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BLACK SEA MARINE ENVIRONMENT: THE TURKISH SHELF
Edited by 0XUDW6(=*øN – Sinop University Levent BAT – Sinop University Derya ÜRKMEZ – Sinop University Elif ARICI – Sinop University Bayram ÖZTÜRK – Istanbul University
Publication no: 46 Istanbul 2017
BLACK SEA MARINE ENVIRONMENT: THE TURKISH SHELF %X NLWDEÕQ EWQ KDNODUÕ 7UN 'HQL] $UDúWÕUPDODUÕ 9DNIÕ¶QD DLWWLU ø]LQVL] EDVÕODPD] oR÷DlWÕODPD] .LWDSWD EXOXQDQ PDNDOHOHULQ ELOLPVHO VRUXPOXOX÷X \D]DUODUDDLWWLU All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any means without the prior permission from the Turkish Marine Research Foundation (TÜDAV). Authors are responsible for their articles’ conformity to scientific rules. Editor and Publisher cannot be held responsible for errors or any consequences arising from the use of the information contained in this book; the views and opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect those of Editors and Publisher.
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ZOOPLANKTON OF THE SOUTHERN BLACK SEA 0HOHNøùø1ø%ø/ø5 1, ø1R\DQHGV@ Turkish Fisheries in the Black Sea. Turkish Marine Research Foundation (TUDAV), Publication number: 40, Istanbul, Turkey, p. 108-131. Clark, R.B. 1986. Marine Pollution. Clarendon Press, Oxford. Cohen, J.T., D.C. Bellinger, W.E. Connor, P.M. Kris-Etherton, R.S. Lawrence, D.A. Savitz, B.A. Shaywitz, S.M. Teutsch, and G.M. Gray. 2005. A quantitative risk-benefit analysis of changes in population fish consumption. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 29 (4): 325-334. Commission Regulation (EC). 2001. No 466/2001 of 8 March 2001 Setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Commission Regulation (EC). 2006. Official Journal of the European Union. Setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in food stuffs. Commission Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006, 364: 5-24. Commission Regulation (EC). 2013. No 1275/2013 of 6 December 2013 amending Annex I to Directive 2002/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards maximum levels for arsenic, cadmium, lead, nitrites, volatile mustard oil and harmful botanical impurities, L 328/86.
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Commission Regulation (EC). 2015. Official Journal of the European Union. Amending Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 as regards maximum levels of lead in certain foodstuffs. Commission Regulation (EC) No 1005/2015, 161: 9-13. Commission Regulation (EU). 2014. No 488/2014 of 12 May 2014 amending Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 as regards maximum levels of cadmium in foodstuffs, L 138/75. Council of Europe. 2001. Council of Europe’s policy statements concerning materials and articles intended to come into contact with foodstuffs. Policy Statement concerning materials and alloys. Technical Document. Guidelines on metals and alloys used as food contact materials. (09.03.2001), Strasbourg. pp. 67. Dalman, O., A. Demirak, and A. Balci. 2006. Determination of heavy metals (Cd, Pb) and trace elements (Cu, Zn) in sediments and fish of the Southeastern Aegean Sea (Turkey) by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Food Chemistry, 95: 157-162. Das, Y.K., A. Aksoy, R. Baskaya, H.A. Duyar, D. Guvenc, and V. Boz. 2009. Heavy metal levels of some marine organisms collected in Samsun and Sinop coasts of Black Sea, in Turkey. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 8(3): 496-499. Decker, C. and R. Menendez. 1974. Acute toxicity of iron and aluminium to brook trout. Proc. W. Virg. Acad. Sci., 46: 159-167. 'HSOHGJH0+-0:HHNVDQG3%MHUUHJDUG +HDY\PHWDOV,Q3&DORZ>HG@ Handbook of Ecotoxicology. Oxford Blackwell Sci. Publ., London 2(5): 79-105. Domingo, J.L., A. Bocio, G. Falcó, and J.M. Llobet. 2007. Benefits and risks of fish consumption Part I. A quantitative analysis of the intake of omega-3 fatty acids and chemical contaminants. Toxicology, 230: 219-226. EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies). 2014. Scientific Opinion on health benefits of seafood (fish and shellfish) consumption in relation to health risks associated with exposure to methylmercury. EFSA Journal, 12 (7): 761-780. EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM). 2010. Scientific Opinion on Lead in Food. EFSA Journal, 8(4): 1570. 151 pp., Available online: www.efsa.europa.eu EFSA. 2012a. Cadmium dietary exposure in the European population. EFSA Journal, 10 (1): 2551, 37 pp. EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM). 2012b. Scientific Opinion on the risk for public health related to the presence of mercury and methylmercury in food. EFSA Journal, 10 (12): 2985, 241 pp.
