producing Patayan culture and the ethnohistorically known Hia C’ed O’odham are of particular interest to this project. Ethnohistorical data indicate that the Hia C’ed O’odham procured specific wild botanical and faunal resources in the desert uplands, especially near permanent water sources, and they sometimes farmed in and around playas in wetter years. Such a strategy was designed to buffer subsistence shortfalls and was particularly crucial during the winter and early spring months, when wild food resources were diminished. The desert uplands provided critical food resources for the Hia C’ed O’odham. Archaeological data are needed to confirm the ethnohistoric subsistence pattern and to determine how far back in time it extended.

Research Questions 1. What mix of wild and domesticated resources was used by the Patayan and the Hia C’ed O’odham? 2. If the resource mix changed over time, do these changes correlate with increasing population density, environmental fluctuations, or both? 3. Can ethnographic models identified for the Hia C’ed O’odham be applied to earlier, Patayan periods?

Data Requirements Data required to answer these questions consist of faunal and floral remains from use contexts in Patayan period and protohistoric residential sites. Macrofloral and palynological samples from sealed cultural contexts (features) and from an array of equipment for processing plant and animal foods are important components in defining the resource mix. Immunoassay residue analysis on lithic tools recovered from cultural contexts could provide information on patterns of animal exploitation. As is true for the data requirements for research questions on chronology, contexts that can provide these data are rare. 4.3

Land-Use Patterns Land-use patterns (in essence, settlement and subsistence systems) form an integral part of any culture’s adaptation to its environment. A land-use strategy embodies and describes the ways in which a culture interacts with and exploits biotic and abiotic resources. The organization of land-use strategies is patterned on and reflected in the set of functional site types embedded in the land-use system. Studying land-use systems provides significant insights into interactions between economic adaptations and changing environmental and social circumstances. Land-use systems, like subsistence systems, operate in an ecological context and are, therefore, responsive to fluctuations in environmental conditions. Land-use systems influence, and are influenced by, extant social conditions: organizational complexity, labor organization and scheduling, ritual and ceremonial activities, and interrelations with neighboring communities, among other factors. Binford (1980, 1982, 1983) argued that among nonsedentary, mobile people, the differentiation of activities on the landscape in terms of function and frequency contains direct information about past adaptive systems. Around each residential site, the resource-exploitation area is divided into economic spheres or zones (Binford 1983). This is true regardless of subsistence strategy and also applies to sedentary adaptations (e.g., Jochim 1981). The degree of residential mobility, a component of land-use strategies, is reflected in community patterning (dispersed vs. aggregated) and in residential-unit size (nuclear family vs. linealdescent group). Small, coresidential social units in a dispersed setting suggest greater mobility, whereas a pattern of larger residential units living in aggregated, nucleated communities suggests a high degree of sedentism. Gradients in settlement size, residential dispersion, and functional site types thus are correlated with particular land-use strategies.

Research Questions 1. Did site locations covary with environmental variables? If so, what variables appear to have been the most significant? How do site location and function relate spatially to the location of water resources? 2. How do site location and site type relate to the spatial distribution of raw-material sources (e.g., sources of lithic raw material) in the region? 3. Did specific raw-material sources draw people to these areas, or were these raw-material sources accessed when people were en route to another location?

Data Requirements By obtaining information about residential, subsistence, and functional-site-type patterning, we can reconstruct land-use strategies. Through the use of subsistence, spatial, and chronological information obtained from residential sites, nonresidential sites, and land-use systems, the entire system can be defined. Elements that make up land-use systems (including issues of economy and seasonality) must be discerned from subsistence-related data recovered from each class of sites.

Historical-Period Contexts Contact and Interaction between Native Americans and Europeans and Euroamericans Three Native American groups in the project area are the Hia C’ed O’odham, the Quechan, and the Cocopah. Although a few brief historical-period accounts of these groups exist (from the late eighteenth and mid-nineteenth centuries), the first comprehensive document describing the Quechan was written by Trippel (1889). The best source on Quechan lifeways, however, is Forde (1931), who attempted to reconstruct 4.4

past lifeways. Bee (1983) provided a brief summary of Quechan lifeways, and sources such as White (1992) and Woods (1982) provided brief ethnohistoric summaries of Native American lifeways in the region. Archaeological information to support or augment ethnohistoric data, however, is largely lacking. Important questions about protohistoric and historical-period Hia C’ed O’odham, Quechan, and Cocopah subsistence and settlement systems remain.

Research Questions 1. To what degree were protohistoric and historical-period Hia C’ed O’odham, Quechan, and Cocopah people integrated into the local Euroamerican economy? 2. To what degree, if at all, did these Native American groups rely on wild botanical and faunal resources during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries? 3. Are ethnohistoric data representative of Hia C’ed O’odham, Quechan, and Cocopah subsistence patterns? What resource mix did they rely on during the early historical period? 4. How well, if at all, were European-introduced domesticated plants and animals incorporated into the Hia C’ed O’odham, Quechan, and Cocopah resource mix? 5. What kinds of cultural interactions, if any, took place among the Hia C’ed O’odham, the Quechan, the Cocopah, and other Native American groups in the Western Papaguería and along the Colorado and Gila Rivers?

Data Requirements Data required to answer these questions can best be obtained from one or more eighteenth- to nineteenthcentury residential sites each for the Hia C’ed O’odham, the Quechan, and the Cocopah. If the sites have stratigraphic depth, they may include structures and sealed features that contain data capable of informing us on subsistence, economic, social, and ritual aspects of past lifeways.

Transportation An issue of clear historical significance is the movement of non–Native American groups (Europeans, Euroamericans, Asians, African Americans, and others) through the Western Papaguería. Modes of transportation, patterns of resource procurement and transportation, the adequacy of transportation routes, and changes in transportation routes through time are all integral themes within this historic context. Many historical-period transportation routes have previously been identified within the current project area, most notably El Camino del Diablo.

Research Questions 1. How did transportation patterns differ among Native American, European, and Euroamerican groups in the Western Papaguería? Are these patterns linked solely to technological advances, or can basic similarities among the systems be detected? 2. Did technological advances in transportation affect the region to differing degrees? How did the development of rail transportation affect overland transportation routes? 3. How did the developing transportation infrastructure affect the local and regional economies?

4.5

4. Does evidence of historical-period trail systems, including the El Camino del Diablo system, still exist in the project area?

Data Requirements Data required to answer these questions can best be obtained through archival research and the identification of transportation-related archaeological sites. With the identification of historical-period resources related to transportation (Stone 1989), the identification of additional sites will continue to provide valuable information on the importance of the Western Papaguería in the development of local, regional, national, and international transportation systems.

Military Use of the Area From the arrival of the first Spanish explorers, military use of the Western Papaguería has defined much of the region’s history. With the arrival of the first Euroamericans, the military significance of the region was firmly established.

Research Questions 1. Does evidence of World War II military activities exist in the project area? If so, are any impacts from these activities visible in the project area?

Data Requirements Data required to answer these questions can best be obtained through additional archival research and the identification of military-related archaeological sites and isolates documented by pedestrian archaeological surveys. The identification of historical-period military resources in the region can shed light on early military use in and around the project area.

Previous Investigations SRI consulted cultural resource records from the MCASY, the online AZSITE database (http://azsite3.asurite.ad. asu.edu/azsite), the NRHP online database (http://www.nps.gov/nr/research/index.htm), the Arizona Register of Historic Places online database (http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/az/yuma/state.html), and General Land Office (GLO) plats from the U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) to identify all previously recorded or suspected cultural resources and previous surveys conducted within 1 mile of the survey areas under consideration in this report. In addition, we reviewed previously identified Traditional Cultural Properties (TCPs) within 1 mile of the survey areas by consulting Tisdale (2001). We found that a considerable amount of survey has been conducted on the BMGR West, but few sites have been identified, particularly in areas away from mountain ranges. The records search revealed 15 surveys, 25 archaeological sites, and 1 TCP within 1 mile of SRI’s survey areas (Tables 4.1 and 4.2). The locations of the previously recorded sites and survey areas can be found in Appendix B. No previous cultural resource surveys have been conducted and no archaeological sites have been recorded previously within the BMGR West project area. Tisdale (2001) revealed that the TCP is within the Gila Mountains and may be located within 1 mile of all three survey areas (see Table 4.1). 4.6

4.7

road

Site Description

linear

Site Size (m)a

Patayan II (A.D. 1000–1500); historical period (A.D. 1500–1950)

Site Temporal Affiliation

near Survey Area prehistoric and historical2; Tinajas Altas period artifact scatter

near Survey Area Patayan sherds and ground 2; Tinajas Altas stone

near Survey Area artifact scatter (ground 2; Coyote Water stone, ceramics, flaked stone, shell, faunal bone, metal, and glass)

AZ X:12:18 (ASM)

Coyote Water AZ Y:9:2 (ASM)

120 × 100

25 m2

832 × 555

NRHP Eligibility

listed on Arizona State Register of Historic Places (1978); Criteria a and d recommended eligible

Site Landform

mountain pass, bajada, and alluvial flat

canyons, valley, and terrace

BMGR West and Other Site Numbers

Foster 2006; Hartmann and Thurtle 2000a

BMGRW–0003; AZ X:12:95 (ASM); AZ X:12:96 (ASM)

Hartmann and AZ X:7:119 Thurtle 2000b (ASM); AZ X:7:3 (ASM); AZ X:12:51 (ASM)

Bibliographic References

Ceramic period (A.D. 200–1500+); historical period (A.D. 1500–1950)

Ceramic period (A.D. 200–1500+)

not evaluated

determined eligible

flat, open bajada at mouth of large canyon edge of large wash

BMGRW–0078

BMGRW–0046; SR–51


Schaefer and Andrews 2009

Altschul and Jones 1989

Bruder et al. prehistoric (12,000 broad valley floor recommended not BMGRW–0027 B.C.–A.D. 1500); eligible 1988; Hartmann historical period and Thurtle (A.D. 1500–1950) 2000a; Schaefer and Andrews 2009

near Survey Area series of natural tanks and 1,693 × 1,189 prehistoric (12,000 2; Tinajas Altas prehistoric and historicalB.C.–A.D. 1500); period features and historical period artifacts: 1 prehistoric (A.D. 1500–1950) artifact scatter, 31 rock features, 25 trail segments, 545 bedrock grinding features, 72 historicalperiod petroglyph features, 9 historicalperiod artifact scatters, 3 concrete foundations, 13 prehistoric petroglyph panels

Tinajas Altas

SRI Survey Area and 7.5-minute Quadrangle

Sparse site AZ X:12:5 (ASM)

Tinajas Altas AZ X:12:2 (ASM)

El Camino del Diablo SON C:1:15 (ASM)

Site Name and ASM Number

Table 4.1. Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites and Traditional Cultural Properties within 1 Mile of the Project Area

4.8

near Survey Area 2.5-m-diameter rock ring 3; Tinajas Altas (structure)

near Survey Area 2 rock features (structures 2: Tinajas Altas or fire rings), 1 artifact scatter (LCBW, Mexican glazeware, flaked stone)

near Survey Area 1 rock cluster (possible 3; Tinajas Altas structure or structures: 6.5 × 4 m)

near Survey Area 2 rock rings (possible 3; Tinajas Altas structures: 4-m diameter and 2.5-m diameter)

near Survey Area 2 rock rings (possible 3; Tinajas Altas structures: 5.7 × 4 m rectangular and 2.5-mdiameter circular)

near Survey Area 1 rock cluster (hearth?), 1 3; Tinajas Altas rock ring (5 × 3 m oval), artifact scatter (LCBW, FCR, ground stone, wire nails, cans, clear glass, milled lumber)

near Survey Area 1 trail segment, 1 ceramic 3; Tinajas Altas scatter (LCBW)

near Survey Area 2 rock clusters (hearths?), 2; Tinajas Altas 1 rock cairn, 2 trail segments, 1 rock scatter, 1 artifact scatter (LCBW, flaked stone, 1929 penny)

near Survey Area 3 trail segments, 1 rock 2; Tinajas Altas ring (fire), 1 rock pile, 1 artifact scatter (LCBW, flaked stone, metal)

AZ X:12:52 (ASM)

AZ X:12:57 (ASM)

AZ X:12:59 (ASM)

AZ X:12:60 (ASM)

AZ X:12:64 (ASM)

West End site AZ X:12:65 (ASM)

West End Trail AZ X:12:67 (ASM)

AZ X:12:72 (ASM)

AZ X:12:73 (ASM)

Site Description



113 × 45

193 × 79

155 × 63

70 × 48

25 × 5

25 × 10

9×6

70 × 55

5×5

Site Size (m)a

Patayan period (A.D. 850–1850); historical period (A.D. 1500–1950)


Patayan period (A.D. 850–1850)


unknown

unknown

unknown


prehistoric


recommended eligible (contributing)


canyon

mouth of canyon



mouth of pass

terrace



on terrace at mouth of canyon

sheltered alcove at base of hill



base of hill

terrace in pass


NRHP Eligibility

sheltered alcove at base of hill

Site Landform

Hartmann and Thurtle 2000a










BMGRW–0121

BMGRW–0120

BMGRW–0115

BMGRW–0113

BMGRW–0112

BMGRW–0108

BMGRW–0107

BMGRW–0105

BMGRW–0100


4.9




115 × 30

near Survey Area 1 ash stain, 1 artifact 1; Vopoki Ridge scatter (LCBW, flaked stone, ground stone, shell)

near Survey Area 1 FCR cluster (roasting 1; Vopoki Ridge pit), 1 ash stain, 1 artifact scatter (LCBW, flaked stone, ground stone)

150 × 100 near Survey Area trail segments 2; Tinajas Altas (unspecified), 1 geoglyph, 2 rock rings (2.7 × 2.65 m and 1.82 × 1.67 m), 3 rock clusters (unspecified), 1 burned-bone concentration, 3 pot drops, 1 artifact scatter (LCBW, Palomas Stucco sherds, Colorado Beige sherds, Colorado Red sherds, Tumco Buff sherds, shell, brown ware, flaked stone, tobacco tin, cans, aqua bottle (A.D. 1904–1929)

AZ X:11:22 (ASM)

AZ X:12:120 (ASM)

240 × 230 Patayan II (A.D. 1000– 1500)


AZ X:11:21 (ASM)

140 × 120

near Survey Area 1 artifact scatter (LCBW, 2; Tinajas Altas flaked stone, ground stone)

unknown



AZ X:12:78 (ASM)

34 × 10

10 × 7

Site Size (m)a

near Survey Area 1 rock ring (structure; 3; Tinajas Altas 2.5 × 1.5 m rectangular), 1 flaked stone scatter

1 rock ring (5 × 4.5 m oval, structure?), 1 rock cluster (80 × 60 cm), 1 artifact scatter (LCBW, flaked stone)

Site Description

AZ X:12:77 (ASM)

The Wash Terrace near Survey Area site 3; Tinajas Altas AZ X:12:74 (ASM)


recommended eligible


alluvial plain; wash

base of mountain



terrace

flat



NRHP Eligibility

terrace

terrace

Site Landform

BMGRW–0225

BMGRW–0223

BMGRW–0222

BMGRW–0126

BMGRW–0125

BMGRW–0122



Hart and Hart 2011

Hart and Hart 2011

Hart and Hart 2011





4.10

178 × 90

near Survey Area 1 flaked stone scatter 1; Vopoki Ridge

near Survey Area 1 rock cluster (charcoal, 1; Vopoki Ridge campfire ring?), 1 flaked stone scatter

AZ X:11:25 (ASM)

AZ X:11:26 (ASM)

Sheeps Quarry site near Survey Area 1 flaked stone quarry, 1 AZ X:11:27 1; Vopoki Ridge rock cluster (1.09 × 82 m, (ASM) unspecified), 1 ceramic scatter (LCBW) Traditional Cultural not available Property (mountain range)

68 × 28

7×4

not available


historical period (A.D. 1500–1950)

unknown

Patayan II or III (A.D. 1050–1900)



BMGRW–0227


mountains



Tisdale 2001

none

Neuzil et al. 2012 BMGRW–0246

recommended not Neuzil et al. 2012 BMGRW–0245 eligible

upper bajada

upper bajada


upper bajada


Hart and Hart 2011

terrace at mouth recommended not of canyon eligible rockshelter


NRHP Eligibility

Site Landform

Note: Sites are listed in numerical order by BMGR number, if applicable. Key: ASM = Arizona State Museum; BMGR = Barry M. Goldwater Range; FCR = fire-cracked rock; LCBW = Lower Colorado Buff Ware; NRHP = National Register of Historic Places; SRI = Statistical Research, Inc. a Dimensions are in meters unless indicated otherwise.

Gila Mountains near Survey (site number not Areas 1, 2, and 3 available)

28 × 24

near Survey Area 1 rockshelter, 1 ceramic 1; Vopoki Ridge scatter (LCBW)

AZ X:11:24 (ASM)

55 × 33

near Survey Area 5 rock rings (structures), 1 3; Tinajas Altas LCBW sherd

Site Size (m)a

AZ X:12:122 (ASM)

Site Description



4.11 2002–001

2003–002

2005–001

2006–003

Crash Site 1 Survey Area

FTHL Pit Trap Survey

Border Roads Survey

Tinajas Altas Site Survey

2000–001

Tinajas Altas Survey

near SRI Survey Area 2; Tinajas Altas

near SRI Survey Areas 2 and 3; Butler Mountains, Tinajas Altas

near SRI Survey Area 3; Butler Mountains

near SRI Survey Area 1; Cipriano Pass, Vopoki Ridge

AZ X:12:2 (ASM)

none

none

none

near SRI Survey Areas 2 AZ X:12:2 (ASM) and 3; Tinajas Altas, AZ X:12:52 (ASM) Coyote Water AZ X:12:57 (ASM) AZ X:12:59 (ASM) AZ X:12:60 (ASM) AZ X:12:64 (ASM) AZ X:12:65 (ASM) AZ X:12:67 (ASM) AZ X:12:72 (ASM) AZ X:12:73 (ASM) AZ X:12:74 (ASM) AZ X:12:77 (ASM) AZ X:12:78 (ASM)

none

1996–001

TACTS Upgrade Survey


near SRI Survey Area 2; AZ X:12:18 (ASM) Tinajas Altas

1989–001

Goldwater Sample Survey— Tinajas Altas Zone

AZ X:12:5 (ASM)

General Location and Sites within 1 mile of 7.5-minute Quadrangle Current Survey Areas


BMGR West Survey No.

Goldwater Range 1988–001 Preliminary Environmental Assessment

Project Title

Survey Permitting Agency

300 acres; portion within buffer

493 acres; linear survey through 2 buffers

180 acres; 1 small survey area within 1 buffer

15 acres; 1 survey area almost completely within buffer

5,456 acres; 1 large survey area partially within 2 buffers

214 acres; 1 survey area completely within buffer

5,200 acres; 1 survey area completely within buffer

U.S. Marine Corps Air Station Yuma

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and Office of Border Patrol

Arizona Game and Fish CA669–03–03; BLM archaeologist Rolla Queen did survey

BLM Permit: AZ–050–98– 0010

BLM Permit: AZ–000130

BLM

12,092 acres; parts of 3 BLM Permits: BLM-A-21187, survey areas within buffer BLM-AZ-000003

Total Survey Acreage

Table 4.2. Previous Cultural Resource Surveys within 1 Mile of the Survey Area


Foster 2006

Hart et al. 2005

Queen 2003

Bowden-Renna and Apple 2002


Apple 1995

Altschul and Jones 1989

Bruder et al. 1988

Reference

4.12

2010–001

2010–002

Site 65 Survey

Site 64 Survey

2012–001

AZ X:11:21 (ASM) AZ X:11:22 (ASM) AZ X:12:120 (ASM) AZ X:12:122 (ASM)

AZ X:12:5 (ASM) AZ Y:9:2 (ASM)

near SRI Survey Area 1; AZ X:11:24 (ASM) Cipriano Pass, Vopoki AZ X:11:25 (ASM) AZ X:11:26 (ASM) Ridge AZ X:11:27 (ASM)

2011–001 near SRI Survey Areas 1, 2, and 3: Cipriano Pass, Vopoki Ridge, Tinajas Altas, Coyote Water


none

none

none

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and Office of Border Patrol

U.S. Marine Corp Air Station

Survey Permitting Agency

22,865 acres; large block survey, mostly in buffer

10,000 acres; linear, portions in all buffers



6,428 acres; 1 parcel U.S. Department of the Navy, completely within 1 buffer Naval Facilities Engineering Command Southwest

5,206 acres; multiple parcels U.S. Department of the Navy, partially in project area Naval Facilities Engineering Command Southwest

2,763 acres; linear survey, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers small part in buffer

90 acres

287 acres; linear survey in parts of 2 survey buffers

Total Survey Acreage

Neuzil et al. 2012

Hart and Hart 2011

Schaefer and Andrews 2009

Barr and Griset 2010

Dosh 2008

Zyniecki et al. 2006

Stahman and Hart 2006

Reference

Key: BLM = U.S. Bureau of Land Management; BMGR = Barry M. Goldwater Range; FTHL = flat-tailed horned lizard; MCAS = Marine Corps Air Station; SRI = Statistical Research, Inc.; TACTS = Tactical Aircrew Combat Training System.

Davis Plain Survey Area

MCAS 10,000 Acre Cultural Resource Survey

near SRI Survey Area 1; Cipriano Pass

2008–01

Wellton Hills Road Survey near SRI Survey Area 2; Coyote Water, Tinajas Altas

near SRI Survey Area 2, along international border; Coyote Water, Tinajas Altas, Butler Mountains

Supplemental Cultural 2006–006 Resources Survey for the Installation of Permanent Vehicle Barriers and Patrol Roads

none

General Location and Sites within 1 mile of 7.5-minute Quadrangle Current Survey Areas

near SRI Survey Areas 1 and 3; Butler Mountains, Cipriano Pass

BMGR West Survey No.

Cipriano Pass Road—Border 2006–005 Turnaround Survey

Project Title

CHAPTER 5

Methods

As noted above, these investigations had three objectives: (1) identifying cultural resources on the BMGR West, (2) assessing the condition of these resources and providing recommendations for their management, and (3) evaluating these resources for eligibility for listing in the NRHP. The project area comprised nearly 22,000 acres (8,903 ha) in three separate areas of BMGR West. To address the objectives identified above across such a large area, a specific strategy was developed, in accordance with the Scope of Work (SOW), to survey the project area and to collect spatial and aspatial data in uniform, consistent ways. In this chapter, the general procedures for survey and data collection are described, followed by the procedures for recording specific types of cultural resources.

General Survey Methods The pedestrian survey was conducted systematically by personnel working at 20-m (transect) intervals, in accordance with the requirements identified in the SOW. Ground visibility was good across all parts of the project area, and fewer than 10 transects required compressed transects of 15 m. The crew composition varied from week to week, with as few as 5 and as many as 12 personnel on survey. Depending on the number of crew members that week, personnel were distributed among one to three crews. Crews generally worked independently of one another, often in different sections of the project area. This method allowed for greater coverage and maneuverability, as well as an opportunity to surveil different parts of the project area for planning purposes from week to week. Each crew member was equipped with either a Trimble 7X Global Positioning System (GPS) unit for recording spatial data or a Trimble Juno 3B unit for recording archaeological data. Each crew, if several crews were on survey, carried at least one Trimble 7X. In addition to recording archaeological spatial data (such as the locations of IOs or site boundaries), crew members recorded transect lines as start-stop reference points in a separate data environment on the GPS units. This allowed for a running total of survey acreage each week. Spatial data were not recorded on the Juno 3B units, as they lack the GPS precision and accuracy required in the SOW. Archaeological data were transferred into SRI’s relational database (SRID) at the end of each field week. SRID is a unique, custom-built database tool for collecting diverse data attributes. All field data are collected within the SRID database system with in-field recording technology called SRID Mobile. Each Juno 3B was loaded with SRID Mobile, which allowed digital recording of archaeological and artifactual data. When cultural resources were encountered, a crew member operating a Juno 3B assigned a field number, known as a provenience designation (PD). Each PD was unique across the project and was drawn from a predetermined block in each Juno 3B. The PD served as the node from which both spatial and aspatial data hung. Archaeological and artifactual data were recorded for the PD on the Juno 3B, and the PD was recited to the crew member operating the Trimble 7X to link the spatial data. These devices working in concert allowed for very swift and efficient data collection while minimizing point-of-origin errors and the burdens of large numbers of paper forms. Spatial data collected on the Trimble 7X units were differentially corrected at the end of each field week with the use of the closest Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS). In this case, the closest 5.1

CORS was located in the city of Yuma (AZYU). GPS data were corrected by means of the Trimble Positions Desktop Add-In, version 10.2.2 for ArcGIS. All differentially corrected project data, as well as spatial data previously provided by MCASY, were reloaded into the Trimble 7X units before the beginning of each field week. This procedure ensured accuracy of spatial data by way of continual postprocessing between field sessions. The spatial data were collected and processed according to the State Plane Coordinate System to avoid errors resulting from movement between Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zones 11 and 12.

Recording Sites, Features, and Isolated Occurrences The survey encountered three types of cultural resources: sites, features, and IOs. The methods for recording these types of resources required different levels of effort, as specified in the SOW and in the Arizona State Museum’s (ASM’s) Archaeological Site Recording Manual (ASM 1993). The methods for recording these different types of cultural resource are described below.

Sites Recording of sites followed the procedures outlined in the SOW and by ASM (1993). Each site recording began with the observation of numerous artifacts close together. Upon this observation, the survey crew broke from their transect lines to examine the immediate area for more artifacts or features. Cultural items were flagged as they were encountered. Once the cultural resources had been located, the area was evaluated as a whole to determine if it conformed to the specifications of a site, as defined by ASM (1993). In addition to evidence of human activity from at least 50 years ago, requirements for identification as a site include the following: • • • •

30 or more artifacts of a single class within a 15-m diameter, or 20 or more artifacts of at least two classes within a 15-m diameter, or One or more features in temporal association with any artifacts, or Two or more temporally associated features without artifacts.

