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Environ Monit Assess (2010) 165:1–13 DOI 10.1007/s10661-009-0922-9

Assessment of water quality parameters in the stream Galyan, Trabzon, Turkey V. Numan Bulut · Adem Bayram · Ali Gundogdu · Mustafa Soylak · Mehmet Tufekci

Received: 18 January 2009 / Accepted: 6 April 2009 / Published online: 29 April 2009 © Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2009

Abstract This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of drinking water quality from the stream Galyan and its tributary, the stream Ku¸stul, in Trabzon Province, Turkey. In this study, surface water quality data for 20 physical and chemical parameters were determined and collected from three monitoring stations of the understudy stream during April 2004 to March 2005. According to the Turkish Water Pollution Control Regulation, the stream Galyan water was classified, and the studied parameters were evaluated for the values proposed by Turkish Standard (TS) 266 and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. The results showed that TS 266 and WHO guidelines were exceeded for Fe (up to

V. N. Bulut · A. Gundogdu · M. Tufekci Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey A. Bayram Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey M. Soylak (B) Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey e-mail: [email protected]

860 μg/l) and Cr (up to 134.7 μg/l). Pearson’s correlation was also used to determine the relationship of the studied parameters and as a result significant correlations were observed between some parameters. Keywords The stream Galyan · Surface water quality · Trace metals · Water pollution

Introduction Water is an essential component for life on Earth, which contains minerals extremely important in human nutrition (Versari et al. 2002). However, the dramatic increase in population resulted in an enormous consumption of the world’s water reserves (Ho et al. 2003). Natural contamination of water resources mainly results from normal geological phenomena such as ore formation (Al Fraij et al. 1999; Zvinowanda et al. 2008). Nevertheless, it is observed that human activities are a major factor determining the quality of the surface and groundwater through atmospheric pollution, wastewater discharges, use of agricultural chemicals, eroded soils, and land use (Sillanpää et al. 2004). Rivers are dynamic systems and may change in nature several times during their course (e.g., from a fast-flowing mountain stream to a wide,

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deep, and slowly flowing lowland river) because of changes in physical conditions such as slope and bedrock geology. They carry horizontal and continuous one-way flow of a significant load of matter in dissolved and particulate phases from both natural and anthropogenic sources. This matter moves downstream and is subject to intensive chemical and biological transformations (Goltermann 1985; Admiraal and van Zanten 1988; Bellos and Sawidis 2005). The surface water chemistry of a river at any point reflects several major influences, including the lithology of the catchment, atmospheric inputs, climatic conditions, and anthropogenic inputs (Bricker and Jones 1995). Identification and quantification of these influences should form an important part of managing land and water resources within a particular river catchment (Petts and Calow 1996, Jafari et al. 2008, Ghazy et al. 2008, Karimi and Ghaedi 2008, Kazi et al. 2009a, b). The supply of safe potable water has a significant impact on the prevention of watertransmissible diseases (Lerda and Prosperi 1996; Soylak et al. 2002; Altin et al. 2009). The abundance of organic compounds, toxic chemicals, radionuclides, nitrites, and nitrates in potable water may cause adverse effects on the human health (Ikem et al. 2002; Tuzen and Soylak 2006; Demirak et al. 2006; Marahel et al. 2009; Massas et al. 2009). Therefore, it is essential to constantly monitor water quality used for drinking purposes (Soylak and Elçi 2000; Virkutyte and Sillanpää 2006; Ghaedi et al. 2007, 2008; Ghorbani et al. 2008; Usydus et al. 2009; Rauf and Hanan 2009). In Turkey, legal documents related to water pollution control are published and continuously being updated. The “Water Pollution Control Regulation” was published in the official gazette of Turkey on December 31, 2004. The aim of this regulation is to determine the legal and technical principles which are required for the purpose of preventing water bodies from contamination to protect the surface and groundwater resources of Turkey and for safe usage of these resources. Also, Turkish Standard (TS) 266 (water intended for human consumption) was published in April 2005 for this aim. The water flows in Galyan watershed from Atasu Dam, which will provide