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EFSA. 2012c. Lead dietary exposure in the European population. EFSA Journal, 10(7): 2831, 59 pp. EFSA Scientific Committee. 2015. Statement on the benefits of fish/seafood consumption compared to the risks of methylmercury in fish/seafood. EFSA Journal, 13(1): 3982, 36 pp. Ergül, H.A. and S. Aksan. 2013. Evaluation of non-essential element and micronutirent concentrations in seafood from the Marmara and Black Seas. J. Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment, 19(3): 312-331. FAO/WHO. 2010. Summary report of the seventy-third meeting of JECFA. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Geneva. FAO/WHO. 2011. Joint FAO/WHO food standards programme codex committee on contaminants in foods, Fifth Session, working document for information and use in discussions related to contaminants and toxins in the GSCTFF, The Hague, The Netherlands, 90 p. )ÕQGÕN g. and E. Çiçek. 2011. Metal concentrations in two bioindicator fish species, Merlangius merlangus, Mullus barbatus, captured from the west Black Sea coasts (Bartin) of Turkey. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 87: 399-403. Förstner, U. and G.T.W. Wittmann. 1983. Metal Pollution in the Aquatic Environment. Second Revised Edition. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. GAIN (Global Agriculture Information Network) Report. 2002. Russian Federation Sanitary/ Phytosanitary/ Food Safety Russian Sanitary Rules and Norms. GAIN Report #RS2010. SanPiN-96. USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. Gossanepidnadzor Department of the Ministry of Public Health Care of Russia. GAIN (Global Agriculture Information Network) Report. 2006. China, Peoples Republic of FAIRS Product Specific Maximum Levels of Contaminants in Foods. GAIN Report Number: CH6064. USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. Issued by the Ministry of Hygienic. Georgian Food Safety Rules. 2001. Fish, other river/sea products and products made from them. SanPiN-2.3.2.560-96. The Minister's Decree 16/08/2001 N301/n for Health, Labour and Social Affairs. Gladyshev, M.I., N.N. Sushchik, O.V. Anishchenko, O.N. Makhutova, G.S. Kalachova and I.V. Gribovskaya. 2009. Benefit-risk ratio of food fish intake as the source of essential fatty acids vs. heavy metals: A case study of Siberian grayling from the Yenisei River. Food Chemistry, 115: 545-550.