Once the cultural items were determined to constitute a site, a PD was assigned to represent the site for recording its attributes. Additional PDs were assigned for each feature associated with the site. Nonfeature artifacts were recorded in one of two ways. If the artifact was diagnostic or unusual or if its location was deemed important to the interpretation of the site, it was assigned its own PD. Artifacts with limited information potential, both spatial and aspatial, were recorded as part of a single sitewide artifact observation PD. These data were recorded on Juno 3B units, with the ability to recombine the independently collected data postfield. The site boundary was recorded as a polygon on the Trimble 7X GPS unit; a point for the site datum was also recorded. Spatial data for features were recorded as polygons, and diagnostic/unusual artifacts were pointlocated. Artifacts recorded under the general site observation PD were not assessed for spatial data. At least one overview photograph was taken for each site, with a north arrow to indicate orientation. Features, as well as a sample of point-provenienced artifacts, were also photographed. All photographs were logged and associated with the site. Photography was performed with Lumix TS20 digital cameras, and photographs were logged into Juno 3B devices as part of the SRID Mobile platform.

Isolated Occurrences: Nonsite Features Features encountered without association with a site were recorded as IOs, in accordance with the SOW and ASM (1993). ASM (1993:9) defined features as “spatially discrete arrangements of objects or materials distinguished from one another on the basis of differences in form or structure, geomorphological context, 5.2

age, function, or cultural affiliation.” A feature may be a component of a site or may be independent of sites. ASM (1993) recording standards are designed for efficient inclusion in the AZSITE database, with an emphasis on features as the primary unit of cultural resource recording. For this purpose, ASM (1993) provided a list of 116 predefined feature types. For the present investigation, a subset of this 116, which included only feature types appropriate for the project area, were available for selection. Only four nonsite features were discovered: two 1963 USGS survey benchmarks and two rock features. Due to their small size, the benchmarks were recorded as GPS points rather than polygons. Each was assigned a PD; pertinent portions of the monument text were copied. The benchmarks were photographed in plan view. The rock features took two forms: a rock ring and a rock feature. Both were examined for their composition of cobbles (rocks smaller than 10 inches (25.4 cm) in diameter) vs. boulders (rocks larger than 10 inches in diameter), the number of rocks overall, the extent of embeddedness, and the presence of caliche. These observations were performed in accordance with the SOW.

Isolated Occurrences: Artifacts Artifacts not associated with features or sites were recorded as IOs. For each IO, a PD was assigned in SRID Mobile on a Juno 3B device. The PD number was then dictated to the crew member operating the Trimble 7X, who recorded the location as a single point-provenience. Concurrently, in SRID Mobile, artifact observations were recorded as described below. Similar artifacts close together were grouped into a single point-provenience at the discretion of the crew chief. This was most common with historical-period military artifacts, such as Cold War–era ammunition cartridges. These artifacts frequently were found in clusters, corresponding to the firing of automatic weapons. The locations of these clusters were recorded as single points, and the count of items was reflected in the artifact observations. In all, 1,129 IOs were encountered, including prehistoric lithics and ceramics, historical-period metal and glass, and historical-period military ammunition. Details of recording observation for these artifact types are described below. Ceramics For ceramic sherds, the type and ware after Waters (1982), as well as the form (rim or body), were recorded. Because of the importance of Patayan ceramics in examining the cultural prehistory of the area, additional ceramic attributes were recorded on paper forms. These included descriptions of temper, fracture, finish, surface (Munsell) color, vessel form, oxidation, and decoration. Average thickness was recorded, as well as rim diameter if observable. Also, rim-sherd profiles were drawn on paper. Pot drops or reconstructible vessels were recorded as a single artifact rather than as a feature. For these artifacts, in addition to recording the ceramic attributes described above, observers counted the number of sherds and expressed the area of distribution. Representative rim and body sherds were photographed with scales and color-correction strips. Also, the area containing the sherds was photographed with a north arrow for orientation. Lithics For flaked stone tools, material and type (e.g., biface, projectile point, scraper) were recorded. Cortex was observed as “noncortical,” “partially cortical,” or “cortical.” Length, width, and thickness were recorded in millimeters, and the condition was recorded as “complete” or “fragment.” The color of the artifact was selected from a list of 12 options, including “multiple.” Flaked stone debitage was similarly observed for material and type (core flake, biface flake, angular debris). Condition and color were also recorded, as well as cortex amount. Flaked stone debitage was not evaluated for size. For ground stone artifacts, material and type (e.g., one-handed mano, basin metate, pestle) were recorded. Length, width, and thickness were recorded in millimeters, and condition (“complete” or “fragment”) was noted. The presence of any burning on the artifact was also recorded. Diagnostic or unusual artifacts were photographed with scales. Projectile points were sketched.

5.3

Historical-Period Artifacts For historical-period artifacts, type and material were recorded. Measurements were recorded in imperial units, and similar artifacts were grouped and counted. Cans were measured in whole-number equivalents of fractional inches (e.g., 51/2 inches was recorded as “508”); the method of opening was noted when identifiable. The color of glass artifacts was described, and any legible maker’s marks were recorded. For all historical-period artifacts, identifying text or symbols were photographed and described in notes. Historical-period military artifacts were by far the most numerous IOs encountered, constituting more than 85 percent of the artifacts recorded as IOs. Almost all of these were shell casings from .50-caliber and (less frequent) 20-mm ammunition. The caliber and head stamps of these artifacts were recorded. As noted above, clustered shell casings were recorded as a single point-provenience, and the artifact count was noted for the cluster. Unidentifiable or undatable military debris and wreckage were not recorded, and items presenting potential hazards (e.g., aerial flares, rockets) were not examined.

5.4

CHAPTER 6

Results

In all, three sites and 1,129 IOs were discovered among the three survey areas during the current survey efforts at BMGR West (Table 6.1). Only Survey Area 1 on the Davis Plain yielded sites, and these were limited to its northern section, between the Gila Mountains and Vopoki Ridge (see Figure 1.1). IOs, however, were encountered in all three survey areas, distributed throughout their extents. This chapter describes each of the three newly discovered sites; a general discussion of the IOs encountered follows. A brief discussion of NRHP-eligibility recommendations is included for each site and for a selection of the IOs. These discussion are continued and expanded in Chapter 7.

AZ X:12:123 (ASM) Descriptive site type: trash scatter Site area: 20,580 square feet Dimensions: 266 by 125 feet Cultural affiliation: Euroamerican Temporal affiliation: late nineteenth century Artifacts: 34 Features: 1 Original documentation: none 7.5-minute USGS quadrangle: Cipriano Pass

Environmental Setting AZ X:12:123 (ASM) lies on Davis Plain on an alluvial flat, approximately 1,200 m (3,940 feet) west of the Gila Mountains. An unnamed access road is located 1.7 km (1 mile) from the site. A small wash abuts the western edge of the site. The area around the site contains many intermittent washes and rills. Soils are silty sands with many pebbles and rocks, consisting mostly of decomposing granite. Vegetation in the area is sparse and includes saguaro, ocotillo, cholla, creosotebush, ironwood, and small shrubs and brushy vegetation typical of desert scrub. Ground visibility is excellent around the site, with little obstruction from vegetation (Figure 6.1). AZ X:12:123 (ASM) lies in the public-use portion of the BMGR West.

Site Description AZ X:12:123 (ASM) is a historical-period trash scatter of indeterminate origin (Figure 6.2). Artifacts consist of various items of household refuse, including a galvanized-steel pail, an enamelware basin, and a spoon. Table 6.2 summarizes the artifacts encountered. In addition to these, one feature was observed. Feature 1, an arrangement of boulders and cobbles in a 7-by-7-m square, was interpreted as a tent base (Figure 6.3).

6.1

Table 6.1. Sites and Isolated Occurrences Recorded during Survey Survey Area

Sites (n)

IOs (n)

Total

1

3

613

616

2

—

426

426

3

—

90

90

Total

3

1,129

1,132

Key: IO = isolated occurrence.

Figure 6.1. Overview of AZ X:12:123 (ASM); view to the north.

6.2

Figure 6.2. Plan-view map of AZ X:12:123 (ASM).

6.3

Table 6.2. AZ X:12:123 (ASM) Artifacts PP No.a

1

Artifact Type

Count

Comments

enamelware basin

1

Bottom rusted through.

can

4

600 or 408 diameter; knife opened and friction lid.

metal hardware

3

Flathead screw; metal clasp; iron hook.

barrel strap

1

clothing fastener

1

steel spoon

1

metal pail

1

baling wire

10

metal nail

10

wooden handle

1

milled lumber

1

Metal rivet.

Galvanized metal. Narrow gauge, 10 short lengths.

Possible ax handle or wooden tent stake.

Key: PP = point-provenience. a If a PP number is not listed for an artifact, the artifact was not point-provenienced.

Figure 6.3. Feature 1 (tent base) at AZ X:12:123 (ASM); view to the east.

6.4

Site Condition AZ X:12:123 (ASM) is in fair condition. The small wash adjacent to the site does not appear to have had any direct impact on it. Nevertheless, alluvial transport is likely, especially during periods of heavy rainfall. All cultural resources were observed on the ground surface, and the likelihood of buried deposits is low. As noted above, AZ X:12:123 (ASM) lies in the public-use area of the BMGR West, and the area is occasionally traversed by Border Patrol vehicles. The site is not readily visible from any great distance, but it is vulnerable to unintentional disturbance from private and Border Patrol vehicles.

Interpretation AZ X:12:123 (ASM) is interpreted as a short-term camp dating to the late nineteenth century. The discarded items are suggestive of household or ranch refuse, and the remnants of the tent base suggest brief habitation at the site. The artifacts are consistent with items that an individual or group may have carried during travel through the area and may have jettisoned in a single dumping event. The tent base is equally ephemeral and not suggestive of prolonged or repetitive use.

NRHP-Eligibility Recommendation AZ X:12:123 (ASM) is recommended not eligible for listing in the NRHP. Although trash scatters frequently fulfill the requirements for listing, recommendations to do so are predicated upon associative integrity between the trash deposit and its source. In the case of AZ X:12:123 (ASM), associative integrity is low because, although the site appears to be a short-term camp, the origin and destination of travel, as well as the travelers themselves, are unknown. The potential for this site to contribute to our understanding of the past is extremely limited, and eligibility for listing in the NRHP is not recommended.

AZ X:11:28 (ASM) Descriptive site type: trash scatter Site area: 53,402 square feet Dimensions: 384 by 190 feet Cultural affiliation: Euroamerican Temporal affiliation: late nineteenth or early twentieth century Artifacts: 108 Features: 0 Original documentation: none 7.5-minute USGS quadrangle: Vopoki Ridge

Environmental Setting AZ X:11:28 (ASM) is in an alluvial flat on the Davis Plain, 2.2 km (approximately 1½ miles) east of Vopoki Ridge. The area around the site contains several intermittent washes and rills. A small seasonal wash runs through the site from northeast to southwest. The site lies approximately 70 m (230 feet) from an unnamed access road. Soils are coarse gravelly sands with silty deposits and pebbles of decomposing granite. Vegetation in the area is sparse and includes ocotillo and small shrubs and brushy vegetation typical of desert scrub (Figure 6.4). The ground visibility is excellent, with little obstruction from vegetation. AZ X:11:28 (ASM) lies in the public-use area of the BMGR West.

6.5


Site Description AZ X:11:28 (ASM) is a trash scatter of unspecified origin, dating to the late nineteenth or early twentieth century (Figure 6.5). Table 6.3 summarizes the artifacts recorded from the site. Of particular note is Artifact PP 2, the back portion of a table clock. The portion is metal and stamped with “PAT.AP’D FOR. PAT.JAN.25.98.” (Figure 6.6). Amethyst glass found at the site also supports a late-nineteenth- to earlytwentieth-century date. Thus, the site appears to date between 1898 and 1915. A chert cobble core was found within the site boundary but does not appear to be related to the site. No features are associated with this site.

Site Condition AZ X:11:28 (ASM) is in fair condition. The seasonal wash noted above has caused some alluvial transport of artifacts. Indeed, the major axis of the site conforms to the wash, suggesting movement of artifacts during wash activity. All artifacts were encountered on the ground surface; some were partially embedded in the site sediments. Intact subsurface deposits in primary context therefore are unlikely to be discovered. Modern vehicle tracks are visible adjacent to the site, although none directly crosses the site boundary. As noted above, AZ X:11:28 (ASM) lies in the public-use area of the BMGR West, and the area is occasionally traversed by Border Patrol vehicles. The site is not readily visible from any great distance and is vulnerable to unintentional disturbance from private and Border Patrol vehicles.

6.6


6.7


Artifact Type

Count

Comments

1

chert core

1

Multidirectional, tan with black speckles, some cortex.

2

table-clock back

1

“PAT.AP’D FOR. PAT.JAN.25.98.”

3

small-arms ammunition

1

.38 caliber, stamped “U.S. 38 S&W.”

4

glass

1

Brown glass, brandy bottle, fragment.

5

horseshoe

1

6

glass

1

7

steel spoon

1

8


1

.38 caliber center-fire, stamped “U.M.C. 411C.”

9

horseshoe

1

Cut nail.

can

35

barrel strap

4

metal hardware

2

Metal hook; chain with possible horse tack.

clothing fastener

1

Metal eyelet.

baling wire

10

machine part

1

nail

45


1

Indeterminate bottle or jar fragment.

Diameters 215 through 408; rotary and knife opened; mostly crushed.

Narrow gauge, 10 individual lengths. Coiled steel spring. Wire nails of various sizes. .38 caliber center-fire, stamped “U.M.C. 411C.”

Key: PP = point-provenience. a If a PP number is not listed for an artifact, the artifact was not point-provenienced.

6.8

Figure 6.6. Back portion of table clock (PP 2), AZ X:11:28 (ASM).

Interpretation AZ X:11:28 (ASM) is interpreted as a trash scatter of unknown origin, dating to the late nineteenth or early twentieth century. The discarded items are suggestive of household or ranch refuse, but the source of the trash is unclear. The artifacts are consistent with items that an individual or group may have carried during travel through the area and may have jettisoned in a single dumping event. If this is true, the dispersal of the artifacts over the area of the site would be, in large part, the result of water transport. In other words, nothing suggests that the artifacts encountered were not all discarded in a single event and spread through the activity of the wash. The site is highly unlikely to represent continued or repetitive use.

NRHP-Eligibility Recommendation AZ X:11:28 (ASM) is recommended not eligible for listing in the NRHP. Although trash scatters frequently fulfill the requirements for listing, recommendations to do so are predicated upon associative integrity between the trash deposit and its source. In the case of AZ X:11:28 (ASM), associative integrity is absent because the origin of the trash is unknown, as well as any interpretable significance of the location of the scatter itself. The potential for this site to contribute to our understanding of the past is extremely limited, and eligibility for listing in the NRHP is not recommended. 6.9


AZ X:11:29 (ASM) Descriptive site type: artifact scatter Site area: 13,537 m2 Dimensions: 179 by 124 m Cultural affiliation: Native American undetermined Temporal affiliation: prehistoric Artifacts: 37 Features: 0 Original documentation: none 7.5-minute USGS quadrangle: Vopoki Ridge

Environmental Setting AZ X:11:29 (ASM) lies on an alluvial flat on Davis Plain, 1.8 km (approximately 1¼ mile) east of Vopoki Ridge. The area surrounding the site contains several small intermittent washes and rills. A seasonal wash measuring approximately 30 m (approximately 100 feet) wide runs north-northeast to south-southwest through the site. An unnamed access road is approximately 2 km (approximately 1¼ mile) west of the site. Soils are silty sands with many pebbles and rocks, consisting mostly of decomposing granite. Vegetation in the area is sparse; it includes ocotillo, cholla, creosotebush, small shrubs and brushy vegetation typical of desert scrub, and a few ironwood trees (Figure 6.7). The ground visibility is excellent and unobstructed by vegetation. AZ X:11:29 (ASM) lies in the public-use area of the BMGR West.

6.10

Site Description AZ X:11:29 (ASM) is a multiclass prehistoric artifact scatter consisting of ground stone artifacts, flaked stone tools and debitage, a vesicular basalt manuport, and unmodified valve fragments of Laevicardium sp. (eggcockle) and Glycymeris sp. (bittersweet) marine shell (Figure 6.8). Table 6.4 summarizes the artifacts recorded from the site. Several material types are represented in both ground stone and flaked stone, including basalt, chalcedony, chert, quartzite, rhyolite, and sandstone. No features are associated with this site.

Site Condition AZ X:11:29 (ASM) is in fair condition. The seasonal wash noted above has caused some alluvial transport of artifacts. Indeed, the major axis of the site conforms to the wash, suggesting movement of artifacts during wash activity. All artifacts were encountered on the ground surface; burying from natural phenomena has been minimal. Therefore, subsurface deposits are unlikely to be discovered. Modern vehicle tracks are visible adjacent to the site, although none directly crosses into the site boundary. AZ X:11:29 (ASM) lies in the public-use area of the BMGR West, and the area is occasionally traversed by Border Patrol vehicles. The site is not readily visible from any great distance and is vulnerable to unintentional disturbance from private and Border Patrol vehicles.

Interpretation AZ X:11:29 (ASM) is interpreted as an artifact scatter representing limited-activity plant processing and flaked-stone-tool retouching. Flaked stone debitage was varied in material and poorly concentrated; it consisted of core flakes, biface flakes, and angular shatter. Similarly, the ground stone artifacts were fragmentary and were spread throughout the site. The site appears to be a locale for procuring, staging, and processing of resources where limited flaked stone reduction and tool maintenance using locally available materials took place, along with the processing of native-plant-food materials—probably seeds or fruits of annuals or cacti and pods of leguminous trees (Fabaceae). Given the presence of the wash, however, some of the activities materially represented by the artifacts are likely to have occurred in a place or places away from the site, and fluvial transport associated with the wash probably collected some artifacts in the area delineated by the site boundary. Consequently, intact buried deposits associated with the site are unlikely.

NRHP-Eligibility Recommendation AZ X:11:29 (ASM) is recommended not eligible for listing in the NRHP. The high probability of impact from the wash cutting through the site undermines the integrity of the assemblage—it is unclear whether the plant processing and tool retouching indicated by the artifacts occurred in the location identified by the site boundary. For this reason, the site lacks associative integrity. In addition, the artifacts encountered at the site provide little cultural or temporal information beyond their association with unidentified prehistoric or historical-period Native American groups; this limitation further reduces the information potential of indepth examination of the site.

Isolated Occurrences During the BMGR West 22,000-acre survey, 1,129 IOs were recorded. These consist of 4 features and 1,125 IOs representing 1 or more artifacts. The total number of artifacts recorded as isolates was 1,976 (see Appendixes C and D). 6.11


6.12


Artifact Type

Count

Comments

1

core

1

Multidirectional, brown chert, some cortex.

2

metate

1

Vesicular basalt, indeterminate type.

3

metate

1

Sandstone, flat metate.

4

scraper

1

Retouched to exhaustion, brown chert, no cortex.

5

metate

1

Vesicular basalt, indeterminate type.

6

scraper

1

Black chert, some cortex with tan patina.

metate

2

Granite and vesicular basalt, flat metates.

metate

3

Sandstone and vesicular basalt, indeterminate types.

mano

2

Quartzite and vesicular basalt, one-handed.

mano

2

Granite and sandstone, two-handed.

manuport

1

Vesicular basalt.

retouched flake

1

Black basalt, some cortex.

pestle

1

Sandstone.

flaked stone debitage

17

marine shell

2

Basalt, chert, chalcedony, rhyolite, quartz, quartzite. Laevicardium sp. and Glycimeris sp. valve fragments, unmodified.

Key: PP = point-provenience. If a PP number is not listed for an artifact, the artifact was not point-provenienced.

a

Isolated Features Four isolated features were identified during the BMGR West survey. Two of the isolated features are likely prehistoric rock features; two are modern survey benchmarks. IOs 2 and 446 are isolated rock features identified during survey (Figure 6.9). IOs 908 and 968 are 1963 USGS survey benchmarks located in Survey Area 2 along the international border (Table 6.5). IO 2 is located on an alluvial surface in Survey Area 3, on the east side of the Tinajas Altas Mountains. IO 2 consists of an oval rock ring containing approximately 35 deeply embedded granite cobbles, 99 cm in length and 82 cm in width. The degree to which the cobbles are embedded in the surrounding alluvium suggests that buried cultural deposits may exist. The feature is about 650 m (2,132 feet) east of AZ X:12:2 (ASM), the Tinajas Altas site, a well-known natural tank that provided a reliable source of water, attracting both prehistoric and historical-period travelers (Heilen and Vanderpot 2013). The Tinajas Altas site is also an important stop along El Camino de Diablo (SON C:1:15 [ASM]). Even though it is an isolated feature, SRI recommends IO 2 eligible for listing in the NRHP on the basis of its integrity, its potential to contain buried cultural deposits, and its association with two known and significant sites (the Tinajas Altas site and El Camino del Diablo). IO 446 is located in Survey Area 2 and consists of a cluster of 5 granite cobbles resting on the modern ground surface. The cobbles are not arranged in a way that would suggest a particular function. No artifacts are associated with IO 446, and the feature lacks integrity; therefore, SRI recommends this feature not eligible for listing in the NRHP.

6.13

Figure 6.9. Photographs of two isolated features: (a) IO 2, view to the northwest; (b) IO 446, view to the south.

6.14

Table 6.5. Isolated Features Isolate No.

Dimensions Length

Width

No. of Rocks

Degree of Embeddedness (%)

rock ring

99 cm

82 cm

35

80

Oval rock ring made of granite cobbles.

446

rock feature

90 cm

50 cm

5

5

Cluster of granite cobbles.

908

benchmark

8 inches

8 inches

1963 USGS datum.

968

benchmark

7 inches

7 inches

1963 USGS datum.

2

Feature Type

Comments

Key: USGS = U.S. Geological Survey.

Table 6.6. Historical-Period Artifacts Recorded as Isolated Occurrences Artifact Type, by Material Class

Total

Glass Bottle

4

Bottle/jar (indeterminate)

12

Jar

41

Other

5

Subtotal

62

Metal Ammunition

1,687

Can

102

Construction material

1

Horseshoe

1

Other

2

Subtotal

1,793

Bone (unworked) Horse skull (remnants)

1

Total

1,856

Isolated Artifacts Historical-Period Isolates Most of the IOs identified during the survey consist of historical-period military ammunition cartridges, particularly .50-caliber shells. Approximately 85 percent (n = 1,687) of the artifacts recorded as IOs on the survey are historical-period ammunition. The rest of the historical-period IOs consist of other historical-period artifacts, such as cans, glass, and other metal items (Table 6.6). One IO (IO 537), located in Survey Area 3, is the remnants of a possible horse skull along with two metal cans and a marble. In general, the historical-period nonmilitary IOs consist of household or food items that would be expected from ranching activities or transportation through the area. Several of the historical-period nonmilitary IOs are near the two historical-period 6.15

sites (AZ X:12:123 [ASM] and AZ X:11:28 [ASM]) identified on the survey. These IOs may be related these sites, or their manner of deposition may have been similar to that of the artifacts associated with the sites. The ammunition recorded as IOs is associated with the historical-period military use of the BMGR West. As of the 1940s, the vast airspace over the BMGR West was used for aircraft-training missions, including aircraft target shooting (Thompson 2004). Some of the ammunition identified as IOs may have come from such air-combat training maneuvers. Some of the historical-period ammunition may have been left behind by truck-mounted machine-gun training. Common ammunition casings include .50 caliber and 20 mm, as well as a small number of 7.62-mm cartridges.

Prehistoric Isolates Prehistoric IOs identified during the BMGR West survey are much less numerous than the historical-period IOs, particularly because of the abundance of historical-period ammunition. Prehistoric IOs, however, do have important implications about past behavior and settlement of the BMGR West. Prehistoric ceramics, lithics, and marine shell were identified during this survey. In all, 57 lithic artifacts were recorded as IOs; these include numerous pieces of debitage, flaked stone tools, ground stone, a manuport, and 3 projectile points (Table 6.7). A variety of material types are represented, suggesting that the prehistoric inhabitants of the BMGR West had access to a wide range of raw material and/or transported this material over relatively long distances. The presence of 4 pieces of obsidian may also indicate the use of local obsidian sources in the Western Papaguería, such as the Sauceda or Sand Tanks sources (Shackley 2005). However, the obsidian identified during this survey was not collected; therefore, no geologic-source analysis can be conducted. The projectile points identified during this survey consist of a chert Gypsum point, a broken obsidian point or biface, and a possibly unfinished Datil point (Figure 6.10). IO 114 is a possible Datil point, as indicated by the straight stem, but the asymmetrical notching and the apparently blunt tip suggest that the point is not complete. IO 226 is a complete Gypsum point made on chert or, possibly, fine-grained rhyolite. IO 952 is a fragmented obsidian point or biface. Both the Gypsum point and the possible Datil point indicate use of the area during the Late Archaic period (Justice 2002); however, the obsidian point is not diagnostic. Other stone tools include 7 cores, 4 edge-modified pieces, 3 scrapers, and 1 tested cobble. In addition, 2 mano and 4 metate fragments were identified in the survey areas. The presence of ground stone indicates some investment in plant processing within the survey areas. The prehistoric ceramics consist of 45 individual sherds, as well as 6 restorable vessels (i.e., pot drops). Isolated pot drops are characterized as a concentration of ceramics that appear to be sherds from a single vessel (Figure 6.11). All isolated ceramics identified to ware type during survey were classified as Lower Colorado Buff Ware (Waters 1982), and many were identified to a particular Lower Colorado Buff Ware type (Table 6.8). Several of the identifiable ceramic types recorded (Figure 6.12) span the Patayan I–III sequence (Waters 1982), dating to ca. A.D. 700–1900. Isolated ceramic artifacts appear to be located generally along the Gila or Tinajas Altas Mountains ranges, suggesting that these vessels were used by Patayan groups traversing the project area, probably in search of upper-bajada resources such as water or edible plants. Some of the ceramic vessels may have been used during the acquisition and/or transportation of marine shell from the Gulf of California (see below). Most of the isolated faunal remains are unworked marine shell (n = 12) distributed throughout all three survey areas. The presence of marine shell in the survey areas indicates trade items probably acquired along the Gulf of California. McGuire and Howard (1987) discussed the prehistoric exchange of marine shell between the Gulf of California and the Eastern Papaguería. The most prominent use of marine shell in the region is attributed to the Hohokam culture of the Phoenix and Tucson Basins (Haury 1976; Heilen and Vanderpot 2013). The Hohokam created elaborate shell ornaments, such as bracelets, rings, beads, pendants, and inlay, as well as etched designs (Haury 1976:305–321). Routes between the Gulf of California and the Phoenix and Tucson Basins undoubtedly crossed the BMGR West, particularly given the reliable sources of water in the Tinajas Altas. The marine-shell-trade network persisted into the historical period; Kino observed that marine shell was traded throughout the Pimería Alta (Ford 1983; Heilen and Vanderpot 2013). The presence of isolated marine shell is reliable evidence that prehistoric and/or historical-period trade networks passed through the survey area. All the marine shell identified during the survey is unworked, indicating that shell processing took place neither at the source nor along this part of the trade route. 6.16

6.17

2 1 14

Tested material

Total

—

Scraper

Projectile point

1

1

Mano

Metate

1

Edge-modified piece

—

6

Debitage

Manuport

2

Basalt

Core

Artifact Type

3

—

—

—

2

—

1

—

—

—

Basalt (Vesicular)

11

—

—

1

—

—

—

1

6

3

Chert

1

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

1

Metasediment

4

—

—

1

—

—

—

1

2

—

Obsidian

Material Type

11

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

10

1

Quartz

Table 6.7. Isolated Lithic Artifacts

3

—

1

—

—

—

—

—

2

—

Quartzite

8

—

—

1

—

1

—

1

5

—

Rhyolite

1

—

—

—

1

—

—

—

—

—

Sandstone

1

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

1

—

Siltstone

57

1

3

3

4

1

2

4

32

7

Total

Figure 6.10. Photographs of isolated projectile points: (a) IO 226, Gypsum point; (b) IO 952, indeterminate; (c) IO 114, possible Datil point.

