Assessment of the Impact and Management of Flood, Drought ... - IJIR

Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-4, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

Assessment of the Impact and Management of Flood, Drought and River Bank Erosion: A Case Study of Char Land Peoples of Gangachara Upazila, Rangpur District, Bangladesh Shakibul Islam Lecturer, Department of Disaster Management, Begum Rokeya University, Rangpur, Bangladesh Abstract: Bangladesh, due to its geo-physical position and socio-economic context, is highly prone to regular natural hazards and the impacts of climate change. Environmental impacts on agriculture damage a large quantity of crop production. The damages become severe in river side char areas, because these areas are very vulnerable to flood and riverbank erosion during monsoon and very arid condition during dry season. Riverine char lands, among other ecosystems of the country, are considered as hotspots for climatic hazards. An integrated approach which combines traditional knowledge with innovative strategies has been adopted to address current vulnerability while building adaptive capacity to face new and dynamic challenges. The process involves four inter-related strategies: promotion of climate-resilient livelihood strategies, disaster risk reduction strategies, capacity development for local civil society, and advocacy and social mobilization with particular focus on gender. In Bangladesh, flood and river bank erosion is a very common event and it has been occurred since 1988 and its process is still going on. It is characterized with the climatic stress such as heavy rainfall impacting adversely on the socioeconomic development of this area. The people of Noali Char, Kolkondo Char and Char Alambiditor depend on agriculture for their livelihood. This study examines flood, drought and river bank erosion-induced multiple forms of impacts which had been exposed to poor villagers. This report touches the women roles and explores the people’s indigenous survival techniques. The responsible constraints are weak socio-economic status, adverse climatic consequences, limited low effective indigenous managements which have been ignored by local leaders and goverenment. A negative matter is that without organizational support the villagers run their management procedures in own way. Hopefully this report will be act as a supportive tool as showing recommendations to the planners and policy makers in formulating micro or macro level policy

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for the improvement this community in terms of these events. Key Words: Climate change, Flood, Drought, River Bank Erosion, Adaptation, Vulnerability. 1. INTRODUCTION Bangladesh experiences several natural hazards each year owing to its geological location, topography, weather and climate. Recurrent flooding, drought, cyclones, river bank erosions, earthquakes, etc. are very common in this country (Ali, 1996). Third world countries like Bangladesh are the most frequent victims of natural disasters, many of which have a major negative impact on the society (Torry et al., 1979). Peoples of Bangladesh are directly or indirectly affected by natural extreme events. Climate change directly influences natural hazards (especially flood and drought) frequency (Mirza, 2007). Flood is a natural common disaster in our country and northern part of Bangladesh is vulnerable for flooding. Teesta river runs alongside this region and meet with the Brahmaputra river. In the monsoon season households around the river are inundate and people face tremendous lifestyle for river flood and heavy rainfall come from Himalayas region. Noali Char, Kolkondo Char and Char Alambiditor of Gangachara upazila under Rangpur district is located along side of Teesta river and here livelihood is very much dependent on the Teesta river. Agricultural activities are the key factor for socioeconomic condition of Bangladesh. Most of the peoples in Bangladesh depend on agro-economy whereas livelihood and life style base on it. Also, climatic variability and environmental stress on agricultural sector is responsible for drought, river bank erosion and flood. The consequences of these hazards accelerate for getting immediate or emergency economic and livelihood crisis. Northwestern part of Bangladesh, especially Noali Char, Kolkondo Char and Char Alambiditor of

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-4, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in Gangachara upazila is threatened by climatic stress that leads to environmental imbalance condition. So for better realization on this a field study is very important. According to Burgess a field study is a collection of data occurs outside of on experimental or lab setting. However, a field study is also called the collection of information outside of laboratory or work place setting. Also the amount and diversity of the collected data can be invaluable. Hence, it is not applicable to the general public. Noali Char, Kolkondo Char and Char Alambiditor of Gangachara upazila is located on the side of the Teesta River. The abrupt temperature of this area is rising and rainfall shortage due to climate change governs to dryness of the land that cause to drought impacts. The attitude of this study is to investigate the farmer’s perception about agricultural pattern and production. Most of the lands belong here are plain and alluvial (80%) formed of siltation which is surrounded by rivers. Bangladesh is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change in the world. The country was most at risk because of its extreme levels of poverty, dependence on agriculture and its government’s low capacity to adapt to predicted changes, which include a high risk of drought and flooding. Around the world, acceleration in population growth and changes in land use patterns have increased human vulnerability to floods. Harmful impacts of floods include direct mortality and morbidity and indirect displacement and widespread damage of crops, infrastructure and property. Every year floods take thousands of lives, leave millions homeless and cause significant loss to properties and infrastructures all over the world. The rivers are huge by global standards, and can inundate over 30% of the land mass at a time. Bangladesh is prone to serious and chronic flooding. Even in an average year 18% of the landmass is inundated and previous floods have affected 75% of the country (as in 1988). 75% of the country is below 10m above sea level and 80% is classified as floodplain as Bangladesh is principally the delta region of South Asia’s great rivers. Bangladesh floods on a regular basis, recent notable and catastrophic floods have occurred in 1988 (Ansary et al., 2013). Prevent river erosion and save from landlessness because of river erosion. Ensure people’s participation in the governance and development issues Local resource mobilization and capacity building process not adequate. Lack of people’s accesses to the health and other useful services of the service giving institutions in both public and private sector agencies. Low and neglected socio economic condition of ethnic minorities and no


