âCredible and open data. âSharing and exchange. ⢠Commitment. âGood will ..... Typical Baltic Sea ecosystem inha
Baltic Sea Basin management model
Second International Forum of Taihu Basin Stewardship 5-6 December 2016, Changzhou, China Mikhail Durkin
Networking among citizens and sectors •
CCB: was established in 1990
•
CCB: a network of grass-root environmental NGOs
•
CCB: 18 organizations and over 850 000 environmental concerned citizens
•
CCB: works in the entire Baltic Sea basin: Belarus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Sweden and Ukraine
•
CCB: lobby at EU and HELCOM level, coordinated actions and field work, awareness raising and capacity building
•
CCB’s working areas – Water Protection in Agriculture – River Basin and Wastewater Management – Fisheries and Aquaculture – Biodiversity and Nature Conservation – Hazardous Substances and Marine Litter – Sustainable Development in Coastal and Marine Areas – Harmful Installations and Maritime Transport
co-funded by EU LIFE Programme
Lessons learnt from the Baltic ”model” • Transparency and trust Joint monitoring and assessment Credible and open data Sharing and exchange
• Commitment Good will by governments Regional ownership Voluntary actions, i.a. by industry (CSR)
• Cooperation Across the region Across river basins Across sectors Across stakeholders
Valentina Bukeeva Durkina, 2011 co-funded by EU LIFE Programme
2020
2018
2016
2014
2012
2010
2008
2006
2004
2002
2000
2
1998
2,5
1996
3
1994
5 3,5
1992
6
1990
7
1988
8
1986
9
1984
10
1982
6 11
1980
7
1978
8
1976
9
1918
Chemical industry converts from explosives (TNT) to fertilser (NPK) production
HELCOM Moscow Ministerial commitment Ban on sewage from passenger ships - Baltic Sea the first such special IMO area in the world 98% of sewage treatment in St. Petersburg is meeting HELCOM standards .Two thirds of Hot Spots cleaned HELCOM Copenhagen Ministerial Meeting
HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan adopted. HELCOM Recommendation on improving waste water treatment
HELCOM Bremen Declaration - Ecosystem approach. One third of HELCOM Hot Spots cleaned
1968
1966
1974
1972
1986
1984
2020
2018
New EU Common Agricultural and Fisheries Policies implementation starts 2014 Completion of Polish municipal sewage program 2016
2012
2010
EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive 2008
2002 EU enlargement: accession of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland 2004 South-West waste water treatment plant established in St. Petersburg New Water Code in Russia adopted 2006
1998 EU Water Framework Directive Maritime Doctrine of the Russian Federation 2000
1996
1994
1988 Centrally planned agriculture starts to collapse in the former socialist-bloc countries 1990 EU Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive 1992
Population in Baltic catchment area population ca.80 million
1982
1980
1976 Intensive programmes for municipal sewage treatment across Nordic countries 1978
Human-induced eutrophication is reconfirmed in HELCOM assessment. First Nitrate Vulnerable Zones established
New Helsinki Convention - Expansion to catchment area; new independent members joining in Establishment of HELCOM Hot Spot list (JCP)
HELCOM Ministerial Declaration - Agreement to reduce 50% of nutrient discharges by 1995
1960
1958
1956
EC’s Common Agriculture Policy launched 1962 1964
Population in Baltic catchment area population exceeds 70 million
1954
1952
1948 Activated sludge sewage treatment becomes common 1950
1946
1944
1942
1940
NPK fertilizers invented 1936 Start of World War II 1938
1934
Baltic Sea Region population is ca. 60 million people 1930 1932
1928
1926
1924
Average GDP per capita 130K (in US$). Urban population in the catchment area close to 60 % 1970
Regular HELCOM work starts and eutrophication recognized as a problem in the first baseline assessment
Signing of Helsinki Convention for Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area
10
1974
1972
1970
1968
1966
1964
1962
1960
1958
1956
1954
1952
1950
1908
1906
1904
1902
1900
First Biological Waste Water Treatment Plants in Germany, Denmark, Finland 1910 1912 Industrial ammonia production started 1914 World War I started 1916
Average GDP per capita 52K Baltic Sea Region population is still 60 million people. Life expectancy at birth exceeds 70 years
11
1948
1946
1944
1942
1940
1938
1936
1934
1932
1930
1928
1926
0,25
1924
0,35
1922
0,45
Average GDP per capita 3,4K (in 1990 US$). Urban population reaches 33%. Life expectancy at birth exceeds 60 years 1920 1922
0,55
1920
2,5 0,65
1918
3
1916
3,5
1914
4
1912
2500,0 4,5
1910
12500,0
1908
22500,0
1906
150000,0 32500,0
1904
350000,0
Baltic Sea Region population is ca 50 million people; Life expectancy at birth is 53 years
550000,0
1902
1900
750000,0
Nitrogen inputs tons year
Good Environmental Status
Phosphorus inputs, tons year
Nitrogen concentration, winter inorganic
Phosphorus concentration, winter inorganic
Oxygen debt
Water clarity, summer Secchi depth
Algae biomass,chloro phyll a summer concentration
1,5
co-funded by EU LIFE Programme
Typical Baltic Sea ecosystem inhabitants
co-funded by EU LIFE Programme
It can look rich and diverse like this...
