BIOREMEDIATION OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTANTS
About the Editors Dr. Ram Naresh Bharagava earned B.Sc. (1998) in Zoology, Botany and Chemistry from University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh (U.P.), India and M.Sc. (2004) in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology from Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology (GBPUAT), Pantnagar, Uttarakhand (U.K.), India. Subsequently, he earned Ph.D (2010) in Microbiology jointly from Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow and Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India. He has authored one book and published many research and review papers in national and international journal of repute. He also published many book chapters and popular science articles in national and international edited books and science magazines, respectively. He is a reviewer for various national and international journals of his field. Currently, Dr. R. N. Bharagava is working as Assistant Professor and actively engaged in teaching and research activities at Department of Environmental Microbiology (DEM), Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Central University, Lucknow (U.P.), India. His major thrust areas of research are the Biodegradation and Bioremediation of Environmental Pollutants, Metagenomics and Wastewater Microbiology. He is life member of the Indian Science Congress Association (ISCA), India, Association of Microbiologists of India (AMI), Biotech Research Society (BRSI), and Academy of Environmental Biology (AEB). Mr. Gaurav Saxena earned B.Sc. (2010) in Industrial Microbiology, Zoology, Botany and Chemistry from Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal (Central) University (HNBGU), Srinagar (Garhwal), Uttarakhand (U.K.), India and M.Sc. (2013) in Environmental Microbiology from Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University. Currently, he is earning Ph.D in Environmental Microbiology from Department of Environmental Microbiology (DEM), Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Lucknow (U.P.), India. He has published papers, chapters and popular science articles in national and international journals, edited books and science magazines, respectively. His major thrust areas of research are the Biodegradation and Bioremediation of Environmental Pollutants, Metagenomics and Wastewater Microbiology. He is the member of the Association of Microbiologists of India (AMI) and Indian Science Congress Association (ISCA), India.
BIOREMEDIATION OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTANTS
Edited by:
Ram Naresh Bharagava Gaurav Saxena
2016 Educationist Press an imprint of
Write & Print Publications New Delhi-110 015
© 2016 Editors ISBN: 978-93-84649-60-9 PublisherÊs note: Every possible effort has been made to ensure that the information contained in this book is accurate at the time of going to press, and the publisher and authors/editors cannot accept responsibility for any errors or omissions, however caused. No responsibility for loss or damage occasioned to any person acting, or refraining from action, as a result of the material in this publication can be accepted by the authors or publisher. The Publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in the book. The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding and discussion only. Readers should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Every effort has been made to trace the owners of copyright material used in this book, if any. The authors and the publisher will be grateful for any omission brought to their notice for acknowledgement in the future editions of the book. All Rights reserved under International Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written consent of the publisher and the copyright owner. Published by
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Preface The pollution of our natural environment with various hazardous pollutants released from industries and agricultural practice is a serious concern worldwide. However, the degradation and detoxification of environmental pollutants is a global challenge in recent years for environmental safety. Waste/pollutants released from various industries and agricultural practices are widespread in most of the countries, causing the direct pollution of aquatic resources and soil and indirect pollution of the surface water and groundwater. In addition, environmental pollutants are highly toxic in nature and cause serious toxic effects in plants, animals and humans too. The governments around the globe are strictly advocating for the mitigation of environmental pollution. Hence, the removal/elimination of pollutants from the environment is utmost important to promote the sustainable development of our society with low environmental impact. The conventional remediation technologies are highly expensive, environmentally destructive and not aesthetically pleasing. In this regard, „Bioremediation‰ has recently emerged as an eco-friendly and cost-effective sustainable alternative to degrade and detoxify the environmental pollutants. Bioremediation is a process that uses microorganisms (bacterial/fungi), green plants or their enzymes to degrade/detoxify the pollutants such as phenols, chlorophenols, petroleum hydrocarbons, plastics, azo dyes, pesticides, toxic metals etc. from polluted soils and wastewaters. Hence, a detailed knowledge of the environmental pollutants and their toxic effects as well as their degradation/detoxification is urgently required to know the fate of metabolic products produced during degradation, which may otherwise threaten the public health and environment. Though, the degradation potential of microbes and their interactions with environmental pollutants has been studied in last yearÊs, but a detailed knowledge in field of biodegradation and bioremediation is scanty and not available as a whole to the readers. Therefore, the present book compiled the latest knowledge on the biodegradation and bioremediation of environmental pollutants released from different industries, which are one of the major problems of the current world. This book showcase the detailed knowledge on the fate and transport of toxic and hazardous pollutants in the environment, their relation to
