International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 7, Issue 6, November-December 2016, pp. 444–448, Article ID: IJCIET_07_06_049 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=7&IType=6 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316 © IAEME Publication
ASSESSMENT OF FLUORIDE CONCENTRATION IN GROUNDWATER IN WEST ZONE OF COIMBATORE CORPORATION Dr. R.N. Uma Professor and Head of the Department, Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, Coimbatore S. Karthiyayini Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, India U. Sindhu Vaardini Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, India ABSTRACT Groundwater is the major source of freshwater on the earth which contains dissolved ions in different concentrations. These dissolved ions are helpful for human health at desirable concentrations. Beyond the permissible limit (1.5 mg/L)it is harmful and not suitable for domestic use. Fluoride is one such dissolved ion which causes dental and skeletal fluorosis to humans at high concentration. The continuous use of water that has high amount of fluoride may prove toxic to human, animal and plants. Excessive fluoride concentrations have been reported in more than 20 developed and developing countries in world. In India, 4 states are facing fluoride problem. In view of this, an attempt was made to find out the fluoride content in groundwater in West Zone of Coimbatore Corporation. The fluoride variations were also due to impact of other water parameters such as chloride, sulphate and hardness. The fluoride concentrations were found to be satisfactory and lie within the permissible limit. Key words: Groundwater, Dental fluorosis, Skeletal flurosis, West zone of Coimbatore. Cite this Article: Dr. R.N. Uma, S. Karthiyayini and U. Sindhu Vaardini, Assessment of Fluoride Concentration in Groundwater in West Zone of Coimbatore Corporation. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 7(6), 2016, pp.444–448. http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=7&IType=6
1. INTRODUCTION Coimbatore is the second largest city in Tamilnadu and it is popularly known as Manchester of South India, is situated in the western part of the state of Tamilnadu. In Coimbatore Corporation, there are around 1500 deep bore wells and 300 plus open wells that supplies ground water for domestic purposes. Groundwater is brackish due to various water parameters like fluoride, chloride, hardness, sulphates, iron etc,. West zone of Coimbatore Corporation consists of twenty wards that has important areas like Saibaba http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp
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Assessment of Fluoride Concentration in Groundwater in West Zone of Coimbatore Corporation
Colony, Vadavalli, Idayarpalayam, Kavundanpalayam that have its zonal office in R.S. puram. Area covered by this zone is 21.5 sq.km. and population is known to be 2,32,021 (approx.) as per census 2010. The density of population is found to be 9383 persons/ sq.km. Fluoride concentration is an important aspect of hydro geochemistry because of its impact on human health. Fluoride is a fairly common element that does not occur in the elemental state in nature because of its high reactivity. The main source of fluoride for the human body is usually drinking water. The major sources of fluoride in ground water are fluoride-bearing rocks and industrial operations, atmospheric deposition during coal burning or mining or the natural sources that causes the dissolution of fluoride-bearing minerals that are responsible for occurrence of fluoride in drinking water. Ingestion of excess fluoride, most commonly in drinking-water, can cause fluorosis which affects the teeth (Dental Fluorosis) and bones (Skeletal Fluorosis) especially for children and pregnant woman. This is a result of the destruction of metabolic calcium and phosphorus, inhibition of active enzymatic process in the human body. Thus, the function of the endocrine system gets interrupted, leading to fluorosis. The objectives of the study are: • • •
To collect ground water samples from West Zone of Coimbatore Corporation. To assess the concentration of natural fluoride in ground water. To assess the various parameters of water samples such as pH, Sulphate, Chloride, Hardness, Dissolved Oxygen.
2. METHODOLOGY The analysis of water is carried out to find the fluoride content of the collected ground water samples. The tests were done in laboratory by color comparator method that gives the exact value of the fluoride. Various water parameters like chloride, dissolved oxygen, hardness, pH, sulphate were also measured. Fluoride is one of the important parameter in water analysis and it is measured by Color Comparator method. The collected 20 samples were separately tested.
