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Biophilic-Inspired Railway Stations: The New Frontier for Future Cities
Authors: Phillip Roös1*, Paul Downton2, David Jones1, and Josh Zeunert1 1
School of Architecture & Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia 2
Paul Downton Architects, Parkdale, Australia.
Paper Presented at the 9th International Urban Design Conference Canberra, 7th – 9th November 2016
Biophilic-Inspired Railway Stations: The New Frontier for Future Cities ABSTRACT: Globally new metro rail projects are changing the face of our cities and bringing more commuters to the core of the bustling urban environments and city centre business districts, as well as interconnecting regional cities and associated key nodes. The need for improved public transport and railway stations is a result of a current unprecedented growth in urbanisation, where it is estimated that more than 66% of the world’s population will live in cities by 2050. Cities and their governance entities invest in more sustainable public transport systems to aid the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, aid economic efficiencies in goods and people movements in and out and across and within the cities, provide better forms of transport, as well as in assisting in creating better sustainable and healthy urban environments aligned to policy and Earth Summit international agreement obligations. This paper explores the opportunities that new and existing railway stations and their associated infrastructure can provide in creating better sustainable and healthy urban environments, through the lens of Biophilic Design. Kellert and Wilson (1993) defined biophilic design as the deliberate attempt to translate and apply an understanding of the human affinity to connect with natural systems and processes, known as Biophilia, into the design of our built environments. In this instance, this paper explores the application of biophilia to railway stations. Re-imagining the experience of taking the train in a stressful city environment, to the possibilities of nature-inspired commuting journeys where enriched wellbeing can be experienced by spaces (for example) that embrace living green walls with enhanced natural day-lit entrances to station buildings, forecourts embraced with water features, shrubs and trees, the authors aim to realise this vision by applying the principles of biophilic design to a case study project. The paper concludes with recommendations on biophilia inspired railway station designs that can assist in the advancing of the larger vision and agenda of ecologically sustainable and smart cities.
Keywords: Biophilia, Biophilic Design, Railway Station Design, Future Sustainable Cities
Introduction All over the world railway stations, transit centres and transport interchanges are evolving rapidly from purely functional transit spaces to new urban centres and destinations, resulting in activity hubs and gathering places. These stations generate high footfall creating life and vitality, and are the centre of daily routines for many urban dwellers (Roös & Juvara, 2012) Rail transport infrastructure, especially railway stations, significantly contributes to the quality of life, sustainability and economy of urban centres. Station buildings play a major role in efficient and vibrant places, and are at the forefront of innovation and modernity.
Due to the current unprecedented growth in urbanization, cities and their governance entities invest in more sustainable public transport systems to aid the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, aid economic efficiencies in goods and people movements in and out and across and within the cities, provide better forms of transport, as well as in assisting in creating better sustainable and healthy urban environments. Core to these investments are the upgrades and construction of railway stations. This paper thus explores the opportunities that new and existing railway stations and their associated infrastructure can provide in creating better sustainable and healthy urban environments, through the lens of Biophilic Design.
Methodology This paper follows a structure of exploration in research that includes a review of the literature relevant to the meaning and application of biophilia, biophilic design principles and attributes, and secondly the position of this discourse in the global ecological and sustainable city agenda. The paper first set the principles in place for biophilic design, align its consideration along the urban environment discourse, and then apply the biophilic design considerations to railway station design. Thereupon consideration is given to the contemporary performance of sustainable infrastructure opportunities and the context of railway stations, and how railway station design addresses biophilic design considerations. The investigation considers this scope having regard to a typical case study railway station, and the discussion identifies patterns and key issues, offering design and planning conclusions for future railway station infrastructure provision.