Figure 6.11. Photograph of IO 702, a pot drop in Survey Area 2; view to the north.

6.18

Table 6.8. Isolated Ceramics Ceramic Type, by Ceramic Ware

Sherd (Body)

Sherd (Rim)

Vessel (Fragmented)

Total

3

2

—

5

Black Mesa Buff

2

—

1

3

Colorado Beige

13

—

1

14

Colorado Buff

2

—

—

2

Colorado Red

1

—

—

1

Indeterminate Lower Colorado Buff Ware (unpainted)

9

1

—

10

Indeterminate Patayan I

1

—

1

2

Indeterminate Patayan II

2

—

—

2

Indeterminate Patayan II–III

6

—

—

6

Palomas Red-on-buff

1

—

—

1

Topoc Buff

—

—

1

1

Tumco Buff

1

1

2

4

38

2

6

46

41

4

6

51

Buff ware Indeterminate buff ware Lower Colorado Buff Ware

Subtotal, Lower Colorado Buff Ware Total

6.19

Figure 6.12. Photographs of isolated ceramics: (a) IO 266, Tumco Buff; (b) IO 863, Topoc Buff; (c) IO 923, Colorado Beige; (d) IO 961, indeterminate Patayan I.

6.20

CHAPTER 7

NRHP Eligibility

SRI surveyed 22,000 acres (8,903 ha) on the BMGR West, recording 3 sites and 1,129 IOs. Chapter 6 of this report provides the NRHP-eligibility recommendations for these resources at the end of each site description and at the end of the isolate summaries. This chapter summarizes those eligibility recommendations and provides management recommendations. Sites are discussed according to their condition and historic integrity as it relates to eligibility, disturbances and impacts to the sites, and general management recommendations. Isolates are evaluated separately, as they often reflect components of behavior similar to those observed at sites. For a discussion of the criteria used to evaluate eligibility for listing in the NRHP, please see Chapter 4:National Register of Historic Places Evaluation.

Sites on the BMGR West As noted in Chapter 6, three sites were discovered during the present investigation. All three were in the northwestern section of the project area, in Survey Area 1, on the Davis Plain between Vopoki Ridge and the Gila Mountains. AZ X:12:123 (ASM) was a historical-period trash scatter with a tent-base feature, AZ X:11:28 (ASM) was also a historical-period trash scatter, and AZ X:11:29 (ASM) was a prehistoric artifact scatter consisting of lithics and marine shell. According to National Register Bulletin 15 (NPS 1991:44), eligibility for listing in the NRHP is based on significance under NRHP criteria, as well as the physical condition of the place and the ability of that place to convey its significance, known as its integrity. The totality of the site’s physical condition and its ability to convey its significance is evaluated to determine its integrity. Indeed, a site may exhibit poor condition, but it may still be able to inform because it is rare or possesses information that can contribute to our understanding of the past. Conversely, a site may be in excellent physical condition but may be unable to contribute significantly toward our understanding of the past because it is redundant or representative of a very well-understood phenomenon. On the basis of preliminary examination, the two historical-period trash-scatter sites are recommended not eligible for listing in the NRHP because they lack associative integrity. As Sullivan and Griffith (2005:27) noted, “the association of the deposit with the source of the trash is very important.” The two historical-period trash scatters discovered during these survey efforts are small, sparse, and without clear indication of the source of the trash. Additionally, the waste-disposal method appears to be surface scattering or dumping and does not communicate specialized activities. Likewise, on the basis of preliminary examination, the prehistoric site is recommended not eligible for listing in the NRHP. The physical condition of the site is poor because of erosion and fluvial impact from an intermittent wash. Consequently, the likelihood of buried in-place deposits or features is low. Site recording adjunct to survey efforts effectively exhausted the site’s ability to further contribute meaningful information. For these reasons, the integrity of the site is compromised, and it is recommended not eligible.

7.1

Disturbances and Impacts As noted above, site integrity relates both to the ability of the site to convey its significance and to its physical condition. Disturbances and impacts decrease site integrity unidirectionally: natural and anthropogenic effects may only reduce, not increase, a site’s integrity. Thus, it is important to document and estimate the activities and influences that have affected the site during the time leading to its discovery. For all three sites, the most substantial disturbance appears to have been alluvial transport. Indeed, AZ X:11:28 (ASM) and AZ X:11:29 (ASM) lie in seasonal washes, and the distribution of artifacts follows the direction of those washes. The lack of associative integrity for these sites obscures the original depositional posture of the artifacts. In other words, the manner in which the items were discarded is unclear; therefore, the amount of diffusion from alluvial transport is unknown. AZ X:12:123 (ASM) is adjacent to a wash, but this wash does not appear to influence site integrity directly. In addition to being subject to natural phenomena, all three sites lie in the public-use area of the BMGR West. Although visitors are encouraged to remain on established roads, no barriers prevent off-road vehicles from traveling anywhere on the range. Modern military activity is limited in these areas; for the most part, it consists of road travel to other parts of the installation. The Border Patrol has a greater presence in this part of the range. Although Border Patrol vehicles largely stay on established roads, the survey crew observed off-road travel by Border Patrol personnel, both on two-tracks and through open desert, in the region of Davis Plain associated with these sites. No direct impact from vehicles was noted on any of the sites.

Isolated Occurrences As noted in Chapter 6, most of the isolated finds during the present survey are Cold War–era .50-caliberammunition shell casings. The history of the BMGR West as a military training facility is well documented, and the presence and distribution of these shell casing do not add to our understanding of that history. Other IOs include historical-period metal and glass. These artifacts are largely similar to those encountered at AZ X:12:123 (ASM) and AZ X:11:28 (ASM), but their provenance is equally unclear. Chapter 3 outlines the culture history of the project area, including passage and travel between Ajo and Yuma during the mid- to late nineteenth century. None of the isolated historical-period artifacts contributes to our understanding of that history. Prehistoric artifacts include ground stone and flaked stone, including two intact projectile points (see Figure 6.10). The projectile points were typed as Gypsum and possible Datil, consistent with the Late Archaic period. Prehistoric ceramics were also encountered as individual sherds, as well as partially reconstructible vessels (i.e., pot drops). The ceramic sherds and vessels that were identified to ware type are all Lower Colorado Buff Ware ceramics; types include Tumco Buff and Topoc Buff, spanning the Patayan I– III sequences (see Figure 6.12). These artifacts were few across the project area, and their spatial distribution did not yield any identifiable patterning. Four isolated features were encountered in nonsite areas: two USGS survey benchmarks (IOs 908 and 968), and two rock features (IOs 2 and 446). The USGS benchmarks date to 1963 and enjoy their own protection under federal law. IO 446 is an undefined rock feature with extremely limited information potential. One isolated feature, IO 2, is a rock ring that meets eligibility requirements under Criterion d. First, this feature lies 650 m (2,132 feet) from the Tinajas Altas site (AZ X:12:2 [ASM]). Although this is a considerable distance, the importance of the Tinajas Altas site invites closer scrutiny of surrounding cultural resources. Second, the cobbles composing the feature are deeply embedded; only approximately 20 percent of each rock surface is exposed. Thus, the information potential of buried deposits associated with this feature is greater than zero. This feature is likely to yield further information and, under Criterion d, meets eligibility requirements. 7.2

Management Recommendations The three newly discovered sites on the BMGR West collectively are artifact scatters from varied times in history and prehistory. The sites provide little indication of their formation—the manner and mechanism through which the observed artifacts came to be deposited is unclear. In addition, natural erosion and alluvial transport appear to have diffused the original depositional context of observed artifacts. All three sites suffer from compromised associative integrity and undermined physical integrity. The likelihood of buried deposits is low, and the information potential of these sites has been exhausted by the survey recording process. None of the sites is recommended eligible for listing in the NRHP under any of the defined criteria. Recommendations for management of these sites is limited to efforts already undertaken by MCASY: specifically, discouraging vehicular travel over open desert as much as is practicable. Natural disturbances are unmanageable, as all three sites lie in the alluvial valley between Vopoki Ridge and the Gila Mountains. IOs fall under the same general management recommendations. Because of the paucity of nonmilitary artifacts and the absence of unique or singularly significant artifacts, no management efforts or activities (e.g., special collections) are recommended. The one exception to these recommendations is IO 2, a rock-ring feature that meets NRHP-eligibility requirements under Criterion d. The feature may contain subsurface deposits that could contribute to our understanding of land use, subsistence, and travel through the area. Therefore, in addition to NRHP eligibility, it is recommended that measures be taken to avoid or minimize adverse impacts to IO 2.

7.3

APPENDIX A

Official Soil Series Descriptions for the BMGR West Survey

(Source: https://soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/osdname.asp, accessed December 3, 2014) Note: Scientific names for plant taxa are given at the end of the appendix. Values in English units of measurement are those in the original soil-series description.

CHUCKAWALLA SERIES LOCATION CHUCKAWALLA CA AZ Established Series Rev. NEE/LCL/PDC/ET 03/2009 The Chuckawalla series consists of very deep, well-drained soils formed in stratified mixed alluvium. Chuckawalla soils are on fan terraces and have slopes of 0–15 percent. The mean annual precipitation is 100 mm (4 inches) and the mean annual air temperature is 23°C (73°F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Typic Calciargids TYPICAL PEDON: Chuckawalla very gravelly silt loam—rangeland. (Colors are for dry soil unless otherwise noted.) Surface pavement is closely fitted subangular and rounded gravel 1.25–7.5 cm (0.5–3 inches) in diameter with strong desert varnish on exposed surfaces. (1.25–4 cm [0.5–1.5 inches] thick) E: 0–3.5 cm (0–1.375 inches); pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak thick platy structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine and medium vesicular pores; slightly effervescent on tops of plates; strongly effervescent on sides and bottoms; moderately alkaline (pH 8.2); abrupt wavy boundary. (0.5–4 cm [1/4–11/2 inches] thick) BAt: 3.5–6.5 cm (1.375–2.5 inches); light brown (7.5YR 6/4) gravelly silty clay loam, brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; weak very thick platy structure parting to weak fine and medium subangular blocky; slightly hard, friable, sticky and plastic; many very fine, fine, and medium vesicular pores; few faint clay films in pores; clean silt grains on peds; 15 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; strongly alkaline (pH 8.6); clear smooth boundary. (0–7.5 cm [0–3 inches] thick) Bt: 6.5–10 cm (2.5–4 inches); light reddish brown (5YR 6/4) gravelly silty clay loam, reddish brown (5YR 4/4) moist; weak and moderate medium angular blocky and weak fine prismatic structure; slightly hard, friable, moderately sticky and moderately plastic; common very fine, fine, and medium vesicular pores; few faint clay films in pores; clean silt grains on peds; 15 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; strongly alkaline (pH 8.6); clear smooth boundary. (0–7.5 cm [0–3 inches] thick) Btk1: 10–17.75 cm (4–7 inches); light reddish brown (5YR 6/4) gravelly silty clay loam, yellowish red (5YR 5/6) moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure parting to granular; soft, very friable, moderately A.1

sticky and moderately plastic; many very fine irregular pores; 25 percent gravel; colloidal staining on sand grains, few calcium carbonate-coated sand grains and rounded calcium carbonate nodules; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.4); clear wavy boundary. (2.5–10 cm [1–4 inches] thick) 2Btk2: 17.75–40.5 cm (7–16 inches); reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) extremely gravelly clay loam, strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) moist; massive; soft, very friable, moderately sticky and moderately plastic; many very fine irregular pores; 70 percent gravel; colloidal staining on sand grains; strongly effervescent in matrix; violently effervescent on bottoms of gravel; strongly alkaline (pH 8.6). (10–25.5 cm [4–10 inches] thick) 2Ck: 40.5–152.5 cm (16–60 inches); light brown (7.5YR 6/4) stratified extremely cobbly fine sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) moist; massive; many fine and medium irregular pores; 80 percent gravel and cobble; thick calcium carbonate coating on bottoms and sides of rock fragments; moderately alkaline (pH 8.4); weakly cemented in some parts. TYPE LOCATION: Riverside County, California; on jeep trail north of Palo Verde Valley; approximately 160 m (525 feet) south and 91 m (300 feet) east of the W 1/4 corner of Section 24, Township 5 South, Range 23 East. Longitude: 114°, 32 minutes, 16 seconds west. Latitude: 33°, 43 minutes, 35 seconds north. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: The soil is dry most of the time and is moist for fewer than 60 consecutive days from December through February. The soil may become moist, from erratic summer thunder showers during July, August, or September, in the surface few inches but would rarely wet the moisture control section. Soil temperature: 22°C–25°C (72°F–77°F) Solum thickness: 25.5–76 cm (10–30 inches) Very gravelly or very cobbly alluvial soil material is present at depths of 7.5–30.5 cm (3–12 inches) Rock fragments: Averages 35–75 percent rock fragments The surface has a strongly expressed desert pavement of gravel that is contiguous. The upper side of the gravel has a well-developed dark desert varnish (patina) of manganese and iron oxide; underside is tinted orange. Depth to calcic horizon: Less than 50.75 cm (20 inches); contains 15–25 calcium carbonate equivalent Depth to base of argillic horizon: Less than 63.5 (25 inches) The control section has an electrical conductivity of 16–40 dS/m. The soil is moderately or strongly alkaline. E horizon Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR Value: 6 or 7 dry, 4 or 5 moist Chroma: 3 or 4, dry or moist Texture: Fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, loam, silt loam It has weak to moderate, medium to thick platy structure; plates are dissected by gravel on the surface. Calcium carbonate: Disseminated with effervescence stronger on the flat surfaces of plates than on broken edges The lower boundary of the E horizon is very abrupt and smooth to irregular. Bt horizon Hue: 7.5YR, 5YR Value: 5 or 6 dry, 4 or 5 moist Chroma: 4 or 6, dry or moist Texture: Loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam, silty clay loam. The lower part of the Bt horizon may be sandy clay, but the average clay content of the control section is 20–35 percent, with more than 15 percent sand coarser than very fine sand. Rock fragments: 15–25 or more percent gravel in the upper part and 50–80 percent in the lower part Calcium carbonate: Mainly disseminated but are segregated into coatings, soft masses, concretions, or pellets in the lower part; some pedons are weakly cemented. A.2

Ck horizon Very gravelly, extremely gravelly, or very cobbly. Sands, loamy sands, or sandy loams fill or partially fill the interstices larger than 2 mm. Calcium carbonate: Quite variable in each stratum but are present as segregated coatings, soft masses, or concretions, usually in the upper part; some strata are weakly cemented. COMPETING SERIES: These are the Cololag (T) (NV), Cristobal (AZ), and Pinamt (AZ) series. Cololag soils average less than 18 percent clay in the particle-size control section. Cristobal soils are more than 101.5 cm (40 inches) to the base of the argillic horizon. Pinamt soils are 63.5–101.5 cm (25–40 inches) to the base of the argillic horizon. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Chuckawalla soils are on fan terraces. Slopes are 0–15 percent. The soils formed in stratified mixed gravelly alluvium. They typically have a well-developed desert pavement with a thick varnish (patina). The climate is arid with very hot, dry summers and cool, slightly moist winters. Mean annual precipitation is 50–171.5 mm (2–7 inches) (see Remarks). Most storms occur in the winter months, but some rainfall occurs as erratic, high-intensity summer thundershowers. There are also occasional severe wind and dust storms. Elevation ranges from 122 to 550 m (400 to 1,800 feet). Mean January temperature is 12°C (53°F); mean July temperature is 33°C (92°F); mean annual air temperature is 21°F– 23°C (70°F–74°F). Frost-free period is 240–350 days. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Aco, Carrizo, and Rositas soils. Aco, Carrizo, and Rositas soils do not have an argillic horizon. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained; medium runoff; moderate permeability USE AND VEGETATION: Used for recreation and watershed. Chuckawalla soils are usually barren except for some turkshead, sixweeks grama, and other annuals that are present for short periods in wetter years. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Chuckawalla soils are found in low desert areas of southern California and southwestern Arizona in Major Land Resource Areas (MLRAs) 31 and 30. They are of moderate extent. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Davis, California SERIES ESTABLISHED: Riverside County, California; 1971 REMARKS: The activity class was added to the classification in January 2003. ET. Latitude and longitude added 3/2009—ET Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are as follows: Some areas now mapped as Chuckawalla were formerly mapped as Tijeras. Also, some areas in the Coachella Valley Area Soil Survey Report are taxadjuncts. Map units CnC and CnE have elevations up to 793 m (2,600 feet) and precipitation up to 202.5 mm (8 inches). These soils are also noncalcareous and lack a desert pavement. Ochric epipedon: The zone from 0 to 3.5 cm (0 to 13/8 inches) (E horizon) Argillic horizon: The zone from 3.5 to 40.5 cm (13/8 to 6 inches) (BAt, Bt, Btk1, 2Btk2 horizons) Calcic horizon: The zone from 10 to 152.5 cm (4 to 60 inches) (Btk1, 2Btk2, 2Ck horizons) Classified according to Soil Survey Staff, 2003, Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 9th ed., U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, D.C.

A.3

CRISTOBAL SERIES LOCATION CRISTOBAL AZ Established Series Rev. RLB/HEJ/PDC 07/2006 The Cristobal series consists of very deep, well-drained soils that formed in fan alluvium. Cristobal soils are on fan terraces and have slopes of 0–20 percent. The mean annual precipitation is approximately 100 mm (4 inches), and the mean annual air temperature is approximately 22°C (72° F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Typic Calciargids TYPICAL PEDON: Cristobal very gravelly loam—rangeland. (Colors are for dry soil unless otherwise noted.) Ninety to ninety-five percent of the surface is covered with gravel with a thin desert varnish. Ez: 0–5 cm (0–2 inches); pale brown (10YR 6/3) extremely gravelly loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate thin and medium platy structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine vesicular pores; 60 percent fine and medium gravel; strongly effervescent; strongly saline; moderately alkaline (8.2); abrupt smooth boundary. (1.25–7.5 cm [1/2–3 inches] thick) Btkz1: 5–15.25 cm (2–6 inches); red (2.5YR 5/6) very gravelly clay loam, dark red (2.5YR 3/6) moist; moderate and strong very fine granular structure; soft, very friable, moderately sticky and moderately plastic; many fine irregular pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds; 35 percent fine gravel with underside coated with calcium carbonate; few fine and medium soft calcium carbonate accumulations; strongly effervescent; strongly saline; moderately alkaline (pH 8.2); clear wavy boundary. (5–25.5 cm [2–10 inches] thick) Btkz2: 15.25–25.5 cm (6–10 inches); yellowish red (5YR 5/6) very gravelly clay loam, dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) moist; moderate and strong fine granular structure; soft, very friable, moderately sticky and moderately plastic; many very fine irregular pores; few to common faint clay films on faces of peds; 50 percent fine and medium gravel with underside coated with calcium carbonate; common fine and medium soft calcium carbonate accumulations; common very fine and fine salt crystals; strongly effervescent; strongly saline; moderately alkaline (pH 8.2); clear wavy boundary. (10–12.5 cm [4–5 inches] thick) Btkz3: 25.5–43.25 cm (10–17 inches); yellowish red (5YR 4/6) extremely gravelly clay loam, dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) moist; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, moderately sticky and moderately plastic; many very fine tubular pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds and lining pores; 70 percent fine and medium gravel with underside coated with calcium carbonate; many fine and medium soft calcium carbonate accumulations; common very fine and fine salt crystals; strongly effervescent; strongly saline; moderately alkaline (pH 8.2); clear wavy boundary. (15.25–30.5 cm [6–12 inches] thick) Btkz4: 43.25–63.5 cm (17–25 inches); yellowish red (5YR 5/6) very gravelly sandy clay loam, dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, moderately sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine tubular pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds and lining pores; 60 percent fine, partially calcium carbonate–coated gravel; common fine and medium soft calcium carbonate accumulations; common very fine salt crystals; strongly effervescent; strongly saline; moderately alkaline (pH 8.2); clear wavy boundary. (17.75–30.5 cm [7–12 inches] thick)

A.4

Btkz5: 63.5–89 cm (25–35 inches); reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) very gravelly clay loam, brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, moderately sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine tubular pores; few faint clay films lining pores; 60 percent fine, partially calcium carbonate–coated gravel; many fine and medium soft calcium carbonate accumulations; common very fine salt crystals; strongly effervescent; strongly saline; moderately alkaline (pH 8.2); clear wavy boundary. (15.25–28 cm [6–11 inches] thick) Btkz6: 89–152.5 cm (35–60 inches); light brown (7.5YR 6/4) very gravelly clay loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine tubular pores; few faint clay films lining pores; 60 percent fine gravel; strongly effervescent; strongly saline; moderately alkaline (pH 8.2). TYPE LOCATION: Yuma County, Arizona; 335 m (1,100 feet) west and 305 m (1,000 feet) south of the northeast corner of Section 28, Township 5 South, Range 13 West RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Soil moisture: Usually dry, intermittently moist in some part of the soil moisture control section during July through September and December through February. Driest during May and June. Typic aridic soil moisture regime. Rock fragments: 35–70 percent Salinity: Nonsaline to strongly saline Sodicity: Nonsodic to strongly sodic Reaction: Slightly to moderately alkaline Clay content: Averages more than 18 percent in the control section Depth to calcic horizon: 5–101.5 cm (2–40 inches). Calcium carbonate equivalent ranges to 25 percent. Depth to base of argillic horizon: More than 101.5 cm (40 inches) A or E horizon Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR Value: 4–6 dry, 3–6 moist Chroma: 3–6, dry or moist Calcium carbonate: Slightly effervescent to strongly effervescent B horizon Hue: 2.5YR, 5YR, 7.5YR Value: 4–6 dry, 3–5 moist Chroma: 4–6, dry or moist Texture: Loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam COMPETING SERIES: These are the Chuckawalla (CA), Cololag (NV), and Pinamt (AZ) series. Chuckawalla soils are less than 63.5 cm (25 inches) to the base of the argillic horizon. Cololag soils are less than 73.5 cm (29 inches) to the base of the argillic horizon and are found in the Mojave Desert of southern Nevada in MLRA 30. Pinamt soils are 63.5–101.5 cm (25–40 inches) to the base of the argillic horizon. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Cristobal soils are on fan terraces and have slopes of 0–20 percent. These soils formed in fan alluvium from mixed sources. Elevations range from 76 to 550 m (250 to 1,800 feet). The mean annual precipitation ranges from 50 to 255 mm (2 to 10 inches). The mean annual air temperature is 21°C–24°C (69°F–76°F). The frost-free period is 240–365 days. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Antho, Ebon, Gunsight, Mohall, Momoli, Rillito, and Tremant soils. Antho soils are coarse-loamy and Ebon soils are clayey-skeletal. Mohall and Tremant soils are fine-loamy. Gunsight, Momoli, and Rillito soils do not have an argillic horizon.

