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Evaluating the Eminonu Square as a Metropolitan Gathering Area* Research Assistant Zeynep Özdemir Amasya University Faculty of Architecture Department of City and Regional Planning Istanbul Technical University, Institute of Science of the Department of City and Regional Planning PhD

Research Assistant Saadet Tuğçe Tezer Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University Faculty of Architecture Department of City and Regional Planning Istanbul Technical University, Institute of Science of the Department of City and Regional Planning PhD

Master Architect Gaye Bezircioğlu Senvenli Istanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and PhD Architecture MTS Izmir University of Economics (Part-time in Lecturer)

Architect Pınar Kömürcü Istanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Master of Architecture Department

Landscape architect Doğa Duygu Uslu Landscape Architect Doğa Duygu Uslu ITU Graduate School of Science, Engineering and Technology Interdisciplinary Urban Design Master Program

Architect Gökhan Karabacak İglo Architectural office

Adrian de Miguel SUMMARY Being the capital of three great empires and being located in a very important position with its field size, population and economic structure; the metropolitan city of Istanbul has a different meaning in Architecture and Urban Planning disciplines. The definition of “city center” always changes according to periods and expertises, because of variety of multi-layered and many other issues and potential areas. The process of spreading to rural areas after the Industrial Revolution starting from Europe with different Dynamics and spreading to all over the world, has left its place to coming back to the city centers. In this context, the hierarchy between settlements began to Show differences in ranking depending on the scale of settlements, choose between squares, function and visitors. In parallel to this process in all over the world, in the discipline of urbanism town square perception, function, user ratings and analysis are made. In this context, Eminonu Square which has a unique meaning and importance for the city of Istanbul throughout its history has choosen as the study case with its diversity of activities, user habits, visitor profile, and spatial perception. In this work, the Eminonu Square is recorded in weekdays and weekend days at different times, as video and voice recording; and also the user and usage types are analysed. In this perspective, by emphasizing the importance of Eminonu Square in urban scale, the form of use, usage patterns, activities, sounds are analysed with an analytical assessment. In the continuation of this study, it is aimed to arrive a systematic way or method to resolve the squares in metropolitan urban areas. Keywords: urban open spaces, squares, Eminonu Square, meeting place, Lynch analysis

*

This work is prepared in 2013-2014 semester term, ITU Institute of Science, Urban and Regional Department, PhD Program of Urban Planning, the course “Environmental Evaluation of Urban Open Space” prepared and given by Prof.Dr. Handan TÜRKOĞLU.

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Corresponding author Arş.Gör. Özdemir

Zeynep

zeynepozdemir37@ gmail.com

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1.

Purpose

The need for the existence of public spaces in the city, mostly creates an expectetion of producing a public gathering area. In this conntext, especially in metropolitan urban scale, when the population size and the density and the existence of the gathering area in a city are evaluated together, it is determined that these areas are under the needs and standards. Especially in Istanbul, gathering and meeting space problems observed and often comes to the fore. The purpose of this study is to analyse the historical Eminonu Square with its physical, natural, social and economic dynamics and to evaluate it as a gathering area. The inferences made from square analysis studies in different scales are applied to the case of Eminonu Square to resolve the Dynamics of the square. In this context, the functions and the pedestrian movements are evaluated through the video and sound records from the top and eye view. In continuation by the help of Lynch analysis which consists of visual image analysis technique, the square is analysed in terms of physical structure and functions.

1.2.

Scope and Method

The first stage of this study is to define the social, natural and physical borders of the Eminonu Square. With its qualified and decisive historical background, Eminonu Square is discussed in the “change” focus through the history, and in tihs context shapes, links and limit analysis which varies in different periods was prepared. As an international public space analyse and evaluation discipline, briefly “pps” is also applied to the square with comfort, image and sensory analysis, and then with the perspective of urban planning users and activities, social relations, typologies, availabilirty status and economic structure of the square were analysed. Then the Lynch technique is applied to the square to define the nodes, landmarks, transitions, borders and edges. This technique is supported with the sound and smell analysis covering the sensory analysis. In simultaneously prepared pedestrian movement analyses, the square is recorded as video and sound records in weekdays and weekends, morning, noon, evening and night including the seperated time periods. In order to resolve as a qualified space the historical Eminonu Square, detailed analysis are prepared, then arrived to a SWOT analysis, and finally some general inferences through the space are produced.