co-funded by EU LIFE Programme
http://www.abyssart.fi/en/company.html
Or murky overgrown like this...
co-funded by EU LIFE Programme
http://www.abyssart.fi/en/company.html
Baltic Sea = busy region •
9 coastal & 14 basin states
•
85 million people
•
One of the busiest shipping
•
Intensified agriculture to cope with climate
•
Leading in renewables
•
Regional GDP worth €1,350 billion
•
Highest welfare level in EU
•
Probably best sewage treatment in Europe
co-funded by EU LIFE Programme
© WWF Germany
Helsinki Commission
HELCOM
Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission
• Intergovernmental organisation – governing body of Helsinki Convention (1992)
• Watershed approach – 9 coastal states + EU
• Regional environmental policy-maker – pollution prevention, – nature conservation, – safety of navigation
• Voluntary commitment and legal obligation – EU exclusive competence in fisheries and agriculture – MSFD coordination
• • • • • •
Prevention and Control Precaution BAT & BEP Polluter Pays Monitoring and assessment Transboundary cooperation
co-funded by EU LIFE Programme
Baltic Sea Action Plan (2007):
Where are we?
co-funded by EU LIFE Programme
European eel
4% 27% Species and
Harbour porpoise
habitats are under threat of extinction
Zostera meadows
co-funded by EU LIFE Programme
12% of the sea area is covered by Marine Protected Areas
co-funded by EU LIFE Programme
Manuel Frias
Contamination by hazardous substances continues... • Decreasing old, but constantly adding new substances • Cumulative and biological effects • Pharmaceuticals • Microplastics
co-funded by EU LIFE Programme
Cleaner and safer shipping • • • • • •
IMO Nitrogen and Sulphur Emissions Control Area Organotin-free antofouling IMO Special Area for sewage from passenger ships Ballast Water control Illegal oil spills and joint response Marine Litter co-funded by EU LIFE Programme
Не подвержено эвтрофикации Подвержено эвтрофикации
Algal blooms repeat every summer...
Anoxic bottoms are bigger than ever...
co-funded by EU LIFE Programme
co-funded by EU LIFE Programme
Country Allocated Reductions Targets, 2013 (t/yr from 1997-2003 loads)
Bothnian Bay
P 330 + 26 N 2430 + 600 Bothnian Sea
P 3790 N 10380 Gulf of Finland
P 530 N 9240
UNECE N 18720 Shipping N 6930
P 320 N 1800 Gulf of Riga
P 220 N 1670 Kattegat
P 38 N 2890
P 110 + 60 N 7170 + 500
Baltic Proper
P 1470 N 8970
Danish Straits
P 7480 N 43610
P 800 N 3320
Are we on the right track? Eutrophication
Hazardous substances
co-funded by EU LIFE Programme
Biodiversity
• > 40% reduction in loads of nitrogen and phosphorus • 50% reduction in discharges of 46 hazardous substances • 117 of the designated 162 major pollution Hot Spots have been recovered (2016) • Populations of grey seal, white-tailed eagle have been recovered, as well as wild salmon populations restored in some rivers. • Improved safety of navigation and accident response capacity – less accidental and less illegal oil spills, better preparedness, also on shore
Sustainable Blue Economy (SBE) Principles • is a marine-based economy that … – Provides social and economic benefits for current and future generations, – Restores, protects and maintains the diversity, productivity, resilience, core functions, and intrinsic value of marine ecosystems – based on clean technologies, renewable energy, and circular material flows
• is governed by public and private processes – Inclusive – Well-informed, precautionary and adaptive – Accountable and transparent – Holistic, cross-sectoral and longterm – Innovative and proactive
co-funded by EU LIFE Programme
Sustainable Blue Economy (SBE) Principles • To create an SBE, public and private actors must … – Set clear, measurable, and consistent goals and targets – Assess and communicate performance. – Create a level economic and legislative playing field with adequate incentives and rules. – Plan, manage and govern the use of marine space applying ecosystem approach – Develop and apply standards, guidelines and best practices – Recognize that the maritime and landbased economies are interlinked and that many of threats originate on land – Cooperate, share information, knowledge, best practices, lessons learned
co-funded by EU LIFE Programme
Sustainable Blue [Economy] in action • Public monitoring of surface/ground waters • Synergistic effect of constructed wetlands • Environmentally sound removal of ships’ fouling
• Recycling marine litter (e.g. ghost nets) • Dams removal to restore migration routes • Nutrient removal fisheries and mariculture • Nutrient-neutrality
co-funded by EU LIFE Programme
Thank you for your attention!
Östra Ågatan 53, SE-753 22 Uppsala, Sweden +46 73-977 07 93;
[email protected] www.ccb.se
co-funded by EU LIFE Programme
