Abstract. In the present study we show the possibility to use the hemp shives as biomass remedying of soil contaminated with cadmium. The Triticum aestivum ...
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Scientific Bulletin of ESCORENA Vol.5, July 2012 Contents
1. Preface Prof. Dr. Lizica Mihut, Rector of “Aurel Vlaicu” University of Arad. _____________________________________________________________
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2. Introductory remarks Prof. Dr. Ryszard Michal Kozlowski, FAO/ESCORENA Focal Point Coordinator. _____________________________________________________________
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3. Current status of ESCORENA Network development and the new strategy and emerging activities: Prof. Dr. Ryszard KOZŁOWSKI, Ass. Prof. Dr. Cecilia Sirghie, M.Sc. Maria Mackiewicz-Talarczyk _____________________________________________________________ 05
4. Emerging role of ESCORENA Network: Michal Demes, Maria Mackiewicz-Talarczyk. _____________________________________________________________ 15
5. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Network (MAP) New Network of ESCORENA: Dr. Kirill G. Tkachenko _____________________________________________________________ 17
6. Some data about plants of the Russian Far East Flora and their using in Folk Medicine:
Dr. Kirill G. Tkachenko. _____________________________________________________________
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7. Possibilities of fire retardants application in the protection of wooden buildings in the open-air museums: Ryszard KOZLOWSKI, Lizica MIHUT, Maria Silvia PERNEVAN, Malgorzata HELWIG-KUBIAK, Lidia IDZIAK. _____________________________________________________________ 23 8. Bioremediation of soil contaminated with cadmium using hemp shives. A case study of modification of physiological parameters in triticum aestivum: Lucian Copolovici, Dana Copolovici, Ülo Niinemets and Cecilia Sirghie. _____________________________________________________________ 33 8. BASTEURES - Project co-funded by EUROPEAN UNION trough the European Regional Development Fund / Sectoral Operational Programme “Increase of Economic Competitiveness” / “Investing for your future” _____________________________________________________________ 43
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Bioremediation of soil contaminated with cadmium using hemp shives. A case study of modification of physiological parameters in Triticum aestivum
Lucian Copolovici1, Dana Copolovici1, Ülo Niinemets2 and Cecilia Sirghie1 1 ”Institute of Research , Development and Innovation in Technical and Natural Sciences ” ”Aurel Vlaicu” University , Arad, Romania 2 Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences
Abstract In the present study we show the possibility to use the hemp shives as biomass remedying of soil contaminated with cadmium. The Triticum aestivum were employed as test plant and assimilation rates and stomatal conductance to water vapor were measured. The hemp shives determine a remediation of the physiological parameter for plants treated with 1 mg/L of cadmium. Introduction Cadmium is one of the toxic heavy metal for human (Jomova and Valko 2011; Luparello et al. 2011; Nzengue et al. 2011), animals (Thevenod 2010, 2009) and plants (Jahangir et al. 2009; Verbruggen et al. 2009). It was shown that an expose to cadmium determine lung cancer (Park et al. 2012), kidney disfunction (Liang et al. 2012), brast cancer (Julin et al. 2012) and testicular injury (Wong and Cheng 2012; Siu et al. 2009). The source of cadmium contamination include the rubber tires, industrial water cooling, plastics, pigments, plated ware, alloys, insecticides (reviewed in (Reeves and Chaney 2008; Bertin and Averbeck 2006). The soil contamination with cadmium can occur by direct infiltration of contaminants from solid wastes, sewage, or sewage sludge. The removal of cadmium (and other heavy metals) from contaminated soil can been done by transfer of contaminated soil to landfills. This procedure is expensive and determines a risk sources for the whole ecosystem (Oberg and Bergback 2005). Due to this reason, the bioremediation become low-cost and eco-friendly alternatives for cadmium removal from soil. Bioremediation, as was shown in Mohanty and Patra (2011), typically use living organisms, to 33