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*QGR÷GX $ 6 7UN dXOKD ) .RoEDú DQG 0 dXOKD +HDY\ PHWDO accummulation in muscles and total bodies of Mullus barbatus, Trachurus trachurus and Engraulis encrasicolus captured from the coast of Sinop, Black Sea. Pakistan J. Zool., 48(1): 25-34. Järup, L. 2003. Hazards of heavy metal contamination. British Medical Bulletin 68: 167182. Korotaev, G., T. Oguz, A. Nikiforov, and C. Koblinsky. 2003. Seasonal, interannual, and mesoscale variability of the Black Sea upper layer circulation derived from altimeter data. J. Geoph. Res., 108(C4): 3122. Köse, H.Ö., A. Taner, and B. Erkan. 2013. International cooperation for saving the Black Sea and the coordinated parallel audit by SAIs of the region. Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 20(1): 105-117. Kovalev, A.V., V.A. Skryabin, Yu A. =DJRURGQ\D\D ) %LQJHO $( .ÕGH\ú 8 Niermann, and Z. Uysal. 1999. The Black Sea zooplankton: Composition, spatial/temporal distribution and history of investigations. Tr. J. Zoology, 23: 195-209. MAFF (The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries). 1995. Monitoring and surveillance of non-radioactive contaminants in the aquatic environment and activities regulating the disposal wastes at sea, of 1993. Directorate of Fisheries Research, Lowestoft, Aquatic Environment Monitoring Report, No.44. Mance, G. 1987. Pollution threat of heavy metals in aquatic environments. Pollution Monitoring Series. Elsevier App. Sci., London. Martin, S.E. and W. Griswold. 2009. Human Health Effects of Heavy Metals. Environmental Science and Technology Briefs for Citizens Center for Hazardous Substance Research 15: 6 pages. Mee, L. 1992. The Black Sea in crisis: A need for concerted international action. Ambio 21(4): 278-286. Mee, L.D. 2005. How to Save the Black Sea. Your Guide to the Black Sea Strategic Action Plan. 31 pp. Mendil, D., Z. Demirci, M. Tuzen, and M. Soylak. 2010a. Seasonal investigation of trace element contents in commercially valuable fish species from the Black Sea, Turkey. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48: 865-870. Mendil, D., Ö.F. Ünal, M. Tüzen, and M. Soylak. 2010b. Determination of trace metals LQGLIIHUHQWILVKVSHFLHVDQGVHGLPHQWVIURPWKH5LYHUHGV@0LWFKHOO%HD]OH\3XEOLVKHUV/RQGRQS Topcuoglu, S., C. Kirbasoglu, and N. Gungor. 2002. Heavy metals in organisms and sediments from Turkish Coast of the Black Sea, 1997-1998. Environment International, 27: 521-526. TUIK, Turkish Fishery Statistics. 2016. http://www.tuik.gov.tr/ Turan, C., M. Dural, A. Oksuz, and B. Ozturk. 2009. Levels of heavy metals in some commercial fish species captured from the Black Sea and Mediterranean coast of Turkey. Bull Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 82: 601-604. Turk Culha, S., L. Bat, M. Culha, A. Efendioglu, M. Andac, and B. Bati. 2007. Heavy metals levels in some fishes and molluscs from Sinop peninsula of the southern Black Sea, Turkey. Rapp. Comm. int. Mer Medit., 38. Türkmen, A., Y. Tepe, and M. Türkmen. 2008. Metal levels in tissues of the European Anchovy, Engraulis encrasicolus L., 1758, and Picarel, Spicara smaris L., 1758, from Black, Marmara and Aegean Seas. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol., 80: 521-525. Türkmen, M. and N. Dura. 2016. Assessment of heavy metal concentrations in fish from south western Black Sea. Indian Journal of Geo Marine Sciences, 45(11): 1552-1559. Tuzen, M. 2003. Determination of heavy metals in fish samples of the Middle Black Sea (Turkey) by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Food Chemistry, 80: 119123.
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Tüzen, 0'0HQGLO+6DUÕ06XLoPH]DQG(+DVGHPLU,QYHVWLJDWLRQRIWUDFH PHWDO OHYHOV LQ ILVK VSHFLHV IURP WKH %ODFN 6HD DQG WKH 5LYHU 100 μg g-1 dw) confirm chronic oil pollution, especially those measured near the Zonguldak port (1546 μg g-1 dw), Inceburun peninsula (1292 μg g-1 dw), Sinop port (915 μg g-1 dw) and Trabzon port (330 μg g-1 dw). According to Readman et al. (2002) the concentrations higher than 100 μg g-1 dw are mainly related with port activities or riverine (terrestrial) inputs.