Biophilia: The Human-Nature Relationship In the Biophilia Hypothesis (1986), Edward O. Wilson, one of the world’s most acclaimed biologists, noted that humans needed daily contact with nature to be healthy and gain longevity, for the simple reason that humans have co-evolved with nature and are part of nature. More specifically, he noted that biophilia is “the innately emotional affiliation of human beings to other living organisms. Innate means hereditary, and hence, part of ultimate human nature” (Kellert & Wilson, 1993). This affiliation with nature continues to be critical in the modern-day human health and wellbeing literature and practice (Kellert 1997, 2012), and has been strongly identified as a valid concern by the health sciences. In the research area of human health and wellbeing, a growing body of research reveals that exposure to nature continues to result in positive health benefits in a wide range of sectors; at work, home, recreation, community areas and even within the urban environments where people work and live (Kellert 2012, Browning et al 2014). This human-nature relationship is further investigated later in the paper according to the potentialities in the urban environment of railway stations. Even though humans may have an inherent affiliation with nature, the benefits as a result of contact of nature depend on repeated experience. This biological tendency needs to be nurtured and developed to become functional in our modern-day living circumstances (Wilson, 1986; Kellert, 2012). One method of nurture to develop this affiliation is to design built environments that scaffold and facilitate this experience and repeated connections with (real and surrogate) nature in peoples’ daily lives. Dubos acknowledged this opportunity as
being the need to re-establish an in-depth and loving relationship between humans and nature: The relationship between humankind and nature can be one of respect and love rather than domination ... The outcome ... can be rich, satisfying, and lastingly successful, but only if both partners are modified by their association so as to become better adapted to each other ... With our knowledge and sense of responsibility ... we can create new environments that are ecologically sound, aesthetically satisfying, economically rewarding ... This process of reciprocal adaptation occurs ... through minor changes in the people and their environment, but a more conscious process of design can also take place. - Rene Dubos, The Wooing of the Earth (cited in Kellert & Calabrese, 2015) The fundamentals of a ‘more conscious process of design’ were identified and validated in the research of Christopher Alexander as recorded in A Pattern Language (1977), and in one of the design patterns that was developed by Alexander and his colleagues. For example, the pattern, ‘Garden Wall’, states: People need contact with trees and plants and water. In some way, which is hard to express, people are able to be more whole in the presence of nature, are able to go deeper into themselves, and are somehow able to draw sustaining energy from the life of plants and trees and water. - Pattern 173 ‘Garden Wall’ (Alexander et al, 1977, 806) Alexander recognised that humans are more ‘whole’, can go ‘deeper into themselves’, thus psychological benefits are deeply rooted in the connection between humans and nature. The fundamental benefits of physiological and psychological wellness due to biophilic exposure are further explored by Kellert (2005) with findings that demonstrate numerous outcomes in the context of better healing and recovering involving both time frames and fulfilment, fewer health, social and safety problems, increased worker performance and lower stress levels, enhanced mental functioning, increased social connections and stronger community structure, and a better quality of life (Kellert, 2005; Kellert et al, 2008). These benefits can be achieved if we design and plan our built environments to include the considerations of Wilson’s biophilia, more specially identifying the structures and patterns that occur in the form-making processes of the living systems of nature, and design and plan with a regenerative process that unfolds living environments of place (Roös, 2016; Salingaros, 2013).
Biophilic Design: Creating Living Environments Undoubtedly since the beginning of the 20th century our building practices have resulted in unacceptable and unhealthy places. The challenge is thus that a new design paradigm is needed to address these tangible and intangible deficiencies of modern day building, planning and landscape practice by establishing a new practice in sustainable design that bases its fundamental principles upon the processes of nature, thereby reconnecting (or reestablishing) a healthy relationship between humans and nature (Roös, 2016). Biophilic design thus must be able to both establish and nurture healthy and living environments.
To establish whether biophilic design can achieve this critical agenda of healing and wellbeing, we first need to identify and understand the meaning of biophilic design. Biophilic design is the deliberate attempt to translate an understanding of the inherent human connection to natural systems and processes, known as ‘Biophilia’ into the design of the built environment (Kellert, et al, 2008). Salingaros (2013) explains that biophilic design involves ‘deep connections’ to nature that include links to the geometric structures and patterns that occur in the form-making processes of living systems, resulting in the ‘biophilic effect’ (Salingaros, 2013; 2015, 8). Further, biophilic design, … seeks to create good habitat for people as a biological organism in the built environment that advances people’s health, fitness and wellbeing (Kellert & Calabrese 2015, 6). Biophilic Design can be categorised into two dimensions, the organic or naturalistic dimension, and the place based or vernacular dimension, related to the following 6 biophilic design elements: Environmental features; Natural shapes and forms; Natural patterns and processes; Light and space; Place-based relationships; and Evolved human-nature relationships.
