Biodiesel Production from Algal Blooms: A Step towards Renewable ...

60 International Journal of Measurement Technologies and Instrumentation Engineering, 2(3), 60-71, July-September 2012

Biodiesel Production from Algal Blooms:

A Step towards Renewable Energy Generation and Measurement Shabana Urooj, Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, UP, India Athar Hussain, Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, UP, India Narayani Srivastava, Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, UP, India

ABSTRACT Usage of Bio-energy is becoming more and more prominent due to the peak oil crisis. Bio-energy is the energy which can be synthesized using methods and raw material which are available in nature and are derived from the biological sources. They are referred as bio-mass energy, bio-diesel, and bio-power. In this paper the study has been carried out on bio-energy generation in form of bio-diesel and the bio-diesel is produced in the laboratory conditions by using base catalyzed trans-esterification process. The nomenclature bio-diesel is given to the oil which can be generated by using the raw materials which are renewable and are waste materials. It doesn’t contain any percentage of petroleum products in it. It is called bio-diesel because it can be further used to run the diesel engine. In this paper biodiesel is generated using local pond algae by the process of base catalyzed trans-esterification. Keywords:

Bio-Diesel, Octane Number, Ph Measurement, Renewable Energy Generation, Trans-Esterification

1. INTRODUCTION There are two types of energy, renewable resources and non- renewable resources. Nonrenewable source of the energy are those types of resources which are form after decomposition or some natural process taking a long duration

DOI: 10.4018/ijmtie.2012070106

of time. They cannot be generated or replenished within a short time. Coal, petroleum and natural gas form the main part of this type of resources. In the last two centuries there had been immense pressure on the conventional or non – renewable sources of energy. They had been the backbone of many countries economically and also the lifeline of the everyday life round the globe. They are used in some or the other form everywhere from crude to refined

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International Journal of Measurement Technologies and Instrumentation Engineering, 2(3), 60-71, July-September 2012 61

and from refined to the last by-product is utilized in some or the other industries. All these resources are limited in availability in nature. There is not only the problem of depleting resources but also the after effects of using it. It had been the major contributor of green house gases in atmosphere of the earth, leading to many climatic problems world wide. As these resources are not used directly in the very way they are found during the various refining and burning or heating process they release harmful chemical in the environment causing pollution hence disturbing the ecological balance. These limiting features of the non renewable energy have created a stir world over. So to balance it now all over the world other forms of generation of energy processes are motivated. As the international energy agency explains renewable energy is the one which is derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly. Energy in its various forms is derived directly from the sun or from the heat generated deep within the earth. Included in this definition are electricity and the heat generated through solar, wind, ocean and hydropower systems. This energy can be utilized distinctly in four main areas of electricity generation, hot water or space heating phenomenon, motor fuel and rural (off-grid) energy services. There are two major problems which are faced by all the nations in the world. First is the depleting non-renewable resource and carcinogenic particulates generated by the consumption or usage of these resources. Declining oil reserves and the enormous impact of transportation’s demand for oil on our economy suggested that there is a need of new renewable fuel which can be utilize in the vehicles. All the conventional form of energy resources like petroleum products and other fossil fuels are non-renewable (Urooj et al., 2012). They take decades to regenerate themselves and consumption is exponentially progressive in nature. More the country is developed more is the requirement. They find their utilization in every aspect of life, starting from domestic to industrial and the transport too. The second major problem which is faced by many developed and developing nations is

