Biodiversity Resource Inventory - IUCN

Biodiversity Resource Inventory

Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski An Ecosystem-based Adaptation in Mountain Ecosystem in Nepal

INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE Nepal Country Office Kupondole, Lalitpur P.O.Box 3923, Kathmandu, Nepal Tel: +977 1 5528781 Fax: +977 1 5536786 Email: [email protected] www.iucn.org/nepal

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Biodiversity Resource Inventory Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski Research Team: Bhuvan Keshar Sharma (Team leader/Ecosystem and Biodiversity) Kiran Timalsina (Natural Resources Management) Roshani Rai & Surya Kumar Maharjan (Forestry) Anish Joshi & Biplob Rakhal (GIS /Database) Technical Advisor Team of IUCN Nepal: Anu Adhikari Rajendra Khanal Racchya Shah Sony Baral Dr. Yam Malla The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN. Published by: IUCN Nepal, Kupondole, Lalitpur, Nepal Edited by: Amit Poudyal & Anu Adhikari, IUCN Nepal Designed by: Naresh Subba (Limbu) & Amit Poudyal, IUCN Nepal Language editing: Dr. Bishnu Hari Baral

Copyright: © July, 2013 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder.

Available from: IUCN Nepal Kupondole, Lalitpur P.O. Box 3923, Kathmandu, Nepal Tel: (977-1) 5528781 Fax: (977-1) 5536786 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.iucn.org/nepal

This Report has been published under ‘Ecosystem-based Adaptation in Mountain Ecosyestem’ Project, jointly implemented by International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) with financial support from Germany’s Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU).

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Biodiversity Resource Inventory

Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski An Ecosystem-based Adaptation in Mountain Ecosystem in Nepal

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report provides the findings of biodiversity resource inventory of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC of Kaski district of Western Nepal. IUCN Nepal is grateful to Green Governance Nepal (GGN) for conducting the study and support to prepare the report in this form. Bhuvan Keshar Sharma, ecosystem and biodiversity specialist and also a Team Leader for this study deserves special appreciation. We would also like to appreciate the contribution of other team members. Kiran Timalsina (Natural Resources Management), Roshani Rai and Surya Kumar Maharjan (Forestry), Anish Joshi and Biplob Rakhal (GIS and Database) are also sincerely acknowledged. Special thanks goes to field enumerators, local resource persons and the technical experts: Asha Paudel, Pratima Bhandari, Anita Dandakhiya, Shiva Acchami, Him Lal Subedi and Kim Raj Paudel, without them this endeavour would not have been successful. The residents of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski are highly appreciated for their supports to carry out the field study. We are also indebted to those government and non-government organizations and individuals, who spent their precious time during consultations, discussions, meetings and field observations. Last but not least we would like to express our gratitude to all individuals who helped us in one way or another.

July, 2013

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) Project is being piloted in Nepal, Peru and Uganda with funding from German Government, Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) through its International Climate Initiative and is jointly implemented by International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). In Nepal, the Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation (MoFSC) is the implementing agency at the national level in partnership with UNDP, IUCN and UNEP while the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (MoSTE) plays an overall coordinating role. The pilot site for this project is the Panchase area, belonging to Kaski, Parbat and Syangja districts. The area is rich in biodiversity and is a paradise for orchids. In current decades, the area, not different from other parts of the country, is being affected by climate change. It is prerequisite to know the status for implementation of EbA activities and to assess the impacts of climate change on biodiversity of the area. Hence, this study is conducted to know the baseline of biodiversity in different ecosystems, particularly forest, agriculture land and wetland in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC of Kaski district. Inventory guidelines developed by MoFSC and participatory NTFP inventory guidelines developed by ANSAB were extensively followed in this study. Counting and measuring of flora and fauna in the VDC was done by laying composite plots on the ground. In addition, Focus Group Discussions (FGD), Key Informant Interviews (KII), household surveys, and transect walks were also done to collect the required data. The study found that the area is dominated by broad-leaved species with rich epiphytes, ferns and mosses. Among broad-leaved species, chilaune (Schima wallichii ), katus (Castanopsis indica) and rakchan (Daphniphyllum himalense ) are the most dominant species. Among different forest types, chilaune-katus forest supports high biodiversity and utis (Alnus nepalensis) forest supports low diversity. However, the regeneration status is opposite to biodiversity in such types of forests. The VDC consist of 263 floral species and 32 faunal species. Among ecosystem types, forest hosts highest floral and faunal biodiversity. In addition, forest consists of five endemic, two protected and one invasive species. The study has also found the existence of one of CITES Appendix II species, Cyathea spinulosa Wall. ex Hook. in the VDC. Likewise, diversity of areal species is high in the forest and vice versa in agriculture. The study also confirmed the existence of big mammals, such as brown bear, leopard and deer on the basis of their dropping scattered throughout the VDC. Despite of being rich in biodiversity the VDC also has several management issues in conserving it. Open grazing, ongoing road construction, forest fire, poaching, and illegal logging are some of the issues that are seriously threatening the biodiversity of the area. Some cases of humanwildlife conflict such as crop raiding by monkeys and wild hares were also found during the study. Similarly, some cases of leopard attack were also recorded. The study concludes that the change in social dimension mainly out-migration has positive impacts on biodiversity. This study has recommended for involvement of local communities in biodiversity conservation through, eco-tourism, cultural tourism, promotion of forest-based enterprises and promotion of organic agriculture.

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ACRONYMS & ABBREVIATIONS ANSAB BA BMU CB CBD CBNRM CBO CBS CC CF CFUG CITES DACAW DBH DDC DEM DHM D-tape EbA ES FGD FUG GGN GIS GPS I/NGOs IAS IUCN IVI KII LPG LRMP MAPs MDO MEA MoFSC MoSTE NTFPs NWP PA PCBUS PDDP PES RC

Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources Basal Area Ministry for the Environment, Nature conservation and Nuclear Safety Community Based Convention on Biological Diversity Community Based Natural Resource Management Community Based Organization Central Bureau of Statistics Climate Change Community Forest Community Forest Users' Group Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora Decentralized Action for Children and Women Diameter at Breast Height District Development Committee Digital Elevation Model Department of Hydrology and Metereology Diameter tape Ecosystem based Adaptation Ecosystem Services Focus Group Discussion Forest Users' Group Green Governance Nepal Geographic Information System Global Positioning System International/Non-Governemental Organizations Invasive Alien Species International Union for Conservation of Nature Importance Value Index Key Informant Interview Liquid Petrolium Gas Land Resource Mapping Project Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Machhapuchhre Development Organisation Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment Non Timber Forest Products National Wetland Policy Protected Area Panchase Chhetra Bikash Upabhokta Samiti Participatory District Development Programme Payment for Ecosystem Services Relative Coverage V

RD Rdo RF RP RS RUPP SNPP UNDP UNEP VDC WL

Relative Density Relative Dominance Rakchan Frequency Resource Person Remote Sensing Rural Urban Partnership Program Shree Nepal Panchadham Panchase United Nations Development Programme United Nations Environmental Programme Village Development Committee Wildlife

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TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................... I EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................... III ACRONYMS & ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... V 1.

INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background 1.2. Rationale of the Study 1.3. Objective of the Study 1.4. Management of the Study 1.5. Limitations of the Study 1.6. Organisation of the Report 1.7. Target Users 1.8. Glossary of Key Terms

.................................................................................... 1 .................................................................................... 1 .................................................................................... 1 .................................................................................... 2 .................................................................................... 2 .................................................................................... 2 .................................................................................... 3 .................................................................................... 3 .................................................................................... 3

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STUDY AREA : AN OVERVIEW .................................................................................... 4 2.1. Study Area - Panchase .................................................................................... 4 2.2. Study Site - Bhadaure Tamagi VDC .................................................................................... 4 2.3. Socio-economy .................................................................................... 5 2.4. Geology and Topography .................................................................................... 6 2.5. Altitude .................................................................................... 6 2.6. Slope and Aspect .................................................................................... 7 2.7. Climate .................................................................................... 7 2.8. Soil Type and Soil Fertility .................................................................................. 10

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APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY .................................................................................. 12 3.1. Study Design and Methodology .................................................................................. 12 3.2. Sampling Design for Participatory Forest Resource Inventory ......................................... 13 3.2.1. Size and shape of sample plots ............................................................................... 13 3.3. Field Arrangement .................................................................................. 14 3.3.1. Arrangement of field equipment and data collection formats .................................. 14 3.3.2. Formation of multidisplinary team ........................................................................... 14 3.3.3. Orientation to the field technicians .......................................................................... 14 3.3.4. Field demonstration to the field technicians ............................................................ 14 3.4. Field Inventory .................................................................................. 14 3.4.1. Field measurement .................................................................................. 14 3.4.2. Focus Group Discussion (FGD) .............................................................................. 14 3.4.3. Key Informant Interview (KII) .................................................................................. 15 3.4.4. Field observation and transect walk ........................................................................ 15 3.4.5. Secondary data collection ..................................................................................15 3.5. Geographical Information System (GIS) Mapping ............................................................. 15 3.5.1. Datasets used .................................................................................. 15 3.5.2. Mapping of Ecosystem types .................................................................................. 16 3.5.3. Mapping of biodiversity .................................................................................. 17 3.5.4. Mapping of services and institutes .......................................................................... 17 3.5.5. Development of GIS database ................................................................................ 17 3.6. Data Entry and Processing .................................................................................. 19 3.6.1. Quantitative analysis .................................................................................. 19 3.6.2. Qualitative analysis .................................................................................. 20

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS .................................................................................. 21 4.1. Ecosystem Types .................................................................................. 21 4.1.1. Forest Ecosystem .................................................................................. 22 4.1.2. Agriculture Ecosystem .................................................................................. 25 4.1.3. Water bodies (wetland) Ecosystem ......................................................................... 25 4.1.4. Pasture/grazing land .................................................................................. 26 4.2. Biodiversity .................................................................................. 27 4.2.1. Flora .................................................................................. 27 4.2.2. Fauna .................................................................................. 29 4.3. Hotspots - Flora and Fauna .................................................................................. 31

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OBSERVED ISSUES AND MANAGEMENT OPTIONS ............................................................... 33 5.1. Ecological Issues .................................................................................. 33 5.1.1. Open grazing .................................................................................. 33 5.1.2. On-going road construction .................................................................................. 33 5.1.3. Flooding/siltation .................................................................................. 33 5.1.4. Forest fire .................................................................................. 33 5.1.5. Agricultural land abandonment ................................................................................ 34 5.1.6. Illegal logging .................................................................................. 34 5.1.7. Illegal poaching .................................................................................. 34 5.1.8. Human wildlife conflict .................................................................................. 34 5.1.9. Spread of Invasive Alien Species (IAS) ................................................................... 34 5.2. Social issues .................................................................................. 34 5.2.1. Migration .................................................................................. 34 5.2.2. Overseas remittance .................................................................................. 35 5.2.3. Untouched forests .................................................................................. 35 5.3. Potential Options .................................................................................. 35 5.3.1. Community involvement in biodiversity conservation ............................................. 35 5.3.2. Ecotourism promotion .................................................................................. 35 5.3.3. Promotion of private sector investment in forest-based enterprises ...................... 36 5.3.4. Cultural tourism promotion .................................................................................. 36 5.3.5. Promotion of organic vegetable farming .................................................................. 36 5.3.6. PES potential .................................................................................. 36 5.3.7. Vulture conservation .................................................................................. 36 5.3.8. NTFPs Promotion .................................................................................. 37 5.4. Bio-indicators of Climate Change .................................................................................. 37 5.5. Ecosystemwise Management Options ............................................................................... 38

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CONCLUSIONS

.................................................................................. 39

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REFERENCES

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ANNEXURES Annex 1: Annex 2: Annex 3: Annex 4: Annex 5: Annex 6: Annex 7: Annex 8: Annex 9: Annex 10: Annex 11: Annex 12: Annex 13: Annex 14: Annex 15: Annex 16: Annex 17: Annex 18: Annex 19: Annex 20: Annex 21: Annex 22: Annex 23: Annex 24: Annex 24:

.................................................................................. 41 Glossary of Key Terms .................................................................................. 41 Tally Sheet Used for Forest Resource Inventory .................................................... 46 Checklist Used for Agriculture Resource Information Collection ............................ 47 Checklist Used for Faunal Resource Information Collection .................................. 48 Checklist Used for Anthropogenic Pressure and Natural Hazard Related Information Collection .................................................................................. 49 List of Sample Point Covered as Universe for Forest Resource Inventory ............ 50 List of Participants of FGDs and Key Informants .................................................... 52 Wardwise Major Ecosystems (Area in ha) .............................................................. 55 IVI of Canopy Layer Species .................................................................................. 56 Vegetation Type by Ward .................................................................................. 57 Seedling and Sapling Density by Vegetation Type.................................................. 58 Species Wise Density of Poles and Trees ............................................................... 60 Species Wise Growing Stock of Poles and Trees ................................................... 62 Cultivation Type by Ward .................................................................................. 64 Tree Species Found in Forest Ecosystem of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC .................... 65 Non-tree Species Found in Forest Ecosystem of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC ............. 67 Flora found in agriculture ecosystem of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC ............................ 72 Flora Found in Wetland Ecosystem of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC .............................. 75 Wild Fauna Found in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC ......................................................... 76 Domesticated Fauna Found in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC .......................................... 77 Wetland Fauna Found in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC ................................................... 78 Endemic Species Found in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC ............................................... 79 Protected Species Found in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC .............................................. 80 NTFP Species Found in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC .................................................... 81 Grassland in Bhadaure Tamagi by ward ................................................................. 87

LIST OF FIGURES Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7: 8: 9: 10: 11: 12: 13: 14: 15: 16: 17: 18: 19: 20: 21: 22: 23: 24: 25: 26: 27: 28: 29: 30: 31: 32: 33: 34: 35: 36:

Map showing the location of study area ............................................................... 5 Settlement in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC ................................................................... 5 Geological map of Bhadaure Tamagi ....................................................................6 Altitude map of Bhadaure Tamagi ......................................................................... 6 Slope map of Bhadaure Tamagi ........................................................................... 7 Aspect map of Bhadaure Tamagi ..........................................................................7 Annual average precipitation (1985-2010) ........................................................... 7 Seasonal precipitation trend (1985-2010) ............................................................8 Seasonal precipitation patterns (1985-2010) ........................................................8 Average annual temperature (Minimum) ..............................................................9 Mean winter rainfall (Source Bioclim, 2010) ......................................................... 9 Average annual maximum and minimum temperatures (1981-2011) ................10 Soil map of Bhadaure Tamagi ............................................................................. 10 Study framework ................................................................................................. 12 Layout of sample points for resource inventory ..................................................13 Diagrammatic representation of concentric circular plots...................................13 Participants of focus group discussion ............................................................... 15 Key informants during key informant interview ................................................... 15 Ortho-rectified RapidEye Image of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC ............................... 21 Ecosystem map of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC (Rapid Eye Image analysis) ........... 22 Epiphytic fern ......................................................................................................22 Major vegetation type ..........................................................................................22 Major cultivation types in Bhadaure Tamagi ....................................................... 26 Level Terraces seen in Bhadaure Tamagi ..........................................................26 Water bodies of Bhaudare Tamagi VDC ............................................................. 27 Water bodies in Study VDC a) Harpan Khola b) Ponds used by buffalo ............ 27 Grassland/grazing patches seen in Bhadaure Tamagi ....................................... 26 Chhatre (Tree fern, Cyathea spinulosa Wall. ex Hook.) .....................................28 Scats of Wild Animal ........................................................................................... 31 Vultures seen flying over the sky of Bhadaure Tamagi (left); Tiktike (right) ....... 31 Bird hotspots in Bhaduare Tamagi ......................................................................32 Wildlife hotspots in Bhaduare Tamagi ................................................................. 32 Plant hotspots in Bhadaure Tamagi ....................................................................32 Landslide triggered by on-going road construction ............................................33 Vulture roosting in a Lapsi tree ........................................................................... 36 Jalkumbi invasion in a pond in Chainpur, Bhadaure Tamagi VDC ..................... 37

LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Table 2: Table 3: Table 4: Table 5: Table 6: Table 7: Table 8: Table 9: Table 10: Table 11: Table 12: Table 13: Table 14: Table 15: Table 16: Table 17: Table 18: Table 19:

Population distribution in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC ................................................. 5 Methods used for information collection .............................................................. 12 Datasets used for the study ................................................................................. 16 List of GIS Datasets Developed .......................................................................... 18 GIS Standards Adopted ....................................................................................... 18 Major ecosystem of Bhadaure Tamagi ................................................................ 21 Major Vegetation Types ....................................................................................... 23 Vegetation types by altitude ................................................................................. 23 Species Composition by Vegetation Type ........................................................... 23 Seedling and Sapling Density by vegetation type ............................................... 24 Density of Poles and Trees ................................................................................ 25 Growing Stock of Poles and Trees ...................................................................... 24 Major Cultivation Types ....................................................................................... 26 Species Richness of Ecosystems by Taxa ......................................................... 28 Number of Floral Species found in Bhadure Tamagi by Life Form ..................... 29 Types of Vegetable found in the Study VDC ....................................................... 29 Ecological Status of Floral Species ..................................................................... 29 Fauna in the Forest and Agriculture Ecosystem ................................................. 31 Status of faunal species ....................................................................................... 31

Biodiversity Resource Inventory: Ecosystem Assessment of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, Kaski

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background The Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) Project for mountain ecosystems in Nepal, Peru and Uganda aims to strengthen the capacities of these three countries, which are particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts in Ecosystem-based Adaptation approaches. The project targets to strengthen ecosystem resilience of these countries and reduce vulnerability of local communities with particular emphasis on mountain ecosystems. The project is funded by the Federal Ministry of the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU), Germany through its International Climate Initiative, and is jointly implemented by IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP), and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). In Nepal, the Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation (MoFSC) is the implementing agency at the national level in partnership with UNDP, IUCN and UNEP, while the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (MoSTE) plays an overall coordinating role. The pilot site for this project is the Panchase area belonging to Kaski, Parbat and Syangja districts. The area is vulnerable to climate change, with negative impacts on water resources, agriculture and biodiversity. The project is designed on the premise that social and human adaptation is best achieved by ensuring the continued provision of ecosystem services and enhancing human capacity to address current challenges and future uncertainties, especially in contexts such as the mountains of Nepal where communities are still significantly dependent on ecosystem services for their primary livelihoods. The project has four major components: (i) the development of methodology and tools for mountain ecosystems; (ii) the application of the above tools and methodology at the national level; (iii) the implementation of EbA pilots at the ecosystem level; and (iv) the formulation of national policies and building an economic case for EbA at the national level. Half of the area of Panchase was declared as a protected forest from MoFSC. It has been the focus of national, regional and local development considering its high natural resource significance as well as its potential for eco-tourism. It is considered to be a hotspot biodiversity. The area contains various types of ecosystems - wetland, forest, agriculture and grassland, and 107 types of orchids. Furthermore, Bhaudare Tamagi, the largest VDC of the Panchase area, represents all four types of ecosystems in this area. In this context, this assessment tried to assess the detailed biodiversity resources of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC.