Environ Monit Assess (2010) 165:1–13

water for drinking and domestic purposes for the city of Trabzon and its towns, Akçaabat and Yomra, while in future the hydroelectric energy will be produced. The stream Galyan is one of the most important streams in the city of Trabzon because of its high water quality in comparison with other water resources (i.e., the stream Degirmendere); it supplies potable water which is used for domestic, agricultural, industrial, and recreational purposes. The variation in quality of surface water is an important factor for evaluating temporal variations due to stream pollution originating from anthropogenic and natural inputs of point and nonpoint sources. The aim of this study is to determine the water quality parameters of the stream Galyan from April 2004 to March 2005, to classify the stream according to the Turkish Water Pollution Control Regulation (TWPCR), and to evaluate the quality and safety of the water used for drinking purposes according to TS 266 and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines.

Description of sampling site The main branch length of stream Galyan being 25.5 km joins the stream Degirmendere at the ˘ town from 39◦ 41 60 eastern longitudes Esiroglu and 40◦ 52 57 northern latitudes and their water is poured into the Black Sea (Bulut 2005). The Galyan watershed has a length of 35 km in north– south direction and a width of 10 km in east–west direction. The lowest elevation is 100 m and the highest elevation is 2,650 m, and the watershed covers an area of 191.4 km2 . There are 13 villages where 4,652 people inhabit within the Galyan watershed according to the last census by the Turkish Statistical Institute in the year 2007 (Nisanci et al. 2007; Bayram et al. 2009). Trabzon, located in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey, lies between the 38◦ 30 and 40◦ 30 eastern longitudes and 40◦ 30 and 41◦ 30 northern latitudes. Trabzon with the area of 4,664 km2 is a coastal city situated on the slope of the hills. The climate characteristic of the northeast coastal region of Turkey is rainy and humid. Trabzon has a typically moderate climate that is neither too warm in summers and nor too cold in winters


(Demirci and Cuhadaroglu 2000). According to temperature and rainfall data, containing 10 years of record between 1998 and 2007, collected from the weather station (39◦ 45 40 E and 40◦ 59 55 N) of the Turkish State Meteorological Service in Trabzon Province, the monthly average minimum temperature is found to vary from −1◦ C in February to 18◦ C in August, and the monthly average maximum temperature is found to vary from 20◦ C in January to 32◦ C in August. Trabzon receives a yearly average total rainfall of 914 mm. Water demand of the city of Trabzon was provided from the stream Degirmendere aquifer until 1992. Twenty-seven water wells with 30– 39-m depth were drilled by the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works at the most productive part (Belediye Kuyular Sahasi) of this aquifer. However, this area which is suitable for tapping groundwater was opened to settlement for different reasons; consequently, groundwater quality in the aquifer was degraded. After the groundwater’s quality being degraded, water demand of the city was provided from the water taken from the stream Degirmendere by means of a regulator after being treated at the treatment plants of the municipality of Trabzon. Unfortunately, this stream was also contaminated as a result of natural and anthropogenic disturbances as time passed. As a result of overpollution of the stream Degirmendere, the water of the stream Galyan (tributary of the stream Degirmendere) is to be used to supply freshwater for the city. The Galyan regulator and a conveyance line with 2,316-m length were constructed to convey the water to the treatment plants. This water resource has been used since 2001. On the other hand, during the summer months, this water resource gets insufficient due to increased water demand and lower discharge of the stream. Therefore, the water of the stream Degirmendere is used after being treated. However, in the current situation, the treatment plants may not be sufficient enough in terms of technical and economical aspects. Because of the above-mentioned reasons, the need for a dam has arisen. So, Atasu Dam with 121.4-hm3 /year capacity has begun to be constructed by the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works in 1998 at the stream Galyan. This

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project has two aims, one of which is to supply freshwater at an affordable cost and the other is to generate hydroelectric energy. According to the last census conducted in the year 2007, the population of Trabzon Province is 740,569, 53.6% of which live in urban areas and 46.4% live in the counties. The population of the city centers of Trabzon, Akçaabat, and Yomra is 228,826, 36,289, and 9,838, respectively. As a conclusion, the total population whose water needs will be met is 274,953.