potential safeguarding of their rights and cultural heritage (Begom, 2014). Agriculture is dominant economic activity which is the driving force of the Bangladesh economy (Mustafi et al., 2008). It is increasingly becoming established in the economic literature that the development of a growing economy depends critically on the development of the agricultural sector (Andriesse et al., 2007 and World Bank, 2008). For their survival they practice some coping strategies to withstand or overcome these natural extremes, especially in agricultural field. For example, homestead gardening is an old practice managed by the women of a family is well adapted to low soil moisture and high temperature (FAO, 2008). Local people often use their experience to predict forthcoming disasters or hazards. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW The natural disaster and environmental degradation arising from the world wide climate change is the most critical and time befitting issue all over the world. A low lying country with more than 230 rivers and waterways, Bangladesh is widely regarded as being one of the most vulnerable countries due to its disaster prone and odd geographic location, socio-eco-environmental condition and over population (Hamid, 2009). Bangladesh is the part of world’s most dynamic hydrological system. Major rivers flowing in the country are in old stage and due to heavy rainfall in the country and in the catchments areas, high volume of floodwater flow during the monsoon period (Benson et al., 2002). In fact, the country is a tender landmass framed by three major rivers and fluid landscape. It is also a developing country discharges with numerous problems of over population, poverty, complex socio-economic structure, frequent disasters, low level industrial base, and resource constrains, lack of appropriate infrastructural and institutional facilities, dearth of trained manpower etc. (Hossain et al., 2004). As the majority of the people live in the countryside, their livelihoods are directly or indirectly dependent on the land (BBS, 2003). Therefore, flooding as well as drought jeopardizes the lives and livelihoods of people. Flood and riverbank erosion are two of the major environmental disasters that the country experiences recurrently and an estimated one million people are displaced every year due to riverbank erosion in the country (Elahi et al., 1990). This adversity is further worsened when the devastating flood and riverbank erosion together intensified the process of pauperization in rural

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-4, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in areas in Bangladesh (Rahman et al., 1986; Karim 1990; Islam 1999a & 1999b and Jahangir 1979).

suffering to a large number of people and damage to properties in Bangladesh.

Agriculture is the dominant land use in the country covering about 59% of the total land mass. Rivers and other water bodies comprise about 9% of the total land area (GOB, 2008). Bangladesh has always experienced some degree of flooding. According to WHO 4 million people are affected every year due to flood and up to 5.6 million people are physically exposed periodically and 15 coastal districts are cyclone prone (Azad, 2009). Displacement due to flood and drought and erosion along with inadequate facilities/supports during and after major disasters creates hardships and lifethreatening problems to the population specially the poor, women and children.

A report published by Action Aid on 19 April, 1999 on the flood 1988 stated that 32 of 64 districts were affected 1,00,000 square kilometers area inundated which is about 66% of the country, 1050 people died, 30 million affected, 25 million left homeless 26,000 livestock lost 5,75,000 hectors of crops destroyed and 3 million tube wells damaged.

In recent decades, Bangladesh has made bold strides towards development (PC, 2014). The country has achieved commendable success in economic and social indicators. Not only that it is about to lift itself from the list of least developed nations, it’s recent progresses on a number of indicators have surpassed its neighboring developing nations in South Asia. Analysts believe that Bangladesh will emerge as a middle income country by 2021 – the 50th anniversary of its independence. Now the development challenge is to maintain the strides and sustaining the achievements. Over the past four decades, Bangladesh has been able to reduce disaster mortality significantly. Yet exposure of its economy to disaster losses continues to grow given the multiple and high frequent large-scale hazards; and other factors such as higher economic growth, increase in assets and urbanization. Char land areas irrespective of their geographic attachment to the mainland and distance from the growth centers are particularly vulnerable to flood, drought and river erosion (ISPAN, 2003). Islam et al., 2014 confirm that although flooding and river erosion in Bangladesh always generates socioeconomic and health related hazards and environmental and infrastructural damage. According to World Bank between 1991 and 2000 about 93 major disasters were recorded in Bangladesh (World Bank, 2008). World Risk Index ranked the world's counties on flood prone in 2011. In this rank, among 173 countries, Bangladesh was ranked as the sixth most flood prone country in the world and second most flood prone country in Asia with exposure of 27% (World Risk Index, 2011). It is also evident from several studies (Nasreen, 1998; DMB, 2008 and Kumbetoglu et al., 2010) that floods are the most significant natural hazard causing immense