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Table 1. The depth (Dep in m), mud (%), sediment water content (Swc in %), total organic carbon (TOC in %), total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH in μg g-1 dw) and concentrations of light aromatic BTEX fractions and total BTEX (μg kg-1 dw) in the sediment samples given in Figure 1. Region
St. 1 2 3 Igneada 4 5 Terkos 10 11 12 Karasu 13 14 Zonguldak 15 16 17 Filyos R. 19 20 21 %DUWÕQ 25 Inceburun 27 28 29 30 Sinop 31 .Õ]ÕOÕUPDN 32 34 35 36 Samsun 37 38 - gross tonnage 102,18 TL/tonnage; for >5000 gross tones 104,14 TL/tonnage). Petroleum products and wastes such as sludge, bilges slope, and etc. has also been punished with penalty fees. There is another article in the law related with the response of their pollution and recoveries. At that time, the penalty fee is reduced at a ratio of 1/3. There is another law related with the accidental oil pollution and clean-up environment and compensation of the losses are controlled by law 2872 (Law-b 2016). 5. Impact on the Environment In general, oil spills can affect marine organisms either externally or internally. Digestion or inhalation of the oil by the organism could be an example for the internal exposure and external exposure which affect skin, carapax, stem, leaf and eye. Oil can also smother some small species of fish, invertebrates, birds or mammals and coat their skin, feathers, fur or gills stopping the maintenance of their body temperatures. Marine organisms, some of which are relatively immobile such as bivalves and mollusks and are filter-feeders, may not be able to avoid exposures to oil. In addition, they don’t possess the same suite of enzymes to breakdown contaminants as fish or other vertebrates. The type of oil spilled behave in a different way in the environment, and the effects of marine organisms vary with different types of oil. In general, oil is classified as a “light oil” such as fuel oil, and “heavy oil” such as crude oil. Light oil is easily evaporated and more toxic, although heavy oil look black and sticky. They can persist in the environment for months or even years if not removed. Heavy oils can be very persistent, less acutely toxic and have some chronic effects like cancer and mutation (NOAA 2016). Knowing background pollutant levels in the sea are very crucial for reimbursement of losses by insurance company after incidents. The concentrations of hazardous substances are measured for the determination of the background concentrations. Dissolved dispersed petroleum hydrocarbons, potential carcinogen/mutagen PAHs and other PAHs compounds concentration were measured lower than 2μg/L in the surface and 10m depth sea water of the Black Sea (Figure 2). 6. Principles of the Oil Pollution Response Activities Turkey has many laws and regulations related with pollution control, diminishing wastes and penalties according to the “polluter pays” opinion. Protection of the seas from petroleum pollution has been taken into account since 2005 by adopting the law called “Law No: 5312, Fundamentals of Emergency Responses and Loss
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&RPSHQVDWLRQLQ0DULQH(QYLURQPHQW3ROOXWLRQ&DXVHGE\3HWUROHXPDQG2WKHU+DUPIXO Substances”. $FFRUGLQJWRWKLVODZ&RDVWDOIDFLOLWLHV&RQWLQJHQF\SODQVZHUHSUHSDUHG by themselves and were approved by Ministry of Environment and Urbanization. Regional and national contingency plans were prepared by Ministry of Environment and Urbanization. The role of the other ministries, regional governments, cleaning facilities, 1*2¶VH[SHUWV DFFRUGLQJWo specific subjects such as plant, animals, oil response etc.) were identified and integrated in the contingency plans (Figure 7). At the national level, for this purpose, the preparedness of the infrastructure such as stock piles and emergency response centres and decision support system installation are under the responsibility of TM-70$& +RZHYHU SUHSDUDWLRQ RI WKH ODZV DQG UHJXODWLRQV DUH 70-EU’s responsibilities. In Turkey, emergency response is planned in three tiers: the first tier is coastal facilities contingency plan, second tier is city based regional contingency plan and tier third is national contingency plan. &ity based contingency plans were prepared for 16 coastal cities at WKH%ODFN6HDFRDVW&RQWLQJHQF\SODQFRQVLVWVRIWKH&RRUGLQDWLRQ and the Operations Units and their responsibilities in the plans are identified (AMP 2011). In a situation, where the accident is on a national scale, the National &RQWLQJHQF\3ODQLV activated, and general coordination is carried out by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. ,I DQ LQFLGHQW LV ORFDO WKHQ WKH FORVHVW FLW\ *RYHUQRU DFWV DV D JHQHUDO coordinator. Many related guidelines based on national and local contingency plans are prepared. Such as; x Defined marine and shoreline response system and general shoreline cleaning methods, x Determined the rudiments regarding the acceptance of vessels into the places of refuge, in accordance with national and international regulations, x Defined use of dispersants in emergency response situations, x Defined the transportation and elimination of the waste materials during/after accidents, x Terminated response operations and determined rehabilitation operations, x Determined the compensation demands, and a comparative analysis between the international agreements and national regulations within the framework of the contingency plan. x Identified and documented an emergency response situation, communication among the teams and informing the public.