2.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

2.1.

“Public Space” Term

There are various definition of “public space” term in the studies of urban development, urban and social transformation. The discussions about public space was quite heated in the late 1980 and early 1990s. Some of the definitions of public space is as follows; According to Gür’s (2010) explanation is cited from Keskinok (2009); “Urban and urbanity is primarily related with publicity and production of public spaces. Urban space is the main place where social change and communication happens, but in recent years, more and more introverted places are seen in the cities. Hence, creating of integration channels, making partnership developments, creating of urban spaces and

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social backbones are important planning and design problems in urban planner's field” (Gür, 2010). Public spaces are the most important element of cities which are socializing area of the city-dwellers. The quality of public spaces in a city shows that city’s life quality. According to Memlük (2013), she cited from Cattell et all (2008); ” Public spaces are not the only physical activity places but also carries the traces of past and gives identity to places to make them to be felt. The main role of public space is making the social life alive which people needs. In addition, the public spaces are the building blocks of democracy and the most important thing is that they are developing feeling of space.” The public spaces give sensitive, meaningful and democratic responds to basic human needs in public life. Public spaces are the democratic places where everybody can reach. In these areas people can do their protests freely. (Memlük, 2013) There is another explanation which Habermas claimed at 2010; “Public space is the place where common benefit and facts are talking.” Public space is the place of freedom and in these spaces people should be able to express their feelings freely. Habermas describes the public space where people are sharing their ideas, making rational discussions which results in creating a common “public opinion”. (2010) The people in public spaces, come to this common area where will share the place with others by leaving their private areas. Public spaces where is free for all, people has chance to talk face to face and socialize with other people (Erturan, 2011). Accessibility to the public spaces is also important factor which shows us public spces is for eveyone. In this way, the places will be formed in everyday life by sharing ideas freely, being in cultural and social communication. It is an inevitable feature of formation of public in both urban and rural lifeFor example, the city square where is performed political activities also can be used for daily life activities. As can be seen, public spaces are the reflection of social life in the space. From this perspective, the conceptual meaning of public space and its reflection in cities as physical public spaces should not be considered seperately from each other (Gür, 2010).

2.2.

“Meeting Area” Term

The public spaces which are designed as meeting area can be varied up to private, semiprivate, open or closed areas. The city-dwellers needs to meet where they come together and express themselves freely, relax after a tiring day, go into social intercourse. These places can be formed naturally and also can be planned for this activity. It is inevitable that one of the meaningful open spaces in cities are city squares. 2.2.1. “City Square” Term City squares have different meanings in many respects apart from its simple explanation. Its lexical meaning; "field, open space, contest, entertainment and meeting place, current location and surroundings, opportunity, time" (TDK, 2005). Rob Krier states that town squares are the first example which mankind made use of in urban areas (Krier, 1979) The city squares in public spaces are the area of freedom in cities as a center of social and cultural life where urban activies performed. "City square means for a city-dweller is where feeling sharing and a place to go without need of any reason" (Erturan, 2011).

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Town squares are the one of first public spaces which people used, became an important part of a urban life with different function in the historical process. Town squares defines the focal points in urban texture and forms the meeting places. Therefore, town squares provide a communication among city-dwellers, city-visitor and the city. The squares are the places where city public can equally use for various activities (Kır,2009) . The town squares are places that give identity to the city. According to kind of square the identity changes; Freedom Square, Republic Square etc... Besides that, town squares are the first sign of rebellions to the authority. Squares are the symbol of togetherness and unity. Town squares are one of the element of formation of the city society. To sum up with town squares in historic process; town squares are the places where citydwellers can take fresh breathe, find the opportunity ro relax and recreation, meet with each other, share ideas and thoughts freely. Nowadays, squares are loosing their meaning with the development of technology and communication and occupied by vehicles for car parking (Sertkaya, 2011).