Char households are sensitive to seasonal unemployment and are considered the most food insecure in Bangladesh (WFP, 2002). After planting of Aman paddy, farmers face seasonal unemployment from September to November which is locally known as “Monga”. Monga can be prolonged and intensified due to the near annual preceding of floods and monsoon. Analyzing household data collected from 64 villages census plus survey, Shaha, 2008 concludes that flood prone zones, especially island Chars, are the worst off among different disaster prone areas in terms of food shortages, the incidence of extreme poor, insufficient income, illiteracy, and a high concentration of wage laborers. The poor are indeed more exposed to risks of flooding, but they that they are therefore also more likely than the wealthy to suffer when flooding strikes exposure to risk and the adaptive capacity to risk (Blackwood et al., 1994). Food insecurity in the country especially in the northern Bangladesh has been the talk of the topics for a long time. This is also known as monga in this part of the country. The impacts of climate change have been affecting the agriculture practice systems of the char regions specifically. Price hike of essentials, seasonal food insecurity, increasing price of agricultural inputs, climate related factors led to the food insecurity to a large part of population in Bangladesh who are mainly the rural poor farmers. Different governments at many crisis periods have been faced with the challenges to ensure food security for the poor people of the country. Diverse inefficiencies within the systems have led to the failure of the range of measures that have been adopted at various times for creating defense for the people against the crisis. Food crisis and price escalation hits the poor and the vulnerable the hardest, as a large percentage of their income, in fact, is spent on food (Saifullah N. M., 2010). Agrawala et al (2003) used a subjective ranking system to identify key vulnerabilities Bangladesh faces from climate change based on circulation models and previous studies1of the country. The

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-4, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in authors assessed agriculture as having a medium “certainty of impact” risk, low-medium “timing of impact” risk, low-medium “severity of impact” risk and high “importance of resource” risk based on the studies identified on Bangladeshi agriculture and their relative assessment of the other risk areas (Huq et al, 1990; Islam et al, 1999). Interestingly, agriculture ranked last behind water resources, coastal resources and human health. Agrawala et al discounted the impact of climate change on agriculture because some of the possible beneficial and adverse effects of climate change on crop yield may offset each other: A higher frequency of extreme, potentially crop damaging weather events could be offset by higher crop yields with modestly warmer temperatures. Migration phenomenon occupies a significant part of human history that started since the dawn of civilization in search of food, shelter or civilizing living condition. Though, either forced or Otherwise, human migration is the most significant consequence of climate change of today and coming decades (Brown, 2008). Islam et al., 2011 indicted on paper that climate change and its adverse impact let migration of char area people. Approximately 500,000 people were displaced when the Bhola Island was permanently inundated by the floods of 2005 (Saifuzzaman et al., 2008). Riverbank erosion is the gradual (series of small changes) removal of rock (hard and solid materials) materials from the riverbanks and bed (Roy et al., 2007). Riverbank erosion and accretion in the different floodplain are common and natural processes (IIsPANE, 1992). “Charland’’ is the Bengali term, its English meaning is “Riverine Island”. Mid-channel Island is that periodically emerges from the river bed as a result of accretion. The Riverine Islands of Bangladesh can be divided into five sub areas such as the Jamuna, the Ganges, the Padma, the upper Meghna and the lower Meghna River. The old Brahmaputra and Teesta also constitute some riverine island area again riverine islands are areas of new land formed through the continual process of erosion and deposition in the major rivers and coastal areas. The whole of the riverine island is unstable and prone to annual flooding (Kabir, 2006). 3. METHODOLOGY 3.1 Location of the Study Area The visited study area was the Teesta river bank of Noali Char, Kolkondo Char and Char Alambiditor adjacent to Gangachara Upazila of Rangpur District, Bangladesh. The total area is occupied Gangachara Upazila about 209.61 sq. km. The area


located

in

25’

51”

N

89’

13”

E.

[

Fig 1: Location map of study area Gangachara).

Fig 2: Satellite map shows the sampling plots. 3.2 Research Methods Research is a logical and systematic search for new and useful information on a particular topic. Various procedures, mathematical or statistical terms that are used in research are known as research methods. Research methods are all the terms that a researcher uses in a research study. Methods must be planned, biasness free, neutral in value and obviously scientific. Methods include theoretical procedures, experimental studies, numerical schemes, statistical approaches, etc. Research methods help us collect samples, data and find a solution to a problem. Both quantitative and qualitative information were collected from the local peoples of Noali Char, Kolkondo Char and Char Alambiditor by a predetermined questionnaire. The secondary data were collected from different websites. These primary and