To apply biophilic design to the built environment in its simplest form, Downton, Jones & Zeunert (2016), drawing upon Potteiger & Purinton (1998) and Browning et al (2014), propose the following design principles aligned with ‘biophilic patterns’ that can guide design decisions:
TABLE 1: PRINCIPLES AND PATTERNS OF BIOPHILIC DESIGN Biophilic Design Principles
Patterns of Biophilic Design Nature in the Space
Natural Analoques
Nature of the Space
Design Narratives
Visual Connection with Nature Non-Visual Connection with Nature Non-Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli Thermal & Airflow Variability Presence of Water Dynamic & Diffuse Light Connection with Natural Systems
Biomorphic Forms & Patterns Material Connection with Nature Complexity & Order
Prospect Refuge Mystery Risk & Peril
Biophilic patterns attempt to reconnect the inherit attributes that results in biophilia, within the built environment. The experience of the surrounding environment when the patterns of biophilic design are applied, need to include the direct experience with nature that includes actual contact with environmental features; the indirect contact with nature that refers to contact with or representation with an image, texture, and particular patterns that represents the geometric forms of nature; and also the experience of place and space that refers to the spatial and physical features of the natural environment (Kellert & Calabrese, 2015). This experience of place, more specifically in the public realm of public transport can provide the conditions of patterns of biophilic design as noted by Beatley (2016): “Well-functioning transit systems create the conditions for lives spent, at least partially, outside the sphere of cars. In many ways, then, public transit lays a foundation for more time spent outside, more walking, and more opportunity to be in and enjoy the public realm” (cited in Downton, Jones & Zeunert, 2016, 9). Typical attributes that support these biophilic experiences are summarised in Table 2 (adapted from Kellert & Calebrese, 2015, 10).
TABLE 2: ATTRIBUTES OF BIOPHILIC DESIGN Direct Experience of Nature
Indirect Experience of Nature
Experience of Space and Place
Light Air Water Plants Animals Weather Natural landscapes Fire
Images of nature Natural materials Natural colours Simulating natural light and air Naturalistic shapes and forms Evoking nature Information richness Age, change, and time Natural geometries Biomimicry
Prospect and refuge Organized complexity Integration of parts to wholes Transitional spaces Mobility and way finding Cultural and ecological attachment to place
Green Sustainable and Healthy Cities In the ever-increased density of cities, the available space for green landscapes becomes problematic, and the green city agenda tends to focus on ‘sustainability principles’ that includes the reduction of carbon emissions, water savings, reduction of pollution and a drive to comply to the sustainable development agenda. This agenda focus on the minimisation of resource use and barely achieves the critical consideration of regeneration of our natural environments and ecosystems. The green cities agenda is underpinned by the definition of sustainable development discussed in the ‘Brundtland Report’, that states: Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts: The concept of 'needs', in particular, the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and
The idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs. (World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future; 1987, 43) However, internationally it is acknowledged that our cities need to go beyond a standard sustainability agenda, and that an approach for integrated ecological design and planning with the consideration of urban ecology and biodiversity needs to be implemented to achieve long lasting sustainable and resilient outcomes. As cities are experiencing the largest growth of human population, destined to reach 7 billion by the end of the century (ARUP, 2016, 5), it is necessary for a design approach that can reduce human stress, enhance human creativity and clarity of thought, improve human well-being and expedite both human and nature’s ability to heal, adapt and survive. According to Beatley (2010), the answer lies in addressing the issues in our cities enabling more sustainable, healthy outcomes through the applicable of his ‘Biophilic City’ concept (Beatley, 2010). So what are biophilic cities, and what makes the ‘biophilic cities movement’ narrative different from the ‘green cities movement’ narrative? To put it in simple terms, biophilic cities are cities that elevate and position nature, wildlife and its supporting ecological systems first in their design, planning, and management aims and activities. The concept recognises that there is an essential and important need for human contact with nature as well as the many environmental and economic values provided for both humans and natural systems, resulting in resilience for both (Beatley, 2010, 45). Identifying the synergies and potentials of sustainable transport infrastructure with the biophilic design agenda, Downton, Jones & Zeunert (2016) clearly demonstrated in Creating Healthy Places that the biophilic cities movement is a novel way to understand our cities and further embrace the importance of ecological sustainable urban environments. Through the biophilic cities concept, cities are not disconnected from nature, but are rather integrated and embedded within nature or nature embedded within our cities (Downton, Jones & Zeunert, 2016). We do then have the opportunity to shape our cities to take into account biophilia, and in the subsidiary realm of major transport infrastructure projects provide this opportunity in the context of station design and its surrounding precincts.