3. EVALUATON OF EMİNÖNÜ SQUARE AS A PUBLIC SPACE 3.1

Location of the Eminönü Square

Eminönü district, one of the oldest settlements of Istanbul, is located in the historic peninsula. The district is surrounded with Haliç from north, Istanbul Bosphoros from east and Marmara Sea from south. During the history, the area has been used as a central point because of its strategic location of both land and sea transportation. Eminönü, which has taken its name from Ottomans’ customhouse, is located in the axis of the transportation roads at the present day. Because of its position, the area has been used dominantly as settled area. For this reason, the district has many historic buildings.

Map 1 Location of the Eminönü Square

Map 2 Field of study

Eminonu square, Haliç side of Eminonu and over against Galata Bridge, has always been active because of social and economic reasons. In order to understand the character of the district, which is considered as a metropolitan gathering point, its evolution during history must be analyzed. (Çin, 2006).

3.2. Historic Evolution of the Square The history of the distirict is accepted parallel with the foundations of the Istanbul. During the Byzantium Period, strategic position of the district made it as a center of military and administration, while the geographic position made it as a center of transportation, trade and logistics center, and the social position made it as a center of entertainment and other social activities.

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Staring from the Roman period, Eminönü Square and it’s surrounding with its relation to Haliç, is used for sea trade, customs and storage. For this reason, the district has become active with trade dominantly and this identiy has carried on to the present day. Fishbazaar (Balıkpazarı), takes its name from its function, has existed in the same place since the Roman period.

Map 3 Kapalıçarşı and bedestenlerin distribution map

Map 4 Yeni Camii, Balıkpazarı ve Mısır Çarşısı

With the Osmanlı period, the population of the Eminönü has exchanged. The population lived around the Eminönü Square, dominantly the Jewish people, moved as a consequence of the New Mosque’s construction (Yeni Camii). The change of the social culture has also affected the small trade structures. Open spaces redefined with the construction of New mosque. (Çin, 2006). 3.2.1. Break Points in the History th

The biggest change in the area took place in the 19 century with the modernization period. During the process, large scale urban reforms aimed to reform the city and adjust to the modern world overall in Istanbul. These reforms, including Eminönü Square, took the European model. The fires have also affected the changes in the area same as the planning reforms. For instance, after the Hocapaşa fire near by the Eminönü Square, new roads were planned. One of the main factors affacting the square and the surrounding activities was the Galata Bridge, which was constructed during the late periods of Ottomans by Sultan Abdülmecid and Bezmi Alem Valide Sultan in 1845. The bridge, called ‘Cisr-i Cedit’ which means ‘Yeni köprü’ (new bridge), has provided both pedestrian and vehicle transportation in between the sides of Haliç. It had a wooden structure when the first time it was constructed. Later it was rebuilt with steel in 1853. During the Abdülaziz period (1876), the bridge had shops, cafes and restaurants. Since the present day it had many th renovations and changes. However, it had its form (4 bridge) with the German engineers’s contributions in 1912. (Evren, 1994). 3.2.2. Historic Focuses of the Change Paralel to the İstanbul’s increasing population, the sea transportation started to develop in th the 18 century. The sea transportation, started in 1851, has provided access to the other th sides of the bosphoro from Eminönü.In 19 century, ship travels has increased and took ana important place in the public transportation. After completion of Sirkeci railway by German architects in 1890 and development of tramway system, transportation around the district has significantly increased.

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Correspondingly to the modern transportation ways, large scale urban projects started on overall Istanbul. These projects were aiming to create a western city image by working with foreign architects and engineers like Helmuth Von Moltke, F.Arnodin ve Antoine Bouvard. (Çelik, 1998).

Picture 1 Fruit Market - 1986

Picture 2 After the collapse of the market place created green area- 1987 Eminönü has always been the centre of trade, transportation, storage, administration and military during the history. In the modernization process, the projects were mainly on transportation and creation of a new image. For this reason, municipality organized a competition for Eminönü Square and surrounding to gain this modern image.

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4

5

Picture 3: New Mosque spoil the silhouette of buildings Picture 4: In front of the bazaar shops Picture 5: The rest of the mosque and bazaar shops Prost’s plan aimed to demolish of all the disturbing structures of the historic shilluette and create larger public spaces. The square has also gained new activies as the consequences of this approach. (Daver, 1943)

3.3. Transportation Connections The Historical Peninsula is in very significant location due to transportation routes because of it is one of the centers of Istanbul Metropolitan Area. The Peninsula generates a transportation focal point by dint of highway, seaway and railway transportations. The Historical Peninsula is used to reach both Historical Peninsula and the other parts of Istanbul (Sirkeci Train Station, Eminönü and Yenikapı Quay, Vatan and Millet Boulevard) because of that reason extremely dense pedestrian and vehicle traffic arises (Ayan, 2010).