1.2. Rationale of the Study Ecosystem-based Adaptation is a new concept. In order to understand the function of ecosystems, their composition needs to be assessed. As each flora and fauna has a specific and important role in maintaining ecosystems, this study was conducted to gain an overall impression of biodiversity composition. It also assessed different ecosystems with particularly focus on biodiversity, landscape management and climate change adaptation as well as the functions of the various ecosystems within the VDC. The major aim of this study was to assess the overall ecosystem status of the VDC so that it will help visualize VDC conditions as well as identify site specific management options. The inventory is expected to produce baseline status of the existing biodiversity scenario of the VDC and to know the status of various ecosystems. Moreover, it will support for further monitoring of the sites and to know the changes in the status of the ecosystem. It was, therefore, necessary to establish base-line values for different indicators mentioned in monitoring and evaluation matrix of the programme. This study also provides insights into interrelation between the programme's target groups and different ecosystems.

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1.3. Objective of the Study The overall objective of the study were to undertake a comprehensive biodiversity resource inventory of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC of the Panchase Area with clear mapping of all important ecosystems, including forest, agriculture, wetland and water body. Specific objectives were to: a. carry out a detailed taxonomic inventory of biodiversity (both flora and fauna) resources and identify their conservation status (in terms of rarity, endemism, invasive nature and so forth); b. analyse the vulnerability of identified endemic and threatened biodiversity with respect to climate change and human induced threats; c. provide site specific management options to help in the mitigation of threats/pressure associated with identified threatened species; d. identify bio-indicators for further long-term monitoring and assessment of a local- level impact of climate change; and e. prepare geo-morphological GIS maps showing the study area's land-use pattern, vegetation, climatic condition and species habitat.

1.4. Management of the Study The study was successfully accomplished in close coordination and collaboration with Green Governance Nepal (GGN), the implementing agency for the study, and IUCN, the funding agency. Rajendra Khanal of IUCN was responsible for overall coordination of the study. Similarly, Anu Adhikari and Sony Baral of IUCN were assigned as the main focal persons and were responsible for coordination and communication with relevant stakeholders, monitoring of the study and providing required backstopping support to the study team. The focal persons and other team members of IUCN provided invaluable inputs in finalising methodology and implementing the study. They also provided inputs on the report. From GGN's side, a multi-disciplinary team of 12 professionals was involved to accomplish the study (for details of the study team, see Project Team section). To make a common understanding among the study team members and the field researchers about the study and to familiarise the field researchers and locally hired resource persons with the process of information collection and checklists, a three-day orientation was organised in Pokhara prior to field work. This ensured efficient data collection in the field.

1.5. Limitations of the Study The timing of the study was observed as a major constraint of the study. The non-flowering season made identification of plant species difficult, especially orchid species. The winter season, a time for the hibernation of the majority of cold blooded fauna, could be one of the reasons for absent or limited sighting of aquatic and terrestrial fauna in the field. Ecological sampling was limited only to the forest, and no ecological sampling was carried out for agriculture and wetlands due to seasonal differences. Furthermore, the sampling was intended for plant species which could not cover animal species. Data and statistics on agriculture, water bodies and fauna were based mainly on field observation, transect walk, focus group discussion, key-informant interview and secondary sources. The study does not cover the diversity of microbes in the area. As December is the off season to grow agricultural crops, interactions on agriculture growing patterns and their main outcomes could not be indicated in the study time.

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1.6. Organisation of the Report Chapter 1 covers the background, rationale, objectives, limitations and target users of the study. Chapter 2 gives an overview of the study area in terms of physiography, socio-economic situation, geology and environmental situation of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC and of the whole district. Chapter 3 provides details on approaches and methodology, including study design, methodology, sampling design for participatory forest resource inventory, field arrangement and field inventory. Chapter 4 contains results obtained from the field data and secondary information of the study area whereas discussion provides the scenario of the study findings. Chapter 5 includes ecological, social, bioindicators and ecosystemwise management option. Chapter 6 concludes the study and recommends some management options for implementation.

1.7. Target Users The primary target users of this report are IUCN, EbA Project team and partner organisations working directly or indirectly in the Panchase area. The report is also targeted for researchers, academicians, local communities, the government and non-governmental organisations in Kaski, Syangja and Parbat districts, and development partners working closely with the Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, the Ministry of Agriculture Development and their respective departments.

1.8. Glossary of Key Terms Major technical terms used in this report are described in Annex 1.

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2. STUDY AREA : AN OVERVIEW 2.1. Study Area - Panchase The Panchase area is situated at the junction of three districts - Kaski, Parbat and Syangja. It is situated in the mid-hills of Nepal, west of Pokhara, at longitudes between 830 45' and 830 57' E and at latitudes between 280 12' and 280 18' N. This region is densely populated by subsistence farmers, and livestock rearing is an integral part of their livelihood. Altitude ranges from 815 m at Harpan River to 2517 m at the peak of Panchase hill whereas the forest ranges from 1450 m to the peak and receives more than 5000 mm precipitation per year. The Panchase hill is the origin of many rivers and tributaries supplying water to the lowland villages and a primary source for Phewa Lake. The lower limit of Panchase is enriched by flooded rivers and agricultural lands. Varieties of terrain types and climatic variations ranging from upper tropical to moist temperate has allowed Panchase to give rise to a great diversity of ecosystems and species. Hill sal forest, pine forest, schima-castanopsis forest, and oak forest are the major types of forests in the Panchase area. At present, 68.69 percent of the forest is protected forest and the rest is community forest (Aryal and Dhungel, 2009). Panchase is a rich area in biodiversity (Koirala 1998), possessing a total of 310 plants, out of which about 100 species are NTFPs and 113 orchids. The Panchase area holds immense potential for establishing micro-enterprises based on several NTFPs like lokta (Daphne bholuwa), mollah (Viburnum mullaha), allo (Girardinea diversifolia), nigalo (Arundinaria species) that are found in a good number. Lokta can be used for making Nepali paper, allo for weaving cloth, nigalo for making bamboo products, and mollah for extracting good valued juice with a sweetishsour taste. Common fodder trees in the Panchase area are pakhuri (Ficus glaberrima), dudhilo (Ficus nerifolia), nebaro (Ficus roxburghii), kabhro (Ficus lacoor), khanyu (Ficus semicordata), gogan (Sasaurrea napaulensis), badahar (Artocarpus lakoocha), bedulo (Streblus asper) and others. Tejpat (Cinnamomum tamala), sugandhkokila (Cinnamomum glaucescens), amriso (Thysolaena maxima), chiraito (Swertia chirayita), timur (Zanthoxylum armatum), lapsi (Choerospondias axillaris), kurilo (Asparagus racemosus) etc. are common NTFPs of the area. Besides these, chiraito (Swertia chirayita), satuwa (Paris polyphylla) and kurilo (Asparagus racemosus) are important medicinal plants with high market value. The ethnic composition of the area constitutes Brahmin, Chhetri, Gurung, Bishwokarma, Nepali, Pariyar, Magar and Thakali, where Gurung communities inhabit at higher elevations and Brahmins and Chhetris at lower elevations. Of these, Gurungs and Magars are indigenous to the area, and Bishwokarma, Nepali and Pariyar are disadvantaged groups. Approximately 40,000 people live in and around the Panchase area sustaining their livelihood by utilizing resources and products (fodder, firewood, timber, edible, medicinal plants, etc.) of the same area (Bhattarai et al. 2012).

2.2. Study Site - Bhadaure Tamagi VDC Of the 17 VDCs in the Panchase Protected Area, Bhadaure Tamagi is the one of the largest VDCs. It extends to an area of 2504.26 ha and is inhabited primarly by Gurungs. Similar to other areas and Panchase in general, Gurungs and other ethnic groups have inhabited upper elevation areas while Brahmins and Chhetris lower elevation areas. The VDC stretches at latitudes between 28o12'35" and 28o16'34" and at longitudes between 83o48'14" and 83o52'52" (Figure 1). The VDC has a consistent bioclimate (upper tropical to moist temperate) as Panchase has (UNDP/ MDO, 2006) and annual precipitation is 3355 mm. The major part of the Panchase forest lies in

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Bhadaure Tamagi. 76 percent of the VDC is covered by forest. The altitude of the VDC varies from 815 m to 2484 m. The lower and middle parts of the VDC are dominated by chilaunekatus forest while the upper part is dominated by rakchan forest. The major part of the forest is north, east or north-east facing and thus there are plenty of possibilities for NTFPs and MAPs. Chhatre (tree fern, Cyathea spinulosa), which falls under the CITES Appendix II, is abundant above Kutbidada to Sidhane and around Harpankot of Bhadaure Tamagi in the gulley. However, local inhabitants use tender parts to make pickles so the population of tree ferns is in decline.

Figure 1: Map showing the location of study area

2.3. Socio-economy Approximately 40,000 people live in the Panchase area (there are 17 VDCs in this). They depend on forests for their livelihood (fodder, forage, fuelwood, timber, edible and medicinal plants). Out of this population, 3,286 (1,487 are males and 1,799 are females) individuals live in Bahdaure Tamagi VDC. There are 878 households in the VDC, with an average of four members per household (Figure 2 and Table 1). Information on literacy, income source, occupation, caste and ethnic composition of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC was collected during the field work. However, the overall information on all these demographic situations is not very different than that of the overall rate of the district. According to the census of 2011, the literacy rate of Kaski district is 82.4 percent. Similarly, 52 percent of the population is involved in agriculture, and 11 and 9 percent of the population actively participate in industrial and business sectors respectively. The lower area of the VDC is densely populated by subsistence farmers, and livestock rearing is an integral part of their livelihood (Bhattarai et al., 2012). As livestock comprises a major part of agroecological system of the Panchase area, fodder collection is the second most important biomass outtake, especially in dry and lean periods when on-farm fodder is particularly sparse. The preferred fodder species are Schima wallichii, Castanopsis indica , C. tribuloides , Eurya acuminata, Prunus sp., Quercus lamellosa and Q. semicarpifolia. However, their productivity is constrained by outcompeting for nutrients by Eupatorium (Bhattarai et al., 2012).

Figure 2: Settlement in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC

Table 1: Population distribution in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC

Ward

Household

Male

Female

Total

1

201

325

463

788

2

53

85

93

178

3

45

83

89

172

4

127

206

272

478

5

294

547

610

1,157

6

27

40

47

87

7

43

72

87

159

8

28

38

47

85

9

60

91

91

182

Total

878

1,487

1,799

3,286

Source: Preliminary results of Census 2011, CBS

5


2.4. Geology and Topography The Himalayas, of which Bhadaure Tamagi VDC is a part, is the youngest mountain range in the world, and consists of highly metamorphosed complex rock like gneisses, phyllites, mica schist, etc (Carson, 1992). A geological map of the study area is presented in Figure 3.

Figure 3: Geological map of Bhadaure Tamagi

However, the underlying rock is not of prime importance to the vegetation (Arneberg, 1995). Altitude, rainfall, and aspect are the most important factors determining the main vegetation types (Stainton and Polunin, 1984). The topography is extremely rugged with massive mountain ridges and gentle to steep slopes. The study site is found to be highly susceptible to erosions (LAC, 2000). Terracing is mandatory to control erosion when used for arable agriculture.

2.5. Altitude Bhadaure Tamagi is one of the largest VDCs in the Panchase area. It extends to an area of 2504.26 ha. The altitude of the VDC ranges from 815 m at the Harpan khola flood plains to 2484 m at the peak of Panchase hill (Figure 4).

Figure 4: Altitude map of Bhadaure Tamagi

6


2.6. Slope and Aspect The topography is extremely rugged with massive mountain ridges and gentle to steep slopes. Generally the slope ranges from 21o to 52o. The major part of the VDC is north, east or northeast facing and thus there are plenty of possibilities for NTFPs and MAPs. Slope is classified into six major classes depending on the degree of slope. Less than 210 is categorized as gentle slope while more than 520 as extreme slope (Figure 5 and Figure 6).

Figure 5: Slope map of Bhadaure Tamagi

Figure 6: Aspect map of Bhadaure Tamagi

2.7. Climate This part of Kaski district is located in sub-tropical climatic zone and receives an average annual rainfall of 338 mm (over the period of 25 years from 1985 to 2010) with the highest rainfall occurring in the monsoon of 1988 (with the total rainfall of 4936.6 mm). The average annual number of days of rainfall occurrence is 128 days (from years 1985 to 2010) with a maximum of 164 days recorded in the year 1985 (Figure 7).

Figure 7: Annual average precipitation (1985-2010) (from DHM station 0813 Bhadaure)

7


The seasonal1 precipitation trend over the past 25 years (1985-2010) shows an average rainfall of 473 mm in the pre-monsoon season, 3336 mm in the monsoon season, 171mm in the post- monsoon season and 82 mm in the winter season (Figure 8). The seasonal precipitation patterns (total rainfall) of the last 25 years is shown in Figure 9.The highest and lowest mean monsoonal rainfall in Bhadaure region is 902 mm and 308mm (Figure 10). Similarly, the mean maximum winter rainfall is 17mm and minimum 9 mm in the VDC area (Figure 11). Figure 8: Seasonal precipitation trend (1985-2010)

As per downscaled global projected climate data of Bioclim, the extremeness of temperature scenario in both maximum and minimum in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC had been more significant in the subtropical region that covers the inner valley and plains of Harpan Khola and Khahare Khola existed in the eastern part of the region. Ward 5 will absorb maximum temperature (31oC) followed by wards 3, 4 and 6. At the same time minimum temperature will decline below 00C throughout the region; however, its extremeness will be observed around the cool temperate region in south western flank surrounding Panchase peak in ward 9. Other regions of ward 5, 7, 8 and 9 will exhibit warm temperate climate condition.

Figure 9: Seasonal precipitation patterns (1985-2010)

1

Pre-monsoon months are March-May; Monsoon months are June-September; Post-Monsoon months are OctoberNovember and Winter months are December-February

8


Figure 10 : Average annual temperature (Minimum)

Figure 11: Mean winter rainfall (Source Bioclim, 2010)

The spatial distribution of precipitation data shows two different scenarios, namely during monsoon and winter seasons. It is observed from the above figures that the entire part of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC receives a good amount of rainfall annually. The gridded data shows that during monsoon the rainfall distribution pattern will be more than 902 mm along the ridges from central north to south direction whereas the other part will receive not less than 308 mm rainfall. The most benefited wards of monsoon rainfall in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC are wards 1, 2, 3, 7, 8 and 9. Interestingly, other than these wards, especially wards 4 and 5, the eastern parts of wards 3 and 6 and the western parts of 7 and 9 receive a good amount of rainfall (16mm) in the winter season. The average annual maximum and minimum temperatures (from 1981-2011, DHM station no. 0814, Lumle; Figure 12) vary from 20.230 C to 120 C. The hottest months were recorded in the year 2009, with a maximum of 220C and the coldest of 110C was recorded in the winter months of 2011 (Figure 12).

9


Figure 12: Average annual maximum and minimum temperatures (1981-2011, Station 0814)

2.8. Soil Type and Soil Fertility Located in the middle mountain physiographic region of the country, Bhadaure Tamagi VDC in the Panchase Protected Forest Area consists of almost all the land forms and land types typical of the physiographic region, except a few. Harpan khola, the major river flowing through the area along with khahare kholas (seasonal streams), have made a strip of alluvial plains. Soil in these alluvial plains varies with the proximity to the rivers. Areas adjacent to the rivers have fragmental sandy Psaments with some Ustorthents as well. These soils may not be suitable for cultivation because of their relatively coarse texture and excessive drainage. Moreover, they are very prone to flood hazard during monsoon. These areas are better left for grass lands and some riverine trees. Those areas which are occasionally flooded have Ustifluvents and Fluvaquents with gravelly sandyloam/loam soils over sands and gravels. These areas with occasional flood hazards are generally suitable for selective winter crops with good water management practices. Areas away from the flood events and adjacent to foothills generally have well to moderately well drained coarse loamy Ustochrepts and at places Eepiaquic Haplustepts. These areas are suitable for paddy in the monsoon season, and with irrigation facility, a wide range of winter crops can be grown.

Figure 13: Soil map of Bhadaure Tamagi

10


In the moderately steep mountainous terrain, cultivation occurs generally on the slopping as well as level terraces. The slopping terraces generally have moderately deep skeletal loamy and sandy Dystrochrepts and Ustochrepts. These areas are best suited to maize- based cropping systems. The level terraces generally have well to moderately well drained Epiaquic and Anthraquic coarse loamy Ustochrepts and Haplustepts and are better suited to paddy in the rainy season and diverse winter crops with good water managemewnt practices. The forested moderately steep mountainous terrain has well- drained coarse loamy Haplumbrepts and Hapludepts. The steep to very steep mountainous terrain which are mostly under forest have sandy and skeletal loamy Lithic and Paralithic Dystrochrepts and Ustorthents. These areas are not suited to agriculture and maintainence of good vegetational cover is necessary as they are vulnerable to degradation.

11


3. APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY 3.1. Study Design and Methodology A series of meetings and discussions were held with IUCN Programme Team to discuss study methods, determine the sample size, and finalise the checklist for information collections. MoFSC inventory guidelines and ANSAB participatory NTFP inventory guidelines were thoroughly reviewed to come up with a biodiversity resource inventory method. Based on those meetings and discussions with IUCN Programme Team and review of relevant literature, the following study methods (Table 2) were agreed and used for information collection required for the study. Based on the information obtained from participatory resource inventory and transect walk, resource status and threats were assessed. Resource inventory provided information on cover, density, abundance, growing stock and regeneration status of important species. Table 2: Methods used for information collection Ecosystem Forest

* * * * * *

Field observation Transect walk Participatory resource inventory Consultation with stakeholder Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and Key Informant Interview (KII)

Agriculture/wetland or water body/grassland

* * * * *

Field observation Transect walk Consultation with stakeholder Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and Key Informant Interview (KII)

Figure 14: Study framework

12


Transect walk provided information on threats based on anthropogenic disturbances and ecosystem health. Consultation with stakeholders, FGD and KII provided the overall information of the VDC. They were particularly used to compile information on the perception of the local people. A tally sheet (Annex 2) was developed for a participatory resource inventory. Checklists as shown in Annex 3, 4 and 5 were developed for consultation with stakeholders, FGD and KII. A detailed methodological framework of the study area is presented in Figure 14.

3.2. Sampling Design for Participatory Forest Resource Inventory The Land Resource Mapping Project (1984) maps were taken as basis for determining sampling intensity and laying out sample points for participatory forest resource inventory. LRMP (1984) has categorized the forests of Bhadaure Tamagi into two types, namely deciduous mixed broad-leaved forest and hill sal Forest. These two forest types were taken as two different strata and the sample points were systematically laid out at every 250 m x 250 m throughout the forest. Points located along the alternative columns from left were considered for the inventory. Furthermore, for convenience during the field measurement, points located in the area with more than 300 slope were discarded. This left the study team with 73 points: 69 points in deciduous mixed broad-leaved forest and 4 in hill sal forest (Figure 15).

Figure 15: Layout of sample points for resource inventory

3.2.1. Size and shape of sample plots The XY coordinates of laid out sample plots were transferred to GPS for navigation and field measurement (Annex 6). Once the points were located, concentric circular plots were laid out at each sample point for the field measurement. Figure 16 shows that concentric circular plots of 500 m2, 300 m2, 25 m2 and 10 m2 were used for measurement of trees, poles, saplings and seedlings respectively. Number of individuals of each species was recorded in all plots. The diameter at breast height (DBH, 1.37m) and height for trees and poles were also recorded. The tally sheet used for recording and the list of the sample points used in the study area are presented in Annex 2 and Annex 6 respectively. Along with these parameters, other geographical, edaphic and climatic disturbance characteristics were also recorded for each plot.