the problem of unwanted growth of algae in the water. Eutrophication is a major problem that water bodies are facing because of the excessive enrichment of major nutrients in the water. Nutrients added are often more than required by the growing aquatic bio-life. The cost of the biological treatment also increases due to the addition of excess of nutrients. This leads to the algal proliferation problem. They reduce the oxygen content in the water reservoir and make detrimental conditions for the living organisms in the water body. Use of excess of nutrients is neither environmental friendly nor economical. To solve this problem they are removed from the water bodies forming large amount of waste materials. The problem of algae growth can be curbed out by converting algae into a usable and valuable resource without much expenditure. The waste material generated in the water body is the deposited layer of algae which forms an excellent raw material for generation of bio-fuels. The idea of using algae as a source of fuel is taken seriously because of the increasing price of petroleum and more significantly the emerging concern of global warming. Bio-fuel is a clean fuel. It is renewable in nature as it requires raw material which can be generated frequently (Maunder et al., 1995). In the laymen language ethyl alcohol formed by the process of fermentation which was utilized in alcoholic beverages can be distilled and put in the vehicles as fuel. Few of the examples of the raw material used in the generation of biofuel are palm seed, soya seed, vegetable oil, Jatropha plant seed etc. But majority of these seed are also used in food consumption. There is one more problem which is faced by many developed and developing nations i.e. unwanted growth of algae in the water. They reduce the oxygen content in the water reservoir and make detrimental conditions for the living organisms in the water body. To solve this problem they are removed from the water bodies forming large amount of waste materials (Park et al., 2011). (Figure 1) Bio-diesel can be described as a clean fuel which is generated from raw material which is renewable in nature. They contain mono alkyl



Figure 1. Algae growth on the local water reservoir

like methyl, ethyl etc, and esters of long chain fatty acid. There are many positive properties of bio-fuels. They are bio-degradable, non-toxic and have high flash point as compared to their other counterparts. They can be blended with the diesel or can be used independently also. They can be used without any modification in the present diesel engines or in the storage facilities. Vegetable oil is been produced from very basic seeds and plants like palm, soya, sugar cane and beet root etc (Limaa et al., 2004). But these as raw material are further used in consumption itself and their production is inverse in nature with their consumption. Although vegetable oil can also be used as bio- diesels but they have certain restriction while using on the direct injection engine types. They have high viscosity, lower ignition point and also less efficient while utilizing in the diesel engines. These restrictions are overtaken by using macro-algae in the generation process. The algae can be used as a significant raw material for the generation of bio-diesel. The lipids that algae produces are typically triacylglycerols, or (TAG). TAG is further converted into fatty acid methyl esters, (FAME) which are biodiesel. Bio-diesel generated from this can be measured on the various parameters mentioned in the ASTM standards and further utilized in blend with diesel or directly in the vehicular purposes. While using this fuel there are many other advantages which are

at many points better than the generic fuel used these days. They have high lubricating properties which can improve the engine life with the usage. This benefit can be achieved only with the bio-fuel usage. They also have high octane number. According to the ASTM-D2700-12 International standards, Octane number can be correlated with the commercial automotive spark-ignition engine anti-knock performance under severe condition of operation. In the laymen language it can be understood as the ability of a fuel to resist knocking when it is ignited in a mixture with air in a cylinder of an internal combustion engine. To reach the standards of the conventional fuels used in the vehicles. The process of trans-esterification is done. The fuel which is obtained from the vegetable seeds, used cooking oil etc. have high soap content and high viscosity. Trans-esterification process is done to lower the viscosity of the fuel so that it can easily flow in the modern vehicle engines. In the process one type of alcohol is replaced but the other type of alcohol in a ester. In the same reaction a strong alkali is used as a catalyst to break a part of the glycerol part and to replace it with an alcohol. As the glycerol has three connecting bond towards fatty acid and alcohol has just one. This further reduces the thickness of the oil making it less viscous. The trans-esterification process of biodiesel is reversible in nature. Therefore Le Chatelier’s



principle is used. According to this principle there is 3 mole of methanol is added in every 1 mole of biofuel. Biodiesel has been gaining worldwide popularity as a futuristic fuel or energy source because of its significant benefits. The various benefits of biodiesel and its advantages can be summarized as following: •

• • •

It is a clean fuel and during the combustion process it does not releases any carbon particulates. Thus when used as a fuel in the vehicles does not cause environmental problems and pollution; It is bio-degradable resource and does not require any special waste management techniques since it is non-toxic; It has lower emission of carbon monooxide, unburned hydrocarbons and particulate matter; It is a feedstock which has highest lipid content and considered as a waste material. So converting it in biodiesel is converting unwanted waste material into significant energy resource.