Transport Infrastructure – Catalysts for City Shaping When new transport infrastructure projects are commissioned in cities, especially rail infrastructure, the impact is large and disruptive. But, on the other hand, such infrastructure provision provides many tangible and intangible benefits. New rail transportation and mass transit provides connectivity, a sustainable mode of transport that reduces carbon emissions, as well as contributing to the quality of human life, and the economic improvement of urban centres. More recently we have noticed in Australia and increasing trend that most transport projects commissioned by (or part/funded by) the Australian Government require project certification under the sustainability performance tool of the Infrastructure Sustainability Council of Australia (ISCA), the IS Rating Tool. This tool uses 6 themes and 15 categories to certify a project (ISCA, 2015, 21). The benefits of biophilic design can be achieved by railway station
design and the railway station buildings and their surrounding precincts that in turn will support the themes of Ecology [Eco 1-4], and People and Place [Hea-1-3], with supporting categories Ecology and Community Health, Wellbeing and Safety (ISCA, 2015, 189-206; 215-225). Informed by such performance criteria, these sustainable transport projects assist in creating sustainable centres in our cities. Studies on urban societies indicate that communities are focusing on subjective aspects of ‘Quality of Life’ and well-being, which include sense of belonging, community and other indicators that point to urban identity (Roös & Juvara, 2012). These indicators are possible through focused ‘Urban Centres’, and of course, they are key to identity and social interaction: they are the places of encounter and activity; the places that give their name to whole communities. Strong centres play a key role by creating necessary focal points at the urban scale, and connect spaces to living communities (Alexander, 2001-2005). A new way to sustain urban centres as community places, places with ‘soul’ and places that provide opportunities for the redesign thinking of our urban environment, involves railway station design that focuses upon creating station venues or complexes as central urban environments (and multi-functional and multi-experiential venues). Vaughan (2009) has concluded in her research findings that the quality nature of suburban centres, from a social, spatial and historic perspective, is critical to human wellbeing. The literature indicates that shopping and human interaction at urban centres is often a ‘collateral’ activity, and that historically centres develop, move or die according to the breadth, energy and range of functions and activities that they have and (very importantly) perform according to the transport system that they are supported by and support (Roös & Juvara, 2012; Vaughan, 2009).
Railway Stations – Gateways to the City Transportation connects parts of cities and helps shape them, enabling movement throughout the city. Each different type (and variation of different type) of transportation system helps define the quality and character of cities, and makes them either friendly or hostile to pedestrians. Additionally, the walking environment that such transportation systems are nested within and interact with creates human interactions and characterises communities. The best cities are the ones that elevate the experience of the pedestrian while minimizing the dominance of other modes of transport. Railway stations are often linked to high-density urban environments where walkable communities can flourish (Elkin et al, 1991). Railway stations play a major role in constructing and enabling vibrant places and social gathering places in cities, and can be the gateways to the city if they are designed to facilitate sustainable development, as well as initiating and supporting the wellbeing of urbanites. These railway stations can evolve from conventional transit centres that include functional spaces, into vibrant, healthy active urban centres and destinations/departure-points/gateways. Railway stations that support the sustainability agenda include the following key principles (Roös, 2013, 159): Efficiency, supporting station functionality; Integration, provide for passenger flows;
Safety, security and passenger safety; Place making, station design and siting character; and Connectivity, the accessibility of stations and interchange ability. To provide more healthier railway station environments, railway station designs could consider the principles of biophilic design, as described and explored in the next section.