Materials and methods Sampling The water samples were collected each month at three stations (Ciftdere 39◦ 42 05 E–40◦ 51 05 N, Degirmen 39◦ 42 07 E–40◦ 51 10 N, and Atasu 39◦ 40 45 E–40◦ 51 53 N) of the stream Galyan and the stream Ku¸stul (Fig. 1) during the study period (April 2004–March 2005). Sampling, preservation, and transportation of the water samples to the laboratory were as per standard methods (APHA 1992). After the raw water samples were transported to the laboratory in Trabzon, they were filtered through a 0.45-μm nitrocellulose membrane, immediately acidified to pH ∼ 2 using 1 M HNO3 , and stored at 4◦ C until the analysis. In order to prevent the contamination of the samples, prior to use, all the glassware and plastic containers were cleaned with 1 M HNO3 and rinsed with double-distilled water. Analysis The water velocity (V) was determined with a digital water velocity meter (FP 201) and the discharge (Q) was calculated with determination of the cross-sectional area (A) of the stream. The water temperature (T), pH, and electrical conductivity (EC) were measured in situ with a water quality checker (Horiba U-10) and dissolved oxygen (DO) was determined according to Winkler titration method. In this method, DO oxidizes manganese(II) hydroxide floc produced in situ, to form a brown-colored oxidized manganese hydroxy oxide. Addition of sulfuric acid in the

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Fig. 1 Location of the streams Ku¸stul, Galyan, and Degirmendere (Trabzon, Turkey) Trabzon

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presence of excess iodide dissolves this hydroxy oxide floc, producing triiodide that is then titrated with standardized thiosulfate using a starch indicator (Muangkaew et al. 2002).

Turbidity was directly measured with a turbidimeter (Hach 2100 AN). Total water hardness (TH) as CaCO3 , 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5 ), chemical oxygen demand (COD),

10.7 10.5 10.9 8.5 8.4 9.2 10.7 10.7 10.1 10.7 10.7 10.5 10.1 10.5 10.1 10.7 9.2 8.7 9.8 10.8 10.6 10.2 10.6 10.8 10.9 10.2 11.1 10.5 10.9 9.3 8.6 9.7 10.7 10.9 10.3 10.4 11.1 10.7 10.4 11.65 9.51 9.03 11.52 24.41 17.04 18.85 21.04 17.85 17.56 18.75 9.56 15.56 11.91 10.13 9.02 15.26 25.54 20.77 19.87 22.06 18.94 19.64 21.05 10.42 17.05 9.42 9.04 8.04 14.27 18.45 14.29 13.93 15.08 14.58 13.58 17.85 8.75 13.11 7.8 7.6 7.5 8.0 7.9 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.8 7.9 7.7 8.0 7.8 7.8 7.7 7.7 7.8 8.1 7.7 7.9 7.6 7.6 8.1 7.8 8.1 7.8 8.2 7.8 7.7 7.9 8.3 7.8 8.0 7.7 7.6 8.0 7.9 8.0 7.9 N number of repetition, RSD relative standard deviation

8.0 8.2 10.6 18.2 20.2 15.8 11.8 12.0 9.5 7.5 6.2 6.8 11.2 7.2 8.5 10.4 16.0 18.8 14.7 11.2 12.1 9.6 7.7 6.5 6.9 10.8 7.5 8.4 10.6 16.7 19.4 15.2 11.3 12.1 9.4 7.4 6.4 7.1 11.0 10.1 14.6 9.4 2.2 1.4 2.0 0.8 0.9 2.1 1.6 2.1 3.5 4.2 6.9 10.0 6.4 1.5 0.9 1.4 0.6 0.6 1.4 1.1 1.4 2.4 2.9 3.2 4.6 3.0 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.7 1.1 1.3 April May June July August September October November December January February March Mean