A.5

DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained; rapid or medium runoff; moderately slow permeability USE AND VEGETATION: Used for livestock grazing and wildlife habitat. The present vegetation is creosotebush, bursage, cactus, palo verde, ironwood, and annual grasses and forbs. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: South-central and southwestern Arizona. This series is extensive. MLRA is 40. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Phoenix, Arizona SERIES ESTABLISHED: Yuma County (Yuma-Wellton Area), Arizona; 1978 REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are as follows: Ochric epipedon: The zone from 0 to 5 cm (0 to 2 inches) (E horizon) Argillic horizon: The zone from 5 to 152.5 cm (2 to 60 inches) (Btkz1 through Btkz6 horizons) Calcic horizon: The zone from 5 to 152.5 cm (2 to 60 inches) (Btkz1 thru Btkz6 horizons)

DENURE SERIES LOCATION DENURE AZ Established Series Rev. WWJ/JDP 08/2013 The Denure series consists of very deep, well-drained and somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in alluvium. Denure soils are on alluvial fans, relict basin floors, stream terraces, or fan piedmonts and have slopes of 0–8 percent. The mean annual precipitation is approximately 152 mm (6 inches), and the mean annual air temperature is approximately 21°C (70°F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Typic Haplocambids TYPICAL PEDON: Denure gravelly sandy loam—rangeland. (Colors are for dry soil unless otherwise noted.) A: 0–2.5 cm (0–1 inch); light brown (7.5YR 6/4) gravelly sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 4/3) moist; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine roots; common fine irregular pores; 30 percent gravel; noneffervescent; slightly alkaline (pH 7.6); abrupt smooth boundary. (2.5–10 cm [1–4 inches] thick) Bw: 2.5–30.5 cm (1–12 inches); light brown (7.5YR 6/4) gravelly sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine roots; few very fine irregular pores; 20 percent gravel; noneffervescent; slightly alkaline (pH 7.6); clear wavy boundary. (15.25–76.25 cm [6–30 inches] thick) Bk: 30.5–76.25 cm (12–30 inches); light brown (7.5YR 6/4) gravelly sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine roots; few very fine irregular pores, a few thin patchy calcium carbonate coats on sand grains and in pores; 25 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.2); clear wavy boundary. (2.5– 48.25 cm [1–19 inches] thick) A.6

C: 76.25–152.5 cm (30–60 inches); light brown (7.5YR 6/4) gravelly sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) moist; massive; soft, very friable; nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine irregular pores; 20 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. TYPE LOCATION: Maricopa County, Arizona; 229 m (750 feet) south and 411 m (1,350 feet) east of the northwest corner of Section 33, Township 5 North, Range 2 West. Latitude: 33°, 44 minutes, 11 seconds north. Longitude: 112°, 28 minutes, 38 seconds west. North American Datum 1983 (NAD 83). RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Soil moisture: Intermittently moist in some part of the soil moisture control section during July through September and December through February. Driest during May and June. Typic aridic soil moisture regime. Soil temperature: Greater than 22°C (72°F) Rock fragments (weighted average for the particle-size control section): 0–35 percent. Some subhorizons may contain more than 35 percent rock fragments. Some undisturbed areas have a weak desert pavement. Surface fragments: 0–50 percent Calcium carbonate: Noneffervescent or slightly effervescent in the A and B horizons; slightly to violently effervescent in the lower B and C horizons. Calcium carbonate is disseminated and is present as soft masses or coatings on gravel in the Bk horizon. Typically, the calcium carbonate equivalent is less than 5 percent; however, when it is greater than 5 percent, the horizon is either too thin or too deep to be diagnostic in the classification of the profile. Reaction: Neutral through moderately alkaline Sodium adsorption ratio: 0–4 Electrical conductivity: 0–4 (dS/m) A horizon Hue: 10YR, 7.5YR Value: 4–7 dry, 3–5 moist Chroma: 3–6, dry or moist Organic matter content: Less than 1 percent Reaction: Neutral to moderately alkaline Calcium carbonate equivalence: 0–5 percent Bw horizon Hue: 10YR, 7.5YR Value: 4–6 dry, 3–5 moist Chroma: 3–6, dry or moist Texture: Coarse sandy loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam; can have some minor strata of coarser or finer textures Reaction: Neutral to moderately alkaline Calcium carbonate equivalence: 0–8 percent Bk horizon Hue: 10YR, 7.5YR Value: 4–7 dry, 4–6 moist Chroma: 3–6, dry or moist Texture: Sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or coarse sandy loam; can have some minor strata of finer or coarser textures Reaction: Slightly alkaline to moderately alkaline Calcium carbonate equivalence: 3–12 percent, but does not contain calcic horizons C horizon Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, 7.5YR Value: 4–7 dry, 4–6 moist Chroma: 3–6, dry or moist A.7

Texture: Sandy loam, coarse sandy loam; can have some minor strata of finer or coarser textures Rock fragments: 5–75 percent gravel in any one subhorizon A buried Bt horizon is present in some areas at depths greater than 101.5 cm (40 inches). COMPETING SERIES: These are the Dateland (AZ) and Pahaka (AZ) series. Dateland soils are predominantly medium textured (loam and very fine sandy loam) in the control section. Pahaka soils have a buried argillic horizon at depths of 50.75–101.5 cm (20–40 inches). GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Denure soils are on alluvial fans, stream terraces, fan piedmonts, or relict basin floors. Slopes are 0–8 percent. These soils formed in alluvium from acid and basic igneous rock and aeolian deposits. Elevation is 152–671 m (500–2,200 feet). The climate is hot, arid continental. The mean annual precipitation is 50–255 mm (2–10 inches), occurring as gentle winter rains and erratic high-intensity summer thunderstorms. The mean annual air temperature is 20°C –23°C (68°F–74°F). The frost-free period is 240–325 days. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are Dateland, Antho, Gilman, and Momoli soils. Dateland soils have finer textures in the control section. Antho and Gilman soils do not have cambic horizons. Momoli soils are loamy-skeletal. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained and somewhat excessively drained; runoff negligible to low; moderately rapid permeability USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for livestock grazing and wildlife habitat. Some areas are now being irrigated and used to grow citrus, cotton, alfalfa, and small grains. Vegetation is creosotebush, white bursage, and annual forbs and grasses. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Arizona. The series is extensive. Total extent is approximately 158,637 ha (392,000 acres). MLRA is 40. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Phoenix, Arizona SERIES ESTABLISHED: Maricopa County, Arizona; Soil Survey of Aguila-Carefree Area, Parts of Maricopa and Pinal Counties; 1982 REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are as follows: Ochric epipedon: The zone from 0 to 2.5 cm (0 to 1 inch) (A horizon) Cambic horizon: The zone from 2.5 to 30.5 cm (1 to 12 inches) (Bw horizon) The type location was moved from the Gila Bend–Ajo Area to the present location in the Aguila-Carefree Area in 1983. The present type location better typifies the concept of the series and the distinction between it and the competing Dateland series. The name is from the old DeNure Ranch near Gila Bend. Classified according to Soil Survey Staff, 1999, Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys, 2nd ed., Agriculture Handbook No. 436, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, D.C.; and Soil Survey Staff, 2010, Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 11th ed., U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, D.C. Revised for the correlation of AZ661, 12/2008, WWJ Revised for the correlation the SDJR—MLRA 40—Dateland-Denure complex, 0–3 percent slopes project, June 2013, LJG2 ADDITIONAL DATA: NSSL Sample User Pedon ID 84AZ021005 sampled directly adjacent to type location

A.8

GROWLER SERIES LOCATION GROWLER AZ Established Series Rev. EGC/MSJ/PDC 08/2006 The Growler series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained, saline soils formed in fan alluvium from mixed rocks. Growler soils are on fan terraces and have slopes of 0–5 percent. The mean annual rainfall is 100–255 mm (4–10 inches), and the mean annual air temperature is 19°C–24°C ( 67°F–75°F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Typic Calciargids TYPICAL PEDON: Growler extremely gravelly fine sandy loam—rangeland. (Colors are for dry soil unless otherwise noted.) Ninety-five percent of the surface is covered with varnished gravel. A: 0–2.5 cm (0–1 inch); light brown (7.5YR 6/4) extremely gravelly fine sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) moist; weak very fine granular structure; soft, very friable; many fine irregular pores; strongly effervescent; very slightly saline (ECe 2.5 dS/m); 80 percent gravel; moderately alkaline (pH 8.0); abrupt smooth boundary Bt: 2.5–5 cm (1–2 inches); light reddish brown (5YR 6/4) gravelly loam, yellowish red (5YR 5/6) moist; strong medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, moderately sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine roots; many very fine vesicular pores; common faint clay films on faces of peds; violently effervescent; very slightly saline (ECe 0.5 dS/m); 15 percent gravel; strongly alkaline (pH 8.8); abrupt smooth boundary Btkz1: 5–17.75 cm (2–7 inches); light reddish brown (5YR 6/4) fine sandy loam, reddish brown (5YR 4/4) moist; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky; few very fine roots; many very fine irregular pores; common faint clay films on faces of peds; few small calcium carbonate masses; violently effervescent; strongly saline (ECe 32.0 dS/m); 10 percent gravel; moderately alkaline (pH 8.0); clear smooth boundary Btkz2: 17.75–38 cm (7–15 inches); light brown (7.5YR 6/4) gravelly sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky; few very fine roots; common very fine tubular pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds; common medium calcium carbonate masses; violently effervescent; strongly saline (ECe 50.0 dS/m); 25 percent gravel; slightly alkaline (pH 7.8); gradual smooth boundary 2Btkz3: 38–66 cm (15–26 inches); yellowish red (5YR 5/6) gravelly sandy loam, yellowish red (5YR 4/6) moist; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky; few very fine roots; common very fine tubular pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds; few small calcium carbonate masses; violently effervescent; strongly saline (ECe 34.0 dS/m); 20 percent gravel, moderately alkaline (pH 8.0); clear smooth boundary 2Btkz4: 66–109.25 cm (26–43 inches); light brown (7.5YR 6/4) very gravelly sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very hard, firm; common very fine tubular pores; few faint clay films in pores; many medium hard calcium carbonate masses; violently effervescent (10 percent calcium carbonate); strongly saline (ECe 28.0 dS/m); 40 percent gravel; moderately alkaline (pH 8.0); clear smooth boundary

A.9

3Btkz5: 109.25–139.75 cm (43–55 inches); brown (7.5YR 5/4) extremely gravelly loamy sand, brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; hard, friable; many very fine irregular pores; bridging and colloid stains on mineral grains; many medium calcium carbonate nodules; violently effervescent; strongly saline (ECe 24.0 dS/m); 75 percent gravel; moderately alkaline (pH 8.0); abrupt smooth boundary 3Bkz: 139.75–152.5 cm (55–60 inches); reddish brown (5YR 5/4) very gravelly sand, yellowish red (5YR 5/6) moist; massive; hard, friable; many very fine tubular pores; few distinct clay films in pores; common small calcium carbonate nodules; noneffervescent with pockets that are violently effervescent; moderately saline (ECe 12.0 dS/m); 40 percent gravel; slightly alkaline (pH 7.8) TYPE LOCATION: Maricopa County, Arizona; approximately 488 m (1,600 feet) north and 610 m (2,000 feet) east of the southwest corner of Section 30, Township 5 South, Range 4 West RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Soil moisture: Intermittently moist in some part of the soil moisture control section during July through September and December through February. Driest during May and June. Typic aridic soil moisture regime. Depth to calcium carbonate: 15.25–91.5 cm (6–36 inches). Some pedons are slightly or strongly effervescent in the A and B horizons Salinity: Moderately to very strongly saline; electrical conductivity is usually 16–30 dS/m but ranges from 4 to more than 70 dS/m below 25.5 cm (10 inches) Rock fragments: Ranges from 5 to 70 percent in any one subhorizon; averages less than 35 percent in the particle-size control section A horizon Hue: 10YR, 7.5YR Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist Chroma: 2, 3, 4, or 6, dry or moist Texture: Very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam Organic matter: Less than 1 percent Reaction: Neutral to moderately alkaline B horizon Hue: 2.5YR, 7.5YR, 5YR Value: 5 or 6 dry; 3, 4, 5, or 6 moist Chroma: 3, 4, or 6 dry; 3, 4, 6, or 8 moist Texture: Very fine sandy loam, silt loam, sandy loam, loam, sandy clay loam; some pedons are coarser or finer below 101.5 cm (40 inches) Reaction: Strongly or moderately alkaline Some pedons have a secondary argillic horizon developing immediately beneath the A horizon. COMPETING SERIES: This is the Wellton (AZ) series. Wellton soils have sandy loam B horizons and usually have soil adsorption ratios less than 4 and electrical conductivities less than 8 dS/m. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Growler soils are on nearly level to gently sloping fan terraces at elevations of 152–457 m (500–1,500 feet). Slopes are predominantly 0–3 percent but range from 0 to 5 percent. These soils formed in fan alluvium from mixed rock sources, including rhyolite, andesite, basalt, and rhyolitic and andesitic tuff, with some influence from aeolian sediments. The climate is hot, arid, and continental. Mean annual air temperature ranges from 19°C to 24°C ( 67°F to 75°F). Mean annual rainfall ranges from 100 to 255 mm (4 to 10 inches), approximately one-half of which falls as summer thundershowers during the months of July, August, and September. The frost-free period is 250–350 days.

A.10

GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Antho, Cherioni, Gilman, Harqua, and Rillito soils. Antho and Gilman soils are on floodplains. Cherioni soils have more than 35 percent rock fragments, and a duripan at shallow depths. Harqua soils have a moderately fine-textured control section. Rillito soils do not have argillic horizons. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Somewhat excessively drained; slow to medium runoff; moderate permeability USE AND VEGETATION: Used for livestock grazing and wildlife habitat. Native vegetation is scattered creosotebush, saltbush, turkshead, and annual grasses and weeds. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Arizona. Growler soils are inextensive. MLRA is 40. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Phoenix, Arizona SERIES ESTABLISHED: Pima County (Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument Survey Area), Arizona; 1971 REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are as follows: Ochric epipedon: The zone from 0 to 2.5 cm (0 to 1 inch) (A horizon) Argillic horizon: The zone from 2.5 to 140 cm (1 to 55 inches) (Bt, Btkz1, Btkz2, 2Btkz3, 2Btkz4, 3Btkz5 horizons) Calcic horizon: The zone from 38 to 152.5 cm (15 to 60 inches) (2Btkz3, 2Btkz4, 3Btkz5, 3Bkz horizons)

GUNSIGHT SERIES LOCATION GUNSIGHT AZ Established Series Rev. EGC/MSJ/YHH 04/2009 The Gunsight series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained, strongly calcareous soils that formed in alluvium from mixed sources. Gunsight soils are on fan terraces or stream terraces and have slopes of 0–60 percent. The mean annual precipitation is approximately 178 mm (7 inches). Mean annual air temperature is approximately 22°C (71°F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Typic Haplocalcids TYPICAL PEDON: Gunsight very gravelly loam—rangeland. (Colors are for dry soil unless otherwise noted.) Fifty to sixty percent of surface is covered with gravel. A: 0–2.5 cm (0–2 inches); light brown (7.5YR 6/4) very gravelly loam, brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; weak medium platy structure; slightly hard, very friable, nonsticky and slightly plastic; few very fine roots; many very fine and fine irregular pores; 50 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.2); abrupt smooth boundary. (5–10 cm [2–4 inches] thick) Bw: 2.5–25.5 cm (2–10 inches); pink (7.5YR 7/4) very gravelly loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) moist; massive; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and slightly plastic; few fine and medium roots; common very fine irregular

A.11

pores; 50 percent gravel; violently effervescent; few fine calcium carbonate filaments; moderately alkaline (pH 8.3); clear wavy boundary. (20.25–40.5 cm [8 to 16 inches] thick) Bk1: 25.5–45.75 cm (10–18 inches); white (N 8/) and pinkish gray (7.5YR 7/2) extremely gravelly loam, pinkish gray (7.5YR 7/2) and brown (7.5YR 5/4) moist; massive; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few fine and medium roots; common very fine irregular pores; 70 percent calcium carbonate–coated gravel; violently effervescent; many large calcium carbonate masses; strongly alkaline (pH 8.5); gradual wavy boundary. (15.25–25.5 cm [6–10 inches] thick) Bk2: 45.75–81.25 cm (18–32 inches); pinkish white (7.5YR 8/2), pinkish gray (7.5YR 7/2) and pink (7.5YR 7/4) extremely gravelly sandy loam, pinkish gray (7.5YR 7/2) and brown (7.5YR 5/4) moist; massive; hard, friable, slightly sticky and moderately plastic; few very fine roots; common very fine irregular pores; 75 percent calcium carbonate–coated gravel; violently effervescent; many large calcium carbonate masses; moderately alkaline (pH 8.3); gradual wavy boundary. (30.5–50.75 cm [12–20 inches] thick) Bk3: 81.25–152.5 cm (32–60 inches); pinkish white (7.5YR 8/2), pinkish gray (7.5YR 7/2) and pink (7.5YR 7/4) very gravelly loam, pinkish gray (7.5YR 7/2) and brown (7.5YR 5/4) moist; massive; hard, friable, slightly sticky and moderately plastic; common very fine irregular pores; 40 percent calcium carbonate–coated gravel; violently effervescent; many large calcium carbonate masses; moderately alkaline (pH 8.3). TYPE LOCATION: Pima County, Arizona; Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument Area; 805 m (2,640 feet) south and 427 m (1,400 feet) east of the northwest corner of Section 1, Township 18 South, Range 5 West. Latitude: 31°, 53 minutes, 17 seconds north. Longitude: 112°, 44 minutes, 21 seconds west. NAD 83. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Soil moisture: Intermittently moist in some part of the soil moisture control section during July through September and December through February. Driest during May and June. Typic aridic soil moisture regime. Soil temperature: 22°C–26°C (72°F–78°F) Depth to calcic horizon: 3–20 inches Calcium carbonate: More than 15 percent calcium carbonate equivalent in the calcic horizon. Present as small to large masses or nodules; weakly to strongly cemented in some pedons. Rock fragments: Averages more than 35 percent in the control section. Some subhorizons have as much as 80 percent. Predominantly 1.25–7.5 cm (1/2–3 inches) in diameter. Some areas have a desert pavement with a moderate patina. Reaction: Moderately or strongly alkaline Sodicity: Nonsodic to strongly sodic Texture: Fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loam in the particle-size control section. A few thin strata of less gravelly material are present in some pedons. Averages less than 18 percent clay. A horizon Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR Value: 6, 7, or 8 dry; 4 or 5 moist Chroma: 2 through 6, dry or moist Bw horizon Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist Chroma: 3 or 4, dry or moist Bk horizon Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR Value: 5–8 dry, 4–8 moist Chroma: 2–4, dry or moist

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COMPETING SERIES: These are the Chemehuevi (CA), Heleweiser (NV), Oldswede (T) (CA), and Supplymine (T) (CA) series. Chemehuevi soils have less than 15 percent calcium carbonate equivalent in the upper part of the calcic horizon and have secondary accumulations of silica and gypsum in the lower part of the calcic horizon. Heleweiser soils have gypsum in the lower part of the profile. Oldswede and Supplymine do not have Official Soil Series Descriptions (OSDs) and cannot be competed. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Gunsight soils are on stream terraces or fan terraces. They formed in stratified alluvium from mixed sources. Slopes are predominantly 1–25 percent but range from 0 to 60 percent. Elevations are 152–792 m (400–2,600 feet). The climate is hot, arid, and continental. Mean annual precipitation is 50–255 mm (2–10 inches), occurring as summer thunderstorms and gentle winter rains. Mean annual air temperature is 20°C–24°C (68°F–76°F). The frost-free period is approximately 240–350 days. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Chuckawalla, Cipriano, Ebon, Harqua, Tremant, and the similar Rillito soils. Chuckawalla, Ebon, Harqua, and Tremant soils have argillic horizons. Cipriano soils have a duripan. Rillito soils have 15–35 percent gravel. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Somewhat excessively drained; very low to high runoff; moderate or moderately rapid permeability USE AND VEGETATION: Used for livestock grazing and recreation. The vegetation is creosotebush, ocotillo, palo verde, saguaro, cholla, and triangle-leaf bursage. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southwest and south central Arizona. The series is extensive. Total extent is approximately 236,741 ha (585,000 acres). MLRA is 40. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Phoenix, Arizona SERIES ESTABLISHED: Pima County, Arizona; Soil Survey of Organ Pipe Cactus–Cabeza Prieta Area, Arizona, Parts of Pima and Yuma Counties; 1971 REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are as follows: Ochric epipedon: The zone from 0–2.5 cm (0–2 inches) (A horizon) Calcic horizon: The zone from 25.5–101.5 cm (10 to 40 inches) (Bk1, Bk2, Bk3 horizons) Classified according to Soil Survey Staff, 1999, Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys, 2nd ed., Agriculture Handbook No. 436, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, D.C.; and Soil Survey Staff, 2006, Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 10th ed., U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, D.C. Revised for the correlation of AZ661, 2/2009, WWJ

LAPOSA SERIES LOCATION LAPOSA AZ CA Established Series Rev. HEJ/DLR/PDC/WWJ 10/2006 The Laposa series consists of moderately deep, somewhat excessively drained soils formed in slope alluvium from schist, granite, gneiss, rhyolite, and aeolian deposits. Laposa soils are on hills and mountains A.13

and have slopes of approximately 10–75 percent. The mean annual precipitation is approximately 100 mm (4 inches) and the mean annual air temperature is approximately 22°C (72°F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Typic Haplocambids TYPICAL PEDON: Laposa extremely gravelly loam—desert. (Colors are for dry soil unless otherwise noted.) Seventy to eighty percent of surface is covered with gravel, cobble, and stones. A: 0–7.5 cm (0–3 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) extremely gravelly loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist); weak thin platy structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky; many very fine roots; many very fine tubular pores; 90 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.2); abrupt smooth boundary. (2.5–7.5 cm [1–3 inches] thick) Bw1: 7.5–25.5 cm (3–10 inches); light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) extremely gravelly loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; 70 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.0); abrupt wavy boundary. (12.5–30.5 cm [5–12 inches] thick) Bw2: 25.5–53.25 cm (10–21 inches); light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) extremely gravelly loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine roots; many very fine irregular pores; 70 percent gravel; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.2); clear wavy boundary. (12.5–30.5 cm [5–12 inches] thick) Bk: 53.25–81.25 cm (21–32 inches); light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) extremely gravelly loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; massive; soft, very friable, slightly sticky; few very fine roots; many fine irregular pores; 80 percent coarse granite gravel, calcium carbonate coated on undersides; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.2); abrupt wavy boundary. (12.5–33 cm [5–12 inches] thick) 2R: 81.25 cm (32 inches); hard granite. TYPE LOCATION: Yuma County, Arizona; approximately 24 km (15 miles) north of Imperial Dam; 305 m (1,000 feet) west and 533 m (1,750 feet) south of the northeast corner of Section 18, Township 4 South, Range 22 West RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Soil moisture: Intermittently moist in some part of the soil moisture control section during July through September and December through February. Driest during May and June. Typic aridic soil moisture regime. Rock fragments: 35–90 percent gravel in the control section; 15–85 percent in the surface layer Depth to base of cambic horizon: 25.5–76.25 cm (10–30 inches) Depth to bedrock: 50.75–101.5 cm (20–40 inches) A horizon Hue: 10YR, 7.5YR Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist Chroma: 3, 4, or 6 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist Texture: Loam, sandy loam Reaction: Neutral to moderately alkaline Calcium carbonate: Noneffervescent to strongly effervescent B horizon Hue: 10YR, 7.5YR Value: 5 or 6 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist Chroma: 3 or 4 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist A.14

Texture: Fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loam (10–20 percent clay) Effervescence: Slightly to violently effervescent below a depth of 25.5 cm (10 inches) as soft masses, or thin coatings on gravel Calcium carbonate equivalent: Less than 6 percent COMPETING SERIES: These are the Chillon (T) (TX), Momoli (AZ), and Snapcan (AZ) series. Chillon and Momoli soils are very deep. Snapcan soils are moderately deep to fanglomerate, are in the Mojave Desert (MLRA 30), receive mostly winter precipitation, and are usually dry from April through November. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Laposa soils are on hillslopes and mountain slopes and have slopes of 10– 75 percent. Laposa soils formed in slope alluvium from schist, granite, gneiss, rhyolite, and aeolian deposits. Elevations are 122–975 m (400–3,200 feet). The climate is hot, arid, and continental. Mean annual precipitation is 7.5–25.5 cm (3–10 inches), and the mean annual air temperature is 21°C–23°C (70°F – 74°F). The frost-free period is approximately 260–325 days. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Cherioni, Carrizo, Cristobal, and Ligurta soils. Carrizo soils are sandy-skeletal. Cristobal and Ligurta soils have an argillic horizon. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Somewhat excessively drained; rapid runoff; moderate permeability USE AND VEGETATION: Used for wildlife habitat and limited livestock grazing. Native vegetation is creosotebush, white bursage, foothill (littleleaf) palo verde, brittlebush, ocotillo, elephant tree, cholla, turkshead, and annual forbs. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southwestern Arizona and southeastern California. Laposa soils are moderately extensive. MLRA is 40. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Phoenix, Arizona SERIES ESTABLISHED: Yuma County (Yuma-Wellton Area), Arizona; 1978 REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are as follows: Ochric epipedon: The zone from 0 to 7.5 cm (0 to 3 inches) (A horizon) Cambic horizon: The zone from 7.5 to 53.25 cm (3 to 21 inches) (Bw1, Bw2 horizons) Lithic contact: The boundary at 81.25 cm (32 inches) (2R horizon) Classified according to Soil Survey Staff, 1999, Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys, 2nd ed., Agriculture Handbook No. 436, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, D.C.