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Area selection

Data Collection

Primary Source

Secondary Source

Data Analysis Data Process

Final report

Presentation

Fig 3: Flow chart of research method. 4.0 Result 4.1 Socio-demographic Characteristics People’s vulnerability to disasters or their unhygienic lifestyle is highly influenced by their socio-demographic characteristics. To observe demographic information, respondents were asked some questions about their name, age, sex, family members, monthly income and occupation and so on. The findings of the survey about respondents’ socio-demographic characteristics are presented below. Age is one of the influencing demographic characters of any population. To gather knowledge about weather and climate and its change over time it is obvious that elderly people were of most priority. But their sharing capacity found to be poorer than the matured group who comparatively are slightly less experienced. Therefore, primary target of the interviewers was to ask questions to the middle aged mature grouped peoples. We have


categorized the age of the respondents into two groups, i.e. age of 50 or lesser and age of peoples more than 50 years. 31% represents the former group while later one counted 69% of all respondents (Fig 4.1). All of the respondents were male and married. This is because the selective survey of aged peoples to have better experienced people’s perception. While querying respondents’ origin 31% (Fig 4.1) of all respondents were found migrated to the study area while rests were locals of the study area. The reason behind their migration came out river bank erosion. Some respondents said that the houses they are currently living in are 6th or 7th as river destroyed their home they move further again and again. Based on household size or family members families are categorized as nuclear or conjugal families and joint or extended families. A conjugal family includes only the husband, the wife, and unmarried children who are not of age (Caruso et al., 2013). This type of family normally contains 2 or 3 or 5 members. Joint family system is an extended family arrangement prevalent throughout the Indian subcontinent, particularly in India and Bangladesh, consisting of many generations living in the same home, all bound by the common relationship (Talwar, 2014). But for more detailed comparison this study categorized the families based on group members into three, i.e. small (4 or lesser), medium (5 members) and large (6 or more member) (Fig 4.1). In the survey it was found, small families have more frequency of monthly income of less than 2000 BDT while as large families earn a healthy income to drive their families. However it is not negligible that the large the family is the more cost it has. Monthly income of the families is shown in Fig 4.1.

Occupation 100 80 Percentage

secondary data were used to analyze. The map of the study area is made using ArcView GIS 3.2 n. Besides them Microsoft Word 2003, 2007 and 2010, Microsoft Excel 2010, Paint are used to process data into necessary information. A tabular form of this research method is given below:

None

60 Agriculture

40 Business

20 Job

0 Primary

Secondary

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-4, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in housing census 2013 Rangpur had a literacy rate of 48.5% in 2011 compared to an increase from 41.9% in 2001 (BBS, 2011). Literacy rate of the study area was found 40% which is far worse than the Rangpur region. 42% people found who can sign, 26%, 4%, 7% and 5% are the numbers of primary, SSC, HSC and higher education respectively (Fig 4.1). This is the results very poor monthly income of the families mentioned earlier in the study.

Age Variation ≤ 50 31% >50 69%

Percentages of respondents

[

Educational Status

60 40 20 0

Illiterate Can sign Primary only

SSC

HSC

Graduated

With very low to low educational qualification occupational status of the region is also poor. Only one found as a service holder or engaged with any NGO. More than 70% respondents are dependent on Agriculture. Very few amounts of respondents are businessmen or service holders. While very few respondents are engaged with some additional works as their secondary occupation. 4.2 Drought Scenario

Categories

4.2.1 Local peoples’ perception

Origin Migra ted 31% Local 69% [

Percentage of families

Monthly income comparison of different families (in BDT) 30 20 10 0

7000

Family type

Fig 4.1: Different diagrams show the demographic characteristics of respondents. Most of the families are driven by the income of only one wage earner thus indicating poor monthly income. But around 42% families found run by 2 or more livelihood earners including women of their families. These are the scenarios of large or joint families and their monthly income is of some good numbers. Literacy rate of Bangladesh is around 51.8% in 2011. According to Bangladesh population and


Respondents were asked about drought situations in the study area. Respondents apprised interviewer that drought scenarios are now a day’s more frequent than the past. This is due to the lack of precipitation and high rate of evaporation in the dry season. Most of the respondents felt that present period of drought is longer in extend than the past ones. Unstable weather situation has been reported as the causes of the situation. Some aged people even said that precipitation is not less in amount compared to past but the uncertainty of and untimed precipitation results in agricultural droughts here. However the drought situation is not very severe but is of moderate intensity thus interrupting agricultural activities and threatening the food security of the entire country. Normally from late October to March is being considered as the drought periods by the native peoples of the study area. 4.2.2 Drought Consequences Impacts of drought are very severe for a region which is more than 85% dependent on agriculture. Drought does immense damage to crop production and one of the main limiting factors in the field of agriculture. Being agriculture based country, Bangladesh is struggling to be able to adapt to the changing climate, along with the challenges of a growing population and sustaining food security. The effects of climate change on the agricultural sector are tremendous. Both positive and negative effects have occurred, but the negative effects are dominated in the agricultural sector of Bangladesh (Rosenzweig et al., 2014; Abedin et al., 2013). The