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natural attenuation and bioremediation approaches for environmental safety. A number of experts from colleges, universities and research laboratories have contributed their valuable knowledge for this book in the areas of biodegradation and bioremediation of environmental pollutants, which poses serious threats to the environment. In this book, an extensive focus has been given on the biodegradation and bioremediation processes of industrial wastes like discharge of wastewaters containing recalcitrant organic and inorganic pollutants from industries such as distillery, tannery, textile, pulp and paper industry and petroleum industry. However, the safe disposal of solid and liquid waste generated from different industries is also a major challenge in developing countries. In addition, the persistent organic pollutants discharged along with industrial wastes and their degradation and detoxification is one of the real challenges to scientists, researchers, environmental microbiologists and biotechnologists. The roles of aquatic macrophytes for phytoremediation of toxic metals with mechanisms have been described in detail. Further, the role of biosurfactants produced by microorganisms and genetically engineered microorganism in the remediation of industrial wastes/pollutants has been discussed. In addition, the potential role of laccase enzyme in the biodegradation and bioremediation of industrial wastes has been also described in detail because enzymes are crucial for the better understanding of biodegradation and bioremediation processes. Further, the chapter dealing with the role of microbes in the biodegradation of plastic waste has been also discussed. The book identified that the biodegradation and bioremediation of industrial wastes/pollutants is one of the major challenge for sustainable environment. Therefore, this book will also serve as an invaluable source of basic knowledge and recent advances in biodegradation and bioremediation of environmental pollutants that widen its scope for a diverse community of professionals having interests in bioremediation technologies. All the chapters compiled in this book cover the different aspects of environmental problems and their remedies with upto date developments in the field of biodegradation and bioremediation. We hope that this book will provide a comprehensive overview on the bioremediation approaches used for different environmental pollutants causing serious health threats and environmental problems. Furthermore, this book will also boost up a wide range of students, scientists and researchers in microbiology, biotechnology, environmental sciences with the fundamental and advance knowledge about the environmental challenges and biological processes used for the remediation of polluted sites. Finally, we gratefully acknowledge the tireless cooperation and kind support from all the contributing authors for bringing out this book. Lastly, the editors wish to thank Dr. Ram Chandra, Scientist-F at CSIR-IITR, Lucknow, UP, India for their encouragement, kind support and guidance during all the times. Ram Naresh Bharagava Gaurav Saxena
List of Contributors Akash Mishra, Laboratory of Bioremediation and Metagenomics Research (LBMR), Department of Environmental Microbiology (DEM), School for Environmental Sciences (SES), Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226 025, Uttar Pradesh, India Amar Jyoti Das, Rhizosphere Biology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Microbiology (DEM), School for Environmental Sciences (SES), Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226 025, Uttar Pradesh, India Anita Sharma, Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities (CBHS), G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology (GBPUA&T), Pantnagar, Udham Singh (U.S.) Nagar 263 145, Uttarakhand (U.K.), India Ashutosh Yadav, Laboratory of Bioremediation and Metagenomics Research (LBMR), Department of Environmental Microbiology (DEM), School for Environmental Sciences (SES), Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226 025, Uttar Pradesh, India Beenu Shastri, Rhizosphere Biology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Microbiology (DEM), School for Environmental Sciences (SES), Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226 025, Uttar Pradesh, India Bhawna Vyas, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Sector 39 A, Chandigarh 160 036, India Chhaya Verma, Rhizosphere Biology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Microbiology (DEM), School for Environmental Sciences (SES), Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226 025, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Deepika Rajwar, Department of Environmental Sciences, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities (CBHS), G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology (GBPUA&T), Pantnagar, Udham Singh (U.S.) Nagar 263 145, Uttarakhand (U.K.), India Devendra Mani Tripathi, Department of Environment and Developmental Studies, Bundelkhand University, Kanpur Road, Jhansi 284 128 Uttar Pradesh, India Dhananjay Kumar, Department of Environmental Science (DES), School for Environmental Sciences (SES), Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226 025, Uttar Pradesh, India Garima Kaushik, Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Kishangarh, NH 8, Bandar Sindri, Ajmer 305 817, Rajasthan, India Gaurav Saxena, Laboratory of Bioremediation and Metagenomics Research (LBMR), Department of Environmental Microbiology (DEM), School for Environmental Sciences (SES), Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226 025, Uttar Pradesh, India Geeta Dhania, Department of Environmental Science, Maharshi Dayanand (MD) University, Rohtak 124 001, Haryana, India Govind Kumar, Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities (CBHS), G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology (GBPUA&T), Pantnagar, Udham Singh (U.S.) Nagar 263 145, Uttarakhand (U.K.), India Jai Prakash Narayan Rai, Department of Environmental Sciences, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities (CBHS), G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology (GBPUA&T), Pantnagar, Udham Singh (U.S.) Nagar 263 145, Uttarakhand (U.K.), India Narendra Kumar, Department of Environmental Science (DES), School for Environmental Sciences (SES), Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226 025, Uttar Pradesh, India Pankaj, Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities (CBHS), G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology (GBPUA&T), Pantnagar, Udham Singh (U.S.) Nagar 263 145, Uttarakhand (U.K.), India