The mean values of Q, T, pH, EC, and DO for three locations for the stream Galyan and the stream Ku¸stul are given in Table 1 (Bulut 2005). All results are mentioned on monthly basis. Tur− bidity, TH, BOD5 , COD, MBAS, NH+ 4 -N, NO2 − 3− N, NO3 -N, TKN, and o-PO4 values and also total Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, and total Fe and Al values are given in Tables 2 and 3, respectively (Bulut 2005). The results are given for three locations (Degirmen, Ciftdere, and Atasu) but classifying the results for one location (Atasu) because Atasu location is the final point of the stream Galyan for water supply. The minimum mean Q value observed was 0.8 m3 /s (0.2 m3 /s in the Degirmen location and 0.6 m3 /s in the Ciftdere location) in October 2004 and the maximum mean Q value was 14.6 m3 /s (4.6 m3 /s in the Degirmen location and 10.0 m3 /s in the Ciftdere location) in May 2004, and yearly mean Q value is 4.2 m3 /s in the Atasu location for the period from April 2004 to March 2005. These values for 12 months may not be enough to show the discharge of the stream because some years may be dry and some years may also be

Q (m3 /s) T (◦ C) pH EC (mS/m) DO (mg/l) Degirmen Ciftdere Atasu Degirmen Ciftdere Atasu Degirmen Ciftdere Atasu Degirmen Ciftdere Atasu Degirmen Ciftdere Atasu

Results and discussion

Months

orthophosphate (o-PO3− 4 ), anionic surfactants as methylene blue active substances (MBAS), nitrite − nitrogen (NO− 2 -N), nitrate nitrogen (NO3 -N), am+ monium nitrogen (NH4 -N), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total chromium (Cr3+ and Cr6+ ), and total iron (Fe2+ and Fe3+ ) and aluminum (Al3+ ) of the water samples were determined with a UVvis spectrophotometer (Dr. Lange Cadas 200) according to the standard methods (APHA 1992). Copper (Cu2+ ), lead (Pb2+ ), and zinc (Zn2+ ) contents of the water samples were determined with a GBC 905 model graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer. The analyses were carried out in triplicate in a temperature-controlled room (21 ± 2◦ C). According to the studied parameters in this study, the intracontinental water quality classifications of the TWPCR are given in literature (TWPCR 2004). The detailed information on the Turkish water quality classes can be found elsewhere (Tuncer et al. 1998; Erdem and Topkaya 2004; Yesilnacar and Uyanik 2005).

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Table 1 The monthly values of on-site-determined parameters of the water samples from Degirmen, Ciftdere, and Atasu stations (N = 3, RSD < 6%)


7.8 6.8 5.9 5.0 2.1 2.4 2.6 1.5 2.1 2.5 2.8 5.1 3.9

8.1 6.7 6.2 4.9 2.3 2.8 2.3 1.9 1.8 2.2 2.7 4.9 3.9

49.3 57.4 64.5 96.6 91.3 75.4 81.9 101.5 101.5 89.7 89.2 54.4 79.4

63.4 60.7 59.1 79.3 155.4 118.1 111.1 136.4 126.4 110.7 86.5 69.8 98.1

69.5 61.2 55.2 86.7 127.5 111.2 104.6 131.6 111.4 108.4 81.3 75.7 93.7

1.1 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.1 0.6 1.7 1.6 1.3 0.9 0.7 1.2 1.2

1.5 1.6 1.9 1.8 2.1 0.5 1.4 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.9 1.1 1.2

NO− NO− 2 -N (μg/l) 3 -N (mg/l) Atasu Degirmen Ciftdere Atasu Degirmen Ciftdere 29.4 2.1 3.1 3.2 1.5 1.2 33.2 3.6 6.3 6.2 1.4 1.1 97.2 14.2 10.1 5.8 1.8 1.0 52.1 7.8 8.1 7.5 1.8 1.2 31.3 7.4 5.2 7.1 1.5 1.3 23.7 5.5 3.2 5.5 1.4 1.1 26.4 5.3 6.2 6.1 1.5 1.2 24.5 4.1 6.1 5.2 1.2 1.0 19.8 5.5 5.7 5.8 1.3 1.1 20.3 5.9 6.1 5.7 1.1 1.2 22.4 4.9 5.1 4.7 1.4 1.1 25.4 3.8 3.7 3.3 1.2 1.3 33.8 5.8 5.7 5.5 1.4 1.2