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3.3.1.Acces to Eminönü Square Eminönü Square and immediate surroundings is one of the most important transportation center. The area has great importance for Istanbul with high population density, closeness to daily routine activity areas, its history and high pedestrian and vehicle traffic density. Accessing Eminönü Square is provided by public transportation such as ferries, sea buses and private boats on seaway transportation, buses on highway transportation, tram and commuter train for railway transportation. Eminönü is a big transfer center with different transportation systems which is described as a node (Aksu, 2010).

Map 5 Transportation Types to access to Eminönü Square; (Çin, 2006) Eminönü Historical Peninsula maintains being transportation point at each period. Big proportion of current transportation supply is toward Eminönü Historical Peninsula because of intensive trade centers and employment in Eminönü Square and its surroundings where also touristic and historical places leads to high tourist density. These conditions give a strategical significance to Eminönü Square where transportation plans are very important. 3.3.2.Transportation Connections in Eminönü Square and Its Surroundings Transportation connections in Eminönü Square and its surroundings is considered as highway, railway and seaway transportation;

Map 6 The distribution of transportation system in Eminönü District; (Aksu, 2010) Highway Transportation The main arterial highways, bus, taxi and dolmuş stops and car parks can be said the system elements of highway transportation in Eminönü. In city-wide scale important main arterials are linking in Eminönü; Sahil Yolu is the highway which is beginning from Goldenhorn and goes toward Yeşilköy, Galata Bridge which connects Eminönü to Karaköy, Anakara Boulevard is one of the regional axes going towards Cağaloğlu from Sirkeci (Aksu, 2010). There are many buses, which stops in Eminönü bus stops, reach various places in Istanbul. In this relation; highway transportation system and its vehicles

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are more flexible according to other transportation systems, so on highway transportation system is mostly integrated one with Eminönü Square (Aksu, 2010). Railway Transportation Accessibility is very important issue in Historical Peninsula due to protecting historical texture. Street tram, light metro and metro systems are the railway systems in the Historical Peninsula. Eurasia Tunnel and Marmaray are the railway systems as metro systems. A comfortable, fast, safety and modern public transportation system will be integrated into Historical Peninsula with these new metro routes (Ayan, 2010). Seaway Transportation Seaway transportation in Eminönü has a significant role which is very important transfer point between Anatolian side and European side in Istanbul. IDO and TURYOL has quays in Eminönü. A good seaway transportation needs to other transportation systems working well integrated. It can be said that Eminönü is a well integrated transfer point with these quays has alternates to reach various points in Istanbul with both railway and highway lines (Aksu, 2010).

3.4 Analysis of public space evaluation To evaluate which criteria eminönü square has in design way, figure – ground, linkage, boundary, sound and smell analyses are applied. Furthermore, Lynch Analysis technic is applied too; square usage density is determined with video which records coordinately in various days and hours. 3.4.1 Figure – ground analysis Nowadays, in the direction of planning policy, in traditional Figure – Ground relation and in the analysis of Figure – Ground which is applied with previous knowledge of radical changes related to human scale, urban open space is began to occur the result of empty space between buildings (Çin, 2006).In another source, the term that is discussed as Figure – ground theory is defined as, "The layout of urban spaces and buildings can be seen clearly as a two-dimensional mass - space demonstrating" (Trancık,1986).

Map 7 Figure – ground analysis: Çin, 2006 Figure-ground analysis is not enough to understand ground-mass relationship because the analysis has two dimensional character.

