Biofertilizer effect of yeast fermented broth on organic

Biofertilizer effect of yeast fermented broth on organic tomato seedlings Efeito biofertilizante de caldo fermentado por levedura em mudas de tomate orgânico Luiz Gabriel Gemin, Roberto Datsch, Átila Francisco Mógor and Gilda Mógor

Revista de Ciências Agrárias Sociedade de Ciências Agrárias de Portugal

ISSN 0871-018 X (impressão/print) ISSN 2183-041X (Online) Volume 41, Nr. 2 (abr-jun 2018)

Rev. Ciênc. Agr. (2018), vol. 41, n. 2, p. 424-431 http://dx.doi.org/10.19084/RCA16142

Biofertilizer effect of yeast fermented broth on organic tomato seedlings Efeito biofertilizante de caldo fermentado por levedura em mudas de tomate orgânico Luiz Gabriel Gemin*, Roberto Datsch, Átila Francisco Mógor and Gilda Mógor Postgraduate Course on Crop Science, Federal University of Paraná – UFPR, Curitiba, Brazil (*E-mail: [email protected]) http://dx.doi.org/10.19084/RCA16142 Received/recebido: 2016.11.01 Accepted/aceite: 2018.02.19

ABSTRACT Looking for the development of products based on natural sources capable of promoting plant growth according to ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱěȱȱSaccharomyces cerevisiae fermented broth (SFB) as a biofertilizer on organic tomato seedlings growth and chlorophyll content of leaves, taking into account ȱȱȱ¢ȱęȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱęȱȱǻŖǰŘśǲȱŖǰśŖǲȱŖǰŝśǲȱŗǰŖȱȱŗǰŘśȱǯȬŗ) of SFB (complex-aid® – Alltech®) and ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĝ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ growth, increasing leaves chlorophyll content, increasing leaves and stems growth, roots volume and altering its ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ŗǰŝśȱ ȱ Ȭŗȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ further investigations about how SFB acts on plant metabolism, related to L-amino acids or other possible bioactive compounds released by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiaeǰȱȱ ǰȱȬȱȱǰȱ¢ǯ

RESUMO Buscando o desenvolvimento com base em fontes naturais capazes de promover o crescimento de plantas de acordo com os pressupostos da produção orgânica, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do caldo fermentado de Saccharomyces cerevisiaeȱ ǻǼȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¦ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ øȱ ȱęȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¤ȱȱę³¨ȱàǯȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ³äȱȱȱ³äȱȱȱ£ȱȱȱ³äȱǻŖǰŘśǰȱŖǰśŖǰȱŖǰŝśǰȱŗǰŖȱȱŗǰŘśȱǯȬŗ) ȱ ȱ ǻ¡Ȭȱ țȱ Ȯȱ țǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ³¨ȱ ȱ ¤ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¤ȱ ę¤ȱȱ³¨ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱÇ£ȱęȱȱ¦ǰȱȱȱ¡ȱȱÇ£ȱȱęȱ ȱŖǰŝśȱǯȱȬŗȱȱ³¨ǯȱȱ¨ȱȱȱȱȱȱ³¨ȱȱȱ£³¨ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ¤ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Çȱ ȱ ȱ Saccharomyces cerevisiaeǯȱ Palavras-chave: Saccharomyces cerevisiaeǰȱȱǰȱȬȱ¤ǰȱęǯ

INTRODUCTION From the central part of the Andean region in South America, and after its domestication in Mexico, the cultivation of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) has ȱȱȱ ǯȱȱ£ǰȱȱȱȱ ȱ Ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ 424 Revista de Ciências Agrárias, 2018, 41(2): 424-431

ȱ ¢ǯȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ most important vegetable crops in plantation area, ǰȱȱȱǻǰȱŘŖŗřǼǯ ȱ ȱ Ĝ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ becomes necessary to use high quantities of

synthetic inputs to increase the production, thereby causing an invariable decrease in the sustainability ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱěȱȱǰȱ ǰȱ and the health of growers and consumers (Silva et alǯǰȱŘŖŖŝǼǯ

could be an important tool, acting in the improvement of the performance of production systems by stimulating plant metabolism, as observed on the activity of roots growth (Bezerra, ŘŖŖŝǼǯ

