Bathing Water Quality Monitoring of Varna Black Sea Coastal. Zone, Bulgaria1. A. K. Simeonovaa, R. Z. Chuturkovaa, and V. B. Bojilovab. aDepartment of ...
ISSN 00978078, Water Resources, 2010, Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 520–527. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2010.
WATER QUALITY AND PROTECTION: ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
Bathing Water Quality Monitoring of Varna Black Sea Coastal Zone, Bulgaria1 A. K. Simeonovaa, R. Z. Chuturkovaa, and V. B. Bojilovab aDepartment
of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Technical UniversityVarna, 1 Studentska str., 9010 Varna, Bulgaria Inspection for Protection and Control of Human Health, 3 Bregalnitsa str., 9010, Varna, Bulgaria
bRegional
Received
Abstract—Physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of the bathing waters in Varna’s Black Sea coastal area were investigated during year 2007 at 23 monitoring stations. Most of the determined physico chemical parameters—pH, mineral oils, surface active substances, phenols, dissolved oxygen, nutrients and microbiological parameters—“Total coliforms”, “Faecal coliforms”, “Faecal streptococci” were in compli ance with the guidline' limits and exhibited good water quality. Ammonium and phosphate’s pollution above the limits was determined at the South beach, Officers beach and Central beach situated in Varna’s central + bathing zone. For the period of 13.08 to 24.10.2007—70% of the South beach samples analyzed for N H 4 3–
exceeded the limits 60 times and the concentrations of P O 4 exceeded the limits 17.5 times. Some deviations from the guidline' limits regarding the microbiology were exhibited at the same beaches. A conclusion is made that the area of study is not yet seriously threatened, in spite of the rapid recreation during the last years. Key words: bathing waters, EU Water Directive, guidline limits, microbiological parameters, physicochem ical parameters, pollution. DOI: 10.1134/S0097807810040111
INTRODUCTION1 Coastal waters are highly diverse and productive eco systems, which make them a very valuable resource for humans. However, as more than threequarters of the world’s population live in the coastal areas, they are subject to growing pressure and comprehensive envi ronmental studies [1, 7, 9, 10, 13, 15]. The Black Sea coastal zone of The Republic of Bulgaria is of a great importance to the development of the country. The aquatorial resources of the zone are significant and according to the Constitution of The Republic of Bulgaria they are state property. They are subject to a different anthropogenic activities includ ing intense industrial development, shipping and rec reation [2, 6, 12]. The ecological status of the Bulgar ian Black Sea coastal zone is of a major importance for the development of tourism. The most important rec reational resource is the bathing water. Clean bathing water is important both from an environmental and public health perspective so it is necessary to be man aged and protected effectively. The development of the bathing water quality in Bulgaria is in compliance with the new European water policy [3, 4, 8] and especially with EU Bathing Water Directive (76/160/EEC) [5]. According to the EU Bathing Water Directive, EU member states are expected to identify popular bathing areas and to 1 The article is published in the original.