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Map 8 figure and ground analysis of eminönü square and its surrounding, map is updated and re-drawed by researchers; December, 2013 According to figure-ground analysis of eminönü square, followings are determined:    

Square is surrounded by roads Coast line cannot be defined as urban solid Meaningless empty spaces cause a perception out of human scale Boundary of square cannot be recognized

To specify principles of a design which is located in the square, these problems need to be solved primarily 3.4.2. Linkage analysis Linkage analysis shows linkages network in city and building linkages. Different from figure-ground analysis, it aims to inform situation of motor vehicle, pedestrian circulation, linkage points. (Çin, 2006). In this context, example of eminönü square, while streets, green spaces, pedestrian ways, motor vehicle ways are examined, urban buildings, that place between neighborhood buildings and city wall, and a curvilinear street pattern are formed. Because of Traditional and organic nature, irregular roads and streets are frequently seen. With the existence of The tramway and the Galata Bridge, pedestrian and vehicle traffic in the area are increased and the subway bridge that is built After 1980 provides direct transportation of pedestrians. In general, linkage (north- south) between sea and eminönü square, bordered by Spice Bazaar and New Mosque are disconnected by main road which become another boundary. In addition, a big open square is formed with area where bus stops are located. (Çin, 2006).

Map 9 Analysis of eminönü square and surroundings: Çin, 2006

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In linkage analysis which is applied from 1815 to 1996, the spatial changes of eminönü square, networks between open space and buildings can be seen while urban pattern is emerge.

Map 10 urban network diagram of eminönü square and surroundings map is updated and re-drawed by researchers; December, 2013 With the demolition of the built environment, a large open space on the coastline is occurred; while narrow linkages of the old pattern are seen in the west, wider linkages are seen in the east. 3.4.3. Boundary analysis Boundary analysis is structured on the relationships between blocks and open space forms, streets and squares. (Çin, 2006).

Map

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boundary

analysis

of

eminönü

square

and

surroundings According to boundary analysis between 1815 and 1996, there were very intense construction around the square that bordered well defined with urban block and streets. (Çin, 2006). In 1882, there was an effort that the square was defined with urban blocks and roads. Narrow ways are defined for square accessibility from inner districts in east of the square. The square form was completely changed in 1940; new buildings and warehouses were built with construction plan. In this period, accessibility from six different streets to square was provided. Despite the demolition of buildings in west side and in front of the mosque, square preserves well-defined boundaries that are formed with buildings (warehouses, mosque, mansion, Mısır çarşısı and inn) (Çin,2006). In 1960 and 1996 with the elimination of restrictive that surrounded the square, squares gradually began to move away from the human scale. Today the square is limited only by the road on the west side. Because of the lack of elements which guide people, the square is a meaningless sized space. Users of the square are generally people who pass there.

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3.4.4 Lynch analysis: City Image In the book of “Image of The City” ,written by Kevin Lynch in 1960, image works about environment is realized and the possible way of creating a positive “Image of The City” is described. This method’s basic foundation is the hypothesis that urbanites is alienated each other, people don’t remember their position and environmental qualities which people are included; and the method suggests that a city should be legible in the first place. According to Lynch, a legible environment has three components: identity structure and meaning. City image Elements which is shaped from these components are determined as paths, edges, districts, nodes, landmarks. (http://www.agri.ankara.edu.tr/peyzaj/1356__1_kentsel_peyzaj_planlama.pdf) In the context of “Image of The City”, the evaluation on historical Eminönü Square is one of the most important steps in this study. The square is analyzed in the scope of “Image of The City” proposal elements that is defined by Lynch. In the process of detailed analysis of public gathering area, Lynch theory is in a very important place, and also in this study, smell and sound analyses are added to visual evaluation.

Map 12 evaluation of area with lynch analysis

4. EVALUATİON OF THE ACTİVİTİES İN THE SQUARE The users of the historical Eminonu Square (required/mandatory activity that performs local and visitor population included) may be listed as; people passing transit through the square, peddlers, beggars, people sitting on the benches and stairs, bird seed sellers, bird feding people, tourists, waiting and walking people. Optional activities in the square are the retail trade, tourism, sitting, resting, standing on, shopping, chatting, bird feding, watching and monitoring. Except for these people who are situated in the square for these activities, the population in Eminonu Square consists of the owners of retail trade units, sellers and employees. The economic activity areas in the square are pearlies, traditional market areas, small local markets, restaurants and ATMs. 4.1 Sense Analysis It is necessary for the people to mark off the space in order to understand which part of the space they are in, as for sensing the relationship among spaces, they need to know the phsical details for undersanding the orientation. These factors are necessary for making the user integrate with and inform about the space (Altuncu vd, 2013). Emotional standarts are also important for sensing the space in addition to phsical and spatial factors. Findings of Lynch helps the description of open space pysically and this sense strenghtens via sensus. As the number of sonsory increase, perception becomes more accurate, sounds start to help to sense of sight in terms of perception. Smelling is an importatn factor affecting the

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perception and as the smell information reaches to the brain, a relationship establishes between the past and and the current (Altuncu et al, 2013). 4.1.1 Sound Analysis In this work, the sound and smella analysis are used with the Lynch Analysis, to detect the Eminonu Square and maps are produced.