Despite this, the organic farming system has shown a rapid growth in Brazil in in recent years, driven by the demand of the population for healthy food, increasing production without the use of synthetic £ȱȱȱǻ ǰȱŘŖŖŚǼǯȱ¢ǰȱ organic production is an excellent business opportunity and undoubtedly a great challenge to producers, who need information about cultivars, ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ ǰȱ ŘŖŖŗǼǰȱ besides natural sources that can promote plant ǯȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ or to adapt tomato production technologies that could enable growers to achieve greater economic returns concomitant with the production system ¢ǯȱ

ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Brazilian regulation of organic production (Brasil, ŘŖŖřǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ £ȱ as products that contain active compounds or biological agents able to act directly or indirectly on all or part of cultivated plants, improving the production system performance and making unnecessary the use of the substance of disallowed chemicals within organic system regulation ǻǰȱŘŖŗŗǼǯȱ

ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ as organic system enhances environmental conservation, produces free-chemical contamination food and upper biological and ȱ ǯȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ increase of hand labor, keeping the men at the ęȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱ However, despite the increasing expansion involving organic agriculture, competitiveness and sustainability of production units still rely heavily on knowledge and technology generation ȱȱęȱǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ technologies is an international trend and urgent for growing vegetables, where chemicals are ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ technologies, the use of products from fermentation processes, as biofertilizers, stand out by showing ȱ ȱ ǻĴȱ et alǯǰȱ ŘŖŗŚǲȱ ȱ et alǯǰȱ ŘŖŗŚǲȱãǰȱŘŖŗŚǼǯ As a result, promoting the development of sustainable systems in tomato production by exploiting the full potential of growing and contributing to the increase in the welfare of growers and consumers are the strategies to be ǯȱȱȱ¡ǰȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǻ¢ǰȱ ŘŖŗŚǼǰȱ ȱ £ȱ

ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ěȱ potential, some can be obtained through a fermentation process using sugar cane broth, ȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻŗşşŜǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ metabolic activators and are composed by proteins, enzymes, vitamins, and amino acids produced and released by microorganisms during fermentation ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ demonstrated that the exogenous supply of AA may ȱȱęȱěǰȱȱȱęȱȱ in various processes of growth and development ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ¢ȱ providing a solution containing the L-AA to plants, which is absorbed and incorporated to the plant metabolism as a precursor of the aminolevulinic acid on chlorophyll synthesis (Beale et alǯǰȱ ŗşŝśǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ŗǯŝǯşşǯŚǼȱ activity and a consequent plant growth related to ȱȱǻãǰȱŘŖŗŚǼǯ àȱet alǯȱǻŘŖŖŞǼȱȱęȱȱ of the application of isolated AA or in association with Ascophyllum nodosum extract on common beans (Phaseolus vulgarisȱ ǯǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ greater early growth of bean plants as well as the ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱ foliar application of a sugar cane fermented broth containing L-glutamic acid in cabbage seedlings ȱęȱǰȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱǻãȱet al.ǰȱŘŖŗśǼǯ Gemin et al., Effect of yeast fermented broth on tomato seedlings 425

¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱȱ from fermentation processes are potential active components of biofertilizers, since they are considered metabolic activators (Bezerra et alǯǰȱ ŘŖŖŝǼǰȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯ For being a yeast used since ancient times in various kind of fermentations as a leavening agent (bread, beer, production of ethyl alcohol), Saccharomyces cerevisiae, whose metabolism is known the best, is the eukaryote organism studied the most (Yamada et alǯǰȱ ŘŖŖřǼǯȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ a model organism to elucidate the bionsynthesis ¢ȱȱȱȱǻǰȱŗşşŗǲȱȱet al., ŘŖŗŖǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǻŗşŝŜǼǯ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ enzymes or acids releases the cell content (Dawson, ŘŖŖŘǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ǻǰȱ ŗşŝŜǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ result, their fermented broth could be a source of Ȭȱȱȱȱȱǯ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ high quality seedlings, showing homogeneity and adequate growth of roots and stems for ȱ ǻȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŗŗǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ Maggioni et alǯȱ ǻŘŖŗŚǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱęȱȱ of plants and gives advantages such as economy of ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱę¡ȱ ęȱȱǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ £ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ǯ

MATERIAL AND METHODS ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ¢¢ȱ ęȱ ȱ ¢Ǽȱ at the organic garden of the Federal University ȱ ¤ǰȱ £ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ŘśǚŘřȇřŖȇȇȱ ȱ ȱ ŚşǚŖŝȇřŖȇȇȱ ǰȱ şŘŖȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ the region is temperate humid (Mesothermal) ȱ ȱ ãȇȱ ęǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȇȱ£ȇȱǻțǼȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱ 426 Revista de Ciências Agrárias, 2018, 41(2): 424-431

commonly used among organic farmers, planted ȱ ¢¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖȱ ǰȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻțǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗŘǰȱ ŘŖŗŚǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱŗŖŖȱȱǰȱ distributed in a completely randomized design and consisted of foliar applications of aqueous ȱ ȱęȱȱǻŖǯŘśǲȱŖǯśŖǲȱŖǯŝśǲȱ ŗǯŖȱ ȱ ŗǯŘśȱ ǯȬŗ) of a S. cerevisiae fermented broth (complex-aid® – Alltech®) and a control ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ř pressurized ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻŚśȱ ǯȬŗ) at the ȱȱŗŖŖȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱǰȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱŗśȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱęȱȱ ǯȱȱřŜȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱ randomly collected from each repetition, totaling ŘŞȱȱǯȱ ȱ¢ȱ£ȱěȱȱȱȱȱ seedling growth the following biometric variables were measured: leaf area, stem volume, root volume and root diameter averages separated in ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻŖǯśȬŖǯşşȱ ǲȱ ŗǯŖȬŗǯŚşȱ ǲȱ ŗǯśȬŗǯşşȱ ǲȱ ŘǯŖȬŘǯśǼǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ over a sieve to avoid losing parts of the roots, the seedlings were analyzed using the software £țȱ ǻȱ ȱ ǯȱ ŘŖŗřǰȱ ǼȱȱȱȱŗŜŖŖȱřȱǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ S. cerevisiae fermented broth (SFB), on chlorophyll synthesis, the leaf pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids) were determined according to the method ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǻŗşŞŝǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęǱȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ Ŗǯřȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱŗǯŞȱȱȱŞŖƖȱȱ were added in distilled HŘȱ ȱ ŖǯŗƖȱ ř ǻ ȦǼǲȱ¡ȱȱ ȱȱȱ¡ȱ ȱȱŗŖȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȬȱȱ ȱǯȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱşřřśȱȱȱŗŖǰŖŖŖȱȱȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŜŜřȱ ȱ ŜŚŝȱ ȱ on spectrophotometer, the supernatant was used as well as to obtain the mean values of the formula ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǻŘŖŖŗǼǯ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȇȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢£ȱ ¢ȱ

ȱ ȱ śƖȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ęǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǀŖǯŖśǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ țȱ ȱ ŝǯŝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱȱ£ǰȱŘŖŖşǼǯ

RESULTS ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ SFB concentration increased, total content of ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ŚŜƖȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗȱ ǯȬŗǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ SFB sprayed over leaves of tomato seedlings was taken up and played a role in chlorophyll ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ¢ȱ ȱǻȱŗǼǯȱ

Figure 2 - Leaf area (A) and stem volume (B) of tomato seedlings subjected to foliar sprays of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermented broth at different concentrations. Error bars indicate standard error of the mean.

ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ěȱ¢ȱȱǰȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ response to the increase in the concentration ǻȱ řǼǯȱ ȱ ŗȱ ǯȬŗ, the volumes of the roots ȱ śřƖȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱǯ Figure 1 - Foliar pigments on tomato seedlings subjected to foliar sprays of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermented broth at different concentrations. Error bars indicate standard error of the mean.

ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ on growth promotion on leaves and stems of tomato seedlings, showing a linear response to the increases in the concentration of the spray solution, as it was well observed as chlorophyll content was ȱ ǻȱ ŗǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ŘŗřǯŘƖȱ ǻȱ ŘǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ŗŖśǯŞŝƖȱ ǻȱ ŘǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ £ȱěȱ¢ȱǯ

Figure 3 - Roots volume of tomato seedlings subjected to foliar sprays of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermented broth at different concentrations. Error bars indicate standard error of the mean. Gemin et al., Effect of yeast fermented broth on tomato seedlings 427

ȱŚȱ ȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱ partitioning, in which the mean values of the diameter were separated into four groups: ŖǯśȬŖǯşşȱ ǲȱ ŗǯŖȬŗǯŚşȱ ǲȱ ŗǯśȬŗǯşşȱ ȱ ȱ ŘǯŖȬ ŘǯśǯȱȱŖǯŝśȱȱȬŗ, all diameter groups showed the highest means in comparison to the control, as the higher means were already compared to the ȱ ȱ ǻŖǯŘśǲȱ Ŗǯśȱ ȱ ȬŗǼȱ ȱ ȱ ŘǯŖȬȱ ŘǯśȱȱȱŗȱȱȬŗǯȱ ǰȱȱŗǯŘśȱȱȬŗ, a reduction was found in the diameter of the roots, corroborating to the data on the volume of the roots, pointing to the change in the translocation ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ

Figure 4 - Roots diameter average values (axis: y) separated in four groups (0,5-0,99 mm; 1,0-1,49 mm; 1,5-1,99 mm; 2,0-2,5mm) of tomato seedlings subjected to foliar sprays of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermented broth at different concentrations. Error bars indicate standard error of the mean.

*

Means at the columns with the same letter do not differ by Duncan’s test (p< 0,05).

DISCUSSION Beale et alǯȱ ǻŗşŝśǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ showed that the AA L-glutamic acid added to the leaves of the plants could be absorbed and ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ overcomes the wax barrier in the leaf cuticle and penetrates the apoplast and subsequently cross the plasmalemma so that the destination reached ȱ¢ǯȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ treatment with SFB and its L -AA content applied to the leaves of tomato seedlings could be absorbed ȱ£ǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǻ Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ leaves of the seedlings shows the absorption ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ 428 Revista de Ciências Agrárias, 2018, 41(2): 424-431

the most abundant natural pigments in plants, ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ ¢ȱ a, the most abundant and the most important in ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡¢ȱ ŝśƖȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ£ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖşǼǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ incorporation to the biomas of the plants could ȱ ęȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ By observing the complex interactions between ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ considered that the synthesis of many AA is completed in the chloroplast with some consequences on transamination, the conversion of one AA to each other according the metabolic ȱ ǻǰȱ ŘŖŖŘǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ justify the plant growth, but also their possible role on AA metabolism and related pathways: AA is a structural unit of peptides, proteins, and also precursors of the numerous plant regulating ǰȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǻŘŖŖŞǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ AA applied to the leaves increased the enzyme activity involved in the metabolism of nitrogen, which may cause greater growth rates, as found ¢ȱ ãȱ ǻŘŖŗŚǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ŗǯŝǯşşǯŚǼȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǻȱǼǯȱȱȱȱ related to the foliar sprays of sugar cane fermented broth containing L-glutamic acid, with consequent plant growth promotion related to the nitrogen ǯ Growth of the roots depends on the capacity of the leaves, as a source, to provide photoassimilates (mainly non-reducing sugars) to the roots, as a ǯȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ and the leaves expansion may justify the changes in the volume of tomato seedlings roots found in ȱǯ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȬȱȱ£ǰȱĴȱet alǯȱ ǻŘŖŗŚǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ the roots was related to the growth of leaves and stems, but the highest rate of biofertilizer spray reduced the roots volume, corroborating to the ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ

ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ãȱ et alǯȱ ǻŘŖŗśǼȱ ȱ ȱ foliar application of a sugar cane fermented broth containing L-AA in cabbage seedlings, which ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ levels of chlorophyll and in the volume of roots ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ the growth at the highest concentrations was also ǯ

Given the above, it can be inferred that the application and metabolization of L-AA on SFB may promote plant growth by directly Ěȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ responses of plants to the application of L-AA are ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ ǯȱ

ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ and roots could explain the polynomial response of roots volume as a function of the improvement in SFB concentration since the new leaves expansion ǻȱ ŘǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȬȱȱǻǰȱŘŖŖŘǼǯ

According to the Brazilian regulation, biofertilizer ȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ active compounds able to act directly or indirectly ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǰȱŘŖŗŗǼǯȱ So, according to the results previously discussed, SFB could be considered as a biofertilizer and its Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ be considered that the biochemical changes in plants in response to active ingredients contained in the biofertilizers could serve as indicators of the ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱ ¢ǯȱ

ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻŘŖŖŝǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭǰȱ ę¢ȱ Ȭȱ acid, elicits a response by the plant in producing ¢ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ partitioning of tomato seedlings indicate that SFB not only improved the volume of the roots but also ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ŗǯŝśȱ ȱ Ȭŗ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ŗǯŖȬŘǯśȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ŗǯŝśȱ ȱ ȱ ŗȱȱȬŗǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ŗǯŘśȱ ȱ Ȭŗ corroborates to the volume reduction, ȱ ȱ¢ȱǯ ȱȱ¨ȱǻŘŖŖŝǼǰȱȱȱȱȱ growth resulting from the foliar application of products containing L-AA, when absorbed and metabolized may take part in the synthesis of ȱǰȱ ȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ with L-AA could improve the transformation of nitrate to ammonia, and so to AA with rapid incorporation into the metabolism, contributing to ȱȱȱ ȱȱǻãǰȱŘŖŗŚǼǯ

CONCLUSION ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱ the growth of tomato seedlings under the organic system, in which synthetic nutrient sources are ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱęǯ

ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ęȱ ǰȱ ȱ stimulates further investigations that may lead ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ metabolism, related to L-AA or many among other possible bioactive compounds released by Saccharomyces cerevisiae during fermentation and ¢ǯ

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¢ǰȱ ǯȱǻŘŖŖŞǼȱȮȱȱǯȱŘǯĶȱǯȱȱȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱŚśŘȱǯ

ǰȱǯǯȱǻŘŖŖŗǼȱȮȱA reconstrução ecológica da agriculturaǯȱǰȱǯȱřŚśȱǯȱ

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àǰȱ ǯǯǲȱ ǰȱ ǯǯǲȱ ǰȱ ǯǯȱ ǭȱ àǰȱ ǯȱ ǻŘŖŖŞǼȱ Ȯȱ ³¨ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¤ȱ Ȭ¦ȱȱ¤ȱȱǯȱScientia AgrariaǰȱǯȱşǰȱǯȱŚǰȱǯȱŚřŗȬŚřŝǯȱĴǱȦȦ¡ǯǯȦŗŖǯśřŞŖȦǯşŚǯŗŗŝŗŖ