Figure 16: Diagrammatic representation of concentric circular plots used for forest resource

13


3.3. Field Arrangement 3.3.1. Arrangement of field equipment and data collection formats Field inventory equipment, including GPS, diameter-tape, linear tape and height measuring instruments, was assembled. Field equipment was prepared, checked and calibrated beforehand. A set of checklist format was also prepared and handed over to the field team.

3.3.2. Formation of multidisplinary team A forest measurement team was formed consisting of botanist, forest technician, technician from district forest office, project technical staff and local resource person. The data collection process was entirely participatory. Local forest users' groups members were involved in the measurement and preparing the participatory resource map, which helped in sampling design and planning inventory.

3.3.3. Orientation to the field technicians Three-day orientation training was organised for information compilation and forest resource inventory based on the checklist and format developed before going to the field. All the field technicians attended the training and became familiar with the process of information collection, and were subsequently deployed to their respective fields. The main objective of the orientation was to ensure that they would able to handle the equipment and perform the inventory task consistently.

3.3.4. Field demonstration to the field technicians In the fourth day, the entire field technicians were taken into a forest to demonstrate the inventory methods. Firstly, participants were trained in using different equipment required for inventory works. Then the participants were trained on measuring the slope of the terrain and correcting the slope. Secondly, they were trained on laying inventory plots of different sizes for herbs, shrubs and trees on the ground. Thirdly, they were trained on how to count and measure different species in each plot. Finally, they were trained on recording data in respective formats.

3.4. Field Inventory 3.4.1. Field measurement Observations were made and measurements of species found in each plot were done. Once the centre of sampling plot was located using GPS, plots of four different sizes (Figure 16) were established for observation and measurement. All the regeneration of the prioritized species was also counted and recorded. Likewise, crown diameter was measured from the observation.

3.4.2. Focus Group Discussion (FGD) The study team also conducted focus group discussions (FGDs) with the project beneficiaries to compile information of existing forest management practices, farming system and socioeconomic conditions of the VDC. The FGDs were also used as opportunities to reflect on the

14


current status, trends and issues related to biodiversity conservation, landscape management, climate change adaptation, and ecosystem management in the study area. Altogether five FGDs, covering all wards of the VDC, were conducted during the study. Figure 17 shows the ongoing discussion of FGD in the study area (for the checklists used for FGDs, see Annex 3, 4 and 5). Information collected from FGD and other field measurements were validated by published and unpublished literature, forest operational plans and management activities going in the field.

Figure 17: Participants of focus group discussion

3.4.3. Key Informant Interview (KII) Altogether 15 key informants were interviewed for compiling detailed information on specific subjects such as MAPs in the area; forest management practices; cropping system; land use history. The list of key informants is included in Annex 7 and Figure 18.

3.4.4. Field observation and transect walk

Figure 18: Key informants during key informant interview

Field observation and transect walk were used to compile information on forest, agriculture, pasture and wetland biodiversity. This provided a clear overview of the VDC. Transect walks were also used as opportunities to compile information on wild animals and other ecosystems in the VDC.

3.4.5. Secondary data collection Available DFO's records and constitutions and operational plans of CFUGs were used for compiling information on total number and area of CF handed over and benefitted population. CFUGs' records were helpful in undertaking resource inventory, determing species composition and density of forests.

3.5. Geographic Information System (GIS) Mapping Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing based imagery analysis along with ground observation data were used for biodiversity inventory design as well as for mapping environmental/bio-climatic variables, ecosystems and their components. GIS databases were developed for various bio-physical parameters and components of ecosystems. The following sub-section briefly presents the approaches and methodology used for mapping and developing database for various components under this study.

3.5.1. Datasets used Various available datasets were used for developing/generating new datasets for biodiversity inventory and mapping of ecological components. These datasets and sources are listed in Table 3.

15


Table 3: Datasets used for the study S.No.

Datasets

Sources/Year

1

Topographic datasets

1:25,000 scale National Topographic Database, Survey Department, 2001

2

Land Utilization and Land System Maps

1:50,000 scale LRMP Land Utilization Map and Land System Maps, Kenting Earth Science, 1986

3

Climate datasets raster (Mean annual temperature, mean precipitation

BioClim, downloaded from http://www.worldclim.org/bioclim

4

RapidEye (RE) 5m Satellite Imageries

FRA Nepal Project, 2012

5

Other datasets

Genesis Consultancy (P) Ltd., 2005-2010

3.5.2. Mapping of Ecosystem types Ecosystem types viz. forest ecosystem, agriculture ecosystem and water body (wetland ecosystem) were mapped using high resolution RapidEye (RE) satellite image of the year 2010/11. RapidEye image was classified using segmentation and object classification method using eCognition software tool for mapping ecosystem types. A further classification of forest ecosystem was done based on vegetation types into chilaunekatus forest, hill sal forest, rakchan forest and utis forest. The forest types were classified and mapped using RE satellite imageries and inventory data, taking terrain slope and aspect as other parameters. Agriculture ecosystem was sub-classed based on topography and cropping pattern of the region following LRMPs classification scheme. The cultivation classes identified and mapped in the VDC region are flood plain cultivation (lower river terraces), river terrace cultivation (upper river terraces) in the valley floor/river flood plain area; level terrace cultivation, and sloping terrace cultivation in the hilly areas (Box 1).

BOX 1: CULTIVATION TYPES Flood plain cultivation (Lower river terraces): The flood plain cultivation is the lower river terraces in the valley floor. These river terraces are the flood plains generally with one crop of rice. River terrace cultivation (Upper river terraces): The river terrace cultivation is the upper river terraces with occasional flooding. Rice or seasonal vegetables are grown in the upper river terraces cultivation area in general. Level terrace cultivation: The level terrace cultivation in the hilly region (hill slope cultivation) comprises terraces of up to 4o either backward sloping towards the hillside or forward sloping. Single monsoonal upland rice is grown with rain-fed water or hill irrigation system. Terraces where rice is grown are known as khet (low land?). Rice is followed mainly by wheat or fallow in the dry season. Sloping terrace cultivation: Terraces in the hilly region with convex, concave or straight sloping surfaces are sloping terraces. Sloping terraces are found on upper slopes and spurs throughout the hilly region. These sloping terraces are known as bari or pakho (upland?) under Nepalese land classification terminology. Dominant cropping pattern in this type of cultivation land is maize during monsoon followed by millet, potato/mustard or wheat. In narrower sloping terraces maize or millet is often followed by fallow.

16


Agriculture sub-classes were classified and mapped using RE satellite images, terrain slope parameters and ground observation of the cultivation pattern. Grass land and grazing patches were mapped using high resolution Google Earth image. Only small privately owned or abandoned land with grass cover was found in the VDC. Water bodies (wetland ecosystem) consisting of rivers, streams and ponds were mapped using satellite images and ground observation.

3.5.3. Mapping of biodiversity Floral and faunal bio-diversity and their hotspots were mapped using RE images and ground observation data. The richness of forest species was mapped based on the occurrences of species types in the inventory plot using GIS- based geostatistical analysis of the richness parameter to create a species richness map. The hotspots of the selected flora and fauna species (bird and wildlife) were mapped based on ground observation, participatory mapping and location of the hotspots using GPS.

3.5.4. Mapping of services and institutes Services (including ecosystem services) and institutes were mapped based on ground location using GPS and participatory mapping approaches. These services are categorized and mapped under the following classes: • • • • • • • • • •

Agriculture Commercial Cultural Educational Infrastructure Institutional Public Religious Social/public Tourism

3.5.5. Development of GIS database GIS database and datasets were developed for the ecosystem and its (aforementioned) components based on the RE satellite images and field measurement/observation and participatory mapping approaches. An attribute database was developed based on field measurement/observation and participatory mapping and other secondary sources. GIS datasets developed under the study and technical standards adopted are presented in Tables 4 and 5. The catalogue of attribute data and metadata is summarized in Table 4. The standards of GIS data used for the analysis is given in Table 5.

17


Table 4: List of GIS Datasets Developed

S.No.

Datasets/Layers

Remarks

A

Administrative

1

Panchase region boundary

Based on national topographic data

2

17 VDC boundaries in Panchase


3

Wards boundaries in 17 VDCs


B

Bio-physical and environment

4

Altitude/Digital Elevation Model (DEM)

DEM generated from 20m contours

5

Slope & Aspect

Derived from DEM

6

Average Annual Temperature

Analyzed from DHM data and Bioclim

7

Average Precipitation

Analyzed from DHM data and Bioclim

8

Geology

Based on regional geological map, DMG

9

Soil Type

Based on LRMP Land Utilization Map

C

Topographic and hydrography

10

Terrain contours and spot levels


11

Road infrastructure

Based on data from DoR

12

River and Streams


13

Watershed and Sub-watershed boundaries

Based on watershed deleniaiton using SWAT model

14

Water bodies (Ponds)

Based on national topographic data and mapped from field observation

D

Ecosystem and Components

15

Biodiversity inventory plots

Based on field observation and GPS location

16

Ecosystem Types

Based on RE images and field data

17

Vegetation Types

Based on RE images and field inventory data

18

Vegetation Species Richness

Based on RE images and field inventory data

17

Cultivation Types

Based on RE image and field observation

20

Wildlife Hotspots

Based on field observation and GPS location and participatory mapping

21

Bird Hotspots

Based on field observation and GPS location and participatory mapping

E

Rapid Eye 5m satellite imagery

Ortho rectified satellite imagery

Table 5: GIS Standards Adopted S.No.

18

Parameters

Details

1

Coordinate Reference System (CRS)

Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 44 N

2

Spheroid

World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84)

3

Data formats

Vector: ESRI Shape File; Raster: GeoTIFF


3.6. Data Entry and Processing Resource inventory data were entered in MS Excel by developing standard data entry format to develop a database and for further analysis. Similarly, information compiled from FGDs, KII, and observations and transect walks and secondary sources were entered in a custom developed data entry software for easy data management and analysis. Data were analysed both qualitatively and quantitatively.

3.6.1. Quantitative analysis The quantitative data on seedlings, saplings, poles and trees obtained from forest resource inventory were analysed to calculate quantitative vegetation parameters like density, frequency, basal area with their relative values and Importance Value Index (IVI) for classification of forest ecosystem into major vegetation types. They were further analysed to calculate growing stock of pole and tree using the following formulas:

Density and relative density Density expresses the numerical strength of the presence of a species in a community. It is the number of individuals per unit area and is expressed as number per hectare.

Relative density is the density of a species with respect to the total density of all species.

[Source : Zobel et al. 1987]

Frequency and relative frequency Frequency is the number of sampling units in which particular species occur, thus expressing the dispersion of various species in a community. It refers to the degree of dispersion in terms of the percentage of occurrence.

Relative frequency is the frequency of a species in relation to other species.

[Adapted from Raunkiaer 1934]

Basal Area and Relative Basal Area Basal area is the space covered per unit area by plant stems estimated by measuring diameter at breast height (DBH). It is one of the chief characteristics to determine dominance. Relative basal area is the proportion of basal area of species to the sum of the basal area of all species.

19


[Adapted from Zobel et al. 1987]

Importance Value Index (IVI) Importance Value Index (IVI) was introduced by Curtis and McIntosh (1951) as an index of vegetation importance of any species to express ecological success with a single value within a stand. It is the function of Relative Density (RD), Relative Frequency (RF) and Relative Basal Area (RBA) or Relative Coverage (RC) for shrubs of each species. This index provides a quantitative basis for the classification of a community. The IVI value of any species in a community ranges between 0-300. IVI = Relative Frequency (RF) + Relative Density (RD) + Relative Dominance (RDo)

Growing stock Growing stock expresses the volumetric strength of the presence of a species in a community. It is the volume of individual species per unit area and is expressed as volume per hectare.

Where,

3.6.2. Qualitative analysis Qualitative data like local people's perception about existing forest management practices, farming systems, socio-economic conditions, current status, trends and issues related to biodiversity conservation, landscape management, climate change adaptation and ecosystem management in the study VDCs were compiled separately and analysed to come up with ecological and social issues related to biodiversity conservation and their potential management options and bio-indicators of climate change in the study VDCs. The species listed from participatory forest resource inventory, FGDs, KII, field observations, transect walks and secondary sources were classified by taxonomy, life form, origin, endemism, invasiveness, conservation status and their uses.

20


4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1. Ecosystem Types High resolution RapidEye satellite imageries of the year 2010/11 (Figure 19) and field data were used to produce an ecosystem map of the study area. The entire VDC was classified into three ecosystems: agriculture/cultivation; forest and water body; and associated sandbars/riverbed (Figure 20). Forest was found to be the dominant ecosystem in the study area that covers more than three quarters of the study area followed by agriculture which is 23 percent (Table 6). Khahare Khola and Harpan Khola are two major river systems in the VDC that constitutes a major part of water body ecosystem in the VDC. Sand, gravel and boulder deposit along these two rivers constitutes sandbars/riverbed. The statistics on ecosystem types by ward is presented in Annex 8.

Figure 19: Ortho-rectified RapidEye Image of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC

Table 6: Major ecosystem of Bhadaure Tamagi Land Use class

Area (ha)

Percentage

Cultivation

572.49

22.86

Forest

1906.45

76.13

Sandbars/Riverbed Water body

Total

23.96

0.96

1.36

0.05

2504.26

100

21


Figure 20: Ecosystem map of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC (based on recent Rapid Eye Image analysis)

4.1.1. Forest Ecosystem LRMP (1984) has categorized the area mainly as deciduous mixed broad-leaved forest with a small portion of hill sal forest near the Thulakhet area. The dominance of broad- leaved species in the area can be attributed to its high rainfall. Due to high rainfall, the forests are rich in epiphytes, ferns and mosses. About 76 percent of the VDC is covered by forest and most of the tropical zone is dominated by chilaune-katus forest while temperate zone is dominated by rakchan forest (Figure 22). Based on the Immportance Value Index (IVI) of canopy (pole and tree) species as shown in Annex 9, the forest area was further classified into four vegetation types, namely rakchan forest, chilaune-katus forest, hill sal forest, and utis forest (Figure 22). Hill sal and utis were classified as separate vegetation types based on their localised dominance. Chilaune-katus forest (56 percent) and rakchan forest (38 per cent) are major vegetation types in the VDC, whereas hill sal forest and utis forest are negligibly present in north-eastern and north-western corners of the VDC respectively (Figure 22, Table 7). The statistics on vegetation types by ward is presented in Annex 10.

Figure 21: Epiphytic fern

22

Figure 22: Major vegetation type


Table 7: Major Vegetation Types

Vegetation Type

Area (ha)

Percentage

1075.07

56.39

Hill Sal Forest

29.50

1.55

Rakchan Forest

734.32

38.52

Utis Forest

67.56

3.54

1906.45

100.00

Chilaune- Katus Forest

Total

Vegetation type by altitude The altitude of Bhadaure Tamagi ranges from 815 m to 2484 m. This was classified into four categories as shown in Table 8: Below 1000 m, 1000-1500 m, 1500-2000 m and more than 2000 m for analysis of change in vegetation type by altitude. The analysis shows that chilaunekatus and hill sal forests are predominant in the low altitude area while rakchan forests are predominant in the high altitude area. Table 8: Vegetation types by altitude Vegetation type (ha) Altitude class (m)

ChilauneKatus Forest

Hill Sal Forest

Below 1000

85.31

21.88

1000 - 1500

709.43

7.62

1500 - 2000

280.32

Above 2000

Total

Rakchan Forest

Utis Forest

107.19 11.89

12.82

741.77

508.05

54.73

843.10

67.55

1906.45

214.38

1075.06

29.50

Total

734.32

214.39

Species composition by vegetation type The study found out that in terms of species composition the chilaune-katus forest was the richest (38 tree species), whereas the hill sal forest was found to be the poorest (6 tree species). Schima wallichii and Castanopsis indica were found in all the vegetation types available in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC (Table 9). Table 9: Species Composition by Vegetation Type

S.No.

Vegetation Type

Species Composition

Total no of species

1

Chilaune-Katus Akhitare, Amala, Angeri, Baakle, Baanjh, Bedulo, Bhakimlo, Bilauni, Castanopsis Forest indica, Dabdabe, Damaura, Dhupi, Dudhilo, Gurans, Jamun, Kafal, Kaulo, Khirro, Kyamun, Lapsi, Mallato, Mallo, Mauwa, Musure katus, Paate, Paiyu, Pakhuri, Raatpaate, Rakchan, Rudilo, Schima wallichii, Siris, Tanki, Tejpat, Tiju, Tilko, Tooni, Utis

38

2

Hill Sal Forest

Castanopsis indica, Kafal, Mauwa, Sal, Schima wallichii, Tiju

6

3

Rakchan Forest

Angeri, Bilauni, Castanopsis indica, Dabdabe, Darekanda, Dudhilo, Ghudakhari, Gurans, Kafal, Kalikatha, Kaulo, Lek chaanp, Mallato, Mallo, Mauwa, Paate, Paiyu, Phalat, Raatpaate, Rakchan, Schima wallichii, Symplocus, TiteKatha

23

4

Utis Forest

Angeri, Castanopsis indica, Dudhilo, Mallo, Paate, Rakchan, Schima wallichii, Utis

8

23


Regeneration status The understory in terms of the regeneration status in the forest types of Bhadaure Tamagi was also analysed during the study. The understory in all the forest types was dominated by major tree species. The result showed that the understory in the utis forest was devoid of its own regeneration which justifies the fact that it is a pioneer species that regenerates in reclaimed lands only. It can be implied from this analysis that utis forest can be replaced by other species in the long run. It was also found out that the understorey of all the forests comprised mixed species except for the understory of hill sal forest, which was composed of mere 4 species: sal, katus, mauwa and tiju. Hill sal forest and utis forest which were least in area in Bhadaure Tamagi were found to have the highest density of seedlings and saplings per ha respectively (Table 10). The details of distribution according to species are given in Annex 11 . The lower seedling and sapling density in chilaune-katus forest and rakchan forest can be attributed to their higher canopy closure. Table 10: Seedling and Sapling Density by vegetation type Seedling

Sapling

Forest Type Highest

Lowest

Highest

Lowest

Chilaune-Katus Tiju

4219

Castanopsis indica

3031

Castanopsis indica

538

Schima wallichii

500

Khirro

31

Paiyu

31

Damaura

13

Kyamun

13

Hill SalForest Sal

35000

Castanopsis indica

4000

Tiju

1000

Castanopsis indica

2000

Sal

1200

Mauwa

400

Rakchan Forest Bilauni

1750

Rakchan

1167

Rakchan

1011

Bilauni

522

Symplocus

28

Kafal

28

Mallato

11

Lek chaanp

11

Utis Forest Paate Mallo

24

3000

4400 400


Density of poles and trees The analysis in terms of canopy layer showed that all the forest types were dominated by poles rather than trees as illustrated in Table 11, and details are given in Annex 12 according to species. The dominant tree species of these forest types comprised the largest portion in terms of the structure of respective forests. The disaggregated analysis in terms of forest types showed that chilaune-katus forest with 700 poles/ha is the richest in terms of pole density while utis forest with 120 trees/ha is the richest in terms of tree density. Table 11: Density of Poles and Trees Forest Type

Pole

Tree

Total

Chilaune-Katus

426

68

494

Hill Sal

700

60

760

Rakchan

345

56

401

Utis

433

120

553

Total

1904

304

2208

Growing stock of poles and trees The analysis in terms of the growing stock of the canopy layer of the forest types was performed in terms of trees and poles. It was found that the dominant tree species constituted the largest portion of the growing stock. As the canopy layer constituted of more poles than trees, a similar result was found in terms of growing stock. The disaggregated analysis for growing stock showed that hill sal forest with 152.76 cu.m. of stock per ha is the richest, whereas rakchan forest with 93.28 cu.m. of stock per ha is the poorest in terms of growing stock (Table 12). The details of the growing stock according to species are presented in Annex 13.