monitor water quality at these bathing waters through out the bathing season. The Directive sets a number of microbiological and physicochemical parameters that bathing waters must either comply with (“mandatory” limits) or endeavour to meet (“guideline” limits). The bathing water quality assessment in Bulgaria is carried out according to the EU Bathing Water Direc tive and the National Regulation №11/2002 [11] by the monitoring of pH, colour, transparency, mineral oils, surface active substances (detergents), phenols, nutrient salts and several microbiological parameters such as “Total coliforms”, “Faecal coliforms” and “Faecal streptococci” – indicators of faecal pollution [16, 17]. The Bulgarian Black Sea water quality is determined by the comparison of the values of the investigated parameters and the guideline' limits which are accepted as threshold limits. The main objectives of this study is to present the physicochemical and microbiological characteristic of the bathing waters in the Northern part of the Bul garian Black Sea coastal zone—Varna region. STUDY AREA The Area of Study is the Varna’s Black Sea Coastal Zone, Bulgaria The Black Sea is the world’s most isolated seacon nected to the Oceans via the Mediterranean Sea and
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BATHING WATER QUALITY MONITORING
by the Turkish Straits through the Bosphorus, Dar danelle and Marmara straits. It is 1210 km long from east to west, up to 560 km wide, and has a maximum depth of 2245 m. The catchment area of the Black Sea is six times larger than its surface area with the Danube being its main tributary. The Bulgarian Black Sea coast covers the whole eastern border of Bulgaria, which beaches occupy approximately 130 km of the 378 km coast. One of the largest cities and main seaport on the Bulgarian Black Sea coast is Varna town (second larg est in the country). During 2007 year the Varna region population numbers 495056 which is 36.65% of the population of the NorthEastern part of Bulgaria. Varna Black Sea coastal zone is located on the northern part of the coast. Eighteen bathing zones were determined and 23 monitoring stations were cho sen for a detailed assessment on the territory of the Varna coastal zone. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twentythree monitoring stations in Varna region’s Black Sea coastal area were visited twelve times throughout the bathing season, which runs from mid of April 2007 to October 2007. Samples were taken two times per month for the period May–September as well as one additional sam ple was taken before the beginning of the bathing sea son (April) and one after the end of the bathing season (October). Water samples were collected at 30 centi metres below the water’s surface and in water that is at least 1.5 metre deep. Water chemistry analyses were carried out for : pH potentiometric titration; mineral oilsvisual; surface active substances (detergents)—visual; phenolsspe cific odour determination; dissolved oxygen—Vin + kler’s method; ammonium(N H 4 ) —spectrophoto metric determination with indophenol blue; – 3+ nitrate(N O 3 ) and phosphates (P O 4 )—spectropho tometry determination. The microbiological parameters—“Total coliforms”; “Faecal coliforms” and “Faecal strepto cocci” were analyzed by the method of the most pos sible number in compliance with the Bulgarian National Standard(BNS)—BNS 17333593 and BNS 1733693. The applied methods were in accordance with the requirements of National Regulation №11/2002 [11] for the assessment of the quality of the bathing waters. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Analyses of water samples of twentythree study stations in Varna Black Sea coastal area were carried out for water chemistry and microbiological parame ters. The results from the monitoring showed that the WATER RESOURCES
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Table 1. Measured average values of some physicochemical parameters of the bathing waters in Varna Black sea region for 2007 years Monitoring stations Panorama Marine casino Riviera Cabacum central Marina hotel Chernomorez restaur. Mineral swim. pool Small Riviera St. Iliya Briz 3 Officers beach Central beach South beach Asparuhovo center “Veteran” hostel Chernomorez hostel Pasha gully Romantika beach Shkorpilovzi central Byala north Byala central ByalaChaika beach “Luna”
3–
pH
+ – DO, N H 4 , N O 3 , P O 4 , % mg/dm3 mg/dm3 mg/dm3
8.2 8.3 8.3 8.2 8.3 8.3
87.1 91.5 77.2 92.5 95.8 86.4
0.10 0.00 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.00
3.4 3.2 3.2 3.5 3.0 3.2
0.14 0.09 0.09 0.06 0.10 0.06
8.3
91.3
0.06
3.8
0.10
8.2 96.8 8.2 86.1 8.3 101.3 8.3 98.7 8.3 94.0 8.2 81.9 8.3 107.0
0.05 0.01 0.00 0.07 0.03 1.18 0.04
3.4 3.3 3.4 3.2 2.9 3.0 3.3
0.31 0.07 0.08 0.12 0.09 0.89 0.12
8.3 103.4 8.3 90.7
0.03 0.01
3.2 3.3
0.13 0.07
8.3 8.2 8.2
88.2 95.5 87.6
0.00 0.02 0.00
3.5 3.2 3.3
0.08 0.15 0.07
8.2 100.5 8.2 87.4 7.4 73.9
0.01 0.02 0.10
3.5 3.2 3.1
0.06 0.10 0.06
8.1
0.04
2.8
0.09
94.5
bathing water in Varna Black Sea region did not con tain mineral oils, surface active substances, phenols or standing and floating objects (wood, plastics, glass, rubber etc.). The values of pH were in compliance with the “mandatory” limits standardized in National Reg ulation №1/2002 [11] and varied from 7.4–8.3 (Table 1). Dissolved Oxygen(DO) data exhibited compliance with the guideline' limits (guideline' limit—80– 120%) in most of the stations situated in the north – south direction of the Black Sea coastal area and ranged between 86.1 to 107% (Table 1). Two of the study stations were not in compliance with the guide line' limits for DO – “Riviera” in “Golden sands” resort complex situated in the northern part of the Varna Black Sea coastal zone near the resort sewage treatment plant (average—77.2%) and Byala “Chaika
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SIMEONOVA et al. South beach
South beach
Date +
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Threshold limit
13 .0 14 8 .0 16 8 .0 17 8 .0 24 8 .0 29 8 .0 12 8 .0 26 9 .0 10 9 .1 24 0 .1 0
Threshold limit
(b)
3 PO3– 4 , mg/dm
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
13 .0 14 8 .0 16 8 .0 17 8 .0 24 8 .0 29 8 .0 12 8 .0 26 9 .0 10 9 .1 24 0 .1 0
NH +4 , mg/dm3
(a)
Date 3–
Fig. 1. Concentrations of N H 4 ions measured at South beach station (a); Concentrations of P O 4 ions measured at South beach station (b).