3. PROCEDURE FOR WATER ANALYSIS Various water quality parameters fluorides, chloride, DO, pH, hardness and sulphates. For analyzing each parameter specify methods were adopted. • • • • • •
Fluoride- Color Comparator method Chloride-Argentometric method Dissolved oxygen-The Winkler method with azide modification Hardness-EDTA titration method pH value-Electrometric method Sulphate-Gravimetric method
The analysis of water is carried out to find the fluoride content of the collected ground water samples. The tests were done in laboratory by color comparator method that gives the exact value of the fluoride. Various water parameters like chloride, dissolved oxygen, hardness, pH, sulphate were also measured.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fluoride is one of the important parameter in water analysis and it is measured by Color Comparator method. The collected 20 samples were separately tested for various parameters. The results and graphical representation of fluoride and other water parameters are tabulated below.
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Dr. R.N. Uma, S. Karthiyayini and U. Sindhu Vaardini Table 1 Various water quality parameters -
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Calcium Magnesium Total Sulphates hardness hardness hardness(mg/l (mg/l) (mg/l as (mg/l as as CaCO3) CaCO3) CaCO3)
S. NO.
WARD NO.
Fl (mg/L)
Cl (mg/l)
DO (mg/l)
1
5
0.8
164.94
5.2
7.81
219.46
345
195
150
2
6
0.4
234.34
4.6
7.83
354.86
430
235
195
3
7
0.6
193.46
5.6
7.81
274.33
380
240
140
4
8
0.4
220.16
5.3
7.78
209.73
440
215
225
5
9
0.4
229.29
5
7.64
292.03
450
245
210
6
10
1.0
79.45
6
7.86
264.59
245
190
55
7
11
1.2
49.99
5.8
7.87
282.29
220
150
70
8
12
1.2
55.65
5.7
7.87
219.46
235
185
50
9
13
0.8
159.64
4.5
7.97
309.73
320
165
155
10
14
1.0
80.12
5
7.73
292.03
230
155
105
11
15
1.0
65.56
4.6
7.97
237.16
220
170
50
12
16
0.6
189.94
4.6
7.9
282.29
355
220
135
13
17
0.2
247.98
4.9
7.88
364.59
480
230
250
14
18
0.8
160.28
5
7.7
209.73
340
180
160
15
19
0.4
240.60
4.5
8.12
219.46
460
225
235
16
20
1.0
74.8
5.3
7.93
246.89
230
140
90
17
21
0.6
199.20
4.4
7.93
237.16
350
205
145
18
22
0.8
154.05
4.8
8.14
274.33
340
200
140
19
23
0.2
269.98
5.3
7.76
374.33
490
245
245
20
24
0.2
253.59
4.8
7.89
382.29
480
240
240
pH
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Assessment of Fluoride Concentration in Groundwater in West Zone of Coimbatore Corporation
Water quality analysis shows that: Wards that have high fluoride content, • •
Ward no. 11 (Saibaba Colony) Ward no. 12 (K.K. Pudur)
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1.2 mg/L 1.2 mg/L
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0.2 mg/L 0.2 mg/L 0.2 mg/L
Wards that has least fluoride content, • • •
Ward no. 17 (Kalveerampalayam) Ward no. 23 (R.S.Puram-West) Ward no. 24 (Ramalingam Road)
Correlation of fluoride concentration with other water parameters was done in order to study the possible relation between the fluoride concentration and other water parameters. Generally water with fluoride more than 1 mg/L has hardness less than 250 mg/L and water with fluoride less than 0.4 mg/L has hardness more than 400 mg/L. The phenomenon of decrease in hardness, sulphate and chloride content leads to increase the fluoride concentration as well as increase in these parameters leads to decrease the fluoride concentration. Fluorides are formed more in mineralized water than in dilute water. Another factor contributing to excess fluoride concentration in the ground water samples may be due to the depletion in water table. Table 2 Correlation of Fluoride with other water parameters S.no.
Ward no.
Fluoride contentmg/L
Total hardness mg/L
Sulphate contentmg/L
Chloride contentmg/L
1 2 3 4 5
11 12 17 23 24
1.2 1.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
220 235 480 490 480
282.29 219.46 364.59 374.33 382.29
49.99 55.65 247.98 269.98 253.59
5. CONCLUSION The fluoride concentration of the ground water in Coimbatore west zone remains within the permissible limit. The use of this water is safe to all living organisms for any domestic purpose. Although, prevention of excess fluoride concentration can be avoided by creating awareness to minimize the usage of products which have fluoride content in it, such as soap, tooth paste, shampoo, washing powder etc., by educating peoples with low cost defluoridation techniques and also by enriching the ground water by rain water harvesting need to be practiced.
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