LIGURTA SERIES LOCATION LIGURTA AZ CA Established Series Rev. RLB/HEJ/PDC 11/2006 The Ligurta series consists of very deep, well-drained, strongly saline soils that formed in fan alluvium weathered from a wide variety of rocks. Ligurta soils are on fan terraces with slopes of 0–6 percent. The mean

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annual precipitation is approximately 100 mm (4 inches), and the mean annual air temperature is approximately 22°C (72°F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Calcic Haplosalids TYPICAL PEDON: Ligurta very gravelly loam—desert. (Colors are for dry soil unless otherwise noted.) Ninety to ninety-five percent of the surface is covered with gravel; thin coat of desert varnish is present on gravel. Az: 0–5 cm (0–2 inches); very pale brown (10YR 7/4) extremely gravelly loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; moderate medium platy structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine roots; few very fine vesicular pores; 50 percent fine and medium gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.2); strongly saline; abrupt smooth boundary. (2.5–7.5 cm [1– 3 inches] thick) Btz: 5–12.5 cm (2–5 inches); reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6) gravelly clay loam, dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) moist; moderate and strong fine granular structure; loose, sticky and plastic; few very fine roots; many very fine irregular pores; 15 percent fine gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.2); strongly saline; clear wavy boundary. (5–25.5 cm [2–10 inches] thick) Btkz1: 12.5–25.5 cm (5–10 inches); yellowish red (5YR 4/6) gravelly clay loam, dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) moist; moderate and strong fine granular structure; loose, moderately sticky and moderately plastic; few very fine roots; many very fine irregular pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 20 percent fine and medium gravel; strongly effervescent with common soft calcium carbonate masses; common very fine and fine salt crystals; moderately alkaline (pH 8.2); strongly saline; clear wavy boundary. (12.5–20.25 cm [5–8 inches] thick) Btkz2: 25.5–38 cm (10–15 inches); yellowish red (5YR 5/6) gravelly clay loam, dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) moist; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, moderately sticky and moderately plastic; many very fine tubular pores; common faint clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 25 percent fine and medium gravel; strongly effervescent with common soft calcium carbonate masses; common very fine and fine salt crystals; moderately alkaline (pH 8.2); strongly saline; clear wavy boundary. (10– 17.75 cm [4–7 inches] thick) Btkz3: 38–71 cm (15–28 inches); light reddish brown (5YR 6/3) clay loam, reddish brown (5YR 4/3) moist; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, moderately sticky and moderately plastic; many very fine tubular pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 10 percent fine and medium gravel; strongly effervescent with common soft calcium carbonate masses; common very fine and fine salt crystals; moderately alkaline (pH 8.2); strongly saline; clear wavy boundary. (20.25–38 cm [8– 15 inches] thick) Btkz4: 71–101.5 cm (28–40 inches); light reddish brown (5YR 6/3) gravelly clay loam, reddish brown (5YR 4/3) moist; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, moderately sticky and moderately plastic; many very fine tubular pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 15 percent fine gravel; strongly effervescent with common soft calcium carbonate masses; common very fine and fine salt crystals; moderately alkaline (pH 8.2); strongly saline; gradual wavy boundary. (17.75– 40.5 cm [7–16 inches] thick) Bk: 101.5–152.5 cm (40–60 inches); light reddish brown (5YR 6/3) gravelly loam, reddish brown (5YR 4/3) moist; massive; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine tubular pores; few faint clay films in pores; 15 percent fine gravel; strongly effervescent with common soft calcium carbonate masses; common very fine and fine salt crystals; moderately alkaline (pH 8.2); strongly saline. A.16

TYPE LOCATION: Yuma County, Arizona; approximately 1 km (0.7 mile) northeast of White Wing Ranch Headquarters; approximately 610 m (2,000 feet) east and 152 m (500 feet) north of the northeast corner of Section 23, Township 5 South, Range 12 West RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Soil moisture: Intermittently moist in the soil moisture control section during July through September and December through February. Driest during May and June. Typic aridic soil moisture regime. Electrical conductivity: 25 to more than 100 dS/m but averages 35–50 dS/m Rock fragments: Less than 35 percent Az horizon Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR Value: 5–7 dry, 3–6 moist Chroma: 2–4, dry or moist Texture: Extremely gravelly loam, very gravelly loam, extremely gravelly sandy clay loam, extremely gravelly clay loam B horizons Hue: 10YR–5YR Value: 4–6 dry, 3–5 moist Chroma: 4–6, dry or moist Texture: Gravelly loam, gravelly sandy clay loam, gravelly clay loam, loam, sandy clay loam or clay loam COMPETING SERIES: There are no competing series. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Ligurta soils are on fan terraces on slopes of 0–6 percent. Elevations are 76– 396 m (250–1,300 feet). These soils formed in fan alluvium weathered from andesite, rhyolite, basalt, granite, gneiss, and schist. The mean annual precipitation is 50–152 mm (2–6 inches), and the mean annual air temperature is 22°C–24°C (72°F–76°F). The frost-free period is 250–365 days. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Cristobal, Harqua, Tremant, and Carrizo soils. These soils do not have salic horizons. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained; rapid runoff; moderately slow permeability USE AND VEGETATION: Used for livestock grazing and wildlife habitat. The soil is nearly barren of vegetation except in the small drainages. Vegetation in the drainages is creosotebush, plantain, fiddleneck, filaree, turkshead, pencil cholla, and saguaro. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southwestern Arizona and southeastern California. Ligurta soils are extensive. MLRA is 40. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Phoenix, Arizona SERIES ESTABLISHED: Yuma County (Yuma-Wellton Area), Arizona; 1978 REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are as follows: Ochric epipedon: The zone from 0–5 cm (0 to 2 inches) (Az horizon) Argillic horizon: The zone from 5–101.5 cm (2 to 40 inches) (Btz, Btkz1, Btkz2, Btkz3, Btkz4 horizons) Salic horizon: The zone from 12.5–101.5 cm (5 to 40 inches) (Btkz1, Btkz2, Btkz3, Btkz4 horizons) Calcic horizon: The zone from 12.5–152.5 cm (5 to 60 inches) (Btkz1, Btkz2, Btkz3, Btkz4, Bk horizons)

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MOMOLI SERIES LOCATION MOMOLI AZ Established Series Rev. HEJ/EDA 04/2009 The Momoli series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained soils formed in fan alluvium and aeolian deposits. Momoli soils are on stream terraces and fan terraces and have slopes of 0–15 percent. The mean annual precipitation is approximately 178 mm (7 inches) and the mean annual air temperature is approximately 23°C (73°F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Typic Haplocambids TYPICAL PEDON: Momoli very gravelly fine sandy loam—rangeland. (Colors are for dry soil unless otherwise noted.) Approximately 70 percent of the surface is covered with gravel; thin coat of desert varnish is present on gravel. A: 0–5 cm (0–2 inches); light brown (7.5YR 6/4) very gravelly fine sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; weak medium platy structure; slightly hard, very friable; few very fine roots; common very fine vesicular pores; 50 percent gravel; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.0); abrupt wavy boundary. (2.5– 7.5 cm [1–3 inches] thick) Bk1: 5–66 cm (2–26 inches); light brown (7.5YR 6/4) very gravelly sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; massive; loose; many very fine roots; many very fine irregular pores; few fine soft masses of calcium carbonate; 50 percent partially calcium carbonate–coated gravel in lower part; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.2); abrupt wavy boundary. (50.75–76.25 cm [20–30 inches] thick) Bk2: 66–86.25 cm (26–34 inches); brown (7.5YR 5/4) extremely gravelly sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; single grain; loose; few very fine roots; many very fine irregular pores; few fine soft masses of calcium carbonate; 60 percent partially calcium carbonate–coated gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.2); clear wavy boundary. (15.25–43.25 cm [6–17 inches] thick) Bk3: 86.25–152.5 cm (34–60 inches); light brown (7.5YR 6/4) very gravelly loamy sand, brown (7.5YR 5/4) moist; single grain; loose; many fine irregular pores; few fine masses of calcium carbonate; 45 percent partially calcium carbonate–coated gravel; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.2). TYPE LOCATION: Pinal County, Arizona; 183 m (600 feet) west and 244 m (800 feet) north of the southeast corner of Section 33, Township 6 South, Range 3 East. Latitude: 32°, 51 minutes, 9 seconds north. Longitude: 112°, 2 hours, 2 seconds west. NAD 83. RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Soil moisture: Intermittently moist in some part of the soil moisture control section during July through September and December through February. Driest during May and June. Typic aridic soil moisture regime. Soil temperature: 72°F–78°F Rock fragments: 35–90 percent gravel in the control section; 15–85 percent in surface layer Salinity: Averages 2 dS/m but ranges up to 12 dS/m A horizon Hue: 10YR, 7.5YR Value: 4, 5, or 6 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist Chroma: 3–6, dry or moist A.18

Organic matter: Less than 1 percent Reaction: Neutral to moderately alkaline Calcium carbonate: Noneffervescent to violently effervescent B horizon Hue: 10YR, 7.5YR Value: 4–7 dry, 4 or 5 moist Chroma: 3, 4, 5, or 6 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist Texture: Fine sandy loam, coarse sandy loam, sandy loam, loam (averages 5–18 percent clay). In some pedons, the Bk horizon is loamy sand below 61 cm (24 inches). Reaction: Neutral to moderately alkaline Calcium carbonate: Noneffervescent to violently effervescent in the upper part, slightly to violently below a depth of 25.5 cm (10 inches). Calcium carbonate is threadlike, disseminated, soft masses, or thin coatings on gravel. Calcium carbonate equivalent is less than 5 percent. In some pedons, a C horizon is below the Bk1 horizon. A buried soil is present at depths of 101.5–152.5 cm (40–60 inches) in some pedons. COMPETING SERIES: These are the Chillon (T) (TX), Laposa (AZ), and Snapcan (AZ) series. Chillon soils receive more than 255 mm (10 inches) average annual precipitation and do not receive significant amounts of moisture during the winter months, as is typical of the Chihuahuan Desert (MLRA 42). Laposa soils have bedrock at depths of 50.75–101.5 cm (20–40 inches). Snapcan soils have fanglomerate at moderate depths and are moist in some part of the soil moisture control section for less than 20 days cumulative between July and September. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Momoli soils are on stream and fan terraces and have slopes of 0–15 percent. They formed in fan alluvium from mixed sources. Elevation is 122–762 m (400–2,500 feet). Mean annual precipitation is 50–255 mm (2–10 inches), occurring as summer thunderstorms and gentle winter rains. Mean annual air temperature is 21°C–24°C (69°F–75°F). The frost-free period is approximately 240– 350 days. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Dateland, Denure, Gunsight, and Gilman soils. Dateland, Denure, and Gilman soils are coarse-loamy. Gunsight soils have a calcic horizon. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Somewhat excessively drained; slow to medium runoff; moderately rapid permeability USE AND VEGETATION: Used for livestock grazing following summer and winter rains and as a source of sand and gravel. Vegetation is creosotebush, triangle-leaf bursage, ironwood, bush muhly, threeawn, big galleta, and turkshead. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Central and southwestern Arizona. These soils are extensive. Total extent is approximately 85,793 ha (212,000 acres). MLRA is 40. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Phoenix, Arizona SERIES ESTABLISHED: Pinal County, Arizona, Western Part; 1983. Pronounced “Moam-uh-lie.” REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are as follows: Ochric epipedon: The zone from 0 to 5 cm (0 to 2 inches) (A horizon) Cambic horizon: The zone from 5 to 66 cm (2 to 26 inches) (Bk1 horizon)

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Classified according to Soil Survey Staff, 1999, Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys, 2nd ed., Agriculture Handbook No. 436, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, D.C.; and Soil Survey Staff, 2006, Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 10th ed., U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, D.C. Revised for the correlation of AZ661, 2/2009, WWJ

QUILOTOSA SERIES LOCATION QUILOTOSA AZ Established Series Rev. JDP/WWJ/PDC 02/2007 The Quilotosa series consists of very shallow and shallow, somewhat excessively drained soils that formed from granitic and metamorphic rocks. Quilotosa soils are on hills and mountains and have slopes of 3– 65 percent. The mean annual precipitation is approximately 178 mm (7 inches), and the mean annual air temperature is approximately 21°C (70°F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, calcareous, hyperthermic Lithic Torriorthents TYPICAL PEDON: Quilotosa extremely gravelly coarse sandy loam—rangeland. (Colors are for dry soil unless otherwise noted.) Eighty percent of the surface is covered with gravel, cobble, stones, and boulders. A: 0–5 cm (0–2 inches); pale brown (10YR 6/3) extremely gravelly coarse sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; weak fine granular structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine roots; many very fine irregular pores; 70 percent gravel; moderately alkaline (pH 8.0); abrupt wavy boundary. (2.5–7.5 cm [1–3 inches] thick) Bw: 5–15.25 cm (2–6 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) extremely gravelly coarse sandy loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; massive; slightly hard, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine roots; common very fine irregular pores; 65 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.2); clear wavy boundary. (7.5–17.75 cm [3–7 inches] thick) Bk: 15.25–35.5 cm (6–14 inches); light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) extremely gravelly sandy loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; massive, slightly hard, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common fine roots; common fine irregular pores; 65 percent gravel with calcium carbonate coatings on some gravel; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.2); gradual wavy boundary. (0–20.25 cm [0–8 inches] thick) 2Cr: 35.5–48.25 cm (14–19 inches); weathered granite; common yellowish red (5YR 4/6) clay coatings and thin calcium carbonate coatings in joints; abrupt wavy boundary. (7.5–15.25 cm [3–6 inches] thick) 2R: 48.25 cm (19 inches); granite. TYPE LOCATION: Maricopa County, Arizona; approximately 11 km (7 miles) north and 18 km (11 miles) east of Gila Bend in the Maricopa Mountains; 305 m (1,000 feet) east and 259 m (850 feet) south of the northwest corner of Section 25, Township 4 South, Range 3 West

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RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Soil moisture: Intermittently moist in some part of the soil moisture control section during July through September and December through February. Driest during May and June. Typic aridic soil moisture regime. Rock fragments: Greater than 35 percent in the particle-size control section. Surface covered with gravel, cobble, stones, and boulders. Depth to bedrock: 4–20 inches A horizon Hue: 10YR, 7.5YR Value: 5 or 6 dry, 4 or 5 moist Chroma: 4–6 dry; 3, 4, or 6 moist B horizon Hue: 10YR, 7.5YR Value: 5 or 6 dry, 4 or 5 moist Chroma: 3–6 dry; 3, 4, or 6 moist Texture: Sandy loam, coarse sandy loam; predominantly coarse and very coarse in the sand fraction Reaction: Slightly or moderately alkaline COMPETING SERIES: These are the Appleseed (AZ), Goldroad (AZ), Hyder (AZ), Redneedle (NV), and Sunrock (AZ) series. Appleseed, Goldroad, Redneedle, and Sunrock soils are moist for fewer than 20 days cumulative in the summer. In addition, Appleseed soils formed in parent material derived from limestone, Goldroad soils formed in parent material derived from granite and are dominated by 2–5 mm gravel, Redneedle soils formed in parent material derived from sandstone, and Sunrock soils formed in parent material derived from andesite and similar volcanic rocks. Hyder soils have control sections dominated by fine and medium sand, do not have layers of weathered bedrock, and formed on volcanic rock. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Quilotosa soils are on hills and mountains at elevations of 122–1,067 m (400–3,500 feet). They formed in slope alluvium from granitic and metamorphic rock. Slopes range from 3 to 65 percent. The mean annual precipitation is 50–255 mm (2–10 inches). The mean annual air temperature is approximately 20°C–26°C (69°F–78°F). The frost-free period is 240–350 days. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Momoli, Pinamt, and Vaiva soils. Momoli and Pinamt soils are very deep. Vaiva and Pinamt soils have argillic horizons. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Somewhat excessively drained; medium to rapid runoff; moderately rapid permeability USE AND VEGETATION: Used for livestock grazing, wildlife habitat, and recreation. Vegetation is saguaro, foothill (littleleaf) palo verde, brittlebush, creosotebush, ocotillo, ironwood, triangle-leaf bursage, white bursage, cholla, forbs, and grasses. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Arizona. Quilotosa soils are moderately extensive. MLRA is 40. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Phoenix, Arizona SERIES ESTABLISHED: Maricopa County, Arizona; 1982 REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are as follows: Ochric epipedon: The zone from 0–5 cm (0–2 inches) (A horizon) Paralithic contact: The boundary at 35.5 cm (14 inches) (2Cr horizon) Lithic contact: The boundary at 48.25 cm (19 inches) (2R horizon)

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Soils with Cr materials ranging to 7.5 cm (3 inches) thick over an R are placed in a lithic subgroup in Arizona. The type location for this series will be relocated to meet these criteria and to maintain the present classification.

RILLITO SERIES LOCATION RILLITO AZ Established Series Rev. EDA/HCD/PDC/WWJ 02/2007 The Rillito series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in mixed alluvium. Rillito soils are on fan terraces or stream terraces. Slopes are predominantly 0–5 percent but range to 40 percent. The mean annual precipitation is approximately 178 mm (7 inches), and the mean annual air temperature is approximately 22°C (71°F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Typic Haplocalcids TYPICAL PEDON: Rillito gravelly sandy loam—rangeland. (Colors are for dry soil unless otherwise noted.) A: 0–2.5 cm (0–1 inch); light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) gravelly sandy loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak medium platy structure; slightly hard, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many fine roots; common very fine tubular pores; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.0); abrupt smooth boundary. (1.25–5 cm [1/2–2 inches] thick) Bw: 2.5–12.5 cm (1–5 inches); light brown (7.5YR 6/4) gravelly sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; weak fine granular structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common fine roots; common very fine pores; strongly effervescent and pockets that are violently effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.2); abrupt smooth boundary. (7.5–20.25 cm [3–8 inches] thick) Bk1: 12.5–30.5 cm (5–12 inches); pink (7.5YR 8/4) gravelly loam, light brown (7.5YR 6/4) moist; massive; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; many fine soft calcium carbonate masses; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.4); clear smooth boundary. (12.5–35.5 cm [5–14 inches] thick) Bk2: 30.5–61 cm (12–24 inches); very pale brown (10YR 8/2) weakly lime-cemented gravelly sandy loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/3) moist; massive; very hard, very firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine tubular pores; many medium calcium carbonate masses; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.4); gradual wavy boundary. (25.5–76.25 cm [10–30 inches] thick) C: 61–152.5 cm (24–60 inches); pinkish gray (7.5YR 7/2) sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; massive; soft, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine irregular pores; 10 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.4). TYPE LOCATION: Maricopa County, Arizona; 427 m (1,400 feet) west and 320 m (1,050 feet) north of the southeast corner of Section 16, Township 2 North, Range 1 West

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RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Soil moisture: Intermittently moist in some part of the soil moisture control section during July through September and December through February. Driest during May and June. Typic aridic soil moisture regime. Soil temperature: 22°C–25°C (72°F–77°F) Depth to calcic horizon: 7.5–101.5 cm (3–40 inches) Sodium adsorption ratio: Ranges to 40 in some pedons Calcium carbonate: Effervescent throughout; calcium carbonate accumulations are present as soft masses or as a continuous weakly cemented horizon Electrical conductivity: Less than 8 dS/m but ranges to 16 dS/m in some pedons Rock fragments: 5–60 percent gravel in any single horizon, but the control section average is 15–35 percent. The surface layer contains 5–35 percent gravel. In some pedons, the rock fragments are predominantly calcium carbonate concretions and durinodes. Texture: Fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loam (10–25 percent clay); some pedons have thin layers of finer or coarser textures Reaction: Moderately to very strongly alkaline A horizon Hue: 5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR Value: 4, 5, 6, or 7 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist Chroma: 2, 3, 4, or 6 dry; 2, 3, 4, 6, or 7 moist Bw and Bk horizons Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR Value: 5, 6, 7, or 8 dry; 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 moist Chroma: 1, 2, 3, or 4, dry or moist Cementation: Weakly calcium carbonate–cemented or noncemented C horizon Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR Value: 6, 7, or 8 dry; 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 moist Chroma: 2, 3, or 4 dry; 2 or 3 moist COMPETING SERIES: These are the Aco (CA), Coolidge (AZ), Garywash (CA), Laveen (AZ), and Toltec (AZ) series. Aco soils are in the Colorado Desert portion of southeast California (MLRA 31), receive mostly winter precipitation, and are usually dry from April through November. Coolidge and Laveen soils have less than 15 percent coarse fragments in the control section. Also, Laveen soils are medium textured. Garywash soils are in the Colorado Desert portion of southeast California (MLRA 31), receive mostly winter precipitation, and are usually dry from April through November, and have secondary accumulations of silica and gypsum in the control section. Toltec soils have a calcic horizon that consists of a disintegrated hardpan. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Rillito soils are on fan terraces or stream terraces and have slopes of 0– 40 percent. These soils formed in alluvium from mixed sources. Elevations range from 122 to 670 m (400 to 2,200 feet). Rillito soils are in a hot, arid, and continental climate. The mean annual air temperature ranges from 19°C to 24°C (67°F to 75°F). The mean annual precipitation ranges from 75 to 255 mm (3 to 10 inches). Precipitation falls as summer thunderstorms and gentle winter rains. The frost-free period is approximately 240–350 days. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the competing Coolidge and Laveen soils and the Antho, Mohall, Pinamt, Tremant, and Valencia soils. Antho soils do not have a calcic horizon and have less than 15 percent coarse fragments. Mohall, Pinamt, Tremant, and Valencia soils have argillic horizons. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Somewhat excessively drained; slow or medium runoff; moderate permeability

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USE AND VEGETATION: Irrigated areas are used to produce crops such as cotton, alfalfa, small grains, and citrus. The desert areas are used to a limited extent for livestock grazing. The vegetation is mainly creosotebush, sand sage, cacti, mesquite, palo verde, ironwood, and annual grasses and weeds. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Arizona. Rillito soils are moderately extensive. MLRA is 40. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Phoenix, Arizona SERIES ESTABLISHED: Pima County, Arizona; 1945 REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are as follows: Ochric epipedon: The zone from 0 to 2.5 cm (0 to 1 inch) (A horizon) Calcic horizon: The zone from 12.5 to 61 cm (5 to 24 inches) (Bk1, Bk2 horizons) Classified according to Soil Survey Staff, 1999, Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys, 2nd ed., Agriculture Handbook No. 436, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, D.C.

ROSITAS SERIES LOCATION ROSITAS CA AZ NV Established Series Rev. RPZ/LAB/PDC/ET 03/2006 The Rositas series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained soils formed in sandy aeolian material. Rositas soils are on dunes and sand sheets. Slope ranges from 0 to 30 percent with hummocky or dune microrelief. Mean annual precipitation is approximately 100 mm (4 inches), and the mean annual air temperature is approximately 22°C (72°F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Mixed, hyperthermic Typic Torripsamments TYPICAL PEDON: Rositas fine sand—rangeland and wildlife habitat. (Colors are for dry soil unless otherwise noted.) C1: 0–22.75 cm (0–9 inches); reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6) fine sand, strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) moist; single grained; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; common fine and medium roots; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.0); clear smooth boundary. (10–25.5 cm [4–10 inches] thick) C2: 22.75–152.5 cm (9–60 inches); reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6) fine sand, strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) moist; single grained; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; few fine roots; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.0). TYPE LOCATION: Imperial County, California; approximately 27 km (17 miles) east of Holtville; approximately 1,219 m (4,000 feet) west, 91 m (300 feet) south of the main entrance to Imperial Irrigation District, Experiment Farm No. 2; NW 1/4 of Section 5, Township 17 South, Range 19 East RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Soil moisture: The soil is usually dry and is not moist for as long as 60 consecutive days. Driest during May and June. Typic aridic soil moisture regime. A.24

Soil temperature: 22°C–27°C (72°F–80°F) Organic matter: Less than 0.5 percent and decreases regularly with depth Control section rock fragments: 0–5 percent fine gravel Clay content: 0–10 percent Effervescence: Slightly effervescent to strongly effervescent C1 horizon Hue: 10YR, 7.5YR, 5YR Value: 5–7, dry or moist Chroma: 2–7, dry or moist Rock fragments: 0–35 percent Other features: Some pedons are noneffervescent. C2 horizon(s) Hue: 10YR, 7.5YR, 5YR Value: 5–7, dry or moist Chroma: 2–7, dry or moist Texture: Sand, loamy sand, fine sand, loamy fine sand. The 10–40 inch control section has less than 15 percent coarse and very coarse sand. Salinity: 0–8 dS/m Sodium adsorption ratio: 0–90 Reaction: Neutral to very strongly alkaline Other features: Some pedons have few soft masses of calcium carbonate. COMPETING SERIES: These are the Carsitas (CA), Lagunita (AZ), Myoma (CA), and Pintobasin (CA) series. Carsitas soils have more than 15 percent rock fragments and are stratified. Lagunita soils are stratified, have an irregular decrease in organic carbon, and are subject to flooding. Myoma soils have hue of 2.5Y or yellower throughout. Pintobasin soils are noneffervescent or very slightly effervescent in the particle-size control section and formed from mixed alluvium. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Rositas soils are on dunes and sand sheets. Slope ranges from 0 to 30 percent. These soils formed in sandy aeolian material. Elevations are 82 m (270 feet) below to 610 m (2,000 feet) above sea level. The climate is low-latitude desert, with mild winters and very hot summers. Precipitation is greatest in the winter with a lesser secondary peak in the summer. The mean annual precipitation is 0– 202 mm (0–8 inches). The mean January temperature is approximately 12°C (53°F), mean July temperature is 33°C (92°F), and the mean annual air temperature is 21°C–25°C (70°F–77°F). The frost-free period is approximately 250–365 days. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Aco, Holtville, Imperial, Meloland, Niland, and Vint series. Aco soils are sandy loam in the control section. Holtville soils are clayey in the upper part of the control section. Imperial soils are fine textured throughout the control section. Meloland soils are sandy loam in the upper part and fine in the lower part of the control section. Niland soils are fine textured in the lower part of the control section. Vint soils have an irregular decrease in organic carbon. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Somewhat excessively drained; negligible to low runoff; rapid permeability USE AND VEGETATION: Used for rangeland and wildlife habitat and for growing citrus fruits, grapes, alfalfa, and truck crops. Present vegetation is creosotebush, white bursage, desert buckwheat, and mesquite. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern California, southwestern Arizona, and southern Nevada. Rositas soils are extensive in MLRAs 30 and 31 and are mapped in MLRA 40 within the Sonoran Desert.