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remove toxic elements from the environment. There are many studies of different bacteria, microbes and plants used for cadmium removal. For example metabolic active cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have a potential application in cadmium removal (Wang et al. 2012). The recent study have been showing that Spinacia oleracea plants are not accumulate cadmium so it can be used for phytoremediation of contaminated soils (Salaskar et al. 2011). Other monitored natural attenuation (MNA) of contaminated soils (as is described in (Declercq et al. 2012)) include in situ techniques which use the microbial biomass and bioaccumulators (see (Mohanty and Patra 2011) for removal of pollutants. It was shown that hemp plants (Cannabis sativa L.) accumulated heavy metals using cellular mechanisms which allowing it to cope with high metal concentrations (Linger et al. 2005; Citterio et al. 2003; Gasiorek and Kozlowski 2003). Even more, the previous studies reveal that short hemp fibers have a good sorption potential (at a level of mmols) for Cd2+ ions (Pejic et al. 2009). Based on this feature of Cannabis sativa plants, we used the hemp shives as biomass remediation of soil contaminated with cadmium. We used Triticum aestivum as monitoring plants to test the bioremediation capacity of hemp shives. Materials and methods Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds (cv. Lovrin, source: Fundulea, Romania) were used for the experiment. 40 seeds of T. aestivum were sown in plastic pots (5×5×5 cm) filled with commercial garden soil including slow release NPK fertilizer with microelements (Biolan, Finland). The sowing depth was 1 cm. The plants were grown in a growth chamber (Percival, IA, USA) under a light intensity of 1000 µmol m-2 s-1 provided for a 12 h light period and day/ night temperatures of 25°C/18°C. The soil was artificial contaminated with cadmium at a level of 1 mg/L. For bioremediation in the soil was added between 1 and 5 % of hemp shives. The hemp shives were obtained from dew-retted fibers. The measurements were done at three Zadoks growth stage: 1.0 (6 days), 1.1 (9 days) and 1.2 (12 days). The photosynthetic parameters of the plants were monitored using the GFS 3000 Portable Gas Exchange System (Walz, Effeltrich, Germany) as was described in previous studies (Niinemets et al. 2010; Niinemets et al. 2011). The measurements were performed at a chamber CO2 concentration of 385 μmol mol-1, photosynthetic quantum flux density was kept at 1000 μmol m-2 s-1, leaf temperature at 25ºC and chamber relative humidity at 70%. The air flow rate was 750 μmol s-1. The rates of net assimilation (A) and stomatal conductance to water vapor (gs) were calculated from these measurements according to von Caemmerer and Farquhar (1981). Results and discussions In previous studies were shown that T. aestivum exposed to high concentration of cadmium leads to depresses growth rate, reduction of photosynthesis, decreased chlorophyll content, changing in phenols and enzymes activities (Lakhdar et al. 2012; Wang et al. 2011; Ci et al. 2010; Duan et al. 2010; Khan et al. 2008; Samiullah et al. 2007; Ouzounidou et al. 1997). In our case, the assimilation rate decreased with more than 10 % for plants growth in soil treated
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with cadmium. The inhibition of photosynthesis is the result of damage to the PSII reaction center in the leaf (see (Duan et al. 2010)). The plants growth in the soil treated with hemp shives have the same level of photosynthesis as the control plants.
Figure 1. Changes in net assimilation rate (A) with the remediation agent (hemp shives) concentration
Even more, for the mature plants (12 days) the assimilation rates are higher than for the control plants in case of hemp shives in soil of 1.5% (Figure 1). This trend can be explicate by the possibility that the hemp shives to act as chelator of the cadmium ions as was shown for C. sativa chestnuts shell extract (Stingu et al. 2012). The values of stomata conductance to water vapor (gs) are as well influence by the cadmium stress.
Figure 2. Changes in stomatal conductance to water vapor (gs) with the remediation agent (hemp shives) concentration
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From figure 2 can be seen that in plants treated with cadmium the gs decrease in average with 20 %. Even that the mechanism of stomata closure is not totally understand (Shafi et al. 2011), we can speculate that the negative effect of Cd2+ to gs are relating with the inhibition of primary carbon metabolism (Vassilev et al. 1997). Using even a small concentration of remediation agent (hemp shives – 1%) the gs values are comparative with control plants (Figure 2). Interesting, the values of gs increased with the increasing of the hemp shives concentration until more than 30% comparative with control plant at remediation agent concentration of 2%. After that, the values of gs decreased slowly. Conclusions In the present study we have shown that hemp shives act as a soil remediation agent against cadmium soil pollution. The treatment of the soil contaminate with cadmium even with a small concentration of hemp shives determine the recover of the physiological parameters in the Triticum aestivum L. plants. More work is necessary in order to understand of the mechanism of the effect of the cadmium and hemp shives on the plant-soil interactions. Acknowledgement This work was supported by project co-funded by European Union through European Regional Development Fund Structural Operational Program “Increasing of Economic Competitiveness” Priority axis 2, operation 2.1.2. ID project 679, cod SMIS CNSR 12638.