Biophilic Design for Railway Stations Although it is acknowledged that exposure to biophilic elements is beneficial to the health and wellbeing of humans, and to a lesser degree the health and wellbeing of terrestrial and aquatic ecology, fundamental considerations need to be considered to have an effective outcome. Kellert and Calabrese (2015) have identified these as: Biophilic design requires repeated and sustained engagement with ecological communities; Biophilic design focuses on human adaptations to ecological communities that over evolutionary time have advanced people’s health, fitness and wellbeing; Biophilic design encourages an emotional attachment to particular settings and places; Biophilic design promotes positive interactions between people and ecological communities that encourage an expanded sense of relationship and responsibility for the human and ecological communities; and Biophilic design encourages mutual reinforcing, interconnected, and integrated architectural solutions. Supportive to the abovementioned fundamental considerations, are the biophilic patterns and also the underlying systems such as the types of vegetation, soils and water provisions, materiality of finishes, as well as adequate daylight spaces and surrounding environmental conditions for the station design. To be able to achieve the required effective outcomes, the 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design need to be integrated into design narratives to guide design, as concluded by Downton, Jones & Zeunert (2016) in Table 3: TABLE 3: BIOPHILIC DESIGN PATTERNS, NARRATIVE AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES Biophilic Design Pattern 1. Visual Connection with Nature A view to elements of nature, living systems and natural processes 2. Non-Visual Connection with Nature Auditory, haptic, olfactory, or gustatory stimuli that engender a deliberate and positive reference to nature, living systems or natural processes 3. Non-Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli Stochastic and ephemeral connections with nature that may be analysed statistically but may not be predicted precisely 4. Thermal & Airflow Variability Subtle changes in air temperature, relative humidity, airflow across the skin, and surface temperatures that mimic natural environments
Biophilic Design General Principles Ensure visual access to real presentations of nature throughout the station complexes in preference to simulated nature and non-nature representations Enhance opportunities for sensory connections (audible, smell, texture, temperature) to nature throughout the station complexes, in preference to urban simulated or constructed representations Instil patterns of nature’s movements and seasonality throughout the station complexes, using real or artistic representations where necessary Consider sequential changes in thermal and airflow variability to refresh spaces and to enable comfortability throughout the station complexes
5. Presence of Water A condition that enhances the experience of a place through the seeing, hearing or touching of water 6. Dynamic & Diffuse Light Leveraging varying intensities of light and shadow that change over time to create conditions that occur in nature 7. Connection with Natural Systems Awareness of natural processes, especially seasonal and temporal changes characteristic of a healthy ecosystem. 8. Biomorphic Forms & Patterns Symbolic references to contoured, patterned, textured or numerical arrangements that persist in nature. 9. Material Connection with Nature Material and elements from nature that, through minimal processing, reflect the local ecology or geology to create a distinct sense of place. 10. Complexity & Order Rich sensory information that adheres to a spatial hierarchy similar to those encountered in nature. 11. Prospect An unimpeded view over a distance for surveillance and planning. 12. Refuge A place for withdrawal, from environmental conditions or the main flow of activity, in which the individual is protected from behind and overhead. 13. Mystery The promise of more information achieved through partially obscured views or other sensory devices that entice the individual to travel deeper into the environment. 14. Risk/Peril An identifiable threat coupled with a reliable safeguard
Use water as a static, dynamic and or variable design element to achieve multi-sensory experiences throughout the station complexes Use mixtures of dynamic, diffuse and changeable lighting arrangements and patterns (including illuminance and colour) to evoke movement, time, seasonality, while maximizing solar access throughout the station complexes Use natural systems (weather, hydrology, geology, terrestrial and aquatic wildlife, diurnal and seasonal patterns) as design inspirations throughout the station complexes Ensure biomorphic patterns legibility and interest in floor/ceiling/.roof/wall places and furniture detail throughout the station complexes Consider the richness of material colour, warmth, authenticity and tactility throughout the station complex Prioritise pattern compositional and order use enabling stimulation, interest and legibility, including artwork throughout the station complexes Provide a sense of arrival, prospect, for each portal ‘gate’, concourse level and platform level for the station complexes Provide opportunities for retreat, contemplation, waiting, meeting, refuge, for each portal ‘gate’, concourse level and platform level of the station complexes Provide a sense of journey in pedestrian environments that ensures sightlines, permeability, and variability in edges and planes Lessen personal risk in preference to safety but do not let safety considerations override Biophilic Design opportunities and principle execution
These 14 patterns support and can enhance the designs of railway stations according to the Beatley (2016), stating that “Nature in cities, we increasingly recognize, is not something optional, but absolutely essential to leading a happy, healthy and meaningful life. And this extends to the design of every element in the city, including transit stations.” (cited in Downton, Jones & Zeunert, 2016, 9).