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Figure 7. Black Sea Regional &ontingency Plan (AMP 2011)
References AMM D&RQVWLWXWLRQRIWKH(PHUJHQF\5HVSRQVH&HQWUHV and Determination of the Present Situation of the Turkish International Waters for the Feasibility Works, Project 1R*SDJHV,QWHULP5HSRUW-2. March 2008. AMM E&RQVWLWXWLRQRIWKH(PHUJHQF\5HVSRQVH&HQWUHV and Determination of the Present Situation of the Turkish International Waters for the Feasibility Works, Project 1R*SDJHV,QWHULP5HSRUW-4. August 2008. AMM &RQVWLWXWLRQRIWKH(PHUJHQF\5HVSRQVH&HQWUHV and Determination of the Present Situation of the Turkish International Waters for the Feasibility Works, Project 1R* SDJHV)LQDO5HSRUW1RYHPEHU
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AMP, 2011. 7KH 1DWLRQDO (PHUJHQF\ 3ODQ WR &RPEDW 3ROOXWLRQ RI WKH PDULQH environment by oil and other harmful substances in case of emergency situations Final Report. 285 pages. September 2011, Ankara. Baykara, S.Z. 2011. Black Sea and hydrogen sulphide, p. 151-175. In A.L. Ryann and N.J. Perkins [eds.], 7KH%ODFN6HD '\QDPLFV(FRORJ\DQG&RQVHUYDWLRQ1RYD6FLHQFH 3XEOLVKHUV,QF&&KDSWHU %6&, 2008. State of the Environment of the Black Sea (2001 - 2006/7), pp. 448. In T. 2JX]>&KLHI(G@3XEOLFDWLRQVRIWKH&RPPLVVLRQRQWKH3URWHFWLRQRIWKH%ODFN6HD $JDLQVW3ROOXWLRQ %6& -3, Istanbul, Turkey. IMO, 1998. Focus on IMO. MARPOL 25 years. 33 pages. IMO, 2016. http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/SpecialAreas UnderMARPOL/Pages/Default.Aspx. ,3,(&$, $*XLGHWR&RQWLQJHQF\3ODQQLQJIRU2LO6SLOOVRQ:ater. 2nd edition, Vol. 2, London. 29p. Law, 2005. Law on Marine Environment pollution from Oil and Other Harmful VXEVWDQFHVDQG(PHUJHQF\5HVSRQVHDQG'DPDJHV&RPSHQVDWLRQ2IILFLDO1HZVSDSHU No.5312, 03 March 2005, Issue.25752 (in Turkish). Law-b, 2016. 2872 Environment Law and Its Last Version for the Environmental Fines https://www.csb.gov.tr/db/ced/webicerik/webicerik969.docx (in Turkish) 070$&, 2013. Transportation accident statistics. Accident free roads, safe WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ 0LQLVWU\ RI 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ 0DULWLPH $IIDLUV DQG &RPPXQLFDWLRQV Accident Investigation Board. 58 page. Ankara, Turkey, (In Turkish). MVT, 2013. http://www.marinevesseltraffic.com/2013/06/mediterranean-sea-marinetraffic.html. NOAA, 2016. http://response.restoration.noaa.gov. Oguz, T., P. Malanotte-Rizzoli, and D. Aubrey. 1995. Wind and thermohaline circulation of the Black Sea driven by yearly mean climatological forcing. Journal of *HRSK\sical Research, 100: 6846-6865. Tu÷rul, S., J.W. Murray, *(Friederich, and ,6DOLKR÷OX2014. Spatial and temporal variability in the chemical properties of the oxic and suboxic layers of the Black Sea. Journal of Marine Systems, 135: 29-43 ITOPF, 2015.(http://www.itopf.com/knowledge-resources/data-statistics/statistics/)
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