Table 12: Growing Stock of Poles and Trees Total Growing Stock (cu.m./ha) Forest Type Pole

Tree

Total

Chilaune-Katus

57.37

59.64

117.01

Hill Sal

96.69

53.24

149.93

Rakchan

51.35

41.93

93.28

Utis

55.4

97.36

152.76

Total

260.81

252.17

512.98

4.1.2. Agriculture Ecosystem Based on the topography and cropping pattern, agriculture land was classified and mapped into four cultivation types, namely flood plain cultivation (lower river terrace), river terrace cultivation (upper river terrace), sloping terrace cultivation and level terrace cultivation (see Box 1 for definition). Flood plain cultivation and river terrrace cultivation were found along the Khahare Khola and Harpan Khola in ward no. 5 (Figure 23) Level terrace cultivation in the VDC is depicted in Figure 24.

25


Figure 23: Major cultivation types in Bhadaure Tamagi

Figure 24: Level Terraces seen in Bhadaure Tamagi

Much of the agricultural land in Bhadaure Tamagi is under sloping terrace cultivation which is typical of the mid-hills of Nepal. On the otherhand, 1.15 percent of the area is suitable for flood plain cultivation, whereas about 4 percent of the area is suitable for river terrace cultivation and level terrace is used in 16.60 per cent of the area of agricultural land. Major cultivation types for each ward of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC are presented in Annex 14 and summary of the cultivated area is given in Table 13. Table 13: Major Cultivation Types Agriculture class

Area (ha)

Percentage

Level Terrace Cultivation

95.04

16.60

Sloping Terrace Cultivation

448.99

78.43

River Terrace Cultivation

21.86

3.82

Flood Plain Cultivation

Total

6.61

1.15

572.49

100.00

4.1.3. Water bodies (wetland) Ecosystem

Figure 25: Water bodies of Bhaudare Tamagi VDC

26

Harpan Khola and Khahare Khola are two major river systems in the VDC. These two streams are inlets to Fewa Lake. Five metres on each side of rivers and streams will be managed as a green belt for prevention of stream and river bank degradation. Thus, the proposed total green belt area of 94.78 ha was indicated in dark blue colour (Figure 25). The location of major 7 ponds (3 natural ponds and 4 fish ponds) and 3 water springs (2 potable) are also indicated in the map. The critical watersheds of natural ponds are indicated in light blue color which equals to an area of 28.55 ha. Water bodies such as small ponds and reservoirs are shrinking day


by day and water table is decreasing annually (Figure 26). Rain water harvesting is done in small ponds.

Figure 26: Water bodies in Study VDC a) Harpan Khola, b) Ponds used by buffalo for drinking water

4.1.4. Pasture/grazing land There is no pasture/grazing land in the VDC. However, there is a practice of keeping goth/ kharka in private land. In general, cattle in goth/kharka are left for free grazing in forests and small patches of grassland (Figure 27). This is common in higher altitude areas of the VDC, whereas most of the forests are under government management. In Bhadaure Tamagi, there were altogether 23 grassland patches in ward nos. 1, 3, 6, 7, 8 and 9 covering an area of 15.24 ha. Ward nos. 2, 4 and 5 do not have grassland patches (Figure 27). The details of grassland patches are presented in Annex 25.

Figure 27: Grassland/grazing patches seen in Bhadaure Tamagi 27


4.2. Biodiversity 4.2.1. Flora The study has assessed the floral diversity present in the major ecosystems of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, viz. forest, agriculture, wetland and rangeland. Forest ecosystem with species richness of 178 was found to be the richest while wetland ecosystem with species richness of only three was found to be the poorest ecosystem from the floral diversity point of view (Table 14). A complete list of species is presented in Annex 15, 16, 17 and 18. Table 14: Species Richness of Ecosystems by Taxa S.No.

Forest

Agriculture

1

Dicotyledons

Taxa

109

61

47

20

2

Monocotyledons

3

Gymnosperms

1

4

Pteridophytes

11

Water body

Total 170

2

69 1

1

12

5

Lichens

2

2

6

Fungi

5

5

7

Algae

8

Unidentified

3

1

Total

178

1 3

82

3

263

Out of total 263 floral species in all ecosystems, the majority of them were dicots (170) of which more than half occurred in forests (109). The second largest component in the floral species diversity was of the monocots (69) of which 47 species were found in forests. Of the 47 species of monocots found in the forest, 30 species are orchids. Gymnosperms and algae were the least occurring species, one each in the forest and water body respectively. Bryophytes were not recorded in the VDC during this study. The total number of tree species found in the study area is 47 (Annex 15) and the number of small plants, climbers, orchids, NTFPs, herbs and shrubs found in the VDC is shown in Table 15.

Table 15: Number of Floral Species found in Bhadure Tamagi by Life Form

S.No.

Life form

Agriculture

Water body

Total

1

Climber

8

2

Fern

11

3

Fungus

5

4

Herb

48

5

Lichen

2

2

6

Orchid

30

30

7

Shrub

27

7

34

8

Tree

47

23

70

178

82

Total

28

Forest

8 1

12 5

51

3

3

102

263


In total, there were 56 agricultural crop species in BhadaureTamagi. Of which, 12, the maximum, are vegetable species followed by 11 species of spices, 9 species of fruit and 7 species each of cereal and flowers (Table 16). The details of these species are presented in Annex 16. Table 16: Types of Vegetable found in the Study VDC

S.No.

Crop Type

Number of species

1

Beverage

2

2

Cash crop

1

3

Cereal

7

4

Flower

7

5

Fruit

9

6

Legume

2

7

Oil

1

8

Spices

11

9

Tuber

3

10

Vegetable

12

11

Weed

1

Total

56

Ecological status of floral species The study analysed has the ecological status of the floral species found in the major ecosystems of Bhadaure Tamagi. Out of 263 floral species found in the VDC, 237 species are native while 6 species are introduced (introduced in the area from other parts of Nepal) and 15 species are alien (introduced in the area from other countries). The status of five species was unknown. Three species falling in each three ecosystems were found to be invasive (for details, see the note of Table 17). Similarly, three species were found to be protected. Among which, chhatre (tree fern, Cyathea spinulosa Wall. ex Hook.: Figure 28) protected under CITES Appendix II, was found both in forest and agriculture ecosystems. Table 17: Ecological Status of Floral Species

S.No. 1

Agriculture

Water body

Total

Alien

5

9

1

15

Invasive

1

1

1

2

Introduced

3

Native

4

Figure 28: Chhatre (Tree fern, Cyathea spinulosa Wall. ex Hook.)

Forest

Ecological status

6

3 6

168

67

Endemic to Nepal

5 (1)*

2 (1)

7 (1)

Protected

2 (1)*

2 (1)

4 (1)

Unidentified

5

Total

178

2

237

5 82

3

263

* one species is common both in forest and agricultural ecosystem

29


Invasive Species Eupatorium adenophorum (forest ecosystem); Ageratum houstonianum Mill. (agriculture ecosystem) and Pistia stratiotes L. (water body ecosystem)

Species Endemic to Nepal Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott (forest ecosystem); Cissampelos pareira L. (Forest ecosystem); Berberis aristata DC. (Forest ecosystem); Asparagus racemosus Willd. (forest and agriculture ecosystem); Reinwardtia indica Dumort. (Forest ecosystem) and Ficus neriifolia Sm. (agriculture ecosystem)

Protected Species Shorea robusta Gaertn. (protected by the Forest Act 1993, found in forest ecosystem); Cyathea spinulosa Wall. ex Hook. (listed in CITES Appendix II, found both in forest and agriculture ecosystems) and Bombax ceiba L. (protected by the Forest Act 1993, found in agriculture ecosystem)

Introduced Species Akabare khorsani (Capsicum annum var. Frutesins); Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze); Maganpure dhaan (Oryza sativa L.); Manakamana makai (Zea mays L.); Kalki phool (Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels); and Ankhi timur (all found in Agriculture ecosystem)

4.2.2. Fauna The study has assessed the faunal species diversity present in the major ecosystems, viz. forest, agriculture and water bodies in Bhadaure Tamagi. Forest ecosystem was found to have species richness of 20 while agriculture ecosystem species richness of 9 and waterbody species richness of 3 (Table 18). A complete list of species is presented in Annex 19, 20 and 21. The winter season, time for the hibernation of the majority of cold blooded fauna, could be one the reasons for limited sighting of fauna in the field, especially the aquatic fauna. Thus, this study could not cover the faunal diversity of waterbodies in detail and is recommended to undertake a faunal study in summer/rainy seasons. Table 18: Fauna in the Forest and Agriculture Ecosystem

S.No.

Taxa

Agriculture

Water body

Total

1

Mammals

6

5

11

2

Aves

14

4

18

3

Reptiles

4

Amphibians

1

1

5

Fish

1

1

6

Invertebrates

1

1

3

32

Total

30

Forest

20

9


Ecological status of faunal species The study analysed the ecological status of the faunal species found in the major ecosystems (Annex 19, 20 and 21) of Bhadaure Tamagi. A total of 32 species of wildlife, including an introduced species (broiler chicken), were found in the VDC (Table 19). There were no alien, invasive, endemic or protected faunal species in the VDC. The scats of fauna found in the study VDC are shown in Figure 29 which indicate the status of faunal diversity. Table 19: Status of faunal species

S.No.

Taxa

Forest

Agriculture

Water body

1

Total

1

Introduced

1

2

Native

20

8

3

31

Total

20

9

3

32

Note: No Alien, invasive, endemic and protected species found

Figure 29: Scats of Wild Animal

4.3. Hotspots - Flora and Fauna This study has identified Bhadaure Tamagi as one of the potential habitats for bird species including a species of vulture (Gyps himalayensis) shown in (Figure 30). Point locations of the suitable habitats were indicated in the map based on ground observations (Figure 31). Bhadaure Tamagi is also home to brown bear, leopard and deer. Droppings of these species were found scattered throughout the VDC by the study team (point locations of droppings indicated in the map in Figure 32).

Figure 30: Vultures seen flying over the sky of Bhadaure Tamagi (left); Tiktike (right)

31


Figure 31: Bird hotspots in Bhaduare Tamagi

Figure 32: Wildlife hotspots in Bhaduare Tamagi

Bhadaure Tamagi is undoubtedly a paradise for orchids. Bhadaure Tamagi is home to 28 species of orchids. A threatened species of fern (Tree fern - Cyathea spinulosa) was also found in the VDC (point locations of species occurrence indicated in the map in Figure 33). Predominant presence of lokta, a high value fibre species, was found in ward no. 7 of the VDC (Figure 33).

Figure 33: Plant hotspots in Bhadaure Tamagi

32


5. OBSERVED ISSUES AND MANAGEMENT OPTIONS 5.1. Ecological Issues Field observations conducted during the study have revealed several ecological issues that can be deterrent to valuable floral and faunal species occurring in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC. The major ecological issues of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC observed during the study are as follows:

5.1.1. Open grazing Open grazing was observed during field observations. Cattle were left freely to graze in the forest. This can manoeuvre a major threat to the conservation of vital plant species, including high value NTFPs and regeneration as these cattle feed on them.

5.1.2. On-going road construction Road construction is taken as a major infrastructural development indicator and Bhadaure Tamagi VDC like every other VDC in the region is in the process of road construction. On-going road construction can be crucial in destabilizing the geology of the study area resulting in landslides and soil erosion and damaging lives and assets (Figure 34).

Figure 34: Landslide triggered by on-going road construction

5.1.3. Flooding/siltation Khahare Khola and Harpan Khola, the two major river systems occurring in the VDC and inlets to Fewa Lake, pose a serious threat of flooding in the rainy season. As a result, fertile soils are continually eroded downstream. Such soil erosion and continual sediment spill to these rivers have resulted in siltation , posing threats such as topsoil runoff, destruction of habitats for aquatic flora and fauna in these rivers and the existence of Fewa Lake.

5.1.4. Forest fire Forests in the study area are also prone to forest fires that are either deliberate or accidental. Such incidents can cause extensive damage to plants and wildlife. They can result in human fatalities if spread to human settlements.

33


5.1.5. Agricultural land abandonment Agricultural lands are being abandoned in the study area mainly due to migration of adults to Pokhara and other major cities in Nepal and abroad. Due to migration and overseas employment of adults from the VDC, only the elderly and children are left. This has brought about domino effect on the agricultural system, once fertile farmlands are being abandoned for trees to grow and forests to come up in the long run. This poses a serious threat to agricultural production and food security.

5.1.6. Illegal logging Illegal logging is another major threat to forest tree species in the study area. Some sections of the forest were observed to have large tree stumps with a pathway besides it used for skidding the logs out of the forest.

5.1.7. Illegal poaching Forests of Bhadaure Tamagi are home to a number of faunas but they have not remained untouched by illegal poaching. Wildlife such as deer, certain fowls, etc are illegally hunted either for individual use or commercial purposes. This can be a principal threat to endangering the population of such species resulting in the loss of such species in the long run.

5.1.8. Human wildlife conflict Wildlife, which is specific in nature, is posing a major threat to the agricultural production of the VDC. Local people reported on wild hares 'chauda' from nearby forests infesting wheat, monkeys infesting maize, and wild rats infesting cereal crops.

5.1.9. Spread of Invasive Alien Species (IAS) The spread of invasive alien species in the forest, agricultural lands and water bodies is seen as a major threat to the floral species diversity of the VDC. It was observed that banmara (Eupatorium adenophorum) had invaded the forest. The invasive species found in the agricultural land were nilo gandhe (Ageratum houstonianum Mill) and banmara (Eupatorium adenophorum). The waterbodies of the study area were invaded by jalkumbhi (Pistia stratiotes L.).

5.2. Social issues 5.2.1. Migration The adults of the VDC were observed to have migrated to Pokhara and other major cities of Nepal as well as abroad. Migration occurred mainly in search of education, employment opportunities and higher standards of living. This has left only the elderly and children in the VDC who are unable to perform strenuous tasks in agricultural fields, hence resulting into abandonment of fertile farmlands.

34


5.2.2. Overseas remittance Overseas remittance is the major contributor to the economy of Bhadaure Tamagi. One person from each family is in the Gulf countries for employment, with the entire family dependent on him/her for financial security.

5.2.3. Untouched forests People have ceased going to the forest these days as their household demands of fuelwood, fodder and small timber are being met from the trees growing on farmlands. Forests growing on abandoned farmlands are also a major contributor for meeting these needs. Also, there is lesser demand for such fuelwood as people have started using LPG for cooking.

5.3. Potential Options 5.3.1. Community involvement in biodiversity conservation As Bhadaure Tamagi is rich in biodiversity, community involvement can be a major activity both in its conservation and management.

5.3.2. Ecotourism promotion There is a promising aspect for ecotourism in the VDC by establishing an orchid arboretum. A demo plot of orchids (28 species) already exists in wards 1 and 2 (see Box 2). An eco-trail can also be constructed as the study area is home to vegetation ranging from sub-tropical to subalpine.

Box 2: Orchid Demo Plot

Box 3: Gurung Cultural Museum

Panchase Protected Forest Area with 113 species of orchids including two endemic species is known as Paradise of Orchids. In order to demonstrate this rich diversity of the Panchase Protected Forest Area, an in-situ orchid demo plot was established by Naulochharchhare CFUG of Bhadaure Tamagi 1 and 2 in technical and financial support of Panchase Protected Forest Programme. The plot extending to an area of 6.78 ha hosts 28 species of orchids at present. If institutionalized, it has potential to be developed as an orchid arboretum.

With an aim to preserve the cultural heritage of Gurung communities of Panchase Protected Area, Machhapuchhre Development Organization in the support of UNDP/GEF Small Grants Programme established a Gurung Museum on 5th June 2006 in Bhadaure Tamagi, Ward no. 2. Since then the museum has been one of the attractions for the tourists having interest in a cultural tourism.

35


5.3.3. Promotion of private sector investment in forest-based enterprises There is potential of a nigalo- based community orchid enterprise in the VDC so that the community can benefit from the revenue generated.

5.3.4. Cultural tourism promotion Cultural tourism holds a major potential in the VDC, which already has a Gurung Cultural Museum. But there is a need for institutionalisation of the museum (see Box 3).

5.3.5. Promotion of organic vegetable farming As Pokhara city has close proximity to the VDC, there is an immense potential of organic vegetable farming in this area, so that the community can generate income from it.

5.3.6. PES potential There is potential for enhancing the linkages between inhabitants of Bhadaure Tamagi and downstream communities under PES mechanism for their mutual benefit as Harpan Khola and Khahare Khola streams are inlets of Fewa Lake.

5.3.7. Vulture conservation Four vultures were sighted roosting in a lapsi tree during the field work by the field team (Figure 35). This shows the potential of Bhadaure Tamagi for the development as a vulture conservation site.

Figure 35: Vulture roosting in a Lapsi tree

36


5.3.8. NTFPs Promotion NTFPs cultivation and marketing can be a good source of income generation in the study area because several indigenous species of non-wood species such as kurilo, lokta, broom grass and other NTFPs (Annex 23) are found in the area. Broom grass is not only economically beneficial but also ecologically important as it prevents potential soil erosion. Similarly, many fruit trees can be grown on the ridges and bunds of the cultivated field. Therefore, in-situ cultivation of fruit trees, NTFPs and indigenous species are very effective mechanism for livelihood improvement.

5.4.

Bio-indicators of Climate Change

The following things were observed as bioindicators of climate change in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC of the Panchase area: • The invasion of banmara and hade unyu in the forest has made it difficult to enter the forest and it has adversely affected natural regeneration. Similarly, the invasion of nilogandhe in agriculture land has caused a decline in agricultural production. • The invasion jalkumbhi in one of the ponds of Chainpur has led to drying up of the pond (Figure 36).

Figure 36: Jalkumbi invasion in a pond in Chainpur, Bhadaure Tamagi VDC

• Delay in monsoon has forced to delay paddy planting time. Paddy planting time has been delayed by 15 days, i.e. from mid-Jestha to early Asadh. In addition, the cultivation of other crops has been delayed by a month, ie from Chaitra-Baishakh to Baishakh-Jestha. • Local people have reported the rise in temperature in the area. Mosquitoes, once absent in the area, can now be seen in a large number in summer. This has made it impossible to sleep without a mosquito net. As it used to be very cold in the month of Magh in the past in the area, a saying was quite popular among the local people a'9fvf8f df3nfO{, alnofaf7f

af3nfO{

(English translation: Old and weak ones for winter, young and strong ones for tiger). However, the local people reported that this saying has lost its significance at present with the rise in winter temperature.