8.1 6.9 6.1 4.9 2.2 2.6 2.5 2.0 1.9 2.4 2.9 4.8 3.9

6.3 6.8 8.5 8.4 6.8 4.3 10.6 6.6 6.5 9.2 7.7 6.5 7.4

7.4 6.5 8.9 8.1 4.1 5.1 5.0 6.8 5.7 6.1 7.8 6.3 6.5

8.3 6.5 10.2 5.2 4.5 6.4 7.8 7.4 7.6 6.8 5.5 7.1 6.9

0.35 0.41 0.48 0.39 0.36 0.36 0.33 0.36 0.38 0.31 0.33 0.36 0.37

0.37 0.40 0.48 0.37 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.33 0.31 0.34 0.37 0.32 0.36

TKN (mg/l) o-PO3− 4 (mg/l) Atasu Degirmen Ciftdere Atasu Degirmen Ciftdere 1.4 0.14 0.15 0.18 0.13 0.15 1.2 0.21 0.10 0.12 0.32 0.21 1.2 0.23 0.18 0.21 0.44 0.45 1.2 0.26 0.25 0.31 0.30 0.33 1.3 0.32 0.34 0.27 0.27 0.25 1.2 0.28 0.26 0.22 0.25 0.20 1.3 0.11 0.23 0.36 0.14 0.11 1.1 0.09 0.19 0.21 0.05 0.08 1.4 0.10 0.16 0.19 0.05 0.07 1.0 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.07 0.10 1.2 0.08 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.12 1.1 0.16 0.13 0.17 0.12 0.15 1.2 0.18 0.19 0.21 0.19 0.19

1.9 1.8 2.2 1.2 1.7 1.0 1.3 0.8 2.1 0.8 1.3 0.9 1.4

Atasu 0.18 0.36 0.53 0.29 0.22 0.23 0.17 0.09 0.06 0.08 0.18 0.17 0.21

0.39 0.44 0.53 0.41 0.34 0.34 0.37 0.34 0.39 0.33 0.35 0.34 0.38

Turb (NTU) TH (mg CaCO3 /l) BOD5 (mg/l) COD (mg/l) MBAS (mg/l) Degirmen Ciftdere Atasu Degirmen Ciftdere Atasu Degirmen Ciftdere Atasu Degirmen Ciftdere Atasu Degirmen Ciftdere Atasu

NH+ 4 -N (μg/l) Degirmen Ciftdere April 25.5 25.1 May 50.2 54.3 June 98.3 79.1 July 54.3 68.7 August 25.5 28.1 September 18.4 22.3 October 32.2 16.4 November 14.3 13.3 December 17.2 18.4 January 20.2 21.7 Febuary 22.8 23.1 March 24.7 26.7 Mean 33.6 33.1

April May June July August September October November December January February March Mean

Months

Table 2 The monthly values of on-laboratory-determined parameters of the water samples from Degirmen, Ciftdere, and Atasu stations (N = 3, RSD < 6%)

6 Environ Monit Assess (2010) 165:1–13

27.8 24.2 29.4 30.6 22.2 25.5 38.1 26.4 26.7 30.7 21.2 30.1 27.7 23.2 25.6 39.1 31.4 28.7 33.3 36.5 20.3 28.1 31.5 22.4 32.1 29.3 25.4 21.3 33.2 27.8 24.3 29.8 20.8 17.6 22.4 29.4 18.7 28.3 24.9 250 410 860 230 120 180 110 120 650 320 230 410 324 220 360 770 510 120 250 150 110 530 360 280 420 340 210 430 910 280 100 220 130 110 850 280 200 380 342 7.4 8.1 10.3 10.2 7.7 8.5 7.4 4.2 7.4 7.8 8.9 10.8 8.2 12.1 14.3 13.1 12.2 13.8 10.4 10.2 6.4 6.8 7.2 8.5 10.1 10.0 6.3 5.7 7.2 7.4 5.3 5.5 8.1 4.3 5.8 6.5 8.1 8.4 6.6 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.7 1.1 1.1 1.2 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.5 5.8 5.9 6.1 5.7 5.2 4.9 5.7 4.4 6.1 6.6 4.2 5.8 5.5 6.2 6.4 6.8 6.1 5.5 5.0 5.7 5.2 6.2 6.8 6.7 5.9 6.0 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.3 4.0 3.9 3.6 3.8 4.8 4.6 4.0 4.4 4.3 34.4 62.3 134.7 92.2 34.8 20.3 19.6 33.8 29.1 49.1 45.4 18.3 47.8 24.1 84.6 119.1 65.3 17.1 23.3 20.2 45.1 35.4 52.4 41.3 20.1 45.7 April 27.2 May 78.2 June 140.3 July 89.6 August 36.3 September 23.4 October 17.4 November 30.4 December 33.2 January 45.2 February 48.6 March 23.4 Mean 49.4