Map 13 Sound Map of Eminönü Square, Map was re-created and updated by researchers; December, 2013 In the scope of sound analysis the activities in the Square are researched, with video and sound records, the effective sound of the square is defined. The “artisan-mongering” voices rising from the Egyptian Bazaar (a symbol of Eminonu Square), the sound of prayer rising from the New Mosque in certaind times of the day are inseparable elements of Eminonu Square. The peddlers in square, sellers, sound of pigeons, flapping sounds, ferry’s whistle sound in the distance is the other sound elements of the square. 4.1.2 Smell Analysis Another factor that helps the space to be sensed is the smell of the space. According to the analysis which was done in Eminönü square, the smell of the chessnut, corn and lokma dessert sold by peddlers intensifies around Spice Bazaar and New Mosque parts of the square. Spice smell coming from the Spice Bazaar forms an integrated sense with Eminönü square. Also, the smell of cheese, coffee, dried fruit, nut and sea is added to spice smell. Smell and sound analysis indicates the importance of smell and sound in differentiating and gaining identity of public open space.

Map 14 Smell Map of Eminönü Square, Map was re-created and updated by researchers; December, 2013

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4.2 Pedestrian Circulation Analysis

Map 15 people density In the square, people density is analised by taking snapshot photos in specified days and hours. The density has different results in morning, afternoon and evening times. Especially, square is very dense before praying time in Friday.

Map 16 people movement To analyze the pedestrian movement in the square, taking video are realized at one point that can see whole square at specified days anda hours. During the recordings, people routes are monitored. As a result, people are moving to the square specific points that are subway bridge, yeni cami, mısır çarşı, tahtakale district, shops.

5.SYNTHESIS AND CONCLUSION This work which consists of the analysis of the historical Eminonu Square in the perspective of physical, social, economic structures ends with a SWOT analysis and inferences through the study.

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Strengths

Weaknesses

Opportunities

Threaths

Historical background

Beggars

Location providing easy accessibility

Obsolete buildings

Spatial width

Lack of parking

Convenient public transportation opportunities

Uncontrolled and unregulated development

Location and transportation facilities

Sitting areas, benches failure

Tourism potential

Lost and undefined areas

Seaside

Lack of enough tree

Suitable weather and climatic condition

Proximity to big urban projects, being an appropriate space

İmportant religious structures

Pollution

Variety of academic and scientific studies on square

Dilapidation of the historic builgings

Variety of commercial units

Scattered motorcycle parks

Being in the Historical Peninsula which is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List

The diversity of tourist activities

Noise pollution

Fixed users

The relationships between the Grand Bazaar and the Spice Bazaar

Lack of practical using of public spaces

Table 1 SWOT Analysis The historical Eminonu Square as a an important an unique place of Istanbul Metropolitan Area and Historical Peninsula with its location, transportation facilities, user density, activity diversity, urban identity, economic activities, historical background, etc; is analysed through physical structure analysis, user population diversity, Lynch and pps analysis. Also in this work, Eminonu Square is recorded at weekend day and weekday, at different time periods from the top view and also eye view, as video and sound records to analyse the pedestrian movement exactly. In this work, Eminonu Square is defined as a major transfer point in metropolitan scale, unique economic activity area, tourism center, public space with its traditional user culture, and mostly undefined, surrounded with old structures. References Altuncu,D., Çelebi Şeker, ,N.,N.,Karaoğlu M., (2013) “Mekan Algısında Duyuların Etkisi/Manipülatif Mekanlar” Sakarya Üniversitesi Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesi 1. Uluslararası Sanat Sempozyumu ‘Sanat Tasarım ve Manipülasyon’ Akbulut, R., (1993), “Prost, Henri, in Dünden Bugüne” İstanbul Ansiklopedisi, sayı: 6, sayfa: 285287. Aksu, L.,E., (2010) “Yerel Yönetimlerde Ulaşım ve Kent Estetiği İlişkisi: Eminönü Meydanı ve Çevresindeki Ulaşım Sistemi Öğeleri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme” Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Marmara