37


5.5. Ecosystemwise Management Options Forest

Agriculture

Wetland

•

Vulture study - Vultures were sighted in the VDC and a detailed study is needed to come up with a habitat management and conservation plan.

•

Human Wildlife Conflict study - Crop raiding by monkey,wild hare and wild rat reported. Thus a study is needed to assess the intensity of conflict.

•

Wildfire - Bhadaure Tamagi is susceptible to wildfire; maintaining a buffer area from settlement mainly in southern aspects and preparation of community wildfire management plan, firefighting equipment support and capacity development would undoubtely help local communities to fight wildfire.

•

Orchid - An orchid demo plot already exists in the VDC and its upgrading to an arboretum will not only promote in-situ species conservation but also promote ecotourism in the VDC.

•

Densely accumulated leaf litter on the forests can be used for organic manure production. This will not only provide additional economic incentive to local communities but also reduce wildfire risk by reducing the fuel for wildfire.

•

Low cost bioengineering techniques could be adopted to prevent landslide and soil erosion triggered by on-going road construction. Besides, local communities should be made aware of the proper planning for road construction.

•

Ecosystem based Adaptation project should be able to find a balance between ecological and commercial management of the forests so that livelihood of forest dependent poor communities are not economically challenged.

•

Bhadaure Tamagi with quick access to Pokhara Sub-metropolis is a pontential site for promotion of organic farming, olericulture, pomoculture and productive livestock farming.

•

Agroforestry/farm forestry could be promoted to preserve agro biodiversity.

•

Systems like stall feeding and rotational grazing system could be adoted to meet the fodder demand of productive livestock farming. Besides, multi-layer farming and introduction of improved varieties of fodder and grass species could also be promoted in the VDC.

•

Organic manure production from agriculture residue could supplement the fertilizer need of the VDC.

•

Management of five meters on each side of rivers and streams as greenbelt would prevent on-going stream and river bank degradation.

•

Conservation of existing ponds would increase ground water recharge subsequently reduce surface runoff and associated soil degradation in the VDC.

•

There is a potential for enhancing linkages between inhabitants of Bhadaure Tamagi & downstream communities under PES mechanism for their mutual benefit as Harpan Khola and Khahare Khola streams are inlets of Fewa Lake.

•

Bhadaure Tamagi, with drying up water sources is facing drinking water scarcity, thus local communities should be made aware about proper management of water.

•

All three major ecosystems in Bhadaure Tamagi: forest, agriculture and water bodies have been invaded by invasive species. Thus, ecological restoration of ecosystem is must for continuous supply of ecosystem services.

•

Coming up with the plans for alternative use of invasive species biomass would be an effective intervention to control their invasion.

•

Bhadaure Tamagi does have potential for promotion of ecotourism through upgradinto of Gurung cultural museum and orchid demo plot.

Cross cutting Invasive species

Museum

38


6. CONCLUSIONS Bhadaure Tamagi, the largest VDC in the Pahchase area, consists of three major ecosystems, namely forest, agriculture and wetland. The VDC is rich in forest resources and forest covers more than 75 percent of land. This is followed by agriculture. Thanks to high rainfall and warm temperature, the VDC is dominated by broad-leaved species with various species of epiphytes, ferns and mosses. Among the broad-leaved species found in the area, chilaune, katus and rakchan are the most dominant species. Chilaune-katus forest, hill sal forest, rakchan forest and utis forest are four major vegetation types under the forest ecosystem found in the VDC. The chilaune-katus forest supports higher biodiversity compared to other forest types. Despite wide altitudinal gradient, the utis forest is found to have less biodiversity as utis is a pioneer species and the forest is generally found in eroded soil. The study concludes that the regeneration status is poor in the dense canopy covered forest areas of chilaune-katus and rakchan forests and are dominated by pole-sized plants. Similarly, flood plain cultivation, river terrace cultivation, level terrace cultivation and sloping terrace cultivation are four major cultivation types under the agriculture ecosystem found in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC. Likewise, Khahare Khola and Harpan Khola are two major river systems in the VDC that constitute a major part of water body ecosystem in the VDC. The study concludes that Bhadaure Tamagi VDC is indeed rich in floral and faunal biodiversity. It is home to 263 species of flora and 32 species of fauna. The forest ecosystem of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC is not only the largest ecosystem but also has the richest biodiversity and is home to 178 species of flora, including 30 species of orchids and 20 species of fauna. The study also concludes that out of 178 species of flora found in forest ecosystem, 107 species have nontimber values making Bhadaure Tamagi an NTFP rich VDC. The forest ecosystem consists of five endemic, two protected and one invasive species. Likewise, the agriculture ecosystem consists of seven introduced, two endemic, two protected and one invasive species. The study concludes that diversity of fauna in the forest is higher compared to agriculture. Furthermore, diversity of arial species is high in the forest and vice versa in agriculture. The study has also confirmed the existence of a CITES Appendix II species, i.e. Cyathea spinulosa Wall. ex Hook., in the VDC. Besides, the study has confirmed the existence of big mammals, such as brown bear, leopard and deer as indicated by their droppings in the VDC. Bhadaure Tamagi VDC, despite being a biodiversity rich VDC, is found to have many management issues. Open grazing, on-going road construction, flooding/siltation, forest fire, agriculture land abandonment, illegal logging, poaching, human wildlife conflict and spread of invasive and alien species are some of the identified ecological issues that are posing serious threat to the rich biodiversity of the VDC. Unlike these ecological issues, change in social dimensions, mainly out-migration, is having a positive impact on biodiversity of the VDC. Decrease in population resulting from out-migration has considerably lowered pressure on the forest. Despite all these management issues, Bhadure Tamagi has an immense potential of involvement of local communities in biodiversity conservation, ecotourism promotion, forest resorce-based enterprise promotion, cultural trourism promotion, organic vegetable famring, PES, vulture conservation and NTFP promotion. Proper planning back up by some further studies will undoubtedly be helpful in materializing all these potentials.

39


7. REFERENCES ANSAB. 2010. Participatory inventory of non-timber forest products. Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources, Kathmandu. Arneberg, E. 1995. Community and species diversity of vascular plants in disturbed QuercusRhododendron forest, Ghorepani. MSc thesis submitted to Agricultural University of Norway. Aryal, A., and S.K. Dhungel. 2009. Species diversity and distribution of bats in the Panchase region of Nepal. Tiger Paper 36(2): 14-18. Bhattarai, K.R., I.E. Maren, and R.P. Chaudhary. 2012. Medicinal plant knowledge of the Panchase region in the middle hills of the Nepalese Himalayas. Banko Janakari 21(2): 31-39. Bhattarai, N.K., V. Tandon and D.K. Ved. 2002. Highlights and outcomes of the conservation assessment and management planning (CAMP) workshop, Pokhara. In: Proceedings on sharing local and national experience in conservation of MAPs in South Asia. IDRC South Asia Regional Office, New Delhi. 46-53. Carson, B. 1992. Erosion and sedimentation processes in the Nepal Himalayas. ICIMOD occasional paper I, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Kathmandu. CBD (Convention on Biological Diversity). 2002. Decision VI/23: Alien species that threaten ecosystems, habitats or species (Endnote I). Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal. Curtis and McIntosh. 1951. An upland forest continuum in the Prairie-Forest Border Region of Wisconsin Ecology, Vol. 32, No. 3, (July 1951); p. 476-496 ISRC. 2013. Distric and VDC profle of Nepal, 2013, Soceo economic development data base of Nepal, Kathamandu. Koirala, R. 1998. Botanical diversity within the project area of Machhapuchhre Development Organisation, Bhadaure Tamagi, Kaski. LAC. 2000. Annual report/ Annual work programme 1999/2000. Lumle Agricultural Centre, Lumle, Pokhara. NWP. 2003. National wetland policy. Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Kathmandu. Stainton and Polunin. 1984. Flowers of the Himalayas. Thapa, G.B. 1996. Land use, land management and environment in a subsistence mountain economy in Nepal. Agriculture, Ecology and Environment 57: 57-71. UNDP/MDO. 2006. Panchase Biodiversity Management Project. UNDP/GEF/SGP and Machhapuchre Development Organisation, Pokhara. Zobel, D.B., U.K. Yadav, P.K. Jha,, and M.J. Behan.1987. A practical manual for ecology. Rani Printing Press, Kathmandu.

40


ANNEXURES Annex 1: Glossary of Key Terms Adaptation An adaptation in biology is a trait with a current functional role in the life history of an organism that is maintained and evolved by means of natural selection. An adaptation refers to both the current state of being adapted and to the dynamic evolutionary process that leads to the adaptation. Adaptations contribute to the fitness and survival of individuals.

Biodiversity Commonly defined as "life in all its forms," biodiversity represents the variety of genes, species, and ecosystems present on earth, as well as the natural processes that sustain them. This is a weighty concept to comprehend, let alone inventory and document. At one end of the spectrum, biodiversity inventories include exhaustive "all-taxa" surveys that seek to identify the full complement of living organisms within an area of interest (also known as the "bio-blitz" approach).

Canopy Closure The degree to which the canopy (forest layers above one's head) blocks sunlight or obscures the sky.

Canopy A layer of foliage in a forest stand. This most often refers to the uppermost layer of foliage, but it can be used to describe lower layers in a multi-storeyed stand. Leaves, branches and vegetation that are above ground and/or water that provide shade and cover for fish and wildlife.

Crown Cover The degree to which the crowns of trees are nearing general contact with one another.

Ecosystem An ecosystem is a complex set of relationships among the living resources, habitats, and residents of an area. It includes plants, trees, animals, fish, birds, micro-organisms, water, soil and people. Ecosystems vary greatly in size and the elements that make them up, but each is a functioning unit of nature, everything that lives in an ecosystem is dependent on the other species and elements that are also part that ecological community. If one part of the ecosystem is damaged or disappears, it has an impact on everything else. Since ecosystem can be as small as a single tree or as large as entire forest.

Ecosystem-based Adaptation EbA is defined as the use of biodiversity and ecosystem services as part of an overall adaptation strategy to help people to adapt to the adverse effects of climate change. EbA uses the range of opportunities for the sustainable management, conservation, and restoration of ecosystems to provide services that enable people to adapt to the impacts of climate change.

41


It includes a range of local and landscape scale strategies for managing ecosystems to increase resilience and maintain essential ecosystem services and reduce the vulnerability of people, their livelihoods and nature in the face of climate change. It also identifies and implements a range of strategies for the management, conservation and restoration of ecosystems to ensure that they continue to provide the services that enable people to adapt to the impacts of climate change. It involves collective action among governments, communities, conservation and development organizations, and other stakeholders to plan and empower local action that will increase environmental and community resilience to the changing climate. Ecosystem based adaptation and community based adaptation are therefore mutually supportive.

Ecosystem services The simplest and most widespread definition of ecosystem services is, "the benefits people obtain from ecosystems", as defined by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA). Examples of ecosystem services include products (e.g., food, fuel and water), regulation of floods and soil erosion and disease outbreaks, and non-material benefits such as the recreational and spiritual benefits of natural areas. Since what is an ecosystem in a particular locality is defined according to the interests of the people concerned, ecosystem services can also be defined as the benefits that people obtain from an area defined as an ecosystem. MEA grouped ecosystem services into four broad categories:

Provisioning services Products obtained from ecosystems, including food, fibre, fuel, genetic resources, ornamental resources, freshwater, biochemical, natural medicines and pharmaceuticals.

Regulating Services Benefits obtained from the regulation of ecosystem processes including air quality regulation, climate regulation, water regulation, erosion regulation, water purification, waste treatment, disease regulation, pest regulation, pollination and natural hazard regulation.

Cultural Services Non-material benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, reflection, recreation and aesthetic experiences, including cultural diversity, spiritual and religious values, knowledge systems, educational values, inspiration, aesthetic values, social relations, sense of place, cultural heritage values, recreation and ecotourism.

Supporting services Services necessary for sustaining the production of all other ecosystem services. Examples: primary production for plant growth and nutrient cycling for soil formation and water quality regulation.

Endangered Species Any species or subspecies in immediate danger of becoming extinct throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

Environmental Degradation The reduction of the capacity of the environment to meet social and ecological objectives and needs. Degradation of the environment can alter the frequency and intensity of natural hazards and increase the vulnerability of communities. The types of human-induced degradation are

42


varied and include land misuse, soil erosion and loss, desertification, wild fires, loss of biodiversity, deforestation, mangrove destruction, land, water and air pollution, climate change, sea level rise and ozone depletion.

Erosion The wearing away of land or soil by the action of wind, water, or ice.

Forage Vegetation such as leaves, stems, buds, and some types of bark, that can be eaten for food and energy.

Forest A biological community dominated by trees and other woody plants.

Forest Fragmentation The subdivision of large natural landscapes into smaller, more isolated fragments. Fragmentation affects the viability of wildlife populations and ecosystems.

Forest Inventory Forest inventory is the systematic collection of data and information for assessment or analysis. An estimate of the value and possible uses of timber is an important part of the broader information required to sustain ecosystems

Forest Management Proper care and control of wooded land to maintain health, vigor, product flow, and other values such as soil condition, water quality, wildlife preservation and beauty, and to accomplish specific objectives.

Forest Management Plan Written guidelines for current and future management practices needed to meet an owner's objectives.

Forest Types Groups of tree species commonly growing in the same stand because their environmental requirements are similar.

Grassland Grasslands are areas where the vegetation is dominated by grasses (Poaceae) and other herbaceous (non-woody) plants (forbs).

Habitat An area in which a specific plant or animal can naturally live, grow, and reproduce.

Habitat Diversity A variety of food or cover for wildlife that is often critical to the survival of a species.

43


Introduced Species A species occurring in an area outside its historically known natural range as a result of accidental dispersal by humans (also referred to as "exotic species" or "alien species").

Invasive Species An introduced species that invades natural habitats.

Inventory Quantitative method used to estimate the actual volume, composition, and market value of standing timber.

Land Use Planning The process undertaken by public authorities to identify, evaluate and decide on different options for the use of land, including consideration of long term economic, social and environmental objectives and the implications for different communities and interest groups, and the subsequent formulation and promulgation of plans that describe the permitted or acceptable uses. Landuse planning is an important contributor to sustainable development. It involves studies and mapping; analysis of economic, environmental and hazard data; formulation of alternative landuse decisions; and design of long-range plans for different geographical and administrative scales. Land-use planning can help to mitigate disasters and reduce risks by discouraging settlements and construction of key installations in hazard-prone areas, including consideration of service routes for transport, power, water, sewage and other critical facilities.

Land Use The total of arrangements, activities, and inputs undertaken in a certain land cover type (a set of human actions). The social and economic purposes for which land is managed (e.g., grazing, timber extraction, and conservation).

Landslide A mass of material that has slipped downhill by gravity, often assisted by water when the material is saturated; rapid movement of a mass of soil, rock, or debris down a slope.

Pole Timber Trees 4 to 10 inches DBH.

Regeneration The process by which a forest is reseeded and renewed. Advanced regeneration refers to regeneration that is established before the existing forest stand is removed.

Resilience Is the capacity of a system, community or society potentially exposed to hazards to adapt, by resisting or changing in order to reach and maintain an acceptable level of functioning and structure. This is determined by the degree to which the social system is capable of organizing itself to increase its capacity for learning from past disasters for better future protection and to improve risk reduction measures. The ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate to and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures and functions. Amount of change a system can undergo without changing state.

44


Response The provision of emergency services and public assistance during or immediately after a disaster in order to save lives reduces health impacts, ensure public safety and meet the basic subsistence needs of the people affected.

Risk The combination of the probability of an event and its negative consequences. Is the result of interaction of physically defined hazards with the properties of the exposed systems - i.e., their sensitivity or (social) vulnerability. Risk can also be considered as the combination of an event, its likelihood, and its consequences - i.e., risk equals the probability of climate hazard multiplied by a given system's vulnerability. The relative degree of probability that a hazardous event will occur. An active fault zone, for example, would be an area of high risk.

Seedling A tree, usually less than 2 inches diameter at breast height.

Species A group of related organisms having common characteristics.

Stand Density The quantity of trees per unit area, usually evaluated in terms of basal area, crown cover and stocking.

Stocking The number and density of trees in a forest stand. Stands are often classified as under stocked, well-stocked or overstocked.

Stratification Division of a forest, or any ecosystem, into separate layers of vegetation that provide distinct niches for wildlife. See canopy, understory, and herbaceous vegetation.

Threatened Species A species or subspecies whose population is so small or is declining so rapidly that it may become endangered in all or a significant portion of its range.

Wetland are natural or artificially created areas, such as swamps, marsh, riverine floodplain, lake, water storage area and agricultural land containing water from underground water sources or atmospheric precipitation that may be permanent, temporary, static or flowing, and fresh or saline (National Wetland Policy, 2003).

Wildlife A broad term that includes non-domesticated vertebrates, especially mammals, birds, and fish.

45


Annex 2: Tally Sheet Used for Forest Resource Inventory (A) Preliminary Information of Forest Name of forest:

Name of block:

Forest type:

Forest condition

Information collection date:

Info collected by:

(B) Plots description Slope:

Aspect:

Erosion:

Canopy density (%) Tree Pole Regeneration

(C) Regeneration, Pole and Tree Regeneration

S.No.

Species/ Local Name

No

Species/ Local Name

No

Tree (DBH > 30 cm) (Plot Size 500 m2)

Pole (DBH 10 - 30 cm) (Plot Size 300 m2)

Sapling Height > 1 m and DBH < 10 cm (Plot Size 25 m2)

Seedling Height < 1 m (Plot Size 10 m2)

Species/ Local Name

DBH Height (cm) (m)

Quality

Species/ Local Name

DBH (cm)

Height (m)

(D) Small plant, Climber and Orchid (Plot Size 10 m2) S.No.

Species

Local Name

No

Remarks

(E) Other Important Information from Ecosystem and Biodiversity point of view: 1. 2.

(F) Existing and Possible Threat from Ecosystem and Biodiversity point of view: 1. 2.

(G) Forest management activities

Note: • Radius required for circular plots in metres S.No.

• • • •

Development stage

Area of plot (m2)

Radius (m)

1

Tree

500

12.62

2

Pole

300

9.77

3

Sapling

25

2.82

4

Seedling/Small plants/Climber/Orchid

10

1.78

Inspection Visit Visit of special area Take pictures of each species and code them If possible, try also to include fruits, flowers and leafs while taking the snap

46

Quality


Annex 3: Checklist Used for Agriculture Resource Information Collection Methods: o Field observation o Transect walk: Transects will be laid out focusing major ecosystems and hotspots o Focus group discussion o Participatory mapping List of cultivated vascular and non-vascular plant species

Vascular Plant

S.No.