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MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Davis, California SERIES ESTABLISHED: Imperial County (El Centro Area), California; 1918 REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are as follows: Entisol feature: The absence of diagnostic subsurface horizons

SCHENCO SERIES LOCATION SCHENCO AZ Established Series Rev. MSY/RCH/CLG 03/2007 The Schenco series consists of very shallow and shallow, well-drained soils formed in slope alluvium. Schenco soils are on hillslopes and have gradients of 3–60 percent. Average annual precipitation is approximately 202 mm (8 inches), and the mean annual temperature is approximately 23°C (73°F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, calcareous, hyperthermic, shallow Typic Torriorthents TYPICAL PEDON: Schenco extremely channery loam—rangeland. (Colors are for dry soil unless otherwise noted.) A: 0–5 cm (0–2 inches); reddish brown (5YR 5/4) extremely channery loam, reddish brown (5YR 4/4) moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common fine roots; common very fine tubular pores; 75 percent channers; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.4); abrupt smooth boundary. (2.5–5 cm [1–2 inches] thick) Bw1: 5–12.5 cm (2–5 inches); light reddish brown (5YR 6/4) very channery loam, reddish brown (5YR 4/4) moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common fine roots; common fine tubular pores; 50 percent channers; violently effervescent; strongly alkaline (pH 8.6); clear smooth boundary. (5–15.25 cm [2–6 inches] thick) Bw2: 12.5–28 cm (5–11 inches); light reddish brown (5YR 6/4) very channery loam, reddish brown (5YR 4/4) moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common medium roots; common fine tubular pores; 50 percent channers; violently effervescent; strongly alkaline (pH 8.6); abrupt irregular boundary. (2.5–30.5 cm [1–12 inches] thick) 2Cr: 28–56 cm (11–22 inches); partially weathered schist; lime coatings on rock fragments; patchy clay films in joints. TYPE LOCATION: Maricopa County, Arizona; 402 m (1,320 feet) west and 152 m (500 feet) north of the southeast corner of Section 29, Township 6 North, Range 1 West RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Soil moisture: Intermittently moist in some parts of the soil moisture control section during July through August and December through January. Typic aridic moisture regime. Rock fragments: 35–80 percent pebbles and flat fragments (channers) A.26

Depth to paralithic contact: 10–50.75 cm (4–20 inches) A horizon Hue: 7.5YR or 5YR Value: 5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist Chroma: 3 or 4, dry and moist Texture: Loam, sandy loam, clay loam (10–30 percent clay) Organic matter: Less than 1 percent Reaction: Neutral to moderately alkaline Carbonates: Noneffervescent to violently effervescent B horizon Hue: 7.5YR or 5YR Value: 5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist Chroma: 3, 4, or 6 dry; 3 or 4 moist Texture: Sandy clay loam, loam, clay loam (12–30 percent clay) Carbonates: Strongly or violently effervescent COMPETING SERIES: These are the Ramshead (NV) and Stormjade (CA) series. Ramshead soils do not have Bw horizons and are found on sedimentary parent materials. Stormjade soils occur on gneiss and granite parent materials. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Schenco soils are on hillslopes and have gradients of 3–60 percent. They formed in slope alluvium from schist. Elevations are 457–975 m (1,500–3,200 feet). The climate is hot, arid, and continental. Average annual rainfall is 152–255 mm (6–10 inches). Precipitation falls as summer thundershowers and gentle winter rains. Mean annual temperature is 21°C–23°C (69°F–74°F). The frostfree period is 250–325 days. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Antho, Ebon, and Suncity soils. Antho soils are on floodplains and are coarse-loamy. Ebon soils are deep and have an argillic horizon. Suncity soils have a duripan at a depth of 15.25–50.75 cm (6–20 inches). DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained; medium to rapid runoff; moderate permeability USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for grazing. Native vegetation is white brittlebush, jojoba, skeletonweed, staghorn cholla, teddybear cholla, barrel cactus, saguaro, ocotillo, pricklypear, triangle-leaf bursage, creosotebush, ironwood, Mormon tea, palo verde, and annual grasses. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southwestern Arizona. The soils are moderately extensive. MLRA is 40. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Phoenix, Arizona SERIES ESTABLISHED: Aguila Carefree Area, Arizona, Parts of Maricopa and Pinal Counties; 1979 REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are as follows: Depth to paralithic contact is approximately 28 cm (11 inches). ADDITIONAL DATA: NSSL sample S78 AZ-013-13

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SUPERSTITION SERIES LOCATION SUPERSTITION AZ + CA Established Series Rev. RLB/HEJ/PDC/WWJ/RKS/HCD 05/2007 The Superstition series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in sandy aeolian deposits. Superstition soils are on dunes and have slopes of 0–10 percent. The mean annual precipitation is approximately 75 mm (3 inches), and the mean annual air temperature is approximately 23°C (74°F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplocalcids TYPICAL PEDON: Superstition sand—rangeland. (Colors are for dry soil unless otherwise noted.) A: 0–12.5 cm (0–5 inches); light brown (7.5YR 6/4) sand, brown (7.5YR 5/4) moist; weak thin platy structure; soft, very friable, common fine and very fine roots; many fine irregular and few fine tubular pores; 3 percent gravel; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline (pH 7.8); clear wavy boundary. (7.5–25.5 cm [3– 10 inches] thick) Bk1: 12.5–58.5 cm (5–23 inches); light brown (7.5YR 6/4) sand, brown (7.5YR 5/4) moist; massive; soft, very friable; common fine and very fine roots; many fine irregular and few fine tubular pores; 3 percent gravel; few fine soft calcium carbonate accumulations; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.2); clear wavy boundary. (28–50.75 cm [11–20 inches] thick) Bk2: 58.5–106.75 cm (23–42 inches); light brown (7.5YR 6/4) sand, brown (7.5YR 5/4) moist; massive; soft, friable; few fine roots; many fine irregular pores; 2 percent nodules; common fine soft calcium carbonate accumulations; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.4); clear wavy boundary. (25.5– 76.25 cm [10–30 inches] thick) Bk3: 106.75–152.5 cm (42–60 inches); pink (7.5YR 7/4) sand, brown (7.5YR 5/4) moist; massive; soft, very friable; many fine irregular pores; few fine soft calcium carbonate accumulations; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.4). TYPE LOCATION: Yuma County, Arizona; approximately 5.5 km (3.5 miles) east of San Luis; 607 m (1,990 feet) south and 607 m (1,990 feet) west of the northeast corner of Section 9, Township 9 South, Range 24 West RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Soil moisture: Usually dry but may be intermittently moist in some part of the soil moisture control section during July through September and December through February. Driest during May and June. Typic aridic soil moisture regime. Soil temperature: 22°C–26°C (72°F–78°F) Depth to calcic horizon: 12.5–76.25 cm (5–30 inches) Calcium carbonate equivalent: 5–15 percent; decreases with depth A horizon Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR Value: 6, 7, or 8 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist Chroma: 2, 3, or 4, dry or moist B horizon Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR A.28

Value: 6, 7, or 8 dry; 3–7 moist Chroma: 2–6, dry or moist Texture: Loamy sand, loamy fine sand, fine sand, sand COMPETING SERIES: This is the Buzzardsprings (T) (CA) series. Buzzardsprings soils contain durinodes and exhibit weak to moderate cementation by silica and calcium carbonate in the lower portion of the profile. In addition, Buzzardsprings soils receive mostly winter precipitation and are usually dry from April through November. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Superstition soils are on dunes at elevations of 12–762 m (40–2,500 feet). These soils formed in sandy aeolian deposits. Slopes range from 0 to 10 percent. The mean annual precipitation is 50–178 mm (2–7 inches). The mean annual air temperature is 21°C–24°C (70°F–76°F). The frostfree period is 240–350 days. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Rositas, Dateland, Pinamt, and Tremant soils. Pinamt and Tremant soils have argillic horizons. Dateland and Rositas soils do not have calcic horizons. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Somewhat excessively drained; very low and low runoff; rapid permeability USE AND VEGETATION: Used for livestock grazing and irrigated cropland. The present vegetation is creosotebush and bursage. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern and northwestern Arizona and extreme southern California. This series is of moderate extent. MLRAs are 31 and 40. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Phoenix, Arizona SERIES ESTABLISHED: El Centro Area, California; 1918 REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are as follows: Ochric epipedon: The zone from 0 to 12.5 cm (0 to 5 inches) (A horizon) Calcic horizon: The zone from 58.5 to 106.75 cm (23 to 42 inches) (Bk2 horizon) Classified according to Soil Survey Staff, 2003, Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 9th ed., U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, D.C.

WELLTON SERIES LOCATION WELLTON AZ Established Series Rev. RLB/JEJ/PDC 10/2007 The Wellton series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in mixed stream and fan alluvium and aeolian deposits. Wellton soils are on fan terraces or relict basin floors and have slopes of 0–3 percent. The mean annual precipitation is approximately 125 mm (5 inches), and the mean annual air temperature is approximately 22°C (72°F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Typic Calciargids A.29

TYPICAL PEDON: Wellton loamy sand—rangeland. (Colors are for dry soil unless otherwise noted.) A: 0–20.25 cm (0–8 inches); light brown (7.5YR 6/4) loamy sand, brown (7.5YR 5/4) moist; weak thin platy structure; soft, very friable; few very fine roots; many fine irregular pores; approximately 10 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.0); clear smooth boundary. (10–25.5 cm [4– 10 inches] thick) Btk1: 20.25–43.25 cm (8–17 inches); reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) gravelly sandy loam, strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable; few fine roots; many fine irregular pores; 30 percent gravel; colloidal stains and clay present as bridges between grains; common fine irregular calcium carbonate masses; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.0); clear wavy boundary. (7.5–30.5 cm [3–12 inches] thick) Btk2: 43.25–73.75 cm (17–29 inches); reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) gravelly sandy loam, yellowish red (5YR 5/6) moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable; few fine roots; many fine irregular pores; 30 percent gravel; colloidal stains and clay present as bridges between sand grains; common fine irregular calcium carbonate masses; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.0); gradual wavy boundary. (20.25–35.5 cm [8–14 inches] thick) Btk3: 73.75–129.5 cm (29–51 inches); reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) gravelly sandy loam, yellowish red (5YR 5/6) moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable; few fine and medium roots; many fine irregular pores; 25 percent gravel; colloidal stains and clay present as bridges between sand grains; common medium irregular calcium carbonate masses; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.0); clear wavy boundary. (25.5–56 cm [10–22 inches] thick) C: 129.5–152.5 cm (51–60 inches); light brown (7.5YR 6/4) gravelly coarse sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) moist; massive; slightly hard, very friable; many irregular pores; approximately 15 percent gravel; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.0). TYPE LOCATION: Yuma County, Arizona; approximately 5 km (3 miles) south and 6 km (3.8 miles) west of Wellton; 457 m (1,500 feet) east and 9 m (30 feet) north of the southwest corner of Section 22, Township 19 West, Range 9 South RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Soil moisture: Intermittently moist in some part of the soil moisture control section during July through September and December through February. Driest during May and June. Typic aridic soil moisture regime. Soil temperature: 22°C–24°C (72°F–76°F) Rock fragments: Averages less than 15 percent but ranges up to 60 percent in any one subhorizon. Gravel are predominantly 2–20 mm (0.1–1 inches) in diameter. Depth to calcic horizon: 20.25–61 cm (8–24 inches) A horizon Hue: 5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist Chroma: 4 or 5 dry; 3, 4, or 5 moist Texture: Sand, loamy sand, sandy loam, fine sandy loam Organic matter: Less than 1 percent Reaction: Slightly or moderately alkaline B horizon Hue: 7.5YR, 5YR, 2.5YR Value: 4, 5, 6, or 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist Chroma: 4 or 6, dry or moist A.30

Texture: Sandy loam, loam; some pedons have a thin subhorizon of finer or coarser textures Reaction: Slightly or moderately alkaline Soil adsorption ratio: Usually less than 4 but ranges up to 15 C horizon Hue: 10YR, 7.5YR, 5YR Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist Chroma: 4 or 6, dry or moist Texture: Loamy very fine sand, coarse sandy loam, sandy loam Buried soil: Some pedons have a buried soil beginning at depths of 101.5–152.5 cm (40–60 inches) COMPETING SERIES: This is the Growler (AZ) series. Growler soils have high electrical conductivities and soil adsorption ratios. GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Wellton soils are on fan terraces or relict basin floors. They have slopes of 0–3 percent. They formed in fan or stream alluvium from mixed sources and aeolian deposits. Elevations are 46–396 m (150–1,300 feet). The climate is hot, arid, and continental. Mean annual precipitation is 50– 255 mm (2–10 inches), which falls during summer thunderstorms and as gentle winter rains. Mean January temperature is approximately 11°C (52°F), and the average July temperature is approximately 33°C (92°F). The frost-free period is approximately 260–325 days. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Antho, Dateland, Mohall, and Tremant soils. Antho soils are stratified and on floodplains below. Dateland soils are adjacent and lack argillic horizons. Mohall and Tremant soils are slightly higher and finer textured. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Somewhat excessively drained; slow runoff; moderately rapid permeability USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for livestock grazing, but citrus, cotton, alfalfa, and small grains are grown under irrigation in some areas. The native vegetation is big galleta, creosotebush, white bursage, ocotillo, Wright’s cholla, and Christmas cholla. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southwestern Arizona. The soils are moderately extensive. MLRA is 40. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Phoenix, Arizona SERIES ESTABLISHED: Yuma County (Yuma-Wellton Area), Arizona; 1978 REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are as follows: Ochric epipedon: The zone from 0 to 20.25 cm (0 to 8 inches) (A horizon) Argillic horizon: The zone from 20.25 to 129.5 cm (8 to 51 inches) (Btk1, Btk2, Btk3 horizons) Calcic horizon: The zone from 20.25 to 129.5 cm (8 to 51 inches) (Btk1, Btk2, Btk3 horizons) Classified according to Soil Survey Staff, 1999, Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys, 2nd ed., Agriculture Handbook No. 436, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, D.C.; and Soil Survey Staff, 2006, Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 10th ed., U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, D.C.

A.31

WHY SERIES LOCATION WHY AZ Established Series Rev. WWJ/JFH/PDC/WWJ 10/2007 The Why series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained soils formed in stratified fan alluvium. Why soils are on alluvial fans and floodplains and have slopes of approximately 1 percent. The mean annual precipitation is approximately 178 mm (7 inches), and the mean annual air temperature is approximately 22°C (71°F). TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Fluventic Haplocambids TYPICAL PEDON: Why sandy loam—rangeland. (Colors are for dry soil unless otherwise noted.) A: 0–5 cm (0–2 inches); light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) sandy loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; weak thin platy structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common fine irregular pores; common fine roots; 2 percent fine gravel; noneffervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.0); abrupt smooth boundary. (2.5–7.5 cm [1–3 inches] thick) Bw1: 5–22.75 cm (2–9 inches); light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) sandy loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common fine irregular pores; common very fine roots; 5 percent gravel; noneffervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.0); clear wavy boundary. (10–38 cm [4–15 inches] thick) Bw2: 22.75–38 cm (9–15 inches); light brown (7.5YR 6/4) sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; soft, friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; common fine irregular pores; few fine roots; 10 percent gravel; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.2); clear wavy boundary. (12.5–50.75 cm [5–20 inches] thick) Bk1: 38–63.5 cm (15–25 inches); light brown (7.5YR 6/4) sandy loam, strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; common fine irregular pores; few very fine roots; 10 percent fine gravel; common calcium carbonate accumulations in pores and root channels and on undersides of gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.2); clear wavy boundary. (20.25–38 cm [8–15 inches] thick) Bk2: 63.5–94 cm (25–37 inches); light brown (7.5YR 6/4) coarse sandy loam, strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common medium irregular pores; few very fine roots; common calcium carbonate accumulations in root channels and pores and on the undersides of gravel; 2 percent fine gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.0); abrupt wavy boundary. (15.25–35.5 cm [6–14 inches] thick) Bk3: 94–152.5 cm (37–60 inches); strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandy loam, strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) moist; massive; soft, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common fine irregular pores; few very fine roots; few thin calcium carbonate accumulations in pores and root channels and patchy on undersides of gravel; 3 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.0). TYPE LOCATION: Pinal County, Arizona; 53 m (175 feet) east and 30 m (100 feet) north of the southwest corner of Section 15, Township 5 South, Range 2 East

A.32

RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Soil moisture: Usually dry, intermittently moist in some part of the soil moisture control section during July through August and December through January. Driest during May and June. Typic aridic soil moisture regime. Rock fragments: Averages less than 5 percent; some subhorizons have as much as 35 percent. Highly variable from subhorizon to subhorizon in some pedons. Organic matter: Less than 1 percent; decreases irregularly with depth. Calcium carbonate: Slightly or noneffervescent in the upper part; secondary fillings and masses in the lower part. Calcium carbonate equivalent is less than 6 percent. A horizon Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 4 or 5 moist Chroma: 2, 3, 4, or 6 dry; 3, 4, or 6 moist B horizon Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR Value: 5, 6, or 7 dry; 4, 5, or 6 moist Chroma: 4 or 6, dry and moist Texture: Coarse sandy loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam; some pedons have thin strata of finer or coarser textures. Stratification: Many pedons show weak stratification within and between horizons; slightly to strongly alkaline. Buried horizons: Buried argillic horizons are present below 101.5 cm (40 inches) in some pedons. COMPETING SERIES: These are the Cuerda (AZ) and Valencia (AZ) series. Cuerda soils are predominantly very fine sandy loam and loam in the particle-size control section. Valencia soils have a buried argillic horizon at 50.75–101.5 cm (20–40 inches). GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Why soils are on alluvial fans and floodplains. Flooding is occasional, shallow, and very brief. In undisturbed areas, the proximal end floods more often than the distal end. Elevations range from 91 to 610 m (300 to 2,000 feet). Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. These soils formed in stratified fan alluvium from mixed sources. The climate is hot, arid, and continental. The mean annual precipitation is 100–255 mm (4–10 inches), occurring as summer thunderstorms and gentle winter rain. The mean annual air temperature is 20°C–24°C (69°F–76°F). The frost-free period is 240–325 days. GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the competing Cuerda and Valencia soils and the Coolidge, Denure, Gunsight, Pinamt, and Rillito soils. Coolidge, Gunsight, Pinamt, and Rillito soils have calcic horizons and are on stable slopes above. Denure soils do not have an irregular decrease in organic carbon and are on adjacent terraces. DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Somewhat excessively drained, slow runoff; moderately rapid permeability; receives runoff from slopes above USE AND VEGETATION: Irrigated areas are used for the production of alfalfa, cotton, citrus, vegetables, and small grains. Native areas are used for limited livestock grazing. The vegetation is mesquite, creosotebush, bursage, and cacti. Sixweeks grama, filaree, and Indianwheat are common after rains. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Why soils are moderately extensive in southern Arizona. MLRA is 40. MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Phoenix, Arizona

A.33

SERIES ESTABLISHED: Pinal County, Western Part, Arizona; 1984. Name is from a crossroads town in south-central Arizona. REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are as follows: Ochric epipedon: The zone from 0 to 5 cm (0 to 2 inches) (A horizon) Cambic horizon: The zone from 5 to 38 cm (2 to 15 inches) (Bw1, Bw2 horizons) Classified according to Soil Survey Staff, 1999, Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys, 2nd ed., Agriculture Handbook No. 436, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, D.C.; and Soil Survey Staff, 2006, Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 10th ed., U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, D.C.

Scientific names of plants noted in this appendix are as follows (in alphabetical order by common name): barrel cactus (Echinocactus, Ferocactus), big galleta (Hilaria rigida), brittlebush (Encelia), bursage (Ambrosia), bush muhly (Muhlenbergia porteri), cacti (Cactaceae), cholla (Cylindropuntia), Christmas cholla (Cylindropuntia leptocaulis), creosotebush (Larrea tridentata), desert buckwheat (Eriogonum desertorum), sand sage (Salvia eremostachya), elephant tree (Bursera microphylla), fiddleneck (Amsinckia), filaree (Erodium), foothill (littleleaf) palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), grasses (Poaceae), Indianwheat (Plantago), ironwood (Olneya tesota), jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis), mesquite (Prosopis), Mormon tea (Ephedra), ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens), palo verde (Parkinsonia), pencil cholla (Cylindropunta arbuscula), plantain (Plantaginaceae), pricklypear (Opuntia), saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea), saltbush (Atriplex), sixweeks grama (Bouteloua barbata), skeletonweed (Eriogonum deflexum), staghorn cholla (Cylindropuntia versicolor), teddybear cholla (Cylindropuntia bigelovii), threeawn (Aristida), triangle-leaf bursage (Ambrosia deltoidea), turkshead (Chorizanthe rigida), white brittlebush (Encelia farinosa), white bursage (Ambrosia dumosa), and Wright’s cholla (Cylindropuntia kleiniae).

A.34

APPENDIX B

Maps of Previous Surveys and Previously Identified Sites within 1 Mile of the Project Area

B.1

B.3

Figure B.1. Index map of locations of 28 individual topographic maps showing previous surveys and previously identified sites within 1 mile of the project area.

B.4 Figure B.2. Map 1.




























APPENDIX C

Location Data, Artifact/Feature Types, and Artifact Counts for Isolated Occurrences

C.1

C.3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

3

13

3

3

12

19

3

11

3

3

10

18

3

9

3

3

8

17

3

7

3

3

6

16

3

5

3

3

4

15

3

3

3

3

2

14

779895.5115

3

1

781272.9265

781247.1972

781239.5211

781369.5055

780955.8458

780920.4709

780960.9254

780991.8179

781004.7117

781015.2696

781028.5257

781097.3902

781138.417

781564.3484

781616.8374

781617.4405

781667.6714

781751.3383

782048.3388

781171.4999

781070.7843

781072.927

781082.4388

780920.625

781936.01

779439.9348

X Coordinate

Isolate No. Survey Area

3578232.414

3578246.947

3578248.082

3578571.748

3578577.828

3578601.213

3578631.645

3578627.778

3578629.52

3578634.439

3578634.464

3578654.652

3578625.931

3578593.397

3578625.787

3578620.823

3578654.706

3578639.728

3578653.462

3578944.039

3578966.269

3578986.123

3579002.036

3579050.982

3579387.815

3579363.889

3579480.871

Y Coordinate

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

Zone

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

feature

artifact

Isolate Type

historical period (ammunition)
























shell (unworked)

lithic (metate)

Artifact Type

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Artifact Count

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

IO Map No.a


rock ring

Feature Type

C.4

3

3

3

3

3

2

2

2

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

3

40

3

3

39

46

3

38

3

3

37

45

3

36

3

3

35

44

3

34

3

3

33

43

3

32

3

3

31

42

3

30

3

3

29

41

781298.2258

3

28

762762.4565

762743.7683

762659.7956

782056.7886

782063.582

780873.245

781175.4232

781180.6074

781201.2289

781441.6478

781445.8477

781581.9267

781895.6327

781923.3676

781805.9209

781809.6947

781789.8229

781703.4704

781215.1945

781074.0995

780871.1349

781054.5544

781365.3557

781407.6278

782058.1383

781858.6088

X Coordinate


3580901.389

3579029.37

3580100.31

3577602.905

3577693.422

3577832.569

3577786.436

3577796.507

3577819.022

3577860.29

3577850.178

3577867.55

3577878.895

3577909.264

3578003.191

3577998.886

3577994.38

3577965.859

3577920.864

3577976.292

3578001.622

3578135.688

3578206.505

3578232.897

3578319.862

3578273.368

3578223.052

Y Coordinate

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

Zone

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

Isolate Type





lithic (flaked stone)

historical period (bottle/jar [indeterminate])






















Artifact Type

1

2

1

1

1

11

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Artifact Count

Feature Type

14

20

14

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

IO Map No.a

C.5

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

2

67

2

2

66

73

2

65

2

2

64

72

2

63

2

2

62

71

2

61

2

2

60

70

2

59

2

2

58

69

2

57

2

2

56

68

763249.7004

2

55

766128.8321

765978.9028

765977.3504

765985.5154

765976.1716

765969.8961

765972.3275

765698.1752

765703.4008

765552.8754

765428.5681

765435.3914

765279.0624

765147.1776

765148.0825

765150.2645

764847.3734

764343.416

764229.6261

763698.675

763704.977

763698.7391

763599.1693

763590.423

763588.4476

763382.1963

X Coordinate


3578037.438

3577744.917

3578202.871

3578377.481

3578808.816

3578831.646

3579796.889

3579268.702

3579688.674

3579708.576

3579355.86

3579992.348

3579819.34

3578544.662

3579867.135

3579893.385

3578928.626

3579265.091

3579336.027

3580172.535

3579841.453

3579266.222

3580098.124

3580174.607

3580509.164

3580754.016

3580234.863

Y Coordinate

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

Zone

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

Isolate Type




























Artifact Type

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

Artifact Count

21

21

21

21

21

21

15

21

15

14

20

14

14

20

14

14

20

20

20

14

14

20

14

14

14

14

14

IO Map No.a


Feature Type

C.6

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

2

94

2

2

93

100

2

92

2

2

91

99

2

90

2

2

89

98

2

88

2

2

87

97

2

86

2

2

85

96

2

84

2

2

83

95

766133.5438

2

82

759757.7076

759670.5032

759490.6694

759226.5351

759141.0147

759030.9372

758974.2548

769383.4821

769380.2036

769229.695

769217.1086

769053.938

768942.6842

768521.284

768114.1129

767553.7889

767377.0195

767374.6059

767266.3108

767253.1424

766844.5235

766835.7519

766695.2861

766431.3953

766408.7229

766291.4881

766172.0493

X Coordinate


3591662.702

3591676.471

3591664.601

3591651.545

3591658.426

3591681.251

3591672.795

3576651.687

3578325.148

3577476.926

3577383.512

3576957.268

3576897.34

3576892.559

3576746.129

3578201.394

3577373.181

3577789.171

3577852.162

3577717.735

3578566.731

3578621.165

3579212.751

3579272.4

3579110.449

3579034.049

3579874.695

3579717.747

Y Coordinate

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

Zone

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

Isolate Type








historical period (can)





