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Üniversitesi,Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Kamu Yönetimi Anabilim Dalı Mahalli İdareler ve Yerinden Yönetim Bilim Dalı,İstanbul,63,158-164 Ayan, B., (2010) “Kent Morfolojisini Etkileyen Nedenler Ve Eminönü Tarihi Yarımada Bölgesinin İstanbul Ulaşımına Etkileri” Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Kentsel Sistemler Ve Ulaştırma Yönetimi Anabilim Dalı,İstanbul Çelik, Z., (1998), “19.Yüzyılda Osmanlı Başkenti: Değişen Istanbul”, Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, çeviren: Selim Deringil. Çin T., (2006) “Transformation Of A Public Space In İstanbul: The Eminönü Square” The Degree Of Master Of Scıence ,The Graduate School Of Natural And Applied Sciences Of Middle East Technical University The Urban Design City And Regıonal Planning Department, Ankara Daver A., Resmer M., Günay S., (1943), “Güzelleşen İstanbul”, İstanbul Belediye Matbaası. Erturan,A., (2011) “Kentsel Kamusal Alan Oluşturmada Bir Yöntem Denemesi: İstanbul Yeldeğirmeni Mahallesi Örneği” Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Anabilim Dalı. Evren, B., (1994), “Galata Köprüleri Tarihi”, Milliyet Yayınları, İstanbul. Gökgür, P., (2008) “Kentsel Mekânda Kamusal Alanın Yeri”, İstanbul Gür, S. (2010) “Kamu Yararı Kapsamında Kamusal Alan Olarak Transfer Merkezlerinin İncelenmesi – Bağcılar Meydanı Transfer Merkezi Örneği” Yüksek Lisans Tezi Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Kentsel Sistemler Ve Ulaştırma Yönetimi Programı, İstanbul. Habermas, J., (2010) “Kamusallığın Yapısal Dönüşümü”, Çeviren: Tanıl Bora-Mithat Sancar, İletişim Yayınlar, İstanbul Kır,İ., (2009)“Kent Meydanlarının Kent Kimliği Üzerine Etkileri; İzmir Örneği”, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ege Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Peyzaj Mimarlığı Anabilim Dalı, İzmir Krier, R., (1979) “Urban Space”, Foreword by Colin Rowe, Rizzoli International Publications, Inc. New York, p.17. Kuban, D., (1996), “The Growth of a City”, İstanbul, sayı: 96, sayfa: 10-42. Memlük, N.,O., (2012) “Inclusivity Of Public Space: Changing Inclusivity Of An Urban Park, Gençlik Parkı, Ankara” In Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirements For The Degree Of Master Of Urban Desıgn In City And Regional Planning,The Graduate School Of Natural And Applied Sciences Of Middle East Technical University,Ankara Prost, H., (1997), “İstanbul’un Nazım Planını İzah Eden Rapor”, İstanbul Araştırmaları 2, İstanbul BŞB Kültür İşleri Daire Başkanlığı, İstanbul Araştırmaları Merkezi, sayfa: 247-279. Sertkaya, İ., (2011) “Kentmeydanları: Adana 5 Ocak Meydanı Örneği Üzerine Bir İrdeleme” Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Mimarlık Anabilim Dalı, Adana Taşçı, H., (2012) “Kent Meydanı İle Kent Kimliği İlişkisi Üsküdar Meydanı Örneği” Doktora Tezi Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Kamu Yönetimi Anabilim Dalı Mahalli İdareler ve Yerinden Yönetim Bilim Dalı,İstanbul TDK, (2005)“Türkçe Sözlük”, Osmanlıca-Türkçe Ansiklopedik Lügat, Aydın Kitabevi, 22. Baskı, Ankara, s.638. Trancik,R., (1986) “Finding Lost Space, Theories of Urban Design”, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York

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26. Yapı-Yaşam Kongresi-“ Kent Merkezini yeniden Keşfetmek”