beach”—in the southern part of the Varna Black Sea coastal zone (average 73.9%). Byala “Chaika beach” is situated in an isolated inlet with small water exchange which might be the reason for the accumulation of pollutants brought by the coastal urbanized areas and fishery. Table 1 shows that the nitrates in all of the monitor ing stations are in the range of 2.9 to 3.5 mg/dm3 and were in compliance with the guideline' limits (5 mg/dm3). Not the same was the case with the ammonium + 3– (N H 4 ) and the phosphate’s (P O 4 ) ions in the Varna Black Sea bathing waters. Highest concentrations of + 3– N H 4 and P O 4 ions were determined at the South beach located in Varna’s central bathing zone. For the period of 13.08 to 24.10.2007—70% of the South + beach samples analyzed for N H 4 were above the threshold limits, reaching 6 mg/dm3 and exceeding the guideline' limits 60 times (guideline' limit for + N H 4 —0.1 mg/dm3) (Fig. 1). 3– P O4
The concentrations of for the same period varied from 0.09 to 3.5 mg/dm3 and exceeded the guideline' limits 17.5 times (guideline' limit for 3– P O 4 —0.2 mg/dm3). The South beach was delin eated as the most polluted beach at Varna Black Sea recreational zone. The reason for the highest levels of + 3– the N H 4 and P O 4 ions concentrations could be explained by the close proximity of the sewage treat ment plant and the discharge of waste waters that are not efficiently treated. The summer periods with nutrient concentrations above the limits impose spe cial interdictions which were carried out by the Regional Inspection for Protection and Control of Human Health towards the recreational users con cerning the bathing.
Ammonium and phosphates pollution was also exhibited at Officers beach and Central beach which are situated in Varna’s central bathing zone but com pared with the South beach analyzes their concentra tions were not so high. Ammonium ions concentra tions at Officers beach reached 0.6 mg/dm3 and exceeded the guideline' limits 6 times (Fig. 2) and the phosphate ions concentrations varied from 0.03 to 0.49 mg/dm3 exceeding the guideline' limits 2.4 times. At Varna’s Central beach station—16.7% of the + samples analyzed for N H 4 were above the limits and reached 0.2 mg/dm3 which was 2 times higher (Fig. 3) 3– than the limits and the concentrations of P O 4 were in the range of 0.05–0.2 mg/dm3 which was below the guideline' limit. The analyzes of some of the study stations at the resorts in Varna’s Black Sea coastal zone also exhibited considerable high concentrations of these parameters. Panorama station in “Golden beach” resort was pol + luted with N H 4 ion up to 0.3 mg/dm3 which was 3–
3 times above the limits (Fig. 4) and the P O 4 ions con centrations were in the range of 0.03–0.38 mg/dm3 which was 1.9 times above the limits. At Riviera monitoring station which is situated in the same resort the ammonium concentrations (up to 0.3 mg/dm3) and the phosphates concentrations (0.03–0.3 mg/dm3) were above the limits 3 times and 1.5 times respectively (Fig. 5). The reason for the ammonium and phosphates pol lution above the limit is the low capacity of the sewage treatment plant in the “Golden beach” resort which is not able to treat the increasing quantities of waste waters effectively, which are result of the intensive overbuilding over the last years. Concentrations of ammonium and phosphates ions above the guideline' limits were both monitored at the Varna’s Black sea resort – “St. Konstantin and WATER RESOURCES
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BATHING WATER QUALITY MONITORING Officers beach
523
Officers beach (a)
(b) 6 5
4 3 2
3 PO3– 4 , mg/dm
NH+4, mg/dm3
6 5
Threshold limit
Threshold limit
1 0
25 . 09 04 . 30 05 13.05 . 20 06 .0 18 6 . 26 07 .0 16 7 . 29 08 . 12 08 26.09 . 10 09 .1 0
25 . 09 04 .0 30 5 13.05 . 20 06 .0 18 6 . 26 07 . 16 07 . 29 08 .0 12 8 26.09 . 10 09 .1 0
1 0
4 3 2
Date
Date +
3–
Fig. 2. Concentrations of N H 4 ions measured at Officers beach station (a); Concentrations of P O 4 beach station (b).
