BS EN 13632:2010 BS 2000-518:2010
BSI Standards Publication
Bitumen and bituminous binders — Visualisation of polymer dispersion in polymer modified bitumen
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BS EN 13632:2010
BRITISH STANDARD
National foreword This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 13632:2010. It supersedes BS EN 13632:2003 which is withdrawn. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PTI/13, Petroleum Testing and Terminology. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Energy Institute, under the brand of IP, publishes and sells all Parts of BS 2000, and all BS EN petroleum test methods that would be Part of BS 2000, both in its annual publication “Standard methods for analysis and testing of petroleum and related products and British Standard 2000 Parts” and individually. Further information is available from: Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish Street, London W1G 7AR. Tel: 020 7467 7100. Fax: 020 7255 1472. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. © BSI 2010 ISBN 978 0 580 64338 5 ICS 75.140; 91.100.50 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 October 2010. Amendments issued since publication Date
Text affected
BS EN 13632:2010
EN 13632
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
May 2010
ICS 75.140; 91.100.50
Supersedes EN 13632:2003
English Version
Bitumen and bituminous binders - Visualisation of polymer dispersion in polymer modified bitumen Bitumes et liants bitumineux - Visualisation de la dispersion des polymères dans les bitumes modifiés par des polymères
Bitumen und bitumenhaltige Bindemittel - Visualisierung der Polymerverteilung in polymermodifiziertem Bitumen
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 23 April 2010. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2010 CEN
All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members.
Ref. No. EN 13632:2010: E
BS EN 13632:2010 EN 13632:2010 (E)
Contents
page
Foreword ...................................................................................................................................................................... 3 1
Scope .............................................................................................................................................................. 4
2
Normative references .................................................................................................................................... 4
3
Principle .......................................................................................................................................................... 4
4
Apparatus ....................................................................................................................................................... 4
5
Preparation of test samples .......................................................................................................................... 5
6
Procedure ....................................................................................................................................................... 5
7
Expression of results .................................................................................................................................... 5
8
Test report ...................................................................................................................................................... 5
Annex A (informative) Bitumen modified by polymers ........................................................................................... 7
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BS EN 13632:2010 EN 13632:2010 (E)
Foreword This document (EN 13632:2010) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 336 “Bituminous binders”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR/BNPé. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by November 2010, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by November 2010. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN 13632:2003. Annex A is informative. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
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BS EN 13632:2010 EN 13632:2010 (E)
1
Scope
This European Standard specifies a method for visualisation of the polymer distribution in polymer modified bitumen by fluorescent microscopy. The method is applicable for most of the commercially used polymers, but before the method is used it should be examined whether the test is applicable for the actual polymer. The method should only be used for identification purposes, i.e. in connection with production control. NOTE Sample preparation and treatment have an important influence on the test results and it is essential to follow strictly the method described to achieve comparable results.
WARNING — The use of this European Standard can involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This European Standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this European Standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2
Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 58, Bitumen and bituminous binders — Sampling bituminous binders EN 12594, Bitumen and bituminous binders — Preparation of test samples
3
Principle
A sample of polymer modified bitumen is homogenised by gentle stirring and poured into a preheated mould. After a controlled cooling procedure to ambient temperature the sample is cooled below – 20 °C for a minimum period of time. The bitumen layer is broken into small pieces and the freshly broken surface is viewed through a microscope with a magnification of 25 times to 500 times. The views can be stored photographically or electronically.
4
Apparatus
4.1 Epifluorescence microscope, (incident light excitation) with an appropriate light source and filter systems. NOTE
Examples of light source and filter system are given in Annex A.
4.2
Freezer or solid carbon dioxide.
4.3
Sharp tool.
Scissors shall not be used. 4.4
Aluminium basin, disposable, approximate height 35 mm, approximate diameter 70 mm.
4.5
Porcelain evaporating basin, diameter 150 mm, height 63 mm (approximate volume: 600 ml).
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BS EN 13632:2010 EN 13632:2010 (E)
4.6
Fine aggregate (sand).
4.7
Temperature regulated sand bath.
5
Preparation of test samples
Take the sample in accordance with EN 58. Prepare it in accordance with EN 12594. Homogenise the sample by gentle hand stirring for at least 1 min and not more than 5 min. Pour the material into the aluminium basin placed in a sand bath (4.7) preheated to the same temperature as the sample during homogenising. The sand bath is an evaporating basin (4.5) containing sand (4.6). The aluminium basin (4.4) shall be totally surrounded by the sand and there shall be 20 mm of sand between the bottom of aluminium basin and the evaporating basin. The sample is cooled to ambient temperature by switching off the heating of the sand bath. After cooling to ambient temperature, cool the sample to – 20 °C or lower if the sample needs to become brittle. Using a freezer (4.2), a cooling time of 3 h minimum is required; using solid carbon dioxide (4.2) in a dewar, 10 min is sufficient. NOTE The cooling procedure can be essential for the morphology. By cooling in the sand bath, a steady cooling rate is assured.