Artifact Type

4

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

4

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Artifact Count

Feature Type

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

15

15

IO Map No.a

C.7

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

1

122

1

1

121

128

1

120

1

1

119

127

1

118

1

1

117

126

1

116

1

1

115

125

1

114

1

1

113

124

1

112

1

1

111

123

759619.5137

1

110

761345.8598

761332.1785

761217.1422

761218.7492

761227.2752

761210.856

761224.7899

761205.4345

761215.6214

761107.6614

761099.9629

761100.8816

761105.7301

760975.7157

760990.7209

760984.7293

760964.2909

760965.543

760848.5054

760725.5366

760605.8003

759865.2674

759845.5458

759990.667

759551.0455

759218.5532

X Coordinate


3589779.98

3589785.391

3589827.616

3589850.015

3590277.039

3591007.216

3591026.545

3591640.903

3591729.001

3591147.849

3590275.794

3590216.559

3590030.227

3590207.785

3590242.393

3590440.25

3591466.836

3591645.611

3590439.395

3590614.699

3591371.039

3590945.112

3591360.629

3591420.12

3591516.96

3591519.341

3591584.378

Y Coordinate

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

Zone

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

Isolate Type























lithic (projectile point)





Artifact Type

1

1

1

3

1

2

2

1

1

1

2

1

1

2

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Artifact Count

9

9

9

9

9

6

6

6

6

6

9

9

9

9

9

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

5

5

5

IO Map No.a


Feature Type

C.8

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

163

164

1

149

1

1

148

155

1

147

1

1

146

154

1

145

1

1

144

153

1

143

1

1

142

152

1

141

1

1

140

151

1

139

1

1

138

150

761355.585

1

137

761925.2499

761815.2834

761829.1432

761835.0879

761817.0805

761828.9219

761825.0162

761823.5907

761830.36

761827.7436

761816.1035

761676.7696

761709.2939

761711.8398

761707.1746

761590.9313

761590.8202

761588.5244

761590.5439

761596.8648

761591.6505

761595.7516

761596.2651

761580.3339

761443.6978

761457.8245

761350.0056

X Coordinate


3591817.859

3591373.641

3590851.932

3590808.954

3590667.986

3590452.097

3590004.799

3589987.501

3589950.554

3589931.704

3589682.013

3589527.266

3589800.784

3591439.443

3591767.87

3591446.315

3591352.954

3590819.778

3590340.854

3590285.789

3590275.499

3589926.847

3589811.948

3589814.366

3591039.277

3591092.531

3590965.516

3590120.816

Y Coordinate

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

Zone

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

Isolate Type





























Artifact Type

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

2

2

1

2

2

1

1

1

1

2

1

3

2

1

1

1

3

1

2

3

1

Artifact Count

Feature Type

6

6

6

6

6

6

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

6

6

6

6

6

9

9

9

9

9

9

6

6

6

9

IO Map No.a

C.9

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

184

185

186

187

188

189

190

191

1

177

1

1

176

183

1

175

1

1

174

182

1

173

1

1

172

181

1

171

1

1

170

180

1

169

1

1

168

179

1

167

1

1

166

178

761950.8773

1

165

762670.9949

762650.8222

762648.5488

762667.5542

762668.8307

762536.939

762536.1885

762533.1255

762534.6624

762414.0638

762409.0538

762405.5726

762292.2037

762190.7118

762167.9387

762194.2407

762172.526

762071.6479

762068.3877

762055.9074

762071.5149

762117.0495

762060.2995

761944.2678

761929.7921

761943.3235

X Coordinate


3590368.282

3590813.617

3590895.678

3591701.712

3591736.615

3590403.294

3589778.098

3589207.171

3588928.175

3589288.727

3590723.01

3591222.94

3591333.617

3589952.931

3590509.024

3591177.043

3591325.207

3591667.785

3591189.356

3591131.969

3590516.811

3589493.646

3589278.812

3589976.196

3590609.518

3591345.597

3591385.997

Y Coordinate

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

Zone

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

Isolate Type




























Artifact Type

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

2

1

2

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

3

1

1

2

1

2

1

Artifact Count

9

6

6

6

6

9

9

9

9

9

6

6

6

9

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

9

9

9

6

6

6

IO Map No.a


Feature Type

C.10

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

211

212

213

214

215

216

217

218

2

204

2

2

203

210

2

202

2

2

201

209

2

200

2

2

199

208

2

198

2

2

197

207

2

196

2

2

195

206

2

194

2

1

193

205

762650.6419

1

192

768872.0645

768594.4558

768610.3326

768452.3984

768177.8687

768191.4235

767886.1123

767873.8641

767774.4999

767591.0182

766938.2735

766927.1239

766488.2027

766514.2367

766512.8047

766233.3028

766096.2393

765647.9684

765517.3178

765113.6162

764476.7622

764393.5817

764176.016

764161.5508

764063.6477

762645.8514

X Coordinate


3578346.125

3576620.059

3578598.55

3578562.882

3579035.295

3577197.022

3578831.452

3577153.008

3577153.811

3577141.207

3577328.125

3578489.992

3578533.946

3577991.763

3577245.093

3577866.906

3578449.069

3579944.124

3579336.023

3578877.631

3580369.112

3579229.707

3579058.448

3579647.77

3579720.105

3588992.812

3589531.089

Y Coordinate

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

Zone

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

Isolate Type















historical period (can), historical period (other)













Artifact Type

1

4

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

3

Artifact Count

Feature Type

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

14

20

20

14

20

20

14

14

9

9

IO Map No.a

C.11

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

238

239

240

241

242

243

244

245

2

231

2

2

230

237

2

229

2

2

228

236

2

227

2

2

226

235

2

225

2

2

224

234

2

223

2

2

222

233

2

221

2

2

220

232

768866.8055

2

219

759813.6583

759770.2037

759314.509

759982.7834

759399.4673

759730.6892

759682.9233

758784.9189

769406.2019

769409.9445

769272.9886

769154.6708

769167.8954

768993.0955

769010.3226

769025.6186

769016.113

769017.5458

768983.3898

768990.5856

768992.0437

769024.7512

769044.1326

769006.8158

768882.8747

768856.7846

X Coordinate


3591135.433

3591152.009

3591281.923

3591427.398

3591434.313

3591792.555

3591713.289

3591758.117

3577161.706

3577972.837

3577450.265

3577250.548

3578685.246

3578582.03

3578506.848

3577293.933

3577118.396

3577066.268

3577032.211

3577007.547

3576976.673

3576946.969

3576914.652

3576899.519

3576976.438

3577009.858

3578293.618

Y Coordinate

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

Zone

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

Isolate Type


















lithic (metate)










Artifact Type

2

1

1

1

1

1

4

2

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

3

3

2

3

1

2

1

Artifact Count

5

5

5

6

5

5

5

5

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

IO Map No.a


Feature Type

C.12

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

264

265

266

267

268

269

270

271

272

1

257

263

1

256

1

1

255

262

1

254

1

1

253

261

1

252

1

1

251

260

1

250

1

1

249

259

1

248

1

1

247

258

759830.6522

1

246

759758.778

760027.6582

762667.6551

762882.3615

761557.5425

761555.1006

760589.5896

764676.2455

764437.0952

757816.3042

766747.3638

760812.6823

766085.5727

765419.8816

767155.8914

767391.2483

766704.1001

766679.2612

766701.774

766329.6768

766972.1027

766627.6201

760672.9469

760554.611

760108.639

759884.9459

X Coordinate


3595474.089

3596132.01

3593913.68

3593775.618

3593786.206

3592836.001

3592320.534

3590118.362

3588792.346

3596231.03

3587648.41

3591331.89

3588150.634

3588252.177

3588247.443

3588255.018

3588313.589

3588346.239

3588856.586

3589049.702

3589243.365

3588475.995

3590577.808

3591038.183

3591380.516

3590872.067

3590862.393

Y Coordinate

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

Zone

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

Isolate Type


ceramic (sherd, body)


ceramic (vessel, fragmented)



ceramic (sherd, rim)














historical period (can), historical period (ammunition)







Artifact Type

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

8

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

6

2

3

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

Artifact Count

Feature Type

4

4

6

6

6

6

6

9

9

3

10

6

10

9

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

6

6

6

6

5

IO Map No.a

C.13

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

292

293

294

295

296

297

298

299

2

285

2

1

284

291

1

283

2

1

282

290

1

281

2

1

280

289

1

279

2

1

278

288

1

277

2

3

276

287

1

275

2

1

274

286

760932.0109

1

273

774658.129

773744.1406

773450.8672

773994.0517

774124.2646

774148.0883

773745.8111

773981.3692

774159.5149

773920.5889

773775.1347

773764.033

774065.5805

773853.7375

773863.2772

759655.2983

759201.7015

759096.2767

758871.2731

758875.3344

758892.4988

758880.3693

757104.0456

218033.9895

761121.2545

760651.0322

X Coordinate


3576825.868

3577170.938

3577161.131

3577359.676

3577367.611

3577368.34

3577662.53

3577659.954

3577840.879

3577833.863

3577808.948

3577838.255

3578092.016

3578219.512

3578219.85

3597604.516

3598726.109

3596211.544

3597730.313

3598189.402

3598430.974

3598435.313

3595674.791

3578084.829

3594388.99

3594473.026

3594591.667

Y Coordinate

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

12

11

11

11

Zone

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

Isolate Type













shell (unworked)



historical period (bottle)












Artifact Type

3

3

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Artifact Count

22

22

22

22

22

22

22

22

22

22

22

22

22

22

22

4

1

3

1

1

1

1

3

24

4

4

4

IO Map No.a


Feature Type

C.14

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

318

319

320

321

322

323

324

325

326

2

311

317

2

310

2

2

309

316

2

308

2

2

307

315

2

306

2

2

305

314

2

304

2

2

303

313

2

302

2

2

301

312

774749.1931

2

300

770618.4732

770623.3086

770910.0966

770993.2622

771255.1759

771415.0463

771481.5174

771430.6913

771893.7374

771982.1307

772138.0047

772135.4497

772142.2796

772540.9769

772857.9546

772707.7234

773069.0456

773066.2369

774684.5979

774658.0084

773367.7655

773833.4672

773034.7844

774286.0931

774932.4043

774507.0818

X Coordinate


3578279.837

3577063.917

3576267.51

3577256.854

3577067.627

3577645.103

3577050.786

3577401.439

3577188.571

3576872.91

3576049.657

3576681.946

3577002.306

3575603.21

3577617.785

3577614.025

3577395.578

3577312.984

3576256.853

3576211.567

3575276.016

3575456.434

3575630.681

3575604.909

3575718.438

3576383.135

3576669.295

Y Coordinate

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

Zone

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

Isolate Type
















historical period (jar), historical period (other)









historical period (jar)



Artifact Type

1

1

2

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

5

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

40

1

1

Artifact Count

Feature Type

21

21

21

21

22

22

22

22

22

22

26

22

22

26

22

22

22

22

22

22

26

26

26

26

26

22

22

IO Map No.a

C.15

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

346

347

348

349

350

351

352

353

2

339

1

2

338

345

2

337

1

2

336

344

2

335

1

2

334

343

2

333

1

2

332

342

2

331

1

2

330

341

2

329

1

2

328

340

770539.71

2

327

766394.1548

766573.8031

765835.957

766828.5135

767097.6929

766589.9216

765973.7177

766283.1424

766115.0113

766282.2896

766523.5464

766677.8371

766602.2531

766671.5106

769753.5954

769971.8187

770128.809

770131.0541

770116.8103

770213.8569

770288.8611

770457.2876

770453.0157

770453.2505

770542.6316

770537.735

X Coordinate


3589066.215

3589059.748

3589202.114

3589309.399

3589413.965

3589405.86

3589585.416

3589735.93

3589822.034

3589894.054

3590039.886

3590152.852

3590313.879

3590476.435

3578200.024

3577747.176

3577730.442

3577134.186

3576876.383

3576238.374

3578131.719

3577218.403

3576304.064

3576221.459

3576569.913

3577385.262

3577855.042

Y Coordinate

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

Zone

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

Isolate Type




























Artifact Type

10

7

1

5

1

2

3

1

1

5

3

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

3

1

2

1

1

Artifact Count

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

IO Map No.a


Feature Type

C.16

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

373

374

375

376

377

378

379

380

381

1

366

1

1

365

372

1

364

1

1

363

371

1

362

1

1

361

370

1

360

1

1

359

369

1

358

1

1

357

368

1

356

1

1

355

367

765955.7229

1

354

763273.6934

763195.3861

763135.7854

763127.4619

763120.4251

763127.0566

763139.3405

763129.4174

763132.908

763131.1631

765512.3305

763011.5941

762851.8145

762843.7915

762850.3951

762849.87

762850.2151

762834.1136

762831.3885

762841.774

767936.6368

768008.9029

765379.2439

765596.8537

765475.9824

766297.2711

765506.6093

X Coordinate


3588352.53

3590484.46

3591624.881

3591570.825

3591179.353

3591056.621

3590805.525

3590772.12

3590449.78

3589778.172

3589813.361

3591484.472

3590289.59

3590728.777

3590922.437

3590972.95

3591701.816

3591603.683

3590267.361

3589663.373

3586889.192

3587000.464

3588200.37

3588398.049

3588485.066

3588600.973

3588994.419

3589014.965

Y Coordinate

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

Zone

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

Isolate Type





























Artifact Type

13

3

3

1

1

1

3

3

1

1

2

1

2

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

3

5

Artifact Count

Feature Type

9

9

6

6

6

6

6

6

9

9

10

6

9

6

6

6

6

6

9

9

12

10

9

10

10

10

10

10

IO Map No.a

C.17

763271.8928

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

382

383

384

385

386

387

388

389

390

391

392

393

394

395

396

397

398

399

400

401

402

403

404

405

406

763731.8939

763748.9062

765312.3373

765443.6016

763678.5539

763689.4009

763688.9582

763592.5222

763583.5612

763574.1538

763588.6504

763596.341

763529.3848

763531.3708

763534.0819

763532.8497

763432.7758

763439.611

763436.0378

763443.3916

763412.8381

763323.3252

763348.3759

763280.6419

X Coordinate


3590174.369

3590169.816

3589402.987

3589980.656

3590182.408

3590425.557

3590699.444

3590897.528

3590255.748

3589730.384

3589464.38

3589286.012

3589456.978

3589862.312

3589889.188

3591696.203

3591065.511

3590749.17

3590517.993

3589911.54

3589535.287

3589886.999

3590905.977

3591298.333

3588589.039

Y Coordinate

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

Zone

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

Isolate Type


lithic (metate)























historical period (construction material), historical period (bottle/jar [indeterminate])

Artifact Type

4

1

2

3

3

3

8

3

3

2

2

3

3

7

4

4

3

1

1

1

1

2

2

3

2

Artifact Count

9

9

9

10

9

9

6

6

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

6

6

6

6

9

9

9

6

6

9

IO Map No.a


Feature Type

C.18

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

426

427

428

429

430

431

432

433

434

2

419

2

2

418

425

2

417

2

2

416

424

2

415

2

2

414

423

2

413

2

2

412

422

2

411

2

2

410

421

1

409

2

1

408

420

765287.5613

1

407

765215.8011

765088.0489

764786.2342

763846.9489

763734.2696

763531.8462

763550.7244

763553.6949

763421.1396

763413.4182

763447.7594

763199.5091

763200.0803

763085.6673

763100.6965

763088.3028

762897.7486

762888.976

762879.5242

762797.8763

762573.5429

762550.0842

762013.3674

761306.3281

760970.1971

765273.7547

765277.9957

X Coordinate


3579542.699

3578583.268

3579551.345

3578323.809

3579813.887

3578960.8

3579676.462

3580159.303

3580069.562

3579184.32

3578925.445

3578510.1

3580394.859

3580692.229

3580673.042

3579542.976

3579956.246

3580634.284

3580927.371

3580373.456

3579630.016

3579981.151

3578713.249

3580684.297

3580174.966

3589576.663

3589334.003

3589072.278

Y Coordinate

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

Zone

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

Isolate Type























shell (unworked)






Artifact Type

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

3

2

Artifact Count

Feature Type

20

20

20

20

14

20

14

14

14

20

20

20

14

14

14

14

14

14

14

14

14

14

20

14

14

9

9

9

IO Map No.a

C.19

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

454

455

456

457

458

459

460

461

2

447

2

2

446

453

2

445

2

2

444

452

2

443

2

2

442

451

2

441

2

2

440

450

2

439

2

2

438

449

2

437

2

2

436

448

765354.4855

2

435

760093.8961

759937.3788

759905.1704

759746.6526

759352.1513

759966.2374

769133.3101

769134.2662

768970.2357

768867.3848

768854.5824

768559.7685

767190.9691

767181.7978

766753.1309

766564.8026

766190.6316

766040.2268

766075.0365

766050.2344

765761.5875

765631.9887

765502.8789

765487.2724

765500.4813

765495.1788

X Coordinate


3590879.927

3590901.2

3590896.148

3591190.71

3591320.559

3591462.453

3576807.44

3578527.269

3577057.715

3576960.795

3576989.433

3576610.353

3577382.745

3579394.208

3579204.593

3578081.326

3578113.089

3577940.022

3578380.953

3578796.431

3579674.631

3579654.972

3578997.758

3579083.979

3579512.478

3579961.313

3579771.964

Y Coordinate

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

Zone

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

feature

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

Isolate Type





shell (unworked)






















Artifact Type

1

1

1

3

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

3

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

2

1

1

2

1

Artifact Count

6

6

6

5

5

6

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

15

14

20

20

20

14

14

IO Map No.a


rock feature

Feature Type

C.20

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

481

482

483

484

485

486

487

488

489

1

474

1

1

473

480

1

472

1

1

471

479

1

470

1

1

469

478

1

468

1

1

467

477

1

466

1

1

465

476

1

464

1

1

463

475

760080.0373

1

462

761621.6697

761632.1244

761618.2436

761626.8078

761624.4383

761522.9634

761498.7399

761388.9714

761394.149

761384.4457

761268.8774

761273.8442

761261.5388

761273.8243

761261.348

761144.7081

761159.5164

761027.2624

761029.6048

761027.1853

761028.3762

760897.7107

760795.6625

760656.4538

760652.7601

760639.8226

760511.6362

X Coordinate


3591024.402

3590474.536

3590281.149

3589779.669

3589446.798

3590845.833

3591016.536

3590894.64

3590686.014

3590259.123

3589837.927

3590179.862

3590628.612

3590985.605

3591003.688

3590392.668

3590236.03

3590234.205

3590504.751

3590802.433

3591620.028

3590230.299

3590515.154

3591242.465

3590636.166

3590519.441

3590567.39

3591391.699

Y Coordinate

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

Zone

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

Isolate Type





























Artifact Type

1

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

2

1

2

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

3

1

1

1

1

1

Artifact Count

Feature Type

6

6

9

9

9

6

6

6

6

9

9

9

6

6

6

9

9

9

6

6

6

9

6

6

6

6

6

6

IO Map No.a

C.21

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

3

509

510

511

512

513

514

515

516

1

502

1

1

501

508

1

500

1

1

499

507

1

498

1

1

497

506

1

496

1

1

495

505

1

494

1

1

493

504

1

492

1

1

491

503

761625.9803

1

490

779101.4706

762707.9552

762713.0861

762722.9408

762590.755

762597.5677

762586.597

762583.0974

762469.5543

762473.1703

762342.9942

762228.9785

762218.6839

762234.2046

762105.6813

762004.837

762002.5679

761866.1127

761863.6833

761880.565

761860.4922

761864.6163

761753.4663

761748.9604

761747.9259

761752.6247

X Coordinate


3579863.116

3588938.504

3589537.474

3591735.464

3591148.954

3590939.35

3590446.458

3589681.649

3590901.966

3591217.379

3590803.932

3588970.629

3589158.474

3590159.966

3590450.837

3589663.778

3590601.005

3591373.104

3590610.733

3589975.786

3589944.213

3589924.431

3589545.007

3589962.388

3590045.957

3591066.552

3591279.914

Y Coordinate

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

Zone

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

Isolate Type

lithic (mano)



























Artifact Type

1

1

1

1

4

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

2

1

1

3

1

1

1

2

5

2

2

1

1

1

Artifact Count

23

9

9

6

6

6

9

9

6

6

6

9

9

9

9

9

6

6

6

9

9

9

9

9

9

6

6

IO Map No.a


Feature Type

C.22

3

3

2

2

2

2

2

2

536

537

538

539

540

541

542

543

3

529

3

3

528

535

3

527

3

3

526

534

3

525

3

3

524

533

3

523

3

3

522

532

3

521

3

3

520

531

3

519

3

3

518

530

779094.0682

3

517

767155.7302

766593.886

764904.3212

762979.1883

762974.9413

762380.5494

780985.645

781347.483

781369.8467

781381.2447

781511.8654

781921.9949

781901.9545

781816.4345

781028.2979

781319.3035

781489.526

782051.7864

782084.5576

782083.9432

780850.6087

780777.2648

780587.287

779716.272

779404.4694

779324.0851

X Coordinate


3579115.057

3579017.403

3579894.318

3579909.94

3580643.223

3579288.91

3577746.131

3577819.971

3577803.049

3577826.708

3577822.376

3577870.738

3577862.835

3577954.389

3578097.15

3578113.501

3578175.829

3578402.91

3578408.826

3578401.124

3579080.186

3579087.595

3579434.952

3579305.198

3579613.966

3579740.078

3579805.081

Y Coordinate

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

Zone

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

Isolate Type



shell (unworked)

shell (unworked)



bone (unworked), historical period (can), historical period (other)





















Artifact Type

1

1

1

1

1

1

4

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Artifact Count

Feature Type

21

21

14

14

14

20

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

23

IO Map No.a

C.23

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

563

564

565

566

567

568

569

570

1

556

1

1

555

562

1

554

1

1

553

561

1

552

1

1

551

560

1

550

1

2

549

559

2

548

1

2

547

558

2

546

1

2

545

557

767585.8831

2

544

762667.9288

762670.408

762548.681

762434.7961

762451.4588

762310.9049

762188.2483

762190.5186

761951.6467

761844.8691

761840.0432

761839.8251

761716.0322

761710.5211

761740.7556

761711.7685

761623.0738

761500.7853

761256.6331

761001.9917

759486.5145

769403.0481

768963.1991

768246.0841

768112.0409

767976.4784

X Coordinate


3590912.577

3591711.286

3589166.343

3591223.836

3591237.015

3589685.156

3589224.363

3591013.3

3591031.6

3589962.906

3589912.572

3589674.834

3589534.899

3590384.324

3590676.704

3590685.134

3591340.507

3589725.325

3589821.139

3590162.73

3591704.601

3576668.648

3576877.339

3577049.818

3578492.87

3578683.5

3579416.603

Y Coordinate

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

Zone

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

Isolate Type




























Artifact Type

1

1

1

1

1

1

5

1

1

2

3

2

2

1

2

2

5

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Artifact Count

6

6

9

6

6

9

9

6

6

9

9

9

9

9

6

6

6

9

9

9

5

21

21

21

21

21

21

IO Map No.a


Feature Type

C.24

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

590

591

592

593

594

595

596

597

598

1

583

1

1

582

589

1

581

1

1

580

588

1

579

1

1

578

587

1

577

1

1

576

586

1

575

1

1

574

585

1

573

1

1

572

584

762668.6278

1

571

763640.301

763627.368

763626.3048

763521.0912

763445.9652

763466.742

763463.1835

763448.9978

763276.3874

763273.388

763270.7491

763204.5894

763232.6521

763114.1262

763090.1934

763116.3103

763112.2961

765779.1557

765548.0137

765475.3577

763071.299

762932.4653

762894.0182

762881.5068

762885.6115

762787.6279

762762.079

X Coordinate


3589711.291

3589477.534

3589265.536

3589947.313

3590719.165

3590511.12

3589959.773

3589309.79

3589625.832

3589585.64

3588822.051

3591365.655

3591748.267

3591218.112

3591205.848

3589924.599

3589313.626

3589874.008

3589974.435

3589888.393

3589812.903

3591115.94

3590430.258

3590913.677

3591104.032

3590736.449

3589947.948

3589894.414

Y Coordinate

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

Zone

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

Isolate Type





























Artifact Type

4

2

3

4

4

3

2

1

3

5

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

2

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

Artifact Count

Feature Type

9

9

9

9

6

6

9

9

9

9

9

6

6

6

6

9

9

10

10

10

9

6

9

6

6

6

9

9

IO Map No.a

C.25

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

618

619

620

621

622

623

624

3

611

2

1

610

617

1

609

2

1

608

616

1

607

2

1

606

615

1

605

1

1

604

614

1

603

1

1

602

613

1

601

3

1

600

612

763651.8654

1

599

774630.4346

774457.512

773855.7009

774283.6904

774155.0134

773694.9642

773991.0775

773860.6063

773805.3471

773779.9423

759068.2682

758406.2672

218547.038

218156.1113

760448.8204

759936.8257

761709.6125

761603.5824

765206.1978

765251.5162

763811.9038

763814.1768

765374.3262

763674.9857

763669.928

X Coordinate


3576862.039

3576940.279

3577021.542

3577109.794

3577110.755

3577691.127

3577813.637

3577812.679

3577789.701

3577793.938

3598943.143

3596457.387

3579580.789

3578946.758

3595932.78

3593936.116

3593093.992

3592980.886

3589064.725

3589113.861

3590368.405

3590414.313

3589589.402

3589665.904

3589771.305

3590418.679

Y Coordinate

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

12

12

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

Zone

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

Isolate Type











ceramic (sherd, body), ceramic (sherd, rim)

shell (unworked)















Artifact Type

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

2

2

3

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

6

4

6

3

2

5

1

Artifact Count

22

22

22

22

22

22

22

22

22

22

1

3

24

24

4

6

6

6

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

IO Map No.a


Feature Type

C.26

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

644

645

646

647

648

649

650

651

652

2

637

2

2

636

643

2

635

2

2

634

642

2

633

2

2

632

641

2

631

2

2

630

640

2

629

2

2

628

639

2

627

2

2

626

638

773800.9967

2

625

772411.7371

772415.1724

772496.8649

772834.3594

772761.0603

774695.2364

774243.232

774496.9053

772804.1287

772704.756

773620.0011

773880.0328

773944.9212

773825.8326

772724.5724

773963.7932

774473.2658

774968.186

774209.2959

773957.7348

774954.3124

773829.0039

773747.312

773719.0757

773157.035

774684.8285

774195.0474

X Coordinate


3575874.474

3575912.428

3576204.859

3577572.198

3577416.852

3576216.64

3575022.483

3575220.538

3575401.971

3575402.808

3575481.75

3575477.225

3575489.355

3575561.389

3575567.84

3575623.142

3575766.509

3576020.525

3576191.25

3576334.841

3576344.918

3576447.317

3576573.447

3576576.963

3576582.189

3576672.092

3576772.874

3576884.983

Y Coordinate

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

Zone

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

Isolate Type




























shell (unworked)