Central beach
ions measured at Officers
Central beach (a)
0.3
(b)
0.3 3 PO3– 4 , mg/dm
NH+4, mg/dm3
Threshold limit 0.2
0.2
Threshold limit
0.1
0.1 0 25 . 09 04 . 30 05 . 13 05 . 20 06 . 18 06 . 26 07 .0 16 7 . 29 08 .0 12 8 26.09 . 10 09 .1 0
25 . 09 04 .0 30 5 13.05 . 20 06 . 18 06 .0 26 7 . 16 07 . 29 08 . 1 2 08 . 26 09 . 10 09 .1 0
0
Date
Date
+
3–
Fig. 3. Concentrations of N H 4 ions measured at Central beach station (a); Concentrations of P O 4 beach station (b).
Panorama
Panorama (a)
0.3
0.3
Threshold limit
0.1
25 . 09 04 . 30 05 .0 13 5 .0 12 6 .0 26 7 16.07 .0 29 8 . 19 08 .0 26 9 . 10 09 .1 0
0
Date
(b) Threshold limit
0.2 0.1 0 25 . 09 04 . 30 05 .0 13 5 .0 12 6 .0 26 7 .0 16 7 .0 29 8 . 19 08 . 26 09 .0 10 9 .1 0
3 PO3– 4 , mg/dm
0.4
NH+4, mg/dm3
0.4
0.2
Date
+
3–
Fig. 4. Concentrations of N H 4 ions measured at Panorama station (a); Concentrations of P O 4 station (b). WATER RESOURCES
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2010
ions measured at Panorama
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SIMEONOVA et al. Riviera
Riviera (b)
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
Threshold limit
0.1 0
3 PO3– 4 , mg/dm
NH+4, mg/dm3
(a)
Threshold limit
0.2 0.1
25 . 09 04 . 30 05 . 13 05 . 27 06 .0 18 6 . 26 07 . 16 07 .0 29 8 12.08 . 26 09 . 10 09 .1 0
25 . 09 04 . 30 05 . 13 05 . 27 06 .0 18 6 . 26 07 . 16 07 .0 29 8 12.08 26.09 . 10 09 .1 0
0
Date
Date +
3–
Fig. 5. Concentrations of N H 4 ions measured at Riviera station (a); Concentrations of P O 4 (b).
Mineral swimming pool
Mineral swimming pool (a)
0.3
ions measured at Riviera station
(b)
0.3 3 PO3– 4 , mg/dm
Threshold limit 0.2
Threshold limit
0.1
0.1
25 . 09 04 . 30 05 . 13 05 . 27 06 . 12 06 .0 26 7 . 16 07 .0 29 8 . 12 08 26.09 . 10 09 .1 0
0
0 25 . 09 04 . 30 05 . 1 3 05 . 27 06 . 12 06 .0 26 7 . 16 07 . 29 08 .0 12 8 26.09 . 1 0 09 .1 0
NH+4, mg/dm3
0.2
Date
Date +
3–
Fig. 6. Concentrations of N H 4 ions measured at Mineral swimming pool station (a), Concentrations of P O 4 Mineral swimming pool station (b).