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-4, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in study found out that 92% of the respondents suffer from loss in production of agricultural outputs (Fig 4.2). This leads them to poorer socio-economic situation and worsens lifestyles (Fig 4.1). Farmers bear more cost for irrigating through the wells or other ways of irrigations in their agricultural field. The major Boro paddy rice producing areas of Bangladesh are the northwestern and southwestern regions where drought affects 1.2 million hectares of cultivated Boro paddy area during the dry season (Abdullah et al., 2015).The Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) of Bangladesh (2013) reported that moderate to very severe drought-prone areas accounted for about 56.9% of the country’s total net cultivated area in 2012. The drought in the 1990s in northwestern Bangladesh led to a shortfall of 3.5 million tons of rice (Karim et al., 2011). Fig 4.2 illustrates respondents’ opinions about the damages of drought. The inner circle represents positive replies and the outer circle represents negative replies. 81% farmers cost extra money for irrigation purpose. 65% peoples land gets barren by the impacts of drought.

Drought Impacts

35% 65%

Bud, burgeon and fruit damage Production loss

38%

62% 92%

Extra irrigation cost

81% 19% 8%

Inner circle: YES Outer circle: NO

losses. This happens as a result of generation to generation manipulation, adjustment and applying of new agricultural practices depends upon local climate as well as overall natural conditions. Hence the more practice on agriculture the more indigenous knowledge has increased (Roy, 2009). These are the adaptive skills of their long time experience (Thrupp, 1987). Moreover, modern agricultural technologies also merge with their practices. Local people try to react to climate change impacts in their own creative ways, drawing on traditional knowledge to find solutions seem as inevitable measures to cope with the impending changes to climate change (Jan et al., 2007). Their management activities are illustrated in Fig 4.3. [

Drought Management

18% 16% 15% 18% 15% 18%

13% 19% 13% 23% 19% 13%

Old pond excavation Water saving crops new reservior Changed cropping pattern Rainwater Harvesting Inner circle: YES Outer circle:NO

Fig 4.3: Respondents perceptions are showed in percentage in the diagram about their management strategies against drought. 4.3 Floods Situation 4.3.1 Local Peoples’ Flood Concept

Fig 4.2: Respondents perception about the impacts of drought are shown in percentages 4.2.3 Drought Management Procedures Taken in the Study Area Drought management or adaptation with drought with adaption of new technology is very important for better output. Respondents were asked how they cope with drought. According to respondents’ perception, coupled with aggressive attitude of climatic variables and their discontinuation, numbers of threats affect agriculture. Natural calamities also gear up with more constraints to engaging farmers of the study area. However, long time journey with these phenomena and pragmatic experiences many of indigenous knowledge were unlocked and emerged to maintain agricultural


Bangladesh is a flood plain country with an area of about 147,570 sq. km; 6.7% of which consist of rivers and island water bodies (Ahmed, 2001). Flood is a common phenomenon in Bangladesh. More than 8o% of the land is floodplain. Because of frequent floods, Bangladesh is projected as the sixth most flood-prone country in the world (UNDP 2004). Riverine char lands, among other ecosystems of the country, are considered as hotspots for climatic hazards (Mondal, 2007). The livelihood pattern of those people is more complex and so much different from others. Recurrent flooding, drought, cyclones, riverbank erosions, earthquakes etc. are very common in this country (Ali, 1996) but flood is the mostly occurred incidence among them (Few et al. 2004). Bangladesh is prone to flooding due to being situated on the Ganges delta and its many

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-4, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in distributaries flowing into the Bay of Bengal. Coastal flooding, combined with the bursting of river bank is common, and severely affects the landscape and society of Bangladesh (Brammer, 1990). 80% of Bangladesh is floodplain and it has an extensive coastline rendering the nation very much at risk of periodic widespread damage (Alam, 2012). According to the respondents floods are more frequent now, 81% respondents said that. 52% people said that floods of present may be greater in intensity but it lasts shorter period of time. Main flood types are river floods and monsoon floods here. Few has reported that when India opens the gate of Tipaimukh Barrage can cause flash floods here. Teesta adjacent areas experience those types of flash floods sometimes. Fig 4.4 illustrates the people’s perception about flood conditions of the study area.

Peoples of the study area suffer from several flood borne problems. Crop damage is the mostly damaged site of flood devastation. Around 90% farmers crop get damaged by floods each year. Water borne diseases like malaria, diarrhea, respiratory infections etc. are very common during fllods.70% families experience one or more family members get ill during flooding as they live unhygienic lifestyles. Other problems are sanitation and cooking problems, quality damage of agricultural outputs, livelihood and transportation problems which are illustrated in Fig 4.5.

Impacts of Flood Trasnsportation Livilihood No comm ents

Sanitation &…

Percentage

Local perception about flood 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

73

Crop damage

58 42 19

Yes

27 15

No

Quality…

85

85

81

Water bourne…

15

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90100 Percenatges

No Fig 4.5: Bar diagram showing respondents reply about impacts of flood.