430 Revista de Ciências Agrárias, 2018, 41(2): 424-431

ãǰȱ ǯȱ ǻŘŖŗŚǼȱ Ȯȱ Efeito da aplicação de um fermentado bacteriano contendo ácido L- glutâmico no crescimento, produtividade e alterações bioquímicas em batata cultivada no sistema orgânico. ȱȱǯȱǯȱ ȱȱȱ¤ǯȱŗŖşȱǯ ãǰȱǯǲȱàǰȱǯǯǲȱ£¢Ȭǰȱǯ ǯǲȱǰȱǯ ǯǯȱǭȱ ǰȱǯ ǯȱǻŘŖŗśǼȱȮȱȱȱ£ȱ ȱ ³¨ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ Revista Ceresǰȱ ǯȱŜŘǰȱ ǯȱśǰȱ ǯȱŚŘŗȬŚŘŘǯȱ ĴǱȦȦ¡ǯǯȦŗŖǯŗśşŖȦŖŖřŚȬ ŝřŝŘŖŗśŜŘŖśŖŖŗŘ

ǰȱǯǯȱǭȱǰȱǯȱǻŗşşŜǼȱȮȱBiofertilizantes líquidos: uso correto na agricultura alternativaǯȱȱȱ ǰȱ ·Ǳ ȱ¤Ȧ ǯȱřśȱǯȱ ¢ǰȱǯǯǯǲȱǰȱǯǯȱǭȱǰȱǯǯȱǻŘŖŗŚǼȱȮȱȱȱ³ȱȱȱ¦ǯȱRevista Ceres, ǯȱŜŗǰȱǯȱǯǰȱǯȱŞŘşȬŞřŝǯȱĴǱȦȦ¡ǯǯȦŗŖǯŗśşŖȦŖŖřŚȬŝřŝ¡ŘŖŗŚŜŗŖŖŖŖŖŞ ǰȱ ǯȱ ȱ ǯǯȱ ǭȱ £ǰȱ ǯǯǯȱ ǻŘŖŖşǼȱ Ȯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱĴǯȱIn: World congress on computers in agricultureǰȱŝǰȱȬȬǱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱǽǯȱŘŖŗŜȬŖşȬŖřǾǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯ ǰȱǯǯǲȱǰȱ ǯǯǲȱ³ǰȱǯǯǯǯǲȱǰȱǯǯǲȱ ǰȱǯǯȱȱǯǲȱǰȱǯǯǯȱȱǭȱǰȱǯǯǯȱ ǻŘŖŖŝǼȱȮȱPreparo e Uso de Biofertilizantes Líquidosǯȱȱ·ȱȱȱȬǯȱǽǯȱŘŖŗŜȬ ŖŞȬŘŗǾǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȱǯǯȦȦȦřřşŚşřȦŗȦŗřŖǯ ǰȱǯǯȱǻŘŖŖŘǼȱȮȱPlant growth and development: hormones and environment.ȱȱǰȱȱǯȱ ǯȱŝŘŘǯȱ £ǰȱǯȱǭȱǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖşǼȱȮȱFisiologia vegetalǯȱŚǯĶȱǯȱ¨ȱǰȱǰȱŞŘŖȱǯ ǰȱ ǯǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǯǯȱ ǭȱ ǰȱ ǯǯȱ ǻŘŖŖřǼȱ Ȯȱ ³¨ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ·ȱȱȱȱȱ³¨ȱàȱȱȱȱǯȱRevista de NutriçãoǰȱǯȱŗŜǰȱ ǯȱŚǰȱǯȱŚŘřȬŚřŘǯȱĴǱȦȦ¡ǯǯȦŗŖǯŗśşŖȦŗŚŗśȬśŘŝřŘŖŖřŖŖŖŚŖŖŖŖŜ ǰȱ ǯ ǯȱ ǻŗşŝŜǼȱ ȮȱȬȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a Function of Growth ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ . Journal of General Microbiology, ǯȱşŜǰȱ ǯȱŘŜřȬŘŜŞǯȱ ĴǱȦȦ¡ǯǯ ȦŗŖǯŗŖşşȦŖŖŘŘŗŘŞŝȬşŜȬŘȬŘŜř

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