Local name / Vernacular name

Subsistence crops (S)/ Cash crops (C)/Ornamental plants (O) / Shading(S)

Native (N) / Exotic (E)

Found in Private land (P) / Govt (G) / CF (C)

Description / Characteristic (tree, shrubs, forbs, grass) (mushroom, lichens, climbers, algae, mosses, fungi, orchids, NTFPs) (elevation) (annual, biannual, perennial)

Comments / use value

(

Note: • List ornamental plants growing in private gardens as well as orchards • Note nonnative species planted as part of hedges or shelterbelts • List algae, mosses and fungi found in wetland areas • Note the local people’s perception about change in agriculture practices in the VDC

47


Annex 4: Checklist Used for Faunal Resource Information Collection Methods: o Field observation o Transect walk: Transects will be laid out focusing major ecosystems and hotspots o Focus group discussion o Participatory mapping List of wild, domesticated and aquatic fauna

Fauna S.No.

Local name / Vernacular name

Wild (W) / omesticated (D) / Wetland (WL)

Description / Characteristic (mammal, bird, reptiles, amphibians, fish, invertebrates)

Comments

Note: • List all wild, domesticated and aquatic fauna (anima, bird and insect) • Indicate major habitats and also note their status • Faeces, footprint, sound, etc. will be taken as reference for the recording of fauna in the forest, pasture and wetland • Note the local people’s perception about change in faunal population in the VDC

48


Annex 5: Checklist Used for Anthropogenic Pressure and Natural Hazard Related Information Collection Methods: • Field observation • Transect walk • Focus group discussion • Participatory mapping Anthropogenic pressure • Over grazing • Landslide • Fire • Illegal felling • Hunting/poaching • Abandoned land Natural hazards • Landslide • Flood • Invasive plant • Soil/land degradation • Drought Note: • Note coverage of each pressure, frequency of occurrence and area • Participatory mapping of anthropogenic pressure and natural hazard • Note the local people’s perception about change in anthropogenic pressure and natural hazard incidences in the VDC

49


Annex 6: List of Sample Point Covered as Universe for Forest Resource Inventory S.No.

Plot No

Easting

Northing

1

101

775859

3129989

Deciduous Mixed Broad-leaved forest

2

105

776859

3129989


3

133

775859

3129739


4

135

776359

3129739


5

171

777359

3129489


6

173

777859

3129489


7

235

777359

3128989


8

241

778859

3128989


9

252

781609

3128989

Hill Sal forest

10

267

777359

3128739


11

275

779359

3128739


12

311

780359

3128489


13

315

781359

3128489


14

316

781609

3128489

Hill Sal forest

15

331

777359

3128239


16

339

779359

3128239


17

348

781609

3128239

Hill Sal forest

18

367

778359

3127989


19

373

779859

3127989


20

380

781609

3127989

Hill Sal forest

21

393

776859

3127739


22

403

779359

3127739


23

405

779859

3127739


24

423

776359

3127489


25

427

777359

3127489


26

431

778359

3127489


27

435

779359

3127489


28

437

779859

3127489


29

453

775859

3127239


30

455

776359

3127239


31

459

777359

3127239


32

467

779359

3127239


33

471

780359

3127239


34

473

780859

3127239


35

485

775859

3126989


38

517

775859

3126739


39

519

776359

3126739


40

551

776359

3126489


50

Forest type

Remarks Not considered for analysis

Not considered for analysis

Not considered for analysis


S.No.

Plot No

Easting

Northing

Forest type

41

555

777359

3126489


42

579

775359

3126239


43

591

778359

3126239


44

593

778859

3126239


45

611

775359

3125989


46

623

778359

3125989


47

641

774859

3125739


48

645

775859

3125739


49

647

776359

3125739


50

653

777859

3125739


51

655

778359

3125739


52

677

775859

3125489


53

681

776859

3125489


54

711

776359

3125239


55

721

778859

3125239


56

743

776359

3124989


57

751

778359

3124989


58

753

778859

3124989


59

775

776359

3124739


60

777

776859

3124739


61

781

777859

3124739


62

783

778359

3124739


63

785

778859

3124739


64

807

776359

3124489


65

809

776859

3124489


66

811

777359

3124489


67

815

778359

3124489


68

817

778859

3124489


69

839

776359

3124239


70

841

776859

3124239


71

843

777359

3124239


72

847

778359

3124239


73

871

776359

3123989


Remarks

51


Annex 7: List of Participants of FGDs and Key Informants S.No.

Name

Organization

Designation

1

Dar Kumari Gurung

Ama Samuha

Chairperson

2

Angsha Bahadur Gurung

CFUG

Secretary

3

Khem Bahadur Gurung

CFUG

Treasurer

4

Ganesh Bahadur Gurung

CFUG

Chairperson

5

Kal Kumari Bhujel

CFUG

Users

6

Bhima Gurung

CFUG

Users

7

Aaiti Nepali

CFUG

Users

8

Prem Kumari Gurung

CFUG

Users

9

Chandra Kumari Gurung

CFUG

Users

10

Gau Prasad Gurung

CFUG

Users

11

Sun Bahadur Gurung

CFUG

Users

12

Anjana Gurung

CFUG

Users

13

Durga Nepali

CFUG

Users

14

Ful Maya Nepali

CFUG

Users

15

Sujan Nepali

CFUG

Users

16

Ram Kumari Nepali

CFUG

Users

17

Hema Nepali

CFUG

Users

18

Suraj Nepali

CFUG

Users

19

Maikhu Nepali

CFUG

Users

20

Lal Prasad Gurung

21

Til Bahadur Gurung

22

Dhan Bahadur Gurung

Indian Army Pensioner

23

Dil Bahadur Gurung

British Welfare

24

Min Bahadur Gurung

School

Principal

25

Gau Bahadur Gurung

School

School Caretaker

26

Hari Kumari Gurung

School

Teacher

27

Jamuna Gurung

School

Teacher

28

Dal Bahadur Gurung

Retired Indian Army

29

Lal Bahadur BK

Retired Indian Army

30

Hasta Kumari BK

Local Resedence

31

Khimraj Paudel

Panchase Protected Forest

Facilitator

32

Taranath Bhandari

Farmers' Group-Thulakhet

Chairperson

33

Tikaram Adhikari

Religious Group

Member

34

Arjun Bhandari

Paribartanshil Yuwa Club

Vice-chairperson

35

Bharat Bhandari

Paribartanshil Yuwa Club

Member

36

Tanka Prasad Parajuli

Local Resedence

37

Krishna Prasad Dahal

Local Resedence

38

Liladevi Gurung

52

Indian Army Pensioner School

Panchase Paribartanshil Ama Samuha

Teacher

Chairperson


SN

Name

Organization Panchase Paribartanshil Ama Samuha

Designation

39

Damayanti Bhandari

Member

40

Laxmi Bhandari


Member

41

Taradevi Parajuli


Member

42

Satyadevi Bhandari


Member

43

Gopal Prasad Bhandari

Siddhabarah Tapoban Committee

Secretary

44

Dhurba Bhandari

Siddhabarah Higher Secondary School

Teacher Coordinator

45

Prem Bahadur Gurung

Wada Nagarik Manch

46

Min Bahadur Gurung

Panthare CF

Secretary

47

Santa Bahadur Gurung

Srijana Yuwa Club

Chairperson

48

Deukaji Gurung

Bahadure Higher Secondary School

Chairperson

49

Shreeprasad Gurung

Panthare CF & Naulo Charchare CF

Chairperson

50

Som Bahadur Gurung

Panthare CF

Member

51

Taradevi Gurung

Panthare CF

Treasurer Treasurer

52

Juke Gurung

Gurung Museum

53

Chij Kumari Gurung

Krishi Munal

Treasurer

54

Tikumaya Gurung

Panthare CF

Member

55

Jas Kumari Gurung

Srijana Bachat Samuha

Treasurer

56

Gam Bahadur Gurung

Panthare CF

FUG member

57

Ram Kumari Gurung

Panthare CF

FUG member

58

Sangeeta Gurung

Srijana Krishi Samuha

Member

59

Lachhina Gurung

Naulo Charchare CF

Joint-Secretary

60

Laxmi Paudel

Namuna Ama Samuha

61

Tikmaya Gurung

Local Resedence

62

Yanu Maya Gurung

Local Resedence

63

Dhan Bahadur Gurung

64

Suk Bahadur BK

Macchapucchre Development Organization

Vice-Chairperson

65

Gam Bahadur Gurung

Hario Ban Program

Secretary

66

Thakur Suwa Gurung

Hario Ban Program

Treasurer Member

Chairperson

Local Resedence

67

Rana Prasad Gurung

Hario Ban Program

68

Santa Bahadur Gurung

Hario Ban Program

Member

69

Deurupa BK

Hario Ban Program

Member

70

Man Kumari BK

Hario Ban Program

Member

71

Devi BK

Hario Ban Program

Member

72

Purna Kumari Gurung

Hario Ban Program

Member

73

Maita BK

Hario Ban Program

Member Member

74

Shanti Gurung

Hario Ban Program

75

Iman Gurung

Hario Ban Program

Member

76

Heerlal Gurung

Hario Ban Program

Member

77

Kamala BK

Hario Ban Program

Member

78

Buddhi BK

Hario Ban Program

Member

79

Dr Rajan Pokharel

Regional Forest Directoriate

Regional Director

80

Rajendra Neupane

Regional Forest Directoriate

Montoring Officer (Under-Secretary) Manager Under-Secretary)

81

Kedar Poudel

Panchase Protected Forest

82

Jeev Nath Poudel

District Foret office, Syangja

District Forest officer

83

Diwakar Pathak

District Foret office, Kaski


84

Haris Chandra Singh

District Foret office, Parbat


85

Khagenda Raj Baral

District Foret office, Kaski

Assist. Forest officer

86

Uddhaw Bahadur Ghimire

District Soil Conservation Office Kaski

District Soil Conservation Officer

87

Puspa Raj

District Soil Conservation Office Parbat


88

Kamal Prasad Gautam

District Soil Conservation Office Syangja


53


SN

Name

89

Dr. Ridish Pokharel

Institute of Forestry, Pokhara

Organization Professor

Designation

90

Dr. Krishna Raj Tiwari


Associate Professor

91

Rajan Subedi


Asst. Lecturar

92

Bishnu Devkota


Asst. Lecturar

93

Dil Bhattrai

Machapuchre Development Organization

Chairperson

94

Gopal Gurung


95

Bimal Kunwar


54


Annex 8: Wardwise Major Ecosystems (Area in ha) Sandbars/ Riverbed

Water body

Total

Wards

Agriculture

Forest

1

56.98

89.63

2

37.78

48.22

3

102.14

420.07

4

44.80

62.57

5

104.52

122.16

17.29

6

54.15

119.72

2.53

176.40

7

42.74

356.64

0.18

399.56

8

27.29

77.94

0.92

106.15

9

102.09

609.50

2.10

713.69

Total

572.49

1906.45

23.96

0.33

146.94 86.00

0.95

0.32

523.49 107.38

0.71

1.36

244.67

2504.26

55


Annex 9: IVI of Canopy Layer Species

Species

56

IVI

Species

IVI

Rakchan

106.92

Dudhilo

0.69

Schima wallichii

69.63

Mallo

0.61

Castanopsis indica

28.42

Lapsi

0.41

Mauwa

19.74

Musure katus

0.37

Angeri

11.18

Tilko

0.33

Mallato

10.79

Dhupi

0.32

Paate

7.22

Paiyu

0.32

Utis

7.03

Bilauni

0.32

Gurans

5.40

Darekanda

0.31

Dabdabe

5.00

Tejpat

0.31

Kafal

4.98

Bhakimlo

0.31

Phalat

3.11

Akhitare

0.00

Tiju

2.90

Amala

0.00

Sal

2.62

Bedulo

0.00

Siris

2.11

Ghudakhari

0.00

Raatpaate

1.95

Kalikatha

0.00

Baakle

1.51

Khirro

0.00

Kaulo

1.14

Kyamun

0.00

Baanjh

0.96

Lek chaanp

0.00

Jamun

0.82

Pakhuri

0.00

Symplocus

0.82

Rudilo

0.00

Tooni

0.72

Tanki

0.00

Damaura

0.70

TiteKatha

0.00


Annex 10: Vegetation Type by Ward

Vegetation type (ha) Ward

Chilaune- Katus Forest

Utis Forest

Total

1

64.95

24.68

89.63

2

5.34

42.88

48.22

3

404.59

4

62.57

5

92.66

6

115.05

4.66

119.72

7

167.09

189.55

356.64

8

60.08

17.86

77.94

9

102.72

506.78

609.50

Total

1075.07

Pahadi Sal Forest

Rakchan Forest

15.48

420.07 62.57

29.50

29.50

122.16

734.32

67.56

1906.45

57


Annex 11: Seedling and Sapling Density by Vegetation Type Density of Seedlings and Saplings (#/ha) Species

Akhitare

Chilaune-Katus Forest Seedling

Sapling

31

25

Amala

Hill Sal Forest Seedling

Sapling

Rakchan Forest Seedling

Sapling

83

111

1750

522

Utis Forest Seedling Sapling

13

Angeri

125

200

Baakle

594

338

400

Baanjh Bedulo

63

Bhakimlo Bilauni

Castanopsis indica

875

313

3031

538

4000

2000

Dabdabe

83 417

Damaura

800 478

13

Darekanda Dhupi Dudhilo

63

56

Ghudakhari

11

Gurans

469

13

Jamun

250

13

31

113

Kafal

800

83

28

Kalikatha

1028

Kaulo

125

Khirro

31

Kyamun

33

222

167

13

Lapsi Lek chaanp Mallato

11 94

Mallo

50

11

150

22

Mauwa

219

150

Musure katus

188

25

Paate

219

388

Paiyu

31

13

Pakhuri

94

Phalat

400

400

417

222

3000

4400

83

Raatpaate Rakchan Rudilo

58

94

250 13

1167

1011

1200


Density of Seedlings and Saplings (#/ha) Species


Sapling

Sal Schima wallichii

688


Sapling

35000

1200


500

Sapling


22

800

Siris 28

Symplocus Tanki

25

Tejpat

219

63

Tiju

4219

300

1000

Tilko TiteKatha

22

Tooni Utis Total

11750

3513

40000

3600

5389

2700

3000

8800

59


Annex 12: Species Wise Density of Poles and Trees Density of Seedlings and Saplings (#/ha) Species


Sapling

Angeri

16

1

Baakle

6


Sapling


Sapling

8

3


Akhitare Amala

Baanjh

1

Bedulo Bhakimlo

1

Bilauni

1

Castanopsis indica

97

Dabdabe

4

Damaura

2

11

33

1 19

Darekanda

1

Dhupi

1

Dudhilo

2

1

Gurans

16

6

Jamun

3

Kafal

10

Ghudakhari

1

133

1

1

Kalikatha Kaulo

8

Khirro Kyamun Lapsi

1

Lek chaanp Mallato Mallo Mauwa Musure katus Paate

18

6

1 22

1 1

10

2

1 13

23

Paiyu

33

1

Pakhuri Phalat Raatpaate Rakchan

60

2 1

1

2

31

1

265

48

33




Sapling


Sapling

433

20

100

40


Sapling

10

1


Rudilo Sal Schima wallichii Siris

149

35

3

1

Symplocus

233

20

133

100

433

120

5

Tanki Tejpat

1

Tiju

6

Tilko

1

1

TiteKatha Tooni

3

Utis

8

1

426

68

Total

700

60

345

56

61


Annex 13: Species Wise Growing Stock of Poles and Trees Density of Seedlings and Saplings (#/ha) Species


Sapling

Angeri

1.00

0.20

Baakle

0.57


Sapling


Sapling

1.01

1.82


Akhitare Amala

Baanjh

0.38

Bedulo Bhakimlo

0.02

Bilauni

0.06

Castanopsis indica

9.85

Dabdabe

0.14

Damaura

0.42

7.53

13.34

0.37 1.64

Darekanda

0.05

Dhupi

0.04

Dudhilo

0.09

0.01

Gurans

1.21

0.54

Jamun

0.53

Kafal

0.74

Ghudakhari

0.35

13.08

0.11

0.09

Kalikatha Kaulo

1.29

Khirro Kyamun Lapsi

0.25

Lek chaanp Mallato

2.75

Mallo

0.03

Mauwa

3.60

Musure katus

0.24

Paate

0.99

4.14

0.04 0.02

12.06

1.51

1.91

Paiyu

0.57

0.10

Pakhuri Phalat

1.85

Raatpaate

0.15

0.71

0.12

Rakchan

2.40

0.23

43.73

Rudilo Sal

62

52.70

21.50

35.06

2.65



Schima wallichii Siris

Chilaune-Katus Forest

Hill Sal Forest

Rakchan Forest

Seedling

Sapling

Seedling

Sapling

Seedling

Sapling

25.28

30.74

17.57

31.73

1.36

1.57

1.05

0.60

Symplocus

Utis Forest Seedling Sapling 22.79

0.30

Tanki Tejpat

0.04

Tiju

0.62

Tilko

0.07

1.01

TiteKatha Tooni

0.20

Utis

3.78

1.69

57.37

59.64

Total

96.69

53.24

51.35

41.93

29.40

68.27

55.40

97.36

63


Annex 14: Cultivation Type by Ward Cultivation type (Area in ha) Ward

64

Level Terrace Cultivation

Sloping Terrace Cultivation

River Terrace Cultivation

Flood Plain Cultivation

1

7.83

49.14

56.98

2

2.74

35.04

37.78

3

12.78

87.32

4

8.16

36.65

5

0.86

78.26

18.79

6

22.72

30.40

1.02

7

3.87

38.87

42.74

8

8.54

18.75

27.29

9

27.53

74.56

102.09

Total

95.04

448.99

2.04

Total

102.14 44.80

21.86

6.61

104.52 54.15

6.61

572.49

Lapsi

Kyamun

24

23

Kalikatha

19

Khirro

Kafal

18

22

Jamun

17

Katus

Gurans

16

Kaulo

Ghudakhari

15

21

Dudhilo

14

20

Darekanda

Dhupi

13

Damaura

11

12

Dabdabe

Bhakimlo

7

10

Bedulo

6

Bilauni

Baanjh

Chilaune

Baakle

4

5

9

Angeri

3

8

Amala

2

Nepali Name

Akhitare

1

S.No.

Lapsi

Kyamuna

Khirro

Kaulo

Dhale/Dhalne Katus

Kali kath

Khaphal

Jamun

Gurans

Ghodakhari

Dudhilo

Jhule Salla

Dhare Kanda

Dabdabe

Chilaune

Baanjh

Setikath

Ankha taruwa

Vernacular Name

Nepalese hog plum

Tallow tree

Nepal or Indian Chestnut

Box myrtle, Bay-berry

Black plum, Indian black berry

Rhododendron, Rose tree, Rosy bay

West Himalayan spurce

Lannea's name -Wodier wood

Chinese sumac

Lyonia

Emblic myrobalan

English Name

Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) B.L. Brutt.& A.W. Hill.

Cleistocalyx operculata (Roxb.) Merr. & Perry

Sapium insigne (Royle) Benth.ex Hook.f.

Persea odoratissima (Nees) Kosterm.

Castanopsis indica (Roxb.) Miq.

Myrsine semiserrata Wall.

Myrica esculenta

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels

Rhododendron anthopogon D.Don

Viburnum erubescens Wall. Ex DC.

Ficus neriifolia Sm.

Picea smithiana (Wall.) Boiss

Xylosma controversum Clos.

Artemisia absinthum L.

Garuga pinnata Roxb.

Schima wallichii

Maesa chisia Buch.Ham. Ex D.Don

Rhus javanica L.