Fig 4.4: Column diagram shows percentage of local perception about flood situation. 4.3.2 Assessment of Overall Flood Impact Floods are thought to be responsible for damaging socio economic condition along with health issues. However the damages of flood are very severe in northern part of the country. Mostly it damages agricultural sectors that are the main income source of villagers. People become workless due to lack of working source. As a result they suffer from hunger, malnutrition. Residence, road, sanitation goes under flood water. Besides flood damage environment, destroy biodiversity, damage aesthetic view of nature and act as source of different kinds of vector. Women and disadvantaged people suffer more in flooding. Some particular vulnerabilities and problems interrupt women’s mitigation efforts and adaptation capacities in disaster risk reduction (Adger et al., 1999).


4.3.3 Flood Management Initiatives through Local Way To reduce the impact of flood some adaptation measures must be taken. Farmers of the study area union also take some measures. During the survey some adaptation techniques have been marked out which are applied in the agricultural field. Homestead gardening is practiced in every house to support food quantity as additional food. More than 80% people use short time crops variety to avoid the clash with floods. Same amount of people uses embankments as prevention to the losses of impending floods. Raising farm land, floating agriculture, mulching, changed cropping pattern are also being practiced frequently in the study area (Fig 4.6).

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-4, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in Flood Management 100 Percentage

80 60 40

Yes

20

No

0

Fig 4.6: Flood management methods of the respondents. 4.4 River Bank Erosion 4.4.1 River Bank Erosion Scenario in the Study Area The mighty Teesta River is a blessing to the Teesta adjacent peoples especially in agricultural purpose. It provides water for irrigation, keeps water table higher in the region, makes land fertile with sediments. But it’s a curse when comes to the disasters such as floods and river bank erosion. Teesta river bank erosion rate is much higher than some other rivers in Bangladesh. It takes barren lands, char lands, agricultural lands with crops, houses, schools, markets etc. in it. The devastation of Teesta River continues all the yearlong. But it is in its peak in the season of monsoons. Heavy rainfall makes it wider, can reach to the locality. During rainy season Teesta river can cause bank erosion up to more than a kilometer according to the respondents. Fig 4.7 shows the risk of river bank erosion to vulnerable adjacent houses. 4.5.2 Effects on Study Area Posed by River Bank Erosion Impact of Teesta river bank erosion is beyond recoverable. One can recover the loss of other disasters like flood and drought but once the river takes something in it cannot be recoverable. People become shelter less and if a land with crops goes in the river then one can be in very critical economic situation.


Fig 4.7: Risk of Teesta adjacent houses to ongoing river bank erosion of Teesta River. 4.4.3 Measures taken to Treat River Bank Erosion River bank erosion management is costly. Without financial support from the govt. or other NGOs one cannot do much against river bank erosion. There is very little help from outside as said by the respondents. They manage some fund community wise and use blockages in the river to prevent erosion, especially in the places where the river shifts to other direction from its straight way. Fig 4.8 depicts the percentage of respondents in choosing methods of preventing river bank erosion.

River Bank Erosion management 4% 12% 32%

52%

Community blockage or barrage system Tree plantation program Effort of govt. or NGO Indigenous practice

Fig 4.8: Respondents response against riverbank erosion Poor people often use their indigenous knowledge to prevent it. They put some bamboos with their branches in the river side to lessen the speed of the water so that the bank is somewhat prevented from erosion (Fig 4.9).

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Fig 4.9: Local methods of preventing river bank erosion. 4.5 Severity of the hazards Though the severity of climatic events are not constant but place like the Char situated just near the bank of Teesta river is highly vulnerable to flood and river bank erosion. Majority of respondents place their interest in severe flood and river bank erosion intensity. Medium and sever flood occur in every year in this part of Bangladesh due to the different types of causes. Based on the respondents opinion analysis 44% severe and 56% normal flood occur in this area (Fig 4.10). Severity of climatic events

respondents' percentsge

75 60

60

56 44

36 24 16

30 15

Severe

44

45

20

Normal Low

0

0 Flood

Drought

River bank erosion

Fig 4.10: Severity of flood, drought and river bank erosion in the study area. 60% of total respondents mentioned low intense of drought but the interesting matter is that more people tend the severe drought rather than normal incidence (Fig 4.10). 4.6 Overview on Agricultural Practice System 4.6.1 Agricultural Information The study area is an out and out agriculture based union. Its economy is driven by the output it receives from the agriculture. However, climate change and disasters like drought, flood and river bank erosion is influencing their agricultural practices. There is a noticeable change in crop practices compared to previous in the char areas of northern Bangladesh. The farmers are growing


cabbage, Chili, cauliflower, gourd, bean, eggplant, cucumber, tomato, carrot, radish etc. rather than cultivating the traditional crops (The New Nation, 2016). This change in crop practice is due to the climatic change. Temperature and its intensity have been increased day by day. Temperature fluctuation with long lasting alteration is directly made a linkage with another climatic variable which may appear unbearable and unexpected events (Rakib et al., 2013). For example, Ethiopia’s agricultural activities are adversely affected with long term climatic variation (Admassie et al, 2008).