6
Procedure
Prepare small pieces of the frozen material by breaking or cutting with appropriate sharp tool (4.3). This preparation shall be done rapidly to avoid warming the sample. Inspect the freshly broken or cut surface within 1 h. The inspection can be done through a protecting glass or directly on the surface. Using a protecting glass turn the freshly broken surface towards a microscope cover glass and arrange for the freshly broken or cut surfaces to stick to this without disturbing the surface by moving. Turn the cover glass over and place it on the hole of the rigid support such that a perfectly horizontal and flat surface is observed through the glass. Select the magnification according to the particle size and distribution; magnifications of 25 to 500 are suitable. Analyse each polymer modified bitumen on a minimum of 3 independently prepared surfaces scanning the entire surface before collecting the typical picture. Provide a reference scale with the picture. NOTE
7
The picture can be obtained and stored by photographic or electronic systems.
Expression of results
Express the binder morphology either as a picture, a picture number (according to Annex A) or a combination of the characterisation letters shown in Annex A. Intermediate numbers are not allowed. If no fluorescent emission can be detected and the sample appears all black, note this as O. NOTE Numbers are used as a simple tool for comparing pictures and neither assessing the quality, nor the performance of the binder.
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Test report
The test report shall contain at least the following information: a)
type and complete identification of the sample under test;
b)
reference to this European Standard;
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c)
light source and filter system;
d)
present the picture with a reference scale and if required a combination of the characterisation letters given in Annex A (see Clause 7);
e)
any deviation, by agreement or otherwise, from the procedure specified;
f)
date of the test.
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BS EN 13632:2010 EN 13632:2010 (E)
Annex A (informative) Bitumen modified by polymers
A.1 Introduction Multiphase systems like bitumen polymer blends need a certain distribution of the discontinuous phase to maintain their structure over a long life time. The modification of bitumen with polymers can reach two principal phases.
In the first case, the polymer is more or less dispersed in the bitumen matrix. Depending on the chemical composition of the materials, their compatibility and the input of dispersing energy as well as factors like molecular weight and polarity, the system remains homogenous over a certain period of time. The level of distribution of the polymer phase has an important influence on the physical properties of the binder system.
In the second case, the polymer phase becomes the continuous phase in which the bitumen is more or less finely dispersed, acting as a plasticiser or extender. Here the distribution of the bitumen in the polymer phase is of importance for the physical properties of the system.
Beside the two principal cases, there are blends existing where phase inversion starts and both systems are visible at the same time. This phenomenon is also dependent on temperature and time. A way to assess the homogeneity of a blend is to view it under a fluorescence microscope when illuminated by UV light: most of the polymers produce a yellow fluorescence while the bitumen remains dark. The particle size or distribution can be assessed under different magnifications. Special preparations are necessary to obtain a proper picture. The best way seems to be to cool the sample to a temperature of at least – 20 °C. Small pieces of the material are then broken or cut off, warmed up to ambient temperature and placed under the microscope for examination of the freshly broken surface. The distribution of the polymer phase or bitumen can be assessed by measuring the particle size distribution or by comparison with standard pictures. If no structure is visible but a fine, homogeneous, slightly yellow light is detected, the product should be called homogeneous. Compatibility, stability and compliance can all be assessed by epifluorescence microscopy. It should be noted that fluorescence microscopy is not able to give a final quality assessment or indication of the binder performance. It provides important information for understanding of the system and parameters which might have an influence on the final quality.
A.2 Light source and filter system Example of light source and filter system: Light source:
High pressure Xenon lamp, 75 W
Excitation filter:
BP 420/490 (transmit wavelengths from 420 nm – 490 nm)
Beam splitter filter: wavelengths)
RKP 510 (reflects wavelengths shorter than 510 nm and transmits light of longer
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BS EN 13632:2010 EN 13632:2010 (E)
Barrier filter:
LP 515 (transmits wavelengths longer than 515 nm)
From the light source the light falls on the excitation filter, which transmits light from 420 nm to 490 nm. Light with this wavelength falls then on the surface of the specimen. Unabsorbed exciting light and emitted light is then reflected to the chromatic beam splitter filter, which reflects light shorter than 510 nm and transmits light of longer wavelength. According to Stokes’ Law emitted light will have a longer wavelength than its exciting light, hence the beam splitter filter effectively reflects exciting light and transmits emitted light, in this way separating the two. To eliminate any residual exciting light, the emitted/transmitted light with wavelength longer than 510 nm finally falls on the barrier filter, which has a high transmission for wavelengths longer than 515 nm.
A.3 Polymer bitumen pictures The following pictures show some typical dispersions of polymer in bitumen. The size of the pictures are 1,00 mm x 0,75 mm (approximately). The distribution can be described through a code of characterisation letters: Continuous phase:
P: Continuous polymer phase B: Continuous bitumen phase X: Both phases are continuous (inter – twisted phases)
Description of the phase: H: Homogeneous I: Inhomogeneous Description of size:
S: small (< 10 µm) M: medium (between 10 µm and 100 µm) L: large (> 100 µm)
Description of shape:
r: roundish s: stripes o: other
Some typical pictures are shown hereafter but not all possible morphologies are covered in these pictures. The pictures are characterised by a number and a letter code according to the system described above.
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BS EN 13632:2010 EN 13632:2010 (E)
Figure A.1 — P/I/L/r
Figure A.2 — B/I/SL/r
Figure A.3 — B/H/S/r
Figure A.4 — B/H/SL/r
Figure A.5 — B/I/L/o
Figure A.6 — B/I/SL/o
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Figure A.7 — P/I/SL/o
Figure A.8 — P/I/SL/o
Figure A.9 — P/I/SL/r
Figure A.10 — P/H/S/r
Figure A.11 — P/I/S/s
Figure A.12 — P/H/S/o
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