Case Study - Flinders Street Railway Station The Flinders Street Railway Station in Melbourne, Australia, is used as a case study to identify how biophilic design principles can be applied to the existing structures and in the application of designs to a new railway station. In 2012, Major Projects Victoria (MPV) announced the winners of the Flinders Street Design Competition, where more than 100 international and Australian entries submitted visualised an idyllic station for the centre and iconic railway station of Melbourne. The winning entry, from a consortium of HASSELL and Herzog & De Meuron, provided a railway station design involved a series of cylindrical structures and overhead covers including an amphitheatre (ABC News, 2013). The ‘People’s Choice Award’ for the competition voted for an ‘Eduardo Velasquez + Manuel Pineda + Santiago’ architecture design that included extensive areas of green-grassed landscape areas,
and the ‘ARM’ Architecture design entry also included extensive vegetation and vertical green walls. Focused on a more integrated sustainable design outcome, based on key Ecological Sustainable Design (ESD) principles, a final shortlisted prize-winning, submitted by John Wardle Architects + Grimshaw Architects included regenerative energy use, net zero waste and water precinct designs, as well as the promotion of social activities centred around a central landscaped park that connectively extended the Yarra River / Birrarung Marr landscape, raised above the railway lines below as indicated in Figure 1. This design included various principles of landscape design that considers the human-nature relationship, promoting urban wellbeing. Unfortunately the promised funding from the state government for this project never realised, and the designs and plans of the competitor teams today lie on shelves gathering dust in part due to changes in state governance and their differing economic and policy agendas.
FIGURE 1: LANDSCAPED GARDENS FOR THE RAISED CENTRAL PARK (IMAGE: JOHN WARDLE + GRIMSHAW ARCHITECTS)
What would the outcomes have been if a biophilic design agenda was used to inform design formulation the future of this railway station? This paper explores what principles and patterns of biophilic design needs to be considered (additionally to the initial landscape design and principles) to the application of railway station design, using as an example the Flinders Street railway station layout of the competition entry by the John Wardle + Grimshaw Architects design team. The key application of biophilic design includes the identification of the 14-biophilic design patterns and relevant biophilic attributes to the station complexes. Figure 2 indicates the potential considerations for biophilic design applications to the Flinders Street Station design lay-out. Even though the John Wardle + Grimshaw design was used as a case study, the 14-
biophilic design patterns framework could be used for any station design to assess and apply effective biophilia outcomes.
FIGURE 2: BIOPHILIC DESIGN PATTERNS AND ATTRIBUTES FOR FLINDERS STREET STATION
The identification and application of the 14 biophilic design patterns and relevant biophilic attributes to the station complexes indicates potentialities that can improve the station environments, re-connecting the human nature relationship within public open spaces. What are important to consider are also the requirements for providing successful biophilic
environments. These include the types of vegetation, soils and water provisions, materiality of finishes, as well as adequate daylight spaces and surrounding environmental conditions. Vegetation To include nature in the station environments, planting can be considered in the horizontal plane, and the vertical plane (Jones, Downton & Zeunert, 2016). The horizontal plane includes: Planting at street level with in-ground soils; and Planting on slab - external station areas that are on top of structural elements (including car parks, station buildings). The vertical plane includes: Living green walls - vertical climbing plants (including climbing plants used for vertical façades and walls; e.g. self-supporting or requiring wire/mesh/trellis systems); and Living green walls - sculptured with planting modules (including vertical green walls created with planting modules/units/structures attached to vertical surfaces that contain soil, irrigation, nutrient and possibly lighting systems).