Agricultural Information

Land Triple Crop

32% 56%

Use Double Crop

12%

Mono Crop Soil Alluvium type Sandy Others Topo High graph y Medium Low Farm Contract er Sharecropping type Owner

32% 52% 16% 24% 44% 32% 24% 20% 56% 0

20

40

60

Fig 4.11: Bar diagram shows agricultural information of the surveyed respondents. According to the questionnaire survey 76% of the all respondents cultivate their own lands of which 20% also cultivates sharing others land. 24% were found who cultivates only others land by taking lease. Most of their land topography falls in the category of medium lands. 24% and 32% are low and high lands. Most of the farmers land is less fertile sandy land. Their land use pattern is dominated by double cropped cultivation (56%) followed by triple cropped (32%) and mono cropped (12%) (Fig 4.11).Their major crops that are being cultivated are presented in the Table 1. 4.6.2 Irrigation Systems The farmers irrigated their land with the ground water. Rainfall is not effective for irrigation in char lands. For yielding ground water they use shallow machines. But they face problem in those land which has no drainage system. The soil is sandy so it absorbs much of water. For this reason drainage system is not effective in these fields. To continue crops’ growth, farmers have to irrigate their land about two/three times in a week that is more expensive for them. Sometimes people use shallow machine (Fig 4.12) for yielding water from the

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-4, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in river and people watering the pumpkin plant by carrying water by buckets.

Fig 4.12: Irrigation system of the area 4.6.3 Cropping System in the Study Area Like other common cultivated crops throughout the country, char areas have distinct cropping variations based on char areas’ criteria. The major cultivated crops were found as some varieties of rice, jute, potato, nut, maize, pumpkin and tobacco. The noteworthy varieties of rice are Bina-7, Aush, Skim (ACI-2, BR-3 and BR-8) and Aman (Sarna, Guti-Sarna, Sarna-29, Sarna-52, BR-11 and China). Fig 4.13 shows some crop field of the study area. The rate of crop production largely hampers due to adverse impact of climate change and sudden declining of production output occurs owing to its long-term existence. A similar result was shown as unexpectedly by Rakib et al., (2013) accordance with local farmers’ perception. After all, some of crops production rate is fighting against and fortunately rate becomes positive due to excessively using high yielding variety, inorganic fertilizer, pesticides and innovation of modern technology (Rakib et al., 2013). According to the farmer’s perception, climatic variable and its long lasting change influenced the crop production ratio while it is declined unexpectedly. This is really a tougher challenge to livelihood pattern of such farmers (Mengistu, 2011).

Fig 4.13: Agricultural Practices Table 1: Crops of the study area and production rate in metric ton per hectare area of land Crops

Production rate (mT/hectare)

New Crops

Extinct crops

Tobacco

1.35

Corn

3.45 4.95 10 1.6 2.35 2.2

Nuts Mustard

Kaun Sweet Potato Barley

Aman IRRI Corn Mustard Potato Nuts Jute Wheat Pumpkin Sweet Potato Rabi crops


4.5 4.95 Grows in huge number Grows in huge number Grows very well in the char lands

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-4, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in 4.7 Women Contribution In these Noali Char, Kolkondo Char and Char Alambiditor, women play role parallel with their partners in agricultural sector and management of dangerous situation. They contribute in different parts of disaster preparedness and mitigation approaches. They merge more family income and exploit more activities in family matter. Early flood preparedness such as daily savings of food, money and other essential tools are managed mainly by them. Aftermath flood incidence they clean their habitat and try to get back the situation normal. Ahmed et al., 2012 describe women activities as a crucial involvement in agriculture and disaster. In drought period they collect water from far away reservoir and for that they may get sufferings but only for family they do this. Often they participate to excavate of old water holding reservoir. In drought period it is hard to active in farming land. Women willingly engage with their men. Intense flood occurrence in this area is a signal of probable erosion of river bank. They remove their utensils from danger zone. More similar, supporting help during evacuation activities are found within the women community. Community blockage and barrage system, tree plantation programs are facilitated by the female workers for early river bank erosion measures. However, women perform a long range of activities in order to cope and adapt with a climate change induced and other forms of disasters (Dankleman, 2010).Women draw upon their own store; procure food and process; draw upon own assets; adjust their own consumption pattern; draw upon various aquatic food and draw upon social network (Dankleman, 2010). 4.8 Aid To cope with the disasters and develop socioeconomic condition farmers need external and internal aid. The people only get some internal aid sometimes that is not sufficient. Some NGOs like the BRAC help those providing seed, fertilizers, sanitation and sometimes provide cow, help in homestead garden, and sometimes provide training for selected person developing their livelihood pattern. The govt. supports the people by giving relief, building embankments etc.