In this study a solution to the problem of depleting energy fuel resources, release of toxics in the environment and raw material for the generation of bio-fuel or in other words bio-diesel and the disposal of the waste material is given by using the macro algae for all the above problems.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW In the study S. R. Bull (2001) elaborated renewable energy as a promise towards the clean, abundant energy gathered from self renewing resources such as the sun, wind, earth, and plants. According to the researcher throughout the world every place has at least one way of generating energy in renewable form. Wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal technologies are cost-effective today in an increasing number of markets, and are making important steps to broader commercialization. Each of the renew-

able energy technologies is in a different stage of research, development, and commercialization and all have differences in current and future expected costs, current industrial base, resource availability, and potential impact on greenhouse gas emissions. The technical status, cost, and applications of major renewable energy technologies and implications for increased adoption is also discussed. A. Doig (1999) acclaimed that access to electricity is a key element in determining quality of life. The author described some of the approach for supplying electricity to poor rural communities beyond the reach of a conventional grid connection. In the study various problems faced by large number of people and the problem faced by the governing people in transmission of electricity to the remote areas has been elaborated. Solution of decentralized generation and distribution of electricity to these areas has been given and positive aspect of micro hydro plant system, bio-fuel, solar lantern, wind battery charging system is also discussed. It not only solves the problem of remote areas but also can be utilized in the urban areas with the help of community involvement. B. W. Bequetteb (2006) reported in his work alternatives to petroleum based energy for transportation. He explained the term hydrogen economy coined by general motors in the year 1970 and said that change to a hydrogen infrastructure from petroleum for transportation and natural gas for home heating will take many years and substantial capital investment. Further investigated the petroleum economics and described the large-scale manufacturing processes currently used to produce hydrogen. Also, discussed the efforts to produce hydrogen on a smaller scale for fuel cells and provide an overview of processes for ethanol and biodiesel fuel production. The author emphasized on the various processes like steam generating station and small scale hydrogen unit etc. and presented futuristic approach towards optimization of ethanol generating units and reduction of losses in process to be considered. A.O. Converse (2012) focuses on the concept of having the end-use requirements in mind before the storage is designed, and in



this case the requirements are for a renewable energy system that uses no fossil fuels. In this the author explained that there is a seasonal pattern of consumption of wind and solar energy and accordingly its generation too. In the study it was estimated that the energy storage capacity that would be required to supply the electrical energy for the United States for a year given source of electricity from solar, wind, or a combination of the two, is in the order of 10%–20% of the total annual demand. While the uncertainty within and between published estimates of biomass availability is quite large, a partial review of the study indicates that the global biomass primary energy potential could satisfy seasonal energy demands in a sustainable manner. It has been analyzed that the storage volumes required for biomass and hydrogen, another storage possibility, to meet seasonal storage needs are considerably smaller than that required for compressed air or elevated water. M. Aggarwal and V. Gupta (2009) discussed the prospect of biogas in eradicating various problem in a developing country like India, its impact on environment, society etc. According to the author India can be a potential place for the setting up of the bio gas plant due to the availability of the raw material required and even the availability of the site for setting of these plants. Along with the positive aspect they have also elaborated the various limitations faced during the installation and after the generation as well. Z. Yanning (18) et al. presented the wind-biogas renewable energy distributed power system, and the biogas generator employed to balance the output power of the system. This system can keep the constant output power under control. Energy generation using wind and solar irradiance is known phenomenon but both of them are very unreliable. On the contrary energy generated by bio-gas plant is very reliable in generation. In this paper they have proposed a methodology by which wind and bio gas energy can be coupled using a hybrid system. In his study A. Ramkumar (1993) discussed the advanced technologies in consideration with renewable