FIGURE 3: VERTICAL GREEN WALL SUPPORTING THE BIOPHILIC EFFECT
Materiality Biophilic materiality refers to the textures, materials, forms, and shapes and finishes that represent the desired effect of biophilia to be achieved in the built environment. Materials and finishes need to be also cognisant of railway station character, siting, urban precinct/context
and historical attributes, surrounding environments as well as considering low maintenance, durability and vandalism-proofing where possible. The selection and use of materials, textures and finishes need also to be aligned with the desired biophilic design pattern outcomes. A typical palette of materials, textures and biomorphic forms need to support the materiality aspects of design as indicated in Figure 4.
FIGURE 4: BIOPHILIC DESIGN MATERIALITY TEXTURES AND FORMS
Daylight In the context of biophilic design, the availability of daylight is critical, and the provision of daylight support two aspects of healthy environments; first, daylight use for occupants, and second, daylight for vegetation growth. Daylight provision is one of the key requirements for healthy plants, as indicated in Figure 5. The amount light needed depends on the location of the plant and varies according to each plant species. Plants can adapt to their exterior and interior settings, and usually are divided into three general categories: those suitable for low, medium and high light intensities. External plants for vertical walls also need to be designed according to the orientation and amount of sunlight available within the urban environmental context.
FIGURE 5: PROVISION OF DAYLIGHT
Water Water is a key element to be considered in biophilic design, in both its application to achieve a positive biophilic outcome(s) and in their requirements for water in resourcing the plant growth depending whether used in various horizontal and vertical vegetation options. In the context of ecological sustainability and the fact that water is a scarce resource, best practice water savings and the use of non-potable water are necessary in railway station environments as part of the urban precincts within the city. Careful design and planning of self-sufficient vegetation systems can require very little water demands, with current technology available to support various systems of implementation. Opportunities exist in smart vertical living walls including hydroponic wall systems that capture and recycle their own water and which require very little additional water supply. Precinct-wide opportunities include small wetland systems, rain gardens, Water Sensitive Urban Design solutions that can include bio-swales, water infiltration systems, and stormwater capturing as part of water features such as ponds, fountains and constructed waterfalls, as indicated in Figure 6.
FIGURE 6: INTEGRATED WATER FEATURE AS PART OF DESIGN SOLUTION
Discussion and Conclusion This paper offers a new sustainability design platform demonstrating that biophilic design brings together the realms of building and applied design science, ecological communities, and the built environment so that we as humans can experience the benefits and results of wellbeing enhancement as a result of biophilia. Biophilic design for railway stations provides opportunities to enhance and enliven urban environments, including the possibilities of the extensive vegetation, improvement and enrichment of ecological systems and their communities, and strengthening the connections that humans and nature can experience. Biophilic design, in this paper, provides for visual, aural, and thermal stimulation(s) at railway stations in urban environments, whereby such environments can become living laboratories as exemplars of what healthy city environments could be, and potentially how
railways stations and rail transport infrastructure can be re-positioned and re-constructed to host new patronage experiences. However, the designing and planning of urban built environments, including that of railway stations needs to be undertaken with the awareness that the inclusion of biophilia is not only limited to the provision of vegetation, that vegetation is the essence of biophilic design crafting, but that biophilic design is a highly scientifically-informed design method that involves a raft of variables and attributes including environmental features, natural shapes and forms, ecological patterns and processes, light and space, considerations of place-based relationships, and the psychological and physiological evolved human-nature relationships as part of a holistic design solution. Key to this achievement is the use of the 14 biophilic design patterns (Browning et al, 2014), supported by its attributes and the underlying systems for support such as the types of vegetation, soils and water provisions, materiality of finishes, as well as adequate daylight spaces and surrounding environmental conditions.
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