Total Cr Cu2+ Pb2+ Zn2+ Total Fe Al3+ Degirmen Ciftdere Atasu Degirmen Ciftdere Atasu Degirmen Ciftdere Atasu Degirmen Ciftdere Atasu Degirmen Ciftdere Atasu Degirmen Ciftdere Atasu Months

Table 3 The monthly trace metal concentrations of the water samples from Degirmen, Ciftdere, and Atasu stations (μg/l; N = 3, RSD < 6%)


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wet. Therefore, long-term study is required. Such long-term study has been conducted by the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works since October 1980. The mean Q values in three locations for the stream Galyan from October 1980 to September 2004 are given in Fig. 2. In the study, as the average of 24 years, the minimum mean Q value was determined as 1.6 m3 /s (0.5 m3 /s in the Degirmen location and 1.1 m3 /s in the Ciftdere location) in January and the maximum Q value was 9.0 m3 /s (2.8 m3 /s in the Degirmen location and 6.2 m3 /s in the Ciftdere location) in April in the Atasu location, and as a result yearly mean Q value is 3.85 m3 /s. The minimum T value was measured as 6.2◦ C in February 2005 and the maximum T value was 20.2◦ C in August 2004, and the yearly mean temperature value is 11.2◦ C. In terms of water temperature, the stream Galyan water can be classified as “class I” according to the TWPCR. The minimum pH value was measured as 7.5 in June 2004 and the maximum pH value was 8.0 in July 2004 and March 2005, and the yearly mean pH value is 7.8. In terms of pH, the stream Galyan water can be classified as “class I” according to the TWPCR. Therefore, pH value in all the months is compatible with the values proposed by TS 266 and WHO guidelines. The minimum EC value was measured as 9.03 mS/m in June 2004 and the maximum EC value was 24.41 mS/m in August 2004, and the yearly mean EC is 15.56 mS/m. EC value in all the months is compatible with the value proposed by TS 266. The minimum DO value was measured as 8.4 mg/l in August 2004 and the maximum DO value was 10.9 mg/l in June 2004, and the yearly mean DO value is 10.1 mg/l. In terms of DO, the stream Galyan water can be classified as “class I” according to the TWPCR. As seen in Table 3, while the water temperature values are maximum in the months of July, August, and September (18.2◦ C, 20.2◦ C, and 15.8◦ C, respectively), DO values are obviously minimum in these months (8.5, 8.4, and 9.2 mg/l, respectively). The minimum turbidity value was measured as 1.9 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) in December 2004 and the maximum turbidity value was 8.1 NTU in April 2004, and the yearly mean

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10 Discharge, m3/s

Fig. 2 Monthly mean discharge distribution of the stream Galyan and its branches (October 1980–September 2004)