sources and their economic view point. In this the author emphasized on proper resource-need matching with an eye on the quality of energy requirements, integrated use of several resources and technologies, and a comprehensive consideration which includes prospecting, collection, conversion, transportation, distribution, storage and reconversion, end use and subsequent waste management aspects. Economic considerations are among the primary factors that influence the evolution of energy systems. Unless the “cost of energy” obtained using a particular technology is competitive with the alternatives, that technology will not be viable. C. Starr (1991) elaborated the economic growth in terms of growth in the use of electricity by the population in total of the world. In the study data is considered from the world energy council to estimate the energy generation, its usage and the losses at various points. In this many data tables are presented to support the author’s view of using renewable resources to justify the losses and the deficient portion of the current energy processes. The data considered till the year 2060. The author has not only emphasized on the renewable sources but also given better methodologies to use the present fossil fuels so that the whole process is optimized. Shah et al. (2003) conducted a study and suggested the production of bio-diesel from the local or regional sources as well as spent or waste cooking oil as an attractive approach towards the green fuel. The author also discussed the bio-technologies utilized during the generation process of bio-diesel and comparison between the chemical trans-esterification and enzymatic alcoholysis has also been made. The author has emphasized the use of enzymatic alcoholysis as a raw material to overcome the problem faced during the trans-esterification process of vegetable oil. Also, the Jatropha curcas source in the presence of methanol and KOH by the chemical route yields 96% oil and from the tallow source in the presence of ethanol and hexane by the enzymatic route yields 98% oil. The output yield can be further increased by using lipase as a catalyst. Chongkhong et



al. (2007) carried out a study using the batch esterification process of palm fatty acid distillate. The influence of various parameters like reaction temperature ranging from 70-100°C, molar ratio of methanol and palm fatty acid distillate, quantity of catalyst and reaction time has been studied. The study concluded that the fatty acid methyl esters can be extracted from the palm fatty acid distillate. The property of the fuel obtained can be well compared with Thai and American standards for the commercial bio-diesel. The application of the fuel is a blend with diesel for vehicular purposes. Jon Var Gerpen (2005) in a study suggested biodiesel as an alternative fuel consisting of mono alkyl esters formed by a catalyzed reaction of the triglycerides in the oil or fat with a simple monohydric alcohol. The author has used Soya-bean seed as a major raw material for the production of bio-diesel. The pre-treatment processes using strong acid catalysts have been shown to provide good conversion yields and high quality final products. Renita et al. (2010) has carried a research work by using solvent extraction and esterification process for the generation of biodiesel. The samples of algae were taken from coastal region i.e. Gracilaria coticata, Chaetomorpha Antennina for the production of biodiesel. The output or the bio-diesel obtained from the samples was compared in terms of the pH value and volume. Anne Harris (2009) discussed about synthetic biology technique and production of bio-fuels as renewable source. He also investigated that using food such as wheat, corn or sugar, the so-called first generation bio-fuels were always struggling for acceptance despite the fact the fuel can reduce CO2 emissions by up to 65 per cent. The author elaborated the word alternative by providing all new method of generating fuel. In the process the feedstock is not crushed but rather used to synthesize the fuel as a product and hence it is called as milking. Since the whole process has its base in DNA and genetics. DNA re-coupling technology very intensely used for generating or modifying the present feedstock as desirable bio-fuel generating feedstock.

Maunder et al. (1995) explored the various source of raw material for the generation of bio-fuel and concluded that bio-fuels are derived both from biomass as well as from waste materials also. A feasibility report on small scale bio-diesel production by waste management and research centre provides the cost of manufacturing bio-diesel using the various raw materials like vegetable oil etc. It has also been investigated and suggested that percentage of fatty acid present in various oils make comparative study easier for optimization. Park et al. (2011) focused on the opportunities provided by the high rate algal ponds in the growth of algae. The author has elaborated on the critical parameters that limit algal cultivation, production and harvest and discussed some practical options which may increase the net harvest of algae in the waste water treatment pond. In a study the benefits and opportunities of algae to bio-fuel production is being discussed and highlighted. Limaa et al. (19) has conducted a study on the pyrolysis reactions of soybean, palm tree, and castor oils. The pyrolytic products were analyzed by CG-FID, CG–MS, and FTIR, showing the formation of olefins, paraffin, carboxylic acids, and aldehydes. The adequate choice of distillation temperature (DT) range made it possible to isolate fuels with physical–chemical properties comparable to those specified for petroleum based fuels. In the study the catalytic upgrading of the soybean pyrolytic fuel over HZSM-5 zeolite at 400 °C is being done which has shown a partial de-oxygenation of the pyrolytic products. It is also inferred from above studies that no researcher has emphasized on solving the problem of eutrophication which is caused by excessive growth of algae. It is considered harmful and creates stress on the entire aquatic ecosystem by depleting all the D.O. of water. The problem of algal proliferation can be curbed out by converting this harmful product into useful form of energy such as bio diesel. The author has identified the way out from such a problem by converting it into a useful bye product so that the society can be benefitted in