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Experimental Botany, 67, 23-33. Jomova, K., & Valko, M. (2011). Advances in metal-induced oxidative stress and human disease. Toxicology, 283, 65-87. Julin, B., Wolk, A., Bergkvist, L., Bottai, M., & Akesson, A. (2012). Dietary cadmium exposure and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer: a population-based prospective cohort study. Cancer Research, 72, 1459-1466. Khan, N. A., Singh, S., Anjum, N. A., & Nazar, R. (2008). Cadmium effects on carbonic anhydrase, photosynthesis, dry mass and antioxidative enzymes in wheat (Triticum aestivum) under low and sufficient zinc. Journal of Plant Interactions, 3, 31-37. Lakhdar, A., Slatni, T., Iannelli, M. A., Debez, A., Pietrini, F., Jedidi, N., Massacci, A., & Abdelly, C. (2012). Risk of municipal solid waste compost and sewage sludge use on photosynthetic performance in common crop (Triticum durum). Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 34, 1017-1026. Liang, Y., Lei, L., Nilsson, J., Li, H., Nordberg, M., Bernard, A., Nordberg, G. F., Bergdahl, I. A., & Jin, T. (2012). Renal function after reduction in cadmium exposure: an 8-year follow-up of residents in cadmium-polluted areas. Environmental Health Perspectives, 120, 223-228. Linger, P., Ostwald, A., & Haensler, J. (2005). Cannabis sativa L. growing on heavy metal contaminated soil: growth, cadmium uptake and photosynthesis. Biologia Plantarum, 49, 567576. Luparello, C., Sirchia, R., & Longo, A. (2011). Cadmium as a transcriptional modulator in human cells. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 41, 73-80. Mohanty, M., & Patra, H. K. 2011. Attenuation of Chromium Toxicity by Bioremediation Technology. In Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol 210, 1-34. Niinemets, Ü., Copolovici, L., & Hüve, K. (2010). High within-canopy variation in isoprene emission potentials in temperate trees: implications for predicting canopy-scale isoprene fluxes. Journal of Geophysical Research - Biogeosciences, 115, G04029. Niinemets, U., Kuhn, U., Harley, P. C., Staudt, M., Arneth, A., Cescatti, A., Ciccioli, P., Copolovici, L., Geron, C., Guenther, A., Kesselmeier, J., Lerdau, M. T., Monson, R. K., & Penuelas, J. (2011). Estimations of isoprenoid emission capacity from enclosure studies: measurements, data processing, quality and standardized measurement protocols. Biogeosciences, 8, 2209-2246. Nzengue, Y., Candeias, S. M., Sauvaigo, S., Douki, T., Favier, A., Rachidi, W., & Guiraud, P. (2011). The toxicity redox mechanisms of cadmium alone or together with copper and zinc homeostasis alteration: Its redox biomarkers. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 25, 171-180. Oberg, T., & Bergback, B. (2005). A review of probabilistic risk assessment of contaminated land. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 5, 213-224. Ouzounidou, G., Moustakas, M., & Eleftheriou, E. P. (1997). Physiological and ultrastructural effects of cadmium on wheat (Triticum aestivum L) leaves. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 32, 154-160. Park, R. M., Stayner, L. T., Petersen, M. R., Finley-Couch, M., Hornung, R., & Rice, C. (2012). Cadmium and lung cancer mortality accounting for simultaneous arsenic exposure. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 69, 303-309. Pejic, B., Vukcevic, M., Kostic, M., & Skundric, P. (2009). Biosorption of heavy metal ions from
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