List of Contributors
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Pankaj Chowdhary, Laboratory of Bioremediation and Metagenomics Research (LBMR), Department of Environmental Microbiology (DEM), School for Environmental Sciences (SES), Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226 025, Uttar Pradesh, India Priyanka Khati, Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities (CBHS), G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology (GBPUA&T), Pantnagar, Udham Singh (U.S.) Nagar 263 145, Uttarakhand (U.K.), India Rajesh Kumar, Rhizosphere Biology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Microbiology (DEM), School for Environmental Sciences (SES), Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226 025, Uttar Pradesh, India Ram Chandra, Environmental Microbiology Division, Environmental Toxicology Group, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR), Lucknow, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226 000 Uttar Pradesh, India Ram Naresh Bharagava, Laboratory of Bioremediation and Metagenomics Research (LBMR), Department of Environmental Microbiology (DEM), School for Environmental Sciences (SES), Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226 025, Uttar Pradesh, India Sadhana Singh Sagar, Rhizosphere Biology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Microbiology (DEM), School for Environmental Sciences (SES), Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226 025, Uttar Pradesh, India Saurabh Gangola, Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities (CBHS), G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology (GBPUA&T), Pantnagar, Udham Singh (U.S.) Nagar 263 145, Uttarakhand (U.K.), India Shattrohan Lal, Rhizosphere Biology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Microbiology (DEM), School for Environmental Sciences (SES), Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226 025, Uttar Pradesh, India Smriti Tripathi, Department of Environment and Developmental Studies, Bundelkhand University, Kanpur Road, Jhansi 284 128 Uttar Pradesh, India
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Sujata, Laboratory of Bioremediation and Metagenomics Research (LBMR), Department of Environmental Microbiology (DEM), School for Environmental Sciences (SES), Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226 025, Uttar Pradesh, India Sushila Saini, Department of Botany, Janta Vidya Mandir Ganpat Rai Rasiwasia (JVMGRR) College, Charkhi Dadri 127 306, Haryana, India Swaranjeet Singh Cameotra, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Sector 39 A, Chandigarh 160 036, India Vineet Kumar, Environmental Microbiology Division, Environmental Toxicology Group, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR), Lucknow, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226 000 Uttar Pradesh, India.
Contents Preface
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List of Contributors
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1. Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs): Health Hazards and Challenges for their Bioremediation in Environment Ram Chandra and Vineet Kumar
1
2. Microbial Degradation and Decolorization of Dyes from Textile Industry Wastewater Sujata and Ram Naresh Bharagava
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3. Bioremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metal Contaminated Sites by Biosurfactants: An Eco-friendly and Sustainable Technology Amar Jyoti Das, Beenu Shastri, Shattrohan Lal and Rajesh Kumar
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4. Organic Pollutants in Tannery Wastewater and Bioremediation Approaches for Environmental Safety 119 Gaurav Saxena and Ram Naresh Bharagava 5. Plastic Waste: Environmental Pollution, Health Hazards and Biodegradation Strategies Smriti Tripathi, Ashutosh Yadav and Devendra Mani Tripathi 6. Microbial Degradation of Pesticides for Environmental Cleanup Anita Sharma, Pankaj, Priyanka Khati, Saurabh Gangola and Govind Kumar
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7. Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs): Utility, Prospects and Challenges in Bioremediation of Environmental Pollutants 206 Chhaya Verma, Sadhana Singh Sagar and Rajesh Kumar
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8. Bioremediation Approaches for Pulp and Paper Industry Wastewater: Advances and Challenges Deepika Rajwar and Jai Prakash Narayan Rai
227
9. Microbial Degradation and Decolorization of Melanoidins from Distillery Wastewater for Environmental Safety 250 Garima Kaushik 10. Biodegradation and Bioremediation of Pesticides from Contaminated Sites Sushila Saini and Geeta Dhania 11. Role of Laccase Enzyme in Bioremediation of Industrial Wastes and its Biotechnological Application Pankaj Chowdhary, Gaurav Saxena and Ram Naresh Bharagava
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12. Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal Pollutants from Wastewater Environment using Aquatic Macrophytes 332 Dhananjay Kumar and Narendra Kumar 13. Xenobiotics: Environmental Pollution, Health Hazards, its Biodegradation and Future Challenges Gaurav Saxena, Pankaj Chowdhary, Akash Mishra and Ram Naresh Bharagava 14. Bioremediation: A Boon for Pesticides Degradation Bhawna Vyas and Swaranjeet Singh Cameotra
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