one way or the other. Therefore an attempt has been made by the author to conduct studies on utilizing the algal blooms growing in a local reservoir. Since it is a high lipid raw material it can be converted into bio-diesel. Thus waste can be converted into a significant resource.

3. MATERIALS AND METHOD The specimen species of algae as shown in Figure 2 with the colonies of other micro-organism of different weight and from different layer of a local water reservoir has been taken. The experiment is implemented using the laboratory condition which is well equipped with the tray drier, magnetic shaker, separating funnels, chemical reagents like the esters, alkyls, alkali etc and the other basic equipments like beaker, funnel, flask etc. Bio-diesel can be produced from straight vegetable oil, animal oil/fats, and tallow and waste oils (Gerpen, 2005). There are three basic routes to bio-diesel production from oils and fats: • • •

Base catalyzed trans-esterification of the oil; Direct acid catalyzed trans-esterification of the oil; Conversion of the oil to its fatty acids and then to bio-diesel.

Presently the work is done by using the base catalyzed trans-esterification method (Renita et al., 2010).The based catalyzed methodology is more economical and feasible. During the trans-esterification process (Henico et al.) the triglyceride is reacted with alcohol in the presence of a catalyst, usually a strong alkaline like sodium hydroxide. The alcohol reacts with the fatty acids to form the mono-alkyl ester, or bio-diesel and crude glycerol (Shah et al., 2003). In most production methanol or ethanol is the alcohol used (Methanol produces methyl esters, ethanol produces ethyl esters) and is base catalyzed by either potassium or sodium hydroxide (Chongkhong et al., 2007). Some researchers have shown that it is possible to make oil react with methanol in the absence of a catalyst so as to minimize the need of washing with water. In this case, however, high temperatures are required and larger excess amounts of methanol. Also, there has been difficulty in replication kinetics of the reaction, which has been attributed to various catalysts on the surface of the reactor (a phenomenon which is accentuated with increasing temperature). Moreover, it has been found that at high temperature and pressure (about 90bar, 240°C, respectively) the trans-esterification of fats can take place without prior removal or conversion of free fatty acids. Nevertheless, most biodiesel plants for financial and safety reasons still prefer to operate at low

Figure 2. Sample of local pond algae



temperatures and atmospheric pressure retaining larger reaction times. The reaction between fats/oil and alcohol is a reversible reaction and so the alcohol must be added in excess to drive the reaction towards the right and ensure complete conversion. Brine water is used for washing the specimen. Brine water is used for removing the impurities from the samples taken. In this the samples were taken from the water reservoir present within the university premise and stagnated water near the constructional sites where the algae are grown frequently. This sample of algae was washed with the brine water to remove the impurities present in after washing it. The samples are kept in the tray drier at 55-60 ̊C for 8 hours while it was

regularly checked. The dried sample is taken and grinded by mortal and pestle to form a fine powdered form of the sample. The oil is formed using solvent extraction method. In this 20ml of hexane and ether both are added to the samples and left for settling for 24 hours. Oil and biomass separates in layer. The oil is separated from the biomass. Since the oil generated here faces the problem of high combustion value and high viscosity, trans-esterification process is done. The chemical reaction of trans-esterification reaction is represented in the Figure 4. The chemical reaction given in the Figure 3 represents the reaction of fatty acid present in the raw material with methanol in the presence of the catalyst giving esters and glycerin. In this

Figure 3. Flowchart representation of technique utilized



Figure 4. Chemical reaction equations of trans-esterification process in biodiesel production

3. RESULTS

a mixture of methanol and base catalyst NaOH is added to the bio-oil and kept in the magnetic shaker for 3 hours at 1500-1800 rpm. After 3 hours the oil is kept in the separating funnel for another 12 hours to further remove the impurities and biomass if present. The end product with bio-diesel is also glycerol which can be used in pharmaceutical industries as well. But the quantity of both products is quite less as compare to the quantity of the input raw material. The oil generated after trans-esterification process is of higher flash point, low combustion value low viscosity and this is the only type of fuel which further increase the self life of the engine.