Artifact Type

1

2

1

1

1

2

2

2

2

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

3

1

1

1

1

1

Artifact Count

Feature Type

26

26

22

22

22

22

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

22

22

22

22

22

22

22

22

22

22

IO Map No.a

C.27

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

672

673

674

675

676

677

678

679

2

665

2

2

664

671

2

663

2

2

662

670

2

661

2

2

660

669

2

659

2

2

658

668

2

657

2

2

656

667

2

655

2

2

654

666

772151.0865

2

653

770813.3837

770812.1243

770888.6064

770887.5092

770883.4461

770870.0341

770891.745

770887.1053

770952.9886

770977.1273

770960.2469

770968.3639

771116.0669

771190.8783

771189.055

771271.1892

771268.1564

771270.2502

771346.9264

771603.0523

771829.9926

771826.4371

772093.6145

772088.99

772087.1315

772167.1559

X Coordinate


3577032.876

3577457.771

3578031.444

3577923.88

3576985.408

3576653.078

3576375.772

3576071.405

3576838.653

3577451.869

3577899.661

3577984.678

3576129.752

3578130.744

3576602.844

3575993.364

3576844.155

3577125.194

3578161.87

3576318.838

3577442.519

3576054.544

3575808.786

3575881.559

3576552.543

3577029.122

3576357.254

Y Coordinate

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

Zone

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

Isolate Type




























Artifact Type

1

1

5

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

9

1

1

1

1

1

3

1

1

1

1

2

4

1

Artifact Count

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

25

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

25

22

22

22

22

22

26

26

26

22

22

22

IO Map No.a


Feature Type

C.28

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

699

700

701

702

703

704

705

706

707

2

692

2

2

691

698

2

690

2

2

689

697

2

688

2

2

687

696

2

686

2

2

685

695

2

684

2

2

683

694

2

682

2

2

681

693

770642.6367

2

680

769599.8432

769610.9606

769591.8619

769615.4357

769588.5973

769663.7036

769675.8368

769690.3135

769773.0531

769828.3879

769917.9499

769910.6754

769907.2599

769992.1793

769992.0567

770000.8899

769989.1334

770068.5567

770150.2838

770232.1873

770312.1361

770408.6987

770407.1775

770415.4825

770571.913

770570.2861

770654.5308

X Coordinate


3578720.197

3577942.39

3577884.152

3577093.75

3576513.555

3576399.523

3576421.581

3578735.282

3578346.804

3578324.058

3577807.788

3576910.847

3576635.515

3576919.539

3577347.308

3577873.723

3578089.577

3576559.866

3578344.106

3576388.488

3576416.749

3578154.37

3578067.915

3575858.596

3578387.046

3578101.763

3576516.144

3577182.924

Y Coordinate

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

Zone

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

Isolate Type


shell (unworked)





















shell (unworked)






Artifact Type

2

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

2

2

1

1

4

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

7

Artifact Count

Feature Type

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

25

21

21

21

21

IO Map No.a

C.29

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

727

728

729

730

731

732

733

734

1

720

1

1

719

726

1

718

1

1

717

725

1

716

1

1

715

724

1

714

1

1

713

723

1

712

1

2

711

722

2

710

1

2

709

721

769500.3281

2

708

766909.2001

766411.7146

766046.2259

765955.3552

766297.9314

766398.4487

766565.806

766916.6301

766338.6236

766300.3005

766871.3825

766314.5063

766124.2796

766029.2982

766421.472

766384.1849

766236.3536

766168.9

766394.5851

766544.9115

766615.621

766488.9181

766561.8819

769514.5867

769516.7782

769502.1008

X Coordinate


3589432.223

3589528.564

3589510.558

3589611.449

3589589.127

3589613.832

3589617.365

3589604.976

3589670.241

3589776.367

3589831.074

3589840.749

3589833.387

3589832.799

3590085.301

3590108.166

3590106.761

3590112.157

3590172.106

3590166.498

3590275.008

3590273.991

3590413.849

3577274.909

3577821.737

3577895.435

3577933.973

Y Coordinate

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

Zone

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

Isolate Type




























Artifact Type

1

2

4

2

3

1

2

1

3

2

2

5

1

1

2

4

8

4

2

1

1

1

3

1

2

1

4

Artifact Count

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

21

21

21

21

IO Map No.a


Feature Type

C.30

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

754

755

756

757

758

759

760

761

762

1

747

1

1

746

753

1

745

1

1

744

752

1

743

1

1

742

751

1

741

1

1

740

750

1

739

1

1

738

749

1

737

1

1

736

748

766522.2654

1

735

766369.9842

767104.0975

767191.3276

766933.8306

766462.1191

765806.4746

765557.2408

765823.8736

766113.8581

766765.8705

767186.4693

766577.07

766516.3654

765784.6191

765858.8204

765941.2032

766334.4188

766488.016

766549.431

767116.5334

766955.5971

766908.6304

766718.7493

766679.4599

766316.1961

766273.5826

766399.4385

X Coordinate


3588809.782

3588799.669

3588811.282

3588909.832

3588911.852

3588930.003

3589000.551

3589027.31

3589027.89

3589019.297

3588999.656

3589111.883

3589126.098

3589208.94

3589215.05

3589209.242

3589227.576

3589213.241

3589214.445

3589220.685

3589336.273

3589332.624

3589336.128

3589326.722

3589336.929

3589433.252

3589447.583

3589431.322

Y Coordinate

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

Zone

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

Isolate Type





























Artifact Type

2

3

1

4

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

2

3

4

1

4

1

1

4

1

1

2

3

1

1

6

1

2

Artifact Count

Feature Type

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

IO Map No.a

C.31

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

782

783

784

785

786

787

788

789

1

775

1

1

774

781

1

773

1

1

772

780

1

771

1

1

770

779

1

769

1

1

768

778

1

767

1

1

766

777

1

765

1

1

764

776

766277.0094

1

763

766802.9351

766155.9946

766595.182

767455.5519

765438.7924

765571.595

767345.6246

766935.6424

765397.8964

765283.1489

765929.9945

766341.0393

767382.0448

767532.6123

767010.2591

766649.977

766784.6662

765753.898

765265.6193

767258.2414

766535.7881

766303.9295

765562.4715

765806.7399

765916.7763

765960.2293

X Coordinate


3587231.254

3587425.221

3587613.698

3587812.583

3588021.104

3588035.691

3588116.491

3588124.903

3588143.23

3588225.237

3588213.121

3588222.023

3588233.014

3588225.601

3588307.566

3588406.141

3588430.659

3588515.45

3588611.09

3588654.184

3588720.577

3588711.484

3588817.014

3588809.027

3588817.753

3588811.178

3588810.152

Y Coordinate

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

Zone

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

Isolate Type




























Artifact Type

3

3

1

3

6

2

2

3

2

1

4

4

1

2

1

3

2

1

3

7

5

3

1

1

2

1

1

Artifact Count

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

9

9

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

9

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

IO Map No.a


Feature Type

C.32

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

808

809

810

811

812

813

814

815

816

1

801

807

1

800

1

1

799

806

1

798

1

1

797

805

1

796

1

1

795

804

1

794

1

1

793

803

1

792

1

1

791

802

767974.3276

1

790

764232.6102

764227.739

764230.8682

764093.977

764097.9749

764093.7332

764108.2276

764099.6236

757891.5633

757771.5005

757783.7098

757781.4538

757623.1137

757594.9397

757516.7586

757524.5451

757372.9856

757371.3301

757297.9811

768017.5664

767992.6409

767722.773

767881.6337

767952.9616

768123.9944

766900.8711

X Coordinate


3590483.283

3589562.791

3589488.692

3588414.43

3590254.3

3590353.085

3590628.375

3590664.083

3597622.177

3597622.319

3597488.242

3596479.022

3597451.252

3597339.675

3596620.069

3597141.684

3596558.316

3597170.33

3597279.051

3586119.906

3586171.139

3586490.311

3586504.204

3586507.281

3586507.775

3586805.506

3587036.212

Y Coordinate

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

Zone

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

Isolate Type

















shell (unworked)


ceramic (sherd, body), lithic (flaked stone)









Artifact Type

4

6

2

3

4

3

1

3

1

3

4

1

3

1

2

2

1

2

6

2

3

2

6

3

3

1

1

Artifact Count

Feature Type

9

9

9

9

9

9

6

6

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

10

IO Map No.a

C.33

1

1

3

3

3

3

1

1

836

837

838

839

840

841

842

843

1

829

1

1

828

835

1

827

1

1

826

834

1

825

1

1

824

833

1

823

1

1

822

832

1

821

1

1

820

831

1

819

1

1

818

830

764330.874

1

817

756469.3472

759129.0926

218807.4842

218622.6578

218256.4803

217847.1922

761464.9323

760561.6829

761614.2912

760231.1603

762061.9149

760454.1704

762603.8135

762837.6971

762929.1223

760843.4073

763360.2369

761806.5765

760625.9088

764977.544

764820.819

764458.7292

764451.3623

764468.1195

764339.2434

764325.5251

X Coordinate


3595998.897

3595992.723

3578213.695

3578045.527

3578763.716

3577756.005

3593038.323

3593039.279

3592932.662

3592801.575

3592691.26

3592572.949

3592438.909

3592440.865

3592466.913

3592337.6

3592079.88

3592094.538

3591839.279

3589373.751

3590063.338

3590795.669

3589978.716

3588708.845

3588004.482

3589454.239

3590579.827

Y Coordinate

11

11

12

12

12

12

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

Zone

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

Isolate Type


lithic (metate)





historical period (other)





















Artifact Type

1

1

3

3

2

1

1

1

2

3

3

4

2

2

6

3

2

2

2

5

5

3

3

4

4

3

2

Artifact Count

3

3

24

24

24

24

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

9

9

6

9

9

9

9

6

IO Map No.a


Feature Type

C.34

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

863

864

865

866

867

868

869

870

871

2

856

2

2

855

862

2

854

2

2

853

861

2

852

2

2

851

860

2

850

2

2

849

859

2

848

2

2

847

858

2

846

2

2

845

857

773786.5875

2

844

772710.8717

773938.2319

774228.8919

774933.4709

774991.8975

772842.7804

773733.3965

773224.1312

774337.0725

774564.9505

774649.8793

774651.4038

773569.2123

774843.603

773799.8797

773253.2887

774030.0592

773541.842

773536.1668

773490.4372

773621.6619

773686.5116

773898.5824

774135.1975

774177.1181

773765.567

774034.4842

X Coordinate


3575595.189

3575658.866

3575643.109

3575697.308

3575698.862

3575966.898

3576043.308

3576130.158

3576196.658

3576213.989

3576302.441

3576466.785

3576553.153

3576535.714

3576622.861

3576804.253

3576969.641

3576992.909

3577142.544

3577358.471

3577349.655

3577346.515

3577329.214

3577346.763

3577344.23

3577738.218

3577797.785

3577912.65

Y Coordinate

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

Zone

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

Isolate Type





























Artifact Type

2

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

2

1

1

1

Artifact Count

Feature Type

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

22

22

22

22

22

22

22

22

22

22

22

22

22

22

22

22

22

22

22

22

IO Map No.a

C.35

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

891

892

893

894

895

896

897

2

884

2

2

883

890

2

882

2

2

881

889

2

880

2

2

879

888

2

878

2

2

877

887

2

876

2

2

875

886

2

874

2

2

873

885

773701.3085

2

872

771401.47

771547.7775

771621.5236

771638.9402

771638.434

771712.6862

771712.3866

771797.7893

771949.2135

772110.4586

772218.5665

772201.1976

772260.1091

772440.76

772434.5106

772871.4487

772797.0246

773090.0562

773053.0337

774149.1811

773318.407

774445.3291

773093.9355

773677.3352

774317.2571

X Coordinate


3576409.475

3578077.919

3576280.241

3577240.517

3577945.797

3577875.958

3576362.041

3577616.231

3577541.952

3576486.152

3577752.479

3577750.921

3576083.577

3575910.564

3577699.823

3577012.843

3577228.738

3577043.764

3577554.642

3575063.424

3575262.357

3575255.594

3575366.074

3575516.932

3575607.841

3575596.035

Y Coordinate

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

Zone

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

Isolate Type



























Artifact Type

1

1

2

5

1

2

1

1

1

2

1

1

4

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

3

1

1

2

1

1

Artifact Count

22

22

22

22

22

22

22

22

22

22

22

22

26

26

22

22

22

22

22

26

26

26

26

26

26

26

IO Map No.a


Feature Type

C.36

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

916

917

918

919

920

921

922

923

924

2

909

915

2

908

2

2

907

914

2

906

2

2

905

913

2

904

2

2

903

912

2

902

2

2

901

911

2

900

2

2

899

910

771303.7426

2

898

766245.5391

766790.8364

766855.1564

766635.4197

765976.7936

766356.3596

766391.0079

766479.2187

769638.8673

769713.263

769866.7116

769872.8772

769925.2656

769951.0291

770103.3647

770281.4583

770342.0711

770436.4334

770591.5338

770588.1808

770746.5042

771013.5589

771079.8379

771079.715

771192.2246

771229.0625

X Coordinate


3589390.451

3589471.717

3589553.164

3589628.187

3589870.749

3590062.556

3590272.405

3590453.61

3577514.992

3577232.671

3576541.894

3577212.246

3578043.145

3576523.419

3576608.678

3576853.322

3575877.153

3577675.279

3577775.073

3576535.03

3577070.256

3578054.362

3577152.569

3575756.97

3577128.664

3576681.274

3578180.839

Y Coordinate

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

Zone

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

feature

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

Isolate Type



























Artifact Type

3

1

1

1

1

2

3

1

1

1

1

1

2

2

2

1

1

1

1

2

2

1

1

3

2

5

Artifact Count

USGS benchmark

Feature Type

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

25

21

21

21

21

21

21

25

21

21

22

IO Map No.a

C.37

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

944

945

946

947

948

949

950

1

937

1

1

936

943

1

935

1

1

934

942

1

933

1

1

932

941

1

931

1

1

930

940

1

929

1

1

928

939

1

927

1

1

926

938

766424.9126

1

925

761804.3394

761636.0547

765034.2935

765005.7472

764883.5187

764510.1085

764389.9525

764379.1158

764258.0567

764009.13

757856.3292

767820.3596

766996.9089

766035.8334

766193.9751

766111.4355

765735.5223

767138.8556

765711.425

765232.7678

766003.667

766334.968

766454.5868

766663.6447

766724.5603

X Coordinate


3592058.812

3591916.868

3589381.015

3590521.852

3590570.447

3590223.372

3590397.629

3590219.676

3590048.661

3589119.743

3597596.795

3586398.484

3587170.496

3588080.306

3588060.578

3588146.395

3588470.754

3588437.196

3588569.492

3588562.309

3588765.682

3588959.514

3589032.868

3589071.123

3589270.902

3589389.304

Y Coordinate

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

Zone

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

Isolate Type



























Artifact Type

1

2

3

1

2

6

5

3

11

2

1

3

1

6

6

6

1

8

1

8

8

7

11

2

6

5

Artifact Count

6

6

9

9

6

9

9

9

9

9

3

12

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

9

10

10

10

10

10

10

IO Map No.a


Feature Type

C.38

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

970

971

972

973

974

975

976

977

3

963

2

3

962

969

1

961

2

1

960

968

1

959

2

1

958

967

1

957

1

1

956

966

1

955

1

1

954

965

1

953

1

1

952

964

761711.9721

1

951

763664.0805

763603.6415

763265.9518

763050.6187

762949.9945

762930.5969

762620.8882

762632.7605

762003.2206

761915.9599

760775.8951

758301.5896

758164.8788

758977.7643

218912.0984

217812.0883

760636.7219

761199.1493

762868.6423

762991.9544

762076.3771

760890.7827

762615.5472

761663.0663

761642.199

763535.6369

X Coordinate


3578470.852

3580369.851

3579561.734

3580643.601

3579392.561

3579701.077

3579605.988

3580684.45

3580786.96

3578656.982

3580643.787

3596298.982

3597069.724

3596045.493

3578438.287

3577036.557

3594435.951

3594569.071

3594170.383

3593972.303

3593608.637

3593484.767

3593116.26

3593019.127

3593007.254

3592235.599

3592164.804

Y Coordinate

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

12

12

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

Zone

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

feature

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

Isolate Type













historical period (horseshoe)














Artifact Type

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

3

2

3

1

2

Artifact Count

USGS benchmark

Feature Type

20

14

14

14

20

14

14

14

14

20

14

3

3

3

24

24

4

4

4

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

IO Map No.a

C.39

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

997

998

999

1000

1001

1002

1003

1004

2

990

2

2

989

996

2

988

2

2

987

995

2

986

2

2

985

994

2

984

2

2

983

993

2

982

2

2

981

992

2

980

2

2

979

991

764005.5449

2

978

768802.8463

768643.3521

768509.1978

768521.0027

767520.694

767404.9219

767405.4302

767414.0343

766684.4505

766546.3536

766571.1297

766549.2839

766392.3016

766234.0359

766013.0248

766012.4791

766022.2508

766012.5928

765293.315

764868.3486

764867.6251

764733.0205

764286.0208

764326.5801

764241.6127

763979.6336

X Coordinate


3578489.587

3578708.937

3576895.398

3576895.199

3579408.128

3577337.971

3577665.19

3578339.534

3578009.713

3577609.866

3579041.292

3579199.031

3579659.586

3577866.583

3578359.864

3578375.832

3578786.773

3578784.63

3579932.956

3578736.388

3579720.379

3578943.171

3579523.643

3578279.392

3579673.985

3580317.888

3580088.621

Y Coordinate

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

Zone

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

Isolate Type




























Artifact Type

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Artifact Count

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

15

21

21

21

21

21

14

20

14

20

20

20

14

14

14

IO Map No.a


Feature Type

C.40

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1024

1025

1026

1027

1028

1029

1030

1031

1032

1

1017

1

1

1016

1023

1

1015

1

2

1014

1022

2

1013

1

2

1012

1021

2

1011

1

2

1010

1020

2

1009

1

2

1008

1019

2

1007

1

2

1006

1018

768813.7323

2

1005

761289.1399

761296.2099

761301.16

761303.0241

761291.772

761176.4771

761188.9418

761178.845

761166.0916

761050.8896

761050.0503

761051.9837

761068.4718

760949.1706

760949.0856

760721.8223

759763.7261

759316.7303

769336.5294

769076.8902

769078.3455

769089.0934

769088.2773

769076.3956

768931.5968

768943.6049

768933.4217

X Coordinate


3590640.246

3590932.145

3590980.757

3591004.391

3591571.842

3591653.938

3590604.66

3590542.162

3590346.506

3590251.139

3590438.144

3590768.235

3591311.269

3590432.006

3590202.145

3590485.068

3591611.68

3591643.334

3577290.949

3576835.771

3576857.454

3576916.444

3576975.912

3578498.254

3578651.422

3577134.362

3576924.846

3578422.097

Y Coordinate

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

Zone

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

Isolate Type





























Artifact Type

1

1

1

4

1

2

1

2

1

1

3

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

2

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

Artifact Count

Feature Type

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

9

9

6

6

6

6

9

6

5

5

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

21

IO Map No.a

C.41

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1052

1053

1054

1055

1056

1057

1058

1059

1

1045

1

1

1044

1051

1

1043

1

1

1042

1050

1

1041

1

1

1040

1049

1

1039

1

1

1038

1048

1

1037

1

1

1036

1047

1

1035

1

1

1034

1046

761288.3997

1

1033

762014.8087

761880.4893

761895.8746

761906.1454

761905.2245

761766.3373

761773.3313

761783.8255

761766.5948

761787.0486

761687.6856

761674.1876

761654.8381

761668.2258

761651.3358

761646.8033

761522.0273

761525.0296

761530.5351

761424.5951

761426.7626

761410.0727

761426.4365

761310.9997

761298.8054

761311.2494

X Coordinate


3591095.91

3591379.686

3589985.672

3589965.355

3589919.753

3589526.248

3589703.136

3589937.551

3590240.852

3590381.875

3591818.99

3591471.617

3591308.229

3591033.239

3590492.293

3590368.613

3589737.233

3589823.015

3591343.607

3591235.113

3590813.816

3590027.937

3589744.748

3589769.346

3589826.389

3590511.363

3590589.335

Y Coordinate

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

Zone

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

Isolate Type




























Artifact Type

1

1

2

3

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

3

1

1

1

3

3

1

1

1

4

1

2

2

1

4

Artifact Count

6

6

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

6

6

6

6

6

9

9

9

6

6

6

9

9

9

9

6

6

IO Map No.a


Feature Type

C.42

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1079

1080

1081

1082

1083

1084

1085

1086

1087

1

1072

1

1

1071

1078

1

1070

1

1

1069

1077

1

1068

1

1

1067

1076

1

1066

1

1

1065

1075

1

1064

1

1

1063

1074

1

1062

1

1

1061

1073

762007.7743

1

1060

763150.2822

763152.5118

763150.0575

765506.5414

765506.5832

763029.8589

762968.1013

762963.4668

762875.9016

762819.6662

762822.4329

762712.3154

762732.1714

762604.5425

762625.7465

762502.4747

762510.4227

762493.2239

762386.3964

762391.396

762249.2208

762247.582

762245.8391

762125.4098

762149.5747

762022.8852

762007.032

X Coordinate


3591205.872

3591159.905

3589909.593

3590027.799

3589207.665

3590444.211

3591488.502

3590320.125

3589767.678

3590650.874

3589533.626

3590890.659

3591671.774

3590902.428

3588755.93

3589397.641

3589783.768

3590897.733

3591241.993

3589551.216

3589145.129

3590705.414

3590940.274

3590464.524

3589817.236

3589970.122

3590558.1

3590825.464

Y Coordinate

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

Zone

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

Isolate Type





























Artifact Type

1

1

1

1

2

2

1

3

1

3

1

8

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Artifact Count

Feature Type

6

6

9

10

10

9

6

9

9

6

9

6

6

6

9

9

9

6

6

9

9

6

6

6

9

9

6

6

IO Map No.a

C.43

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1106

1107

1108

1109

1110

1111

1112

1113

1

1099

1105

1

1098

1

1

1097

1104

1

1096

1

1

1095

1103

1

1094

1

1

1093

1102

1

1092

1

1

1091

1101

1

1090

1

1

1089

1100

763145.6955

1

1088

759625.5142

758801.6011

763836.1387

765412.6136

763657.5149

763651.1915

763675.1042

763609.9954

763610.9417

763508.9021

763485.5488

763481.5096

763487.3609

763471.8451

763466.2748

763364.9899

763319.2123

763302.3247

763169.3919

763181.6275

763172.4789

763185.7759

763169.508

763174.4624

763156.293

X Coordinate


3597608.812

3595043.792

3590440.554

3589991.318

3590131.123

3590203.33

3590371.179

3591614.487

3589747.799

3588966.82

3590491.784

3589936.503

3589885.085

3589272.657

3588802.692

3589810.981

3589581.527

3588865.321

3590470.309

3590833.59

3591208.702

3591306.196

3591371.777

3591572.98

3591621.705

3591361.59

Y Coordinate

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

Zone

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

Isolate Type




















lithic (flaked stone), historical period (ammunition)







Artifact Type

1

1

2

16

2

15

2

6

2

2

2

4

5

1

1

1

3

2

3

4

1

2

1

1

1

1

Artifact Count

3

3

9

10

9

9

9

6

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

IO Map No.a


Feature Type

C.44

1

1

1

1

1122

1123

1124

1125

758342.5543

759259.8023

758797.7122

758797.7122

758797.7122

758854.8405

758844.2428

756810.7592

218745.0563

218471.3001

218476.3115

218468.0711

218218.8748

218194.2693

Key: IO = isolated occurrence. a IO Map No. refers to maps in Appendix D.

Total

1

3

1121

1129

3

1120

1

3

1119

1128

3

1118

1

3

1117

1127

3

1116

1

3

1115

1126

782230.0306

3

1114 218202.0866

X Coordinate


3596768.087

3597544.126

3595070.956

3595070.956

3595070.956

3595039.018

3595059.273

3595779.494

3578238.48

3578970.654

3576903.774

3576815.496

3579542.622

3578810.241

3578699.149

3578271.152

Y Coordinate

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

12

12

12

12

12

12

12

11

Zone

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

artifact

Isolate Type

shell (unworked)




lithic (mano)









lithic (flaked stone), historical period (ammunition)



Artifact Type

1,976

1

4

1

1

1

1

1

1

4

1

1

8

1

4

4

3

Artifact Count

Feature Type

3

3

1

1

3

3

3

3

24

24

24

24

24

24

24

24

IO Map No.a

APPENDIX D

Maps of Locations of Sites and Isolated Occurrences Recorded during Survey

D.1

D.3

Figure D.1. Index map of locations of 17 individual topographic maps showing sites and prehistoric and historical-period IOs recorded on survey. Individual map numbers correspond directly to map numbers in Appendix B.

D.4 Figure D.2. Map 1.




D.8

Figure D.6. Map 6. Note: IO 1094 contains both prehistoric (lithic) and historical-period (ammunition) artifacts but, for the sake of simplicity, is labeled a prehistoric IO.










D.18

Figure D.16. Map 24. Note: IO 1116 contains both prehistoric (lithic) and historical-period (ammunition) artifacts but, for the sake of simplicity, is labeled a prehistoric IO.