Streblus asper Lour

Quercus lanata Sm

Myrsine capitellata Wall

Lyonia ovalifolia (Wall.) Drude

Phyllanthus emblica L.

Trichilia connaroides (Wight & Am.) Bentvelzen

Latin Name

Annex 15: Tree Species Found in Forest Ecosystem of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC Family

Anacardiceae

Myrtaceae

Euphorbiaceae

Lauraceae

Fagaceae

Myrsinaceae

Myricaceae

Myrtaceae

Ericaceae

Sambucaceae

Moraceae

Pinaceae

Flaccourtiaceae

Compositae

Burseraceae

Magnoliaceae

Myrsinaceae

Anacardiceae

Moraceae

Lauraceae

Myrsinaceae

Ericaceae

Euphorbiaceae

Meliaceae

Taxonomy

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Gymnosperm

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot


65

66

Titekatha

Tooni

Utis

47

Tilko

44

46

Tiju

43

45

Tarico

Tejpat

41

42

Utis

Tuna/Tuni

Tite chap

Tikul

Teju

Tejpat

Tarika

Alder

Moulmain cedar/ Cedrela tree

Cinnamomum leaf/ Indian cassia

Screw pine

Alnus nepalensis D.Don

Toona ciliata M. Roem.

Michelia cathcartii Hook.f. & T.

Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb.) Korth.

Picrasma javanica Bl.

Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham) Ness & Eberm.

Pandanus odoratissima Roxb.

Bauhinia purpurea L.

Pink bauhinia

Tanki

Albizia julibrissin Durazz.

Shorea robusta Gaertn.

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis

Daphniphyllum himalense (Benth.) Muell.-Arg.

Litsea monocephala (Roxb.) Pers.

Quercus lineata Blume

Ficus glaberrima Blume

Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham.ex D.Don

Eurya acuminata DC.

Castonopsis tribuloides (Sm.) A.DC.

Engelhardia spicata Lsch. ex Bl.

Viburnum mullaha Buch.-Ham.ex D.Don.

Macaranga indica Wight

Magnolia campbelli Hook.f. & Thoms.

Latin Name

40

Tanki

Sal tree

Coral jasmine/Night jasmine

English Name

Symplocos ramosissima Wall ex. G. Don

Pahade Siris

Rudilo

Ratmati

Phalat

Pakhuri

Paiyu

Pate/Jhyanno/Pate jhyanno/Pathe

Musure katus

Mauva

Mallo

Maledo

A kh t Champ

Vernacular Name

39

Sal

Siris

38

33

37

Phalat

32

Rudilo

Pakhuri

31

36

Paiyu

30

Raatpaate

Paate

29

Rakchan

Musure katus

28

35

Mauwa

27

34

Mallato

Mallo

26

Akhitchaanp Lek

Nepali Name

1 25

S.No.

Betulaceae

Meliaceae

Magnoliaceae

Rubiaceae

Simarubaceae

Lauraceae

Pandanaceae

Leguminosae

Symplocaceae

Leguminosae

Dipterocarpaceae

Oleaceae

Daphniphyllaceae

Lauraceae

Fagaceae

Moraceae

Betulaceae

Theaceae

Fagaceae

Juglandaceae

Sambucaceae

Euphorbiaceae

M li Magnoliaceae

Family

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Monocot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Di t Dicot

Taxonomy


Chhatre unyu/Rukh unyu

Chiraito

Bish

Charinagre

Chhatre

Chiraito

Chittre banso

Chutro

Junge lahara

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

Batule pate/ Gudurganu

Dhobini

Dhobini

Damaru

Dhatelo

23

24

Mussaenda sp.

Prinsepia utilis Royle

Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.) Corner

Curcuma sp.

Haledo

Clematis sp.

Berberis aristata DC.

Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler

Swertia chirayita (Roxb. ex Fleming) Karsten

Cyathea spinulosa Wall. ex Hook.

Macfadyena unguis-cati (L.) A. H. Gentry

Aconitum ferox Wall. ex Seringe

Leucosceptrum canum Sm

Cissampelos pareira L.

Dichroa febrifuga Lour.

Dioscorea bulbifera L.

Bambusa vulgare Schrad.

Eupatorium adenophorum

Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott

Desmodium multiflorum DC.

Viburnum continifolium D. Don

Potentilla fulgens

Equisetum diffusum D.Don

Melastoma melabathricum L

22

25

Latin Name Girardinia diversifolia (Link) Friis

Crotoneaster sp.

Dogwood

Barberry/ Nepal barberry

Tree fern

Cats claw

Aconite

False pareira

Air potato/ Potato yam

Feathery bamboo

Pink bauhinia

Horse tail

Indian rhododendron

Himalayan nettle

English Name

21

Damaru

Chutro

Chittre banso

Chari nangre lahara

Bhusure

Batulpate

Bhusune

13

Basuli

Ban tarul

12

Basule

11

Bansi bans

Banso

Bantarul

9

Banmara

8

10

Banmara

Banko

7

Banko

Bakhre ghaans

6

Bakhre ghans

Bajradanti

Bakalpate

Ankhe jhar

4

Ankhe jhar

3

Angeri/chulesi

Allo sisnu

Vernacular Name

5

Allo

Angeri/chulesi

1

Nepali Name

2

S.No.

Herb

Shrub

Shrub

Herb

Shrub

Climber

Shrub

Herb

Herb

Fern

Herb

Herb

Shrub

Herb

Shrub

Herb

Herb

Herb

Herb

Shrub

Shrub

Herb

Fern

Shrub

Herb

Life form

Family

Rubiaceae

Rosaceae

Moraceae

Zingiberaceae

Rosaceae

Ranunculaceae

Berberidaceae

Gramineae

Gentianaceae

Plagiogyriaceae

Bignoniaceae

Ranunculaceae

Labiatae

Menispermaceae

Hydrangeaceae

Dioscoreaceae

Gramineae

Asteraceae

Araceae

Leguminosae

Sambucaceae

Rosaceae

Equisetaceae

Melastomaceae

Urticaceae

Annex 16: Non-tree Species Found in Forest Ecosystem of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Monocot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Monocot

Dicot

Pteridophyte

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Monocot

Monocot

Dicot

Monocot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Pteridophyte

Dicot

Dicot

Taxonomy


67

68

Golkakri

Hade

Hade unyu

35

36

37

Jhyau 2

Kalo angeri

Kamaru

Kamle

Kancherno

Kantakari

Kathe chyau 1

Kathe chyau 2

Kathe chyau 3

Kathe chyau 4

Kathe chyau 5

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

Jhyau 1

41

43

Jhulo

40

42

Jhilke sottar

39

38

Githo

Kamle

Rato chulsi/Thulo chulsi

Jhulo

Hade unyu

Gol kankri

Indian salmon

Artillary plant

Fern

Fern

Ivy gourd/ Kavai fruit

Solanum surattense Burm.f.

Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) Wight & Arn.

Pilea symmeria Wedd.

Drynaria mollis

Osbeckia nepalensis Buch.Ham. Ex D.Don

Anaphalis margaritacea

Inula cappa (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) DC.

Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.) Underw.

Pilea sp.

Coccinia grandis (L.) Viogt.

Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr.

Randia tetrasperma (Roxb.) Benth. & Hook.

Centella asiatica (L.) Urban.

34

Water pennywort

Ghorikath

33

Ghodtapre

Ghodtapre

32

Pansy

Ageratum conyzoides L.

Viola sp.

Ghatte phul

Goat weed

Calopogonium mucunoides Desv.

Lobelia pyramidalis Wall.

Ghatte phul

Gandhe

Calope

Latin Name


31

Gandhe

29

Gahate jhar

Lobelia

English Name

Gentiana sp.

Gahate

28

Eklebir

Gaaitihaare

Vernacular Name

30

Dubiya

Eklebir

26

Nepali Name

27

S.No.

Fungus

Fungus

Fungus

Fungus

Fungus

Herb

Herb

Herb

Fern

Herb

Lichen

Lichen

Solanaceae

Asclepiadaceae

Urticaceae

Polypodiaceae

Melastomaceae

Fungus

Fungus

Fungus

Fungus

Fungus

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Pteridophyte

Dicot

Lichen

Lichen

Pteridophyte Dicot

Asteraceae

Dicot

Pteridophyte

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Taxonomy

Fern

Asteraceae

Gieicheniaceae

Urticaceae

Cucurbitaceae

Menispermaceae

Rubiaceae

Umbelliferae

Violaceae

Gentianaceae

Asteraceae

Leguminosae

Lobeliaceae

Asteraceae

Family

Herb

Shrub

Fern

Shrub

Herb

Climber

Shrub

Herb

Herb

Herb

Herb

Herb

Herb

Herb

Life form


Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin.

Phulteso

Phurke

78

79

Patero/Patare

77

Chari Amilo

74

Paite

Nigalo

Pani amala

Nash jhar

72

73

76

Nagbeli 2

71

75

Nagarmothe

Nagbeli 1

69

70

Phulteso

Pani amala

Nigalo

Nagarmothe Lycopodium/ Club moss

Himalayan Bamboo

Sword fern

Indian Sorrel

Drepanostachyum falcatum (Nees) Keng f.

Buddleja asiatica Lour.

Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) Presl.

Phyllanthus parviflora

Oxalis sp.

Drepanostachyum intermedium (Munro) Keng.f.

Hemiphragma heterophyllum Wall.

Lycopodium japonicum

Lycopodium phlegmaria

Cyperus rotundus L.

Cyperus compressus L.

Mothe jhar

68

Mothe jhar

Epipremnum sp.

Rubia manjith Roxb. ex Fleming Malva sp.

Majitho

Daphne papyracea Wall. Ex Steud. Galium hirtiflorum Req. ex DC.

Money plant

65

Lute jhar

67

Majitho

64

Nepali paper plant

Love thorn

Asparagus racemosus Willd.

Smilax ovalifolia Roxb. ex D. Don

66

Lokta

Lute jhar

63

Liso

kuro ghans

Wild asparagus

Helixanthera parasitica Lour.

Kuro

59

Kukur daino

Liso

Kurilo

58

Strobilanthus sp.

62

Kukurdaino

57

Kibbu

Lingularia fischeri

Kibbu

56

Arundina sp.

Ligustrum indicum (Lour.) Merr.

Latin Name

Leucas lanata Benth.

Khari banso

55

English Name

61

Keri

54

Vernacular Name

60

Kattra kanda

Nepali Name

53

S.No.

Cyperaceae

Herb

Shrub

Shrub

Gramineae

Loganiacea

Davalliaceae Herb

Euphorbiaceae

Shrub

Herb

Fern

Scrophulariaceae Gramineae

Herb

Oxalidaceae

Lycopodiaceae

Fern

Herb

Lycopodiaceae

Fern

Cyperaceae

Araceae

Herb

Malvaceae Climber

Rubiaceae

Herb Herb

Thymeliaceae Rubiaceae

Shrub Herb

Loranthaceae

Asteraceae

Shrub

Labiatae

Herb

Gramineae

Herb Herb

Liliaceae

Liliaceae

Climber Herb

Acanthaceae

Shrub

Oleaceae Gramineae

Shrub Herb

Vitaceae

Family

Climber

Life form

Monocot

Dicot

Pteridophyte

Dicot

Dicot

Monocot

Dicot

Pteridophyte

Pteridophyte

Monocot

Monocot

Monocot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Monocot

Monocot

Monocot

Dicot

Monocot

Dicot

Dicot

Taxonomy


69

70

Sano silaam

Siru

Sisno

Sungava 1

Sungava 10

Sungava 11

Sungava 12

Sungava 13

Sungava 14

Sungava 15

Sungava 16

Sungava 17

Sungava 18

Sungava 19

Sungava 2

Sungava 20

Sungava 21

Sungava 22

Sungava 23

Sungava 24

87

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

Sani phal

86

88

Dhursulo

Pyauli

83

Ainselu

Sukul Jhar

82

84

Pipalpate

81

85

Phusre kanda

Nepali Name

80

S.No.

Vernacular Name

Golden evergreen raspberry

Currant

Ivy Climber

English Name

Pholidota articulata

Otochilus lancilabius

Otochilus albus

Oberonia falcata

Malaxis purpurea

Bulbophyllum striatum

Malaxis latifolia

Malaxis acuminata

Liparis nervosa

Goodyera repens

Gastrochilus bigibbus

Eria spicata

Eria bipuncata

Eria apertifolia

Dendrobium heterocarpum

Dendrobium eriflorum

Bulbophyllum careyanum

Urtica dioica L.

Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauvois

Elsholtzia fructicosa

Rubus ellipticus Sm.

Ribes sp.

Reinwardtia indica Dumort.

Polygonum sp.

Hedera nepalensis K.Koch

Latin Name

Linaceae

Herb

Orchid

Orchid

Orchid

Orchid

Orchid

Orchid

Orchid

Orchid

Orchid

Orchid

Orchid

Orchid

Orchid

Orchid

Orchid

Orchid

Orchidaceae

Orchidaceae

Orchidaceae

Orchidaceae

Orchidaceae

Orchidaceae

Orchidaceae

Orchidaceae

Orchidaceae

Orchidaceae

Orchidaceae

Orchidaceae

Orchidaceae

Orchidaceae

Orchidaceae

Orchidaceae

Orchidaceae

Urticaceae

Herb Orchid

Gramineae

Labiatae

Rosaceae

Herb

Shrub

Climber

Shrub

Grossulariaceae

Polygonaceae

Herb

Shrub

Araliaceae

Family

Climber

Herb

Life form

Monocot

Monocot

Monocot

Monocot

Monocot

Monocot

Monocot

Monocot

Monocot

Monocot

Monocot

Monocot

Monocot

Monocot

Monocot

Monocot

Monocot

Dicot

Monocot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Taxonomy


Sungava 3

Sungava 4

Sungava 5

Sungava 6

Sungava 7

Sungava 8

Sungava 9

Sungave 30

Teete lahara

Teetepati

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120

121

Unyu 2

130

Unyu 3

Unyu 1

129

131

Tite

Ultekanda

127

Thulo paite

126

128

Thulo paate 1

Thulo paate 2

124

125

Ultekanda

Tite

Pate

Sotane

Teetepati

Fern

Vegetable smart weed

Indian worm

Butterfly orchid

Artemisia indica Willd.

Eulophia spectabilis

Cymbidium iridioides

Cymbidium erythraeum

Cymbidium elegans

Coelogyne prolifera

Coelogyne nitida

Coelogyne fuscescens

Coelogyne cristata

Peristylus affinis

Asplenium dalhousiae

Dicranopteris linearis

Aspidium sp.

Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston

Swertia nervosa (G.Don) C.B. Clarke

Oxystelma esculentum (L. f.) Sm.

Desmodium sp.

Eurya acuminata DC .

Aconogonum molle (D. Don) Hara

Sungava 29

111

Sunipia bicolor

Latin Name

Thotne

Sungava 28

110

Spiranthes spiralis

Rhynchostylis retusa

Pholidota pallida


123

Sungava 27

109

English Name

Theropogon sp.

Sungava 26

108

Vernacular Name

122

Sungava 25

107

Nepali Name

Sungava 24

106

S.No.

Life form

Family

Fern

Fern

Fern

Shrub

Aspleniaceae

Gleicheniaceae

Dryopteridaceae

Leguminosae

Gentianaceae

Asclepiadaceae

Shrub Herb

Leguminosae

Shrub

Theaceae

Polygonaceae

Herb Shrub

Cyperaceae

Asteraceae

Orchidaceae

Orchidaceae

Orchidaceae

Orchidaceae

Orchidaceae

Orchidaceae

Orchidaceae

Orchidaceae

Orchidaceae

Orchidaceae

Orchidaceae

Orchidaceae

Orchidaceae

Orchidaceae

Herb

Shrub

Climber

Orchid

Orchid

Orchid

Orchid

Orchid

Orchid

Orchid

Orchid

Orchid

Orchid

Orchid

Orchid

Orchid

Orchid

Taxonomy

Pteridophyte

Pteridophyte

Pteridophyte

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Monocot

Dicot

Monocot

Monocot

Monocot

Monocot

Monocot

Monocot

Monocot

Monocot

Monocot

Monocot

Monocot

Monocot

Monocot

Monocot


71

72

Aalu

Aduwa

Akabarekhorsani

Alainchi

Amba

Ankhitimur

Bakulla

Ban dhaniya

Banda

Baramasephool

Besar

Bhanta

Bhuikatahar

Chamsur

Chiya

Coffee

Dhaniya

Gajar

Golbheda

Ground apple

Guyeli

Iskus

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

Nepali Name

1

S.No.

Chayote/ Christophine

Oleaster

Ground apple

Tomato

Carrot

Coriander

Coffee

Tea

Garden cress

Pineapple

Brinjal

Turmeric

Paper flower

Cabbage

Wild coriander

Faba beans/ Broad beans/Horse bean

Pepper

Guava

Cardamom

Chilly

Ginger

Potato

English Name

Sechiumedule (Jacq.) Sw.

Elaeagnusinfundibularis Momiyama

Smallanthus sp.

Lycopersicumesculentum Mill.

Daucascarota L. var. sativa DC.

Coriandrumsativum L.

Coffeaarabica L.

Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze

Lepidiumsativum L.

Ananascomosus (L.) Merr.

Solanummelongena L.

Curcuma longa

Baugainvilleaglabra

Brassica oleracea L. var. capitataL.

Eryrigium Foetidum

Viciafaba L.

Zanthoxylumpiperitum

Psidiumguajava L.

Amomumaromaticum Roxb.

Capsicum annum L.

Zingiberofficinale Roc.

Solanumtuberosum L.

Latin Name

Theaceae Rubiaceae Apiaceae Apiaceae Solanaceae Asteraceae Elaeagnaceae Cucurbitaceae

Shrub Herb Herb Herb Herb Tree Herb

Solanaceae

Herb

Shrub

Zingiberaceae

Herb

Brassicaceae

Nyctagenaceae

Shrub

Herb

Brassicaceae

Herb

Bromeliaceae

Apiaceae

Herb

Herb

Legume

Leguminosae

Herb

Vegetable

Flower

Fruit

Vegetable

Vegetable

Spices

Beverage

Beverage

Spices

Fruit

Vegetable

Spices

Flower

Vegetable

Spices

Spices

Fruit

Spices

Spices

Spices

Vegetable

Crop type

Tree

Myrtaceae

Tree

Solanaceae

Herb Zingiberaceae

Zingiberaceae

Herb

herb

Solanaceae

Family

Herb

Life form

Annex 17: Flora found in agriculture ecosystem of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC


Kagati

Kalkiphool

Kauli

Kera

Kerau

Khorsani

Khorsaniphool

Kodo

Kurilo

Lalupate

Lasun

Maganpuredhaan

Manakamanamakai

Mewa

Mula

Nilogandhe

Pindalu

Pyaaj

Raayo

Ramtoriya

Ratomakai

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

Sakharkhanda

Juwaredhaan

24

46

Japanihaluwabed

Nepali Name

23

S.No.

Sweet potato

Red Maize

Okra/Lady's finger

Broad Leaf Mustard

Onion

Colocasia

Gandhe

Radish

Papaya

Maize

Paddy plant/ Rice

Garlic

Poinsettia

Wild asparagus

Finger Millet/ Bird's foot millet

Blood flower

Chilly

Pea

Banana

Cauliflower

Bottle brush

Lime

Rice

Persimmon

English Name

Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam

Zea mays L.