The algae samples were taken from the lowest bed layer of the water body and weighted before each experiment. Perusal of the data summarized in Table 1 indicates that a large part of the algae is being converted into bio oil and around the same amount of biomass being generated. This may be due to the reaction of methanol with algae using the NaOH as base catalyst. However, when the sample of algae of higher weight being taken for the study there is no such significant increase in biomass generated.

Table 1. Conversion of algae to bio-oil and generated biomass (lower bed samples) Samples

Weights

pH

Weight after taking from the pond

96.46 grams

-

Weight of the sample after washing with brine water

89.949 grams

-

Weight of bio-mass generated

56.327 grams

-

Weight of bio-oil (after solvent extraction)

36.88 ml

-

Weight of bio-oil (after trans-esterification)

5ml

12.4



The algae samples were taken from the top layer of the water body and weighted before each experiment. The algae samples of different weights were taken and used in different batch study. The analysis results obtained in all the experiments is summarized in Table2. Samples taken from the top layer of the reservoir: The sample has been taken from the different layer of the same reservoir. The first sample is taken from the bottom or the bed layer and the second sample is taken from the top layer of the reservoir. The sample is of different weight. Initially the weight of the sample taken is 96.46 grams and 115.974 grams. The final outcome, that is the oil obtained after the complete process

is measured to 5ml and 12 ml. The pH of the oil is measured using a digital pH meter. The value of the pH of the genrated oil is ranging between 12.1 to 12.4. The biodiesel generated from the algae biomass is shown in the Figure 5.

4. CONCLUSION The analysis can lead to the practical usage considering its entire notions and the requirements. These processes have been very promising as the whole world is trying to cut its carbon emission rate as it is a type of green and environmentfriendly energy. They are also very effective when utilized in remote areas or the areas where

Table 2. Algae conversion to bio-oil and biomass generated (upper surface level) Samples

Weights

pH

Weight after taking from the pond

115.974 grams

-

Weight of the sample after washing with brine water

105.495 grams

-

Weight of bio-mass generated

61.938 grams

-

Weight of bio-oil generated

36.87 ml

-

Weight of bio-oil (after trans-esterification)

12ml

12.1

Figure 5. Biofuel generated from the sample algae



it is a limitation for the conventional or the grid system to supply (Report: India: biomass for sustainable development (2011)). The energy generated by them can be very well utilized in the form of diesel in vehicular purposes of the area or for providing as cooking oil for the stoves. It can also be utilized in other needs too where power is a problem (Feasibility Report). This will considerably help in supporting the areas where the conventional form is unavailable. Every change in the beginning is little probabilistic but later that forms the very base of new inventions and platforms. By converting in other forms it can further be used in energy generation process. The raw material used is a waste material which also help in solving the waste management problems. Although the biooil generated is very less in quantity as compared to the raw material used in the manufacturing. But the raw material is abundantly available. That too unwanted. It can also be cultivated by improving their genetical nature (Harris, 2009) as they have high productivity and cannot be consumed in any other forms.

4.1. Nomenclature • • • • •

ASTM: International Journal of Engineering, Sciences and Technology Cs: Carbon Ht: Hydrogen O: Oxygen R: Alkyl molecule

REFERENCES Aggarwal, M., & Gupta, V. (2009). Biogas as future prospect for energy dependency and rural prosperity in India: Statistical analysis and economic impact. IEEE, 1-4244-4532-5. Bequette, W. (2006). Hydrogen and sustainable fuels. IEEE Control Systems Magazine. doi:10.1109/ MCS.2006.252813. Bull, S. R. (2001). Renewable energy today and tomorrow. IEEE, 0018–9219.