Elena” in the Mineral swimming pool station. Within the period of 25.10–10.10.2007–25% of the samples + taken for analyzes of N H 4 exceeded the guidline' lim 3–
its 2 times (Fig. 6). The concentrations of P O 4 were in the range of 0.03 to 0.3 mg/dm3 which was 1.5 times higher that the limits. The main reason for the pollu tion of the bathing waters in this station is the presence of a small mineral basin near the monitoring station with very high temperature and medical properties which attracts great number of visitors per day in a considerably small territory. High concentrations of ammonium and phos phates ions were determined at some of the stations situated to the south of the Varna Black sea coastal area, namelyAsparuhovo center and Byala “Chaika” beach. Asparuhovo center exhibited 3 times higher + concentrations regarding N H 4 and 1.7 times regard 3–
ing P O 4 (Fig. 7).
ions measured at
Byala “Chaika” beach results for the period 26.04– + 11.10.2007 showed N H 4 concentrations—4 times above the limits for 36.4% of the samples (Fig. 8). For 3– the same period P O 4 values varied from 0.03 to 0.2 and did not exceed the threshold limits. The results received for the microbiological param eters “Total coliforms”, “Faecal coliforms” and “Fae cal streptococci” for the most of the stations con firmed the bathing waters' good quality. Some stations along the Varna’s Black Sea coastal area (Table 2) showed deviations from the guideline' limits. The sta tions which exhibited lowest compliance with the guideline limits regarding “Total coliforms” were as follows—the South beach—only 36.36% compli ance, Central beach located in Varna central bathing zone—43.75% compliance and Panorama station in “Golden sands” resort—55.33%. With reference to the “Faecal coliforms” parame ter lowest compliance with the limits was determined for the same monitoring stations: Central beach— WATER RESOURCES
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BATHING WATER QUALITY MONITORING Asparuhovo center
Asparuhovo center (a)
0.3
(b)
0.4 0.3
3 PO3– 4 , mg/dm
Threshold limit
0.2
Threshold limit
0.1
0.1
26 . 09 04 .0 30 5 13.05 . 27 06 .0 12 6 . 26 07 . 16 07 . 29 08 .0 12 8 26.09 . 10 09 .1 0
0
0 26 . 09 04 .0 30 5 13.05 . 27 06 .0 12 6 . 26 07 . 16 07 . 29 08 .0 12 8 26.09 . 10 09 .1 0
NH+4, mg/dm3
0.4
0.2
525
Date
Date +
3–
Fig. 7. Concentrations of N H 4 ions measured at Asparuhovo center station (a), Concentrations of P O 4 Asparuhovo center station (b).
43.75%; South beach – 54.54% and Officers beach— 62.5%. Almost the same stations were in risk with ref erence to the parameter “Faecal streptococci”: South beach—36.36% compliance with the limits; Pan orama station—3.33%; Central beach—68.75%. Detailed analyzes concerning the microbiological parameters of Varna Black Sea bathing waters for the year 2006 for all of the monitoring stations are given in our previous investigation [14]. The water quality data presented in this study may serve as reference data for possible future monitoring programs as well as for the classification and quality status of bathing waters which according to the requirements of the EU Directive 76/160/EEC should be completed by the end of the 2015 bathing season. CONCLUSIONS Bathing water quality monitoring of the Varna Black Sea coastal area was carried out in order to col lect data for the classification of bathing waters
ions measured at
according the requirements of the EU Directive 76/160/EEC. Twentythree study stations were inves tigated with reference to water chemistry and microbi ological parameters. The results from the monitoring showed that the bathing water in Varna region Black Sea did not con tain mineral oils, surface active substances, phenols or standing and floating objects. The values of pH were in compliance with the “mandatory” limits and Dis solved Oxygen data exhibited compliance with the “guideline” limits. Two of the study stations were not in compliance with the “guideline” limits for DO— “Riviera” in “Golden sands” resort complex—near the sewage treatment plant and Byala “Chaika beach” situated in an isolated inlet with small water exchange and accumulation of pollutants brought by the coastal urbanized areas and fishery. The nitrates in all of the monitoring stations were in compliance with the “guideline” limits. The concentrations of ammonium and phosphate’s ions at most of the stations were below the guideline' limits. The South beach, Central
Table 2. Compliance of the measured values of the microbiological parameters of the Varna Black sea bathing waters for 2007 years Monitoring points
Total coliforms, % Compl. with recomm. val.