Case 1; Issue name: Women role in flood. A case of Komola khatun who participates in flood management activities. She is (55) a villager of Char Noali expressed her perception on female role during flood. She is now elderly aged person having not proper function of physical hard working. She shared her past roles in flood management. She told, “After getting early symptoms of upcoming flood I normally start to save daily rice, pulse and other dry food. Sometimes I kept muri (Puffed rice), khoi (parched rice) and gur (molasses) in pot hanging on the roof or sometime under the soil. My husband also used to save money. During flood period, we positively response to emergency flood situation. After that I clean up my house and try to get back to normal circumstances as soon as possible.” She also noted that almost every women in their village come forward to like these situations. She also interested in homestead gardening. Reviewing kamala’s case a partial figure of preparation on flood management can be an advisory guideline and example to poor peoples of Char area in Bangladesh especially for women.

Case 2; Issue name: Women role in drought. A case of Md. Mominul Islam who feels about women contribution during drought. Md. Mominul Islam (27) a villager of Char Noali expressed his perception on female role during drought. He told about his wife Rehana and also mentioned other women during survey conversation. “Rehana maintained water in dry period while water was so short. She went with other women to next char or bajar (market) tube well for safe drinking water bound with many troubles. I have some agricultural land opposite to the river. She brought food and water for me and when I took rest she used to continue my farming activities. It was all possible to have good understanding between us.” Islam also mentioned that women of his char often help men to build embankment and excavation of old and loaded water reservoirs. They also provide poly bags in char land to their male workers. Reviewing Islam’s case a partial figure of good understanding of husband-wife relationship and women role during drought can be an advisory guideline and example to poor peoples of Char area in Bangladesh especially for women.

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-4, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in 5. Conclusion and recommendation Flood and drought are ultimate consequence of climate change. River bank erosion resulted from flood and displacement of soil. These dangerous phenomena bring serious burden at the Char Noali’s fundamental issues. Monsoon rainfall and flash flood from India are major factors for flood and river bank erosion occurring in this area. Also the control on water flow by them leads drought. The dwellers have long been surviving with poor socio-economic status. And such type of devastating event let not develop their community promotions. After continuous hitting of these climatic events with their greater impacts on livelihood, agriculture, transportation along with food insecurity, the people of the study area become bored. The ultimate impacts let not improve their status rather keep pressuring to survive. Enormous damage of crops, flood borne diseases, loss of land and shelter due to erosion knock out their social development. Nonetheless they still struggle with these adverse consequences. The villagers have long been with these situations that help to fight again and again against challenges to these impacts. Raising farming land, build up embankment to protect flood water, Mulching method, change of cropping pattern and alternative homestead gardening are noteworthy flood management initiatives especially for their agriculture the main source of their livelihood. Moreover they adapt drought effects using their indigenous applications like as water saving varieties, cropping pattern change and excavation of old pond. Both men and women participate to these efforts and also handle the river bank erosion managements such as community blockage system and tree plantation programs. Justifying the field study and from the findings of the paper, some recommendations are given in the below:

 Safer places are needed for relocation of community people in safer areas during flood period.  Strong house are needed to build with a high plinth level for reducing inundation. Shelters required for people, animals and agricultural inputs/products.  Local awareness about climate change should be enhanced for generation of local people knowledge.  We have to provide not only safe, reasonable and fair credit and insurance which will not confined with credit group of respectable in


situation but also other vulnerable Char Dweller's during flood season.  We have to increase the practice of homestead food production programs that increase the production and consumption of animal and plant foods, employ women, provide income for the household, improve market access, and reduce the risk of crop and livestock loss to flooding and erosion should be included in strategies to improve household food security, nutrition and livelihoods in the chars.  We have to cultivate drought tolerant crops.  GO/NGOs should provide training to disaster risk reduction and social development activities.  We have to create a common arena for this village to share, complain or response to any case, issue or their need.  We must increase the effective collaboration among villagers, Govt., NGOs and local leaders.  We should develop and introduce academic calendar adjustment with agriculture and disaster incidence.  We should take “one house one farm project” to stable their livelihood.  Govt. should start various benefited projects i.e. insurance of crop, money deposit and loan systems to affected peoples.  Govt. should encourage peoples to make farm, nursery, poultry or fisheries cultures.  Govt. should improve transportation and communication facilities to uphold peoples agricultural products and other issues.  GO/NGOs should train to handicraft to women empowerment.  Govt. should facilitate the SDG and MDG programs in this area.  Govt. should maintain regular relief and humanitarian supports.  Long-term policies and strategies should be taken to cope up with the impacts taking into account the social and institutional adjustment measures. Besides above mentioned recommendations the important matter is that the fairness of Govt., NGOs and local officers is greatly considerable to proper allocation and implementation of foregoing programs. References Abdullah S. M. and Rahman M., (2015). “Initiating rain water harvest technology for climate change induced drought resilient agriculture: scopes and challenges in Bangladesh,” Journal of Agriculture

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