Automated Detection of Clouds in Satellite Imagery

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1. Introduction. The detection of clouds in satellite imagery has a number of ... reflective infrared portion of the energy spectrum (0.7 ² 2.5 micrometers), can help .... channel noise), and thin cirrus (based on 13.4 micrometer band comparison to an assumed ... consisting of the standard deviation of the 3.7 and 11.0 micrometer ...
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