Chongkhong, S., Tongurai, C., Chetpattananondh, P., & Bunyakan, C. (2007). Biodiesel production by esterification of palm fatty acid distillate. Elsevier, ScienceDirect, Biomass and Bio-energy. doi: 10.1016 / j.biombioe.2007.03.001. Converse, A. O. (2012). Seasonal energy storage in a renewable energy system. IEEE Proceedings, 100, 0018-9219. Doig, A. (1999). Off-grid electricity for developing countries. IEE Review. doi:10.1049/ir:19990104. Feasibility report: Small scale bio-diesel production by waste management and research centre. Gerpen, J. V. (2005). Bio-diesel processing and production. Fuel Processing Technology, 86, 1097–1107. doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2004.11.005. Harris, A. (2009). Milking the microbes. Engineering & Technology magazine. Henico, A., Chodorge, J. A., & Forestiere, A. (2010). Esterfip, a transesterification process to produce bio-diesel from renewable energy sources. IEEE Spectrum. Limaa, D. G., Soaresa, V. C. D., Ribeiro, E. B., & Carvalhob, D. A., Cardoso a, E. C. V., Mundima, F. C. R. K. C., … Suarez, A. J. P. (2004). Diesel-like fuel obtained by pyrolysis of vegetable oils. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 71, 987–996. doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2003.12.008. Maunder, D. H., Brown, K. A., & Richards, K. M. (1995). Generating electricity from biomass and waste. Power Engineering Journal. doi:10.1049/ pe:19950406. Park, J. B. K., Craggs, R. J., & Shilton, A. N. (2011). Wastewater treatment high rate algal ponds for bio-fuel production. Bioresource Technology, 102, 35–42. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.158 PMID:20674341. Ramkumar, A., Butler, N. G., Rodriguez, A. P., & Venkata, S. S. (1993). Economic aspects of advanced energy technologies. IEEE, 00189219. Renita, A. A., Amarnath, D. J., Padhmananabhan, A., Dhamodaram, B., & Kizhakudan, J. (2010). Production of bio-diesel from marine macro algae. IEEE. Shah, S., Sharma, S., & Gupta, M. N. (2003). Enzymatic trans-esterification for bio-diesel production. Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics, 40, 392–399. PMID:22900366.



Starr, C. (1991). Global energy and electricity future. IEEE Power Engineering Review. doi:10.1109/39.90775. Urooj, S. Narayani, (2012, February 23-24). Nonconventional forms of renewable energy and their future prospects: A review. In Proceedings of the 6th National Conference on Computing for National Development (INDICOM- 2012), New Delhi, India.

World Bank. (2011). Biomass for sustainable development, lessons for decentralized energy delivery village energy security programme. India: World Bank to Village Energy Security Programme of the Government of India. South Asia Region. Yanning1, Z., Longyun1, K., Binggang2, C., Neng3, H. C., & Guohong, W. (2009). Renewable energy distributed power system with wind power and biogas generator. IEEE T&D Asia.

Shabana Urooj received B.E and M. Tech degrees. from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh and Doctorate from Jamia Millia Islamia New Delhi, India. She is Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Gautam Buddha University Greater Noida UP India. Her research interest includes bio-medical instrumentation, diagnosis of chronic diseases in early stages and environmental health hazards. Athar Hussain received B.E from Jamia Millia Islamia and M. Tech. from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh and Ph. D from IIT Roorkee, India. He is Assistant Professor in the Department of Civil Engineering, Gautam Buddha University Greater Noida UP India. His research interest includes Design and Development in the area of water and wastewater treatment systems, air quality monitoring and analysis, solid and hazardous waste management. Narayani Srivastava received B.Tech.in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from Hindustan Institute of Technology, Uttar Pradesh Technical University, India. She is pursuing her M. Tech. (Power System) from Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida U.P India. Her research interest includes renewable energy, bio-energy and biofuels. She is a student member of IEEE.


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