8 6 4 2 D ber ec em be r

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m

be

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A ug

Ju l

Ju n

il M ay

A pr

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M ar

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Fe b

Ja n

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Months Degirmen station

turbidity value is 3.9 NTU. Turbidity values in April, May, and June exceed the value proposed by TS 266. The minimum TH value was measured as 55.2 mg CaCO3 per liter in June 2004 and the maximum TH value was 131.6 mg CaCO3 per liter in November 2004, and the yearly mean TH value is 93.7 mg CaCO3 per liter. TH value in all the months is compatible with the values proposed by WHO guidelines. Also, the stream Galyan water, the hardness of which is less than 100 mg CaCO3 per liter between February and July, may be regarded as soft water and has a low buffering capacity. The minimum BOD5 value was measured as 0.8 mg/l in November 2004 and January 2005, and the maximum BOD5 value was 2.2 mg/l in June 2004, and the yearly mean BOD5 value is 1.4 mg/l. In terms of BOD5 , the stream Galyan water can be classified as “class I” according to the TWPCR. The minimum COD value was measured as 4.5 mg/l in August 2004 and the maximum COD value was 10.2 mg/l in June 2004, and the yearly mean COD value is 6.9 mg/l. In terms of COD, the stream Galyan water can be classified as “class I” according to the TWPCR. The minimum MBAS value was measured as 0.33 mg/l in January 2005 and the maximum MBAS value was 0.53 mg/l in June 2004, and the yearly mean MBAS value is 0.38 mg/l. In terms of MBAS, the stream Galyan water can be classified as “class III” according to the TWPCR.

Çiftdere station

Atasu station

The minimum NH+ 4 -N value was measured as 19.8 μg/l in December 2004 and the maximum NH+ 4 -N value was 97.2 μg/l in June 2004, and the yearly mean NH+ 4 -N value is 33.8 μg/l. In terms of + NH4 -N, the stream Galyan water can be classified as “class I” according to the TWPCR. The minimum NO− 2 -N value was measured as 3.2 μg/l in April 2005 and the maximum NO− 2N value was 7.5 μg/l in July 2004, and the yearly − mean NO− 2 -N value is 5.5 μg/l. In terms of NO2 N, the stream Galyan water can be classified as “class II” according to the TWPCR. The permissible concentration of NO− 2 amounts to 0.5 mg/l (0.15 mg/l NO− 2 -N) in TS 266 and 3 mg/l (0.91 mg/l − NO− 2 -N) in WHO guidelines. As a result, NO2 N value in all the months is compatible with the proposed values. The minimum NO− 3 -N value was measured as 1.0 mg/l in January 2005; the maximum NO− 3 -N value was 1.4 mg/l in April and December 2004, and the yearly mean NO− 3 -N value is 1.2 mg/l. In terms of NO− 3 -N, the stream Galyan water can be classified as “class I” according to the TWPCR. In TS 266, the permissible concentration of NO− 3 amounts to 50 mg/l (11.3 mg/l NO− 3 -N) which complies with WHO guideline value. Therefore, NO− 3 -N value in all the months is compatible with the proposed values. The minimum TKN value was measured as 0.12 mg/l in May 2004 and February 2005 and the maximum TKN value was 0.36 mg/l in October 2004, and the yearly mean TKN value is 0.21 mg/l.


In terms of TKN, the stream Galyan water can be classified as “class I” according to the TWPCR. The minimum o-PO3− 4 value was measured as 0.06 mg/l in December 2004 and the maximum o-PO3− 4 value was 0.53 mg/l in June 2004, and the yearly mean o-PO3− 4 value is 0.21 mg/l. In terms of o-PO3− , the stream Galyan water can be classified 4 as “class III” (class II in November, December, and January) according to the TWPCR. The minimum total Cr value was measured as 18.3 μg/l in March 2005 and the maximum total Cr value was 134.7 μg/l in June 2004, and the yearly mean total Cr value is 47.8 μg/l. In terms of total Cr, the stream Galyan water can be classified as “class II” (class I in October and March, class III in May, June, and July, and class II in the other months) according to the TWPCR. Total Cr value in May, June, and July exceeds the values proposed by TS 266 and WHO guidelines. Main detrimental and even carcinogenic effects of Cr are ascribed to the Cr(VI) species. The adverse health effects, including acute tubular and glomerular damage and kidney damage, may cause chronic ulceration and perforation of the nasal septum and other skin surfaces and asthma (Wedeen and Qian 1991; Virkutyte and Sillanpää 2006; Arain et al. 2008; Kazi et al. 2009a, b; Jayaraju et al. 2009; Yalcin 2009). The minimum Cu2+ value was measured as 4.2 μg/l in February 2005 and the maximum Cu2+ value was 6.6 μg/l in January 2005, and the yearly mean Cu2+ value is 5.5 μg/l. In terms of Cu2+ , the stream Galyan water can be classified as “class I” according to the TWPCR. Consequently, Cu2+ value found at very low concentrations (