Total coliforms, % Compl. with mand. val.
Panorama Cabacum central Marina hotel Mineral swimm. pool Briz 3 Officers beach Central beach South beach Asparuhovo center
53.33 76.92 83.33 66.67 83.33 75.00 43.75 36.36 66.67
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
WATER RESOURCES
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Faecal Coliforms, Faecal Coliforms, Faecal Streptococci, % Compl. % Compl. % Compl. with recomm. val. with recomm. val. with mand. val. 73.33 84.61 75.00 66.67 75.00 62.50 43.75 54.54 66.67
86.66 84.61 91.66 86.66 83.33 93.75 93.75 81.81 80.00
53.33 76.92 100.0 80.0 83.33 87.5 68.75 36.36 80.00
526
SIMEONOVA et al. Byala “Chaika” beach
Byala “Chaika” beach (a)
(b) 0.4
0.3 0.2
Threshold limit
0.1 0
3 PO3– 4 , mg/dm
NH+4, mg/dm3
0.4
0.3 0.2
Threshold limit
0.1
26 .0 10 4 . 31 05 .0 14 5 28.06 .0 13 6 .0 18 7 .0 17 7 . 30 08 .0 27 8 . 11 09 .1 0
26 .0 10 4 .0 31 5 . 14 05 . 28 06 .0 13 6 . 18 07 . 17 07 .0 30 8 .0 27 8 .0 11 9 .1 0
0 Date
Date
+
3–
Fig. 8. Concentrations of N H 4 ions measured at Byala “Chaika” beach station (a), Concentrations of P O 4 Byala “Chaika” beach station (b).
beach and the Officers beach situated in Varna central bathing zone exhibited considerably high concentra tions of these parameters. The reason for the highest + 3– levels of the N H 4 and P O 4 ions could be explained by the close proximity of the sewage treatment plant and the discharge of waste waters that are not effi ciently treated. The results received for the microbiological param eters “Total coliforms”, “Faecal coliforms” and “Fae cal streptococci” were in compliance with the guide line limits for most of the monitoring stations. Some deviations from the guideline limits were exhibited at the South beach, Central beach and Officers beach which are the most visited zones by the recreational users. Taking into consideration the whole data collected from the bathing water monitoring a general conclu sion could be made that most of the parameters did not exceed the guideline' limits and no health risk could be expected for the recreational water users.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors gratefully acknowledge the support, the information and data given by the Regional Inspection for Protection and Control of Human Health, Varna, Bulgaria. REFERENCES 1. AbdelHalim, A., AboelKhair, M., Fahmy, A., and Shridan, A., Environmental Assessment on the Aqaba Gulf Coastal Waters, Egyptian J. of Aquatic Research, 2007, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 1–14. 2. Arsov, R., Ribarova, I., Topalova, Y., and Mihailov, G., On the Kinetics of the Nitrification Denitrification Biological Excess Phosphorus Removal Process, Envi ronmental Protection Technologies for Coastal Areas, IAWQ. Proceedings of the Bulgarian National Committee
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15. Vitousek, P., Mooney, H., and Lubchenko, J., Human Domination of Earth’s Ecosystem, Science, 1997, vol. 277, no. 5325, pp. 494–499. 16. Wade, T., Pai, N., Eisenberg, J., and Colford, J., Do U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Water Quality Guidelines for Recreational Waters Prevent Gas trointestinal Illness? A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis, Environmental Health Perspectives, 2003, vol. 111, no. 8, pp. 1102–1109. 17. WHO, Bathing Water Quality and Human Health: Fae cal Pollution. Outcome of an Expert Consultation, Farn ham, UK: World Health Organization, 2001.