Abelmoschusesculentus (L.) Moench.

Brassica juncea (L.) Czem.

Allium cepa L.

Colocasiaantiquorum

Ageratum houstonianum Mill.

Raphanussativus L.

Carica papaya L.

Zea mays L.

Oryza sativa L.

Allium sativum L.

Euphorbia pulcherrima Wild. Ex Kletzsch


Eleusinecoracana (L.) Gaerth.

Asclepiascurassavica L.

Capsicum annuum L.

Pisumsativum L.

Musa paradisiaea L.

Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.

Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels

Citrus aurantifolia (Christ.) Swingle

Oryza sativa

Diospyrossp.

Latin Name

Malvaceae Gramineae

Herb Herb

Convolvulaceae

Brassicaceae

Herb

Herb

Amaryllidaceae

Brassicaceae

Herb

Herb

Caricaceae

Herb

Araceae

Gramineae

Herb

Herb

Gramineae

Herb

Asteraceae

Amaryllidaceae

Herb

Herb

Euphorbiaceae

Shrub

Gramineae

Herb

Liliaceae

Asclepiadaceae

Herb

Shrub

Solanaceae

Herb

Brassicaceae

Herb

Leguminosae

Myrtaceae

Tree

Herb

Rutaceae

Tree

Musaceae

Gramineae

Herb

Herb

Ebenaceae

Family

Herb

Life form

Tuber

Cereal

Vegetable

Vegetable

Spices

Tuber

Weed

Vegetable

Fruit

Cereal

Cereal

Spices

Flower

Vegetable

Cereal

Flower

Spices

Legume

Fruit

Vegetable

Flower

Fruit

Cereal

Fruit

Crop type


73

74

Sayapatriphool

Setomakai

Bhuiainselu

Sugandhawal

Suntala

Tarul

Tori

Tyamatar

Ukhu

Uwa/Karoo

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

Nepali Name

47

S.No.

Barley

Sugarcane

Tree tomato

Mustard

Yam

Orange

Indian valerian

Strawberry

White maize

Marigold

English Name

Hordeumvulgare L.

Saccharumofficinarum L.

Cyphomandrabetacea (Cav.) Sendt

Brassica rapa L.

Dioscoreasagittata Royle

Citrus aurantium L.

Valerianajatamansii Jones

Fragananubicola Lindl. Ex Lacaita

Zea mays L.

Tagetuserecta L.

Latin Name

Herb

Herb

Shrub

Herb

Herb

Tree

Herb

Herb

Herb

Herb

Life form

Gramineae

Gramineae

Solanaceae

Brassicaceae

Dioscoreaceae

Cereal

Cash crop

Vegetable

Oil

Tuber

Fruit

Flower

Valerianaceae Rutaceae

Fruit

Cereal

Flower

Crop type

Rosaceae

Gramineae

Asteraceae

Family


Jalkumbhi

Leu 1

Leu 2

2

3

Nepali Name

1

S.No.

Kumbhika

Vernacular Name

Hornwort

Algae

Water lettuce

English Name

Ceratophyllum sp.

Spirogyra sp.

Pistia stratiotes L.

Latin Name

Herb

Herb

Herb

Life form

Annex 18: Flora Found in Wetland Ecosystem of Bhadaure Tamagi VDC

Ceratophyllaceae

Zygnemataceae

Araceae

Family

Monocot

Green algae

Monocot

Taxonomy


75

76

Baaj

Bhalu

Bhangera

Chibe

Chil

Chituwa

Dhukur

Giddha

Kaag

Kalij

Koili

Lampuchhre

Musa

Rato Bandar

Ratuwa

Roopi

Syal

Tiktike

Titra

Ullu

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

Nepali Name

1

S.No.

Puera

Vernacular Name

Spotted Owlet

Black Francolin

Wagtail

Golden Jackal

Common Hoopoe

Barking Deer

Rhesus Monkey

House Rat

Yellow-billed Blue Magpie

Eurasian Cuckoo

Kalij Pheasant

House Crow

Himalayan Griffon

Spotted Dove

Common Leopard

Eagle

Black Drongo

House Sparrow

Himalayan Black Bear

Eurasian Sparrowhawk

English Name

Annex 19: Wild Fauna Found in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC

Athene brama

Francolinus francolinus

Motacilla sp.

Canis aureus

Upupa epops

Muntiacus muntjak

Macaca mulatta

Mus musculus

Urocissa flavirostris

Cuculus canorus

Lophura leucomelanos

Corvus splendens

Gyps himalayensis

Streptopelia chinensis

Panthera pardus

Spizaetus nipalensis

Dicrurus macrocercus

Passer domesticus

Ursus thibetanus

Accipiter nisus

Latin Name

Strigidae

Phasianidae

Motacillidae

Canidae

Upupidae

Cervidae

Cercopithecidae

Muridae

Corvidae

Cuculidae

Phasianidae

Corvidae

Accipitridae

Columbidae

Felidae

Accipitridae

Corvidae

Passeridae

Ursidae

Accipitridae

Family

Aves

Aves

Aves

Mammal

Aves

Mammal

Mammal

Mammal

Aves

Aves

Aves

Aves

Aves

Aves

Mammal

Aves

Aves

Aves

Mammal

Aves

Taxonomy


Bakhra

Bhaisi

Biralo

Broiler kukhura

Gai

Hans

Kukur

Local kukhura

Parewa

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Nepali Name

1

S.No.

Vernacular Name

Pigeon

Chicken

Dog

Duck

Cow

Chicken

Cat

Buffalo

Goat

English Name

Columba livia

Gallus gallus

Canis sp.

Anas sp.

Bos sp.

Felis sp.

Bubalus sp.

Capra sp.

Latin Name

Annex 20: Domesticated Fauna Found in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC

Mammal Mammal

Bovidae Felidae

Mammal Aves

Canidae Phasianidae

Aves

Aves

Anatidae

Columbidae

Mammal

Bovidae

Aves

Mammal

Taxonomy

Bovidae

Family


77

78

Bhyaguta

Ghangata

Machha

2

3

Nepali Name

1

S.No.

Vernacular Name

Fish

Crab

Frog

English Name

Annex 21: Wetland Fauna Found in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC Latin Name

Family

Fish

Invertebrate

Amphibian

Taxonomy


Banko

Batulpate

Chutro

Dudhilo

Kurilo

Pyauli

2

3

4

5

6

Nepali Name

1

S.No.

Dudhilo

Chutro


Banko

Vernacular Name

Wild asparagus


False pareira

English Name

Reinwardtia indica Dumort.






Latin Name

Annex 22: Endemic Species Found in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC

Forest

Forest/Agriculture

Forest/Agriculture

Forest

Forest

Forest

Ecosystem

Herb

Herb

Tree

Shrub

Herb

Herb

Life form

Linaceae

Liliaceae

Moraceae

Berberidaceae

Menispermaceae

Araceae

Family

Dicot

Monocot

Dicot

Dicot

Dicot

Monocot

Taxonomy


79

80

Nepali Name

Chhatre

Sal

S.No.

1

2


Vernacular Name

Sal tree

Tree fern

English Name

Shorea robusta Gaertn.


Latin Name

Life form

Forest

Tree

Forest/Agriculture Fern

Ecosystem

Annex 23: Protected Species Found in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC

Dipterocarpaceae

Plagiogyriaceae

Family

Conservation details

Dicot

Forest Act 1993

Pteridophyte CITES Appendix II

Taxonomy


Allo

Amala

Amba

Badahar

Bajradanti

Bakhre ghaans

Banko

Banmara

Banso

Bantarul

Bar

Batulpate

Bedulo

Bish

Calycarpa

Chhatre

Chiraito

Chittre banso

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

Nepali Name

1

S.No.

Chittre banso

Chiraito



Bar

Ban tarul

Bansi bans

Banmara

Banko

Bakhre ghans

Badahar

Belauti

Allo sisnu

Vernacular Name

Tree fern

Aconite

False pareira

Banyan Tree

Air potato/ Potato yam

Feathery bamboo

Pink bauhinia

Monkey's jack

Guava

Emblic myrobalan

Himalayan nettle

English Name

Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler

Swertia chirayita (Roxb. ex Fleming) Karsten


Calycarpa sp

Aconitum ferox Wall. ex Seringe

Streblus asper Lour


Ficus benghalensis L.

Dioscorea bulbifera L.

Bambusa vulgare Schrad.

Eupatorium adenophorum


Desmodium multiflorum DC.

Potentilla fulgens

Artocarpus lakoocha

Psidium guajava L.

Phyllanthus emblica L.

Girardinia diversifolia (Link) Friis

Latin Name

Annex 24: NTFP Species Found in Bhadaure Tamagi VDC

Forest

Above ground parts

Entire plant

Food/Ornamental value Tender part, Inflorescence/Entire plant Forest/Agriculture

Forest

Leaf

Agriculture

Fodder

Medicine

Fodder

Poison

Entire plant

Forest

Fodder

Medicine Leaf

Root

Forest

Religious value

Food

Fire wood/Construction material

Medicine

Food

Fodder

Medicine

Food/Fodder

Food

Food/Medicine

Fibre/Food

Purpose(s)

Forest/Agriculture

Entire plant

Tuber

Agriculture

Forest

Stem

Forest

Tuber

Forest Leaf

Leaf

Forest

Forest

Entire plant

Forest

Fruit

Agriculture Fruit/Leaf

Fruit

Forest

Agriculture

Stem

Part(s) used

Forest

Ecosystem


81

82

Gurans

Guyeli

Jamun

Jhilke sottar

Jhulo

Kafal

Kagati

Kalki phool

Kancherno

Kantakari

Katus

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

Dhale/Dhalne Katus

Kalki phul

Kagati

Khaphal

Jhulo

Jamun

Goili

Gurans

Ghodtapre

Nepal or Indian Chestnut

Indian salmon

Bottle brush

Lime

Box myrtle, Bayberry

Fern

Black plum, Indian black berry

Oleaster

Rhododendron, Rose tree, Rosy bay

Water pennywort

Ghodtapre

26

Eklebir

Lobelia

Eklebir

25

Castanopsis indica (Roxb.) Miq.

Solanum surattense Burm.f.

Forest

Forest

Fruit

Fruit

Entire plant

Flower

Fruit

Agriculture Agriculture

Fruit

Entire plant

Forest Forest

Above ground parts

Forest

Fruit

Leaf

Agriculture Forest

Flower

Entire plant

Entire plant

Leaf

Above ground parts

Forest

Forest

Forest/Agriculture

Forest/Agriculture

Forest

Leaf

Leaf

Forest Forest

Fruit/Entire plant

Leaf

Part(s) used

Forest

Agriculture

Ecosystem

Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) Wight & Forest Arn.

Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels

Citrus aurantifolia (Christ.) Swingle

Myrica esculenta

Anaphalis margaritacea

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels

Elaeagnus infundibularis Momiyama

Rhododendron anthopogon D.Don

Centella asiatica (L.) Urban.

Lobelia pyramidalis Wall.


Dudhilo

24

Dudhilo


Gaaitihaare

Dubiya

23


Crotoneaster sp.


Brassaiopsis hainla (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Seem.

Latin Name

22

Chutro

English Name

Clematis sp.

Chutro

20

Chuletro

Vernacular Name

21

Chuletro

Nepali Name

19

S.No.

Food

Medicine/Leech repellent

Medicine

Ornamental value

Food

Food

Fire catcher

Forage

Food

Fodder

Food/Medicine

Medicine

Medicine

Fodder

Fodder

Fodder

Medicine

Food/Medicine

Fodder

Purpose(s)


Nagbeli 1

Nagbeli 2

Nigalo

53

54

55

Nigalo

Nagarmothe Lycopodium/ Club moss

Nagarmothe

Mothe jhar

Drepanostachyum intermedium (Munro) Keng.f.

Lycopodium japonicum

Lycopodium phlegmaria

Cyperus rotundus L.

Cyperus compressus L.

Epipremnum sp.

Rubia manjith Roxb. ex Fleming

52

Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) B.L. Brutt.& A.W. Hill.

Mothe jhar

Nepali paper plant

Nepalese hog plum

Fraxinus floribunda Wall.

51

Majitho

Lapsi

Ash

Money plant

Lapsi

46

Lakure

Litsea monopetala (Roxb.) Pers.

Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin.

50

Lakuri

45

Kutmero

Love thorn

Majitho

Kutmero

44

kuro ghans


49

Kuro

43

Wild asparagus

Smilax ovalifolia Roxb. ex D. Don

Sapium insigne (Royle) Benth.ex Hook.f.

Daphne papyracea Wall. Ex Steud.

Kurilo

42

Kukur daino

Tallow tree

Lokta

Kukurdaino

41

Khirro

Arundina sp.

Ficus semicordata Buch.-Ham ex Sm.

Latin Name

48

Khirro

40

Nepal fodder fig

English Name

Leucas lanata Benth.

Khari banso

39

Khanyu

Vernacular Name

47

Khanyu

Nepali Name

38

S.No.

Leaf

Agriculture

Stem/Tender shoot

Inflorescence

Forest Forest

Entire plant

Tuber

Tuber

Forest

Forest

Forest

Entire plant

Forest

Bark

Forest

Above ground parts

Above ground parts

Forest

Forest

Fruit

Forest/Agriculture

Leaf

Above ground parts

Forest

Agriculture

Root/Tender shoot

Fruit/Root

Forest/Agriculture

Forest

Leaf/Timber

Above ground parts

Forest Forest/Agriculture

Leaf

Part(s) used

Agriculture

Ecosystem

Basket making/Food

Medicine

Medicine

Medicine

Medicine

Ornamental value

Dye, Medicine

Fibre

Medicine

Food

Fodder

Fodder

Fodder

Medicine/Food

Medicine

Fodder/Handicraft(Madal/Theki making)

Fodder

Fodder

Purpose(s)


83

84

Paite

Paiyu

Pakhuri

Pani amala

Phulteso

Pipal

57

58

59

60

61

62

Sani phal

Simal

Sisno

Sungava 1

Sungava 10

Sungava 11

Sungava 12

Sungava 13

Sungava 14

Sungava 15

Sungava 16

Sungava 17

Sungava 18

Sungava 19

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

63

Nimaro

Nepali Name

56

S.No.

Simal

Pipal

Phulteso

Pani amala

Pakhuri

Paiyu

Nibharo

Vernacular Name

Silk cotton tree

Pipal tree/ Bodh tree

Sword fern

English Name

Malaxis latifolia

Malaxis acuminata

Liparis nervosa

Goodyera repens

Gastrochilus bigibbus

Eria spicata

Eria bipuncata

Eria apertifolia

Dendrobium heterocarpum

Dendrobium eriflorum

Bulbophyllum careyanum

Urtica dioica L.

Bombax ceiba L.

Rubus ellipticus Sm.

Ficus religiosa L.

Buddleja asiatica Lour.

Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) Presl.

Ficus glaberrima Blume

Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham.ex D.Don

Phyllanthus parviflora

Ficus roxburghii Wall. ex Miq.

Latin Name

Forest

Forest

Forest

Forest

Forest

Forest

Forest

Forest

Forest

Forest

Forest

Forest

Agriculture

Forest

Forest

Agriculture

Forest

Entire plant

Entire plant

Entire plant

Entire plant

Entire plant

Entire plant

Entire plant

Entire plant

Entire plant

Entire plant

Entire plant

Tender shoots

Flower/Fruit

Fruit

Fruit

Entire plant

Leaf

Tuber

Leaf

Forest/Agriculture Forest

Leaf

Leaf

Leaf

Part(s) used

Forest/Agriculture

Forest

Agriculture

Ecosystem

Ornamental value

Ornamental value

Ornamental value

Ornamental value

Ornamental value

Ornamental value

Ornamental value

Ornamental value

Ornamental value

Ornamental value

Ornamental value

Food

Food/Fibre

Food

Food

Religious value

Fodder

Food

Fodder

Fodder

Fodder

Fodder

Purpose(s)


Sungava 21

Sungava 22

Sungava 23

Sungava 24

Sungava 25

Sungava 26

Sungava 27

Sungava 28

Sungava 29

Sungava 3

Sungava 4

Sungava 5

Sungava 6

Sungava 7

Sungava 8

Sungava 9

Sungave 30

Suntala

Tanki

Tarico

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

Teetepati

Sungava 20

79

100

Sungava 2

Nepali Name

78

S.No.

Teetepati

Tarika

Tanki

Suntala

Vernacular Name

Indian worm

Screw pine

Pink bauhinia

Orange

Butterfly orchid

English Name

Artemisia indica Willd.

Pandanus odoratissima Roxb.

Bauhinia purpurea L.

Citrus aurantium L.

Eulophia spectabilis

Cymbidium iridioides

Cymbidium erythraeum

Cymbidium elegans

Coelogyne prolifera

Coelogyne nitida

Coelogyne fuscescens

Coelogyne cristata

Peristylus affinis

Sunipia bicolor

Spiranthes spiralis

Rhynchostylis retusa

Pholidota pallida


Otochilus lancilabius

Otochilus albus

Oberonia falcata

Malaxis purpurea

Bulbophyllum striatum

Latin Name

Forest

Forest

Leaf

Cone/Leaf

Leaf

Fruit

Agriculture Forest/Agriculture

Entire plant

Entire plant

Entire plant

Entire plant

Entire plant

Entire plant

Entire plant

Entire plant

Entire plant

Entire plant

Entire plant

Entire plant

Entire plant

Entire plant

Entire plant

Entire plant

Entire plant

Entire plant

Entire plant

Part(s) used

Forest

Forest

Forest

Forest

Forest

Forest

Forest

Forest

Forest

Forest

Forest

Forest

Forest

Forest

Forest

Forest

Forest

Forest

Forest

Ecosystem

Medicine

Food/Insecticide

Fodder

Food

Ornamental value

Ornamental value

Ornamental value

Ornamental value

Ornamental value

Ornamental value

Ornamental value

Ornamental value

Ornamental value

Ornamental value

Ornamental value

Ornamental value

Ornamental value

Ornamental value

Ornamental value

Ornamental value

Ornamental value

Ornamental value

Ornamental value

Purpose(s)


85

86

Tejpat

Thulo paate 2

Thulo paite

Tite

Unyu 1

Utis

102

103

104

105

106

Nepali Name

101

S.No.

Utis

Tite

Tejpat

Vernacular Name

Alder

Fern

Cinnamomum leaf/ Indian cassia

English Name

Alnus nepalensis D.Don

Aspidium sp.

Swertia nervosa (G.Don) C.B. Clarke

Oxystelma esculentum (L. f.) Sm.

Desmodium sp.

Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham) Ness & Eberm.

Latin Name Leaf Leaf Leaf Entire plant Tender part Bark

Forest Forest Forest/Agriculture Forest Forest

Part(s) used

Forest

Ecosystem

Tanning

Food

Medicine

Fodder

Fodder

Condiment

Purpose(s)



Annex 24: Grassland in Bhadaure Tamagi by ward

Grassland patches Ward Number Number

Area (ha)

1

2

0.74

2

0

0

3

4

2.46

4

0

0

5

0

0

6

1

1.12

7

9

4.82

8

3

2.80

9

4

3.29

Total

23

15.24

87


88