978 1 86509 773 2
Upper Primary
© Peter Clutterbuck and Blake Education 2000 Reprinted 2007 Blake’s Word Bank: Upper ISBN-13: 978 1 86509 773 2 ISBN-10: 1 86509 773 X
Blake Education Locked Bag 2022 Glebe NSW 2037 www.blake.com.au Publisher: Sharon Dalgleish Editors: Diana Grivas and Tricia Dearborn Designed and illustrated by Jobi Murphy Printed by Bekaam Printers
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Contents—An Overview Detailed List of Contents How to Use Blake’s Word Bank
4 8
Part One—Sounds
12 13 15 24 37 45 62 67
Part Two—Spelling
72 73 77 78 79 82 88 89 91 93 94
45 Sounds of the English Language Vowel Sounds Vowel Digraphs Consonant Digraphs Consonant Blends Other Consonant Sounds Some Other Important Sounds The 200 Most Used Words Homophones Compound Words Silent Letters Words with Double Consonants Contractions Plurals Spelling Rules Frequently Misspelt Words Graded Word Lists
Part Three—Grammar
100 101 110 111 112 118 122 123
Part Four—Vocabulary
124 125 127 128 132 136 137 138 138 139 140 141
Nouns Pronouns Prepositions Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Conjunctions
Synonyms Antonyms Prefixes Suffixes Homographs Anagrams Onomatopoeia Palindromes Portmanteau Words Phobias Eponyms
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary © Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
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Detailed List of Contents Contents—An Overview How to Use Blake’s Word Bank The Symbols Used in This Book Uses of the Word Bank Some Fun Activities using Word Bank Lists
4
3 8 8 8 9
Part One—Sounds
12
45 Sounds of the English Language
13
Vowel Sounds ‘a’ = short /a/ sound ‘a’ = long /a/ sound ‘a’ = /ar/ sound ‘a’ = short /o/ sound ‘e’ = short /e/ sound ‘e’ = long /e/ sound ‘i’ = short /i/ sound ‘i’ = long /i/ sound ‘o’ = short /o/ sound ‘o’ = long /o/ sound ‘o’ = short /u/ sound ‘u’ = short /u/ sound ‘u’ = long /u/ sound ‘u’ = short /oo/ sound
15 15 16 17 17 18 18 19 20 21 21 21 22 23 23
Vowel Digraphs ‘ai’ = long /a/ sound ‘ay’ = long /a/ sound ‘ar ‘= /ar/ sound ‘au’ = /or/ sound ‘au’ = short /o/ sound ‘aw’ = /or/ sound ‘ea’ = long /e/ sound ‘ea’ = long /a/ sound ‘ea’ = short /e/ sound ‘ee’ = long /e/ sound ‘ei’ = long /e/ sound ‘ei’ = long /a/ sound ‘ey’ = long /e/ sound ‘ey’ = long /a/ sound ‘er’ = /er/ sound ‘ew’ = long /oo/ sound ‘ew’ = long /u/ sound ‘ie’ = long /e/ sound ‘ie’ = long /i/ sound
24 24 24 25 26 26 26 27 27 28 28 29 29 29 29 30 30 30 31 31
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary © Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
‘ir’ = /er/ sound ‘oa’ = long /o/ sound ‘oi’ = /oi/ sound ‘oy’ = /oi/ sound ‘oo’ = long /oo/ sound ‘oo’ = short /oo/ sound ‘or’ = /or/ sound ‘ow’ = /ow/ sound ‘ow’ = long /o/ sound ‘ou’ = /ow/ sound ‘ou’ = long /oo/ sound ‘ou’ = short /u/ sound ‘ur’ = /er/ sound
31 32 32 32 33 33 34 35 35 35 36 36 36
Consonant Digraphs—Initial ‘ch’ = /ch/ sound ‘ch’ = /k/ sound ‘ch’ = /sh/ sound ‘ph’ = /f/ sound ‘qu’ = /qu/ sound ‘qu’ = /k/ sound ‘sh’ = /sh/ sound ‘th’ = unvoiced /th/ sound ‘th’ = voiced /th/ sound ‘wh’ = /w/ sound ‘wh’ = /h/ sound
37 37 37 37 38 39 39 39 40 40 41 41
Consonant Digraphs—Final and Medial ‘ch’ = /ch/ sound ‘ch’ = /k/ sound ‘ck’ = /k/ sound ‘gh’ = /f/ sound silent /gh/ ‘sh’ = /sh/ sound ‘th’ = unvoiced /th/ sound ‘th’ = voiced /th/ sound
42 42 42 42 43 43 43 44 44
Consonant Blends—Initial /bl/ blend /br/ blend /cl/ blend /cr/ blend /dr/ blend /fl/ blend /fr/ blend /gl/ blend /gr/ blend /pl/ blend /pr/ blend ‘sc’ = /sk/ blend /scr/ blend /sk/ blend /sl/ blend /sm/ blend /sn/ blend /sp/ blend
45 45 45 46 46 47 47 48 48 49 49 50 51 51 52 52 53 53 54 Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary
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/spl/ blend /spr/ blend /st/ blend /str/ blend /sw/ blend /tr/ blend /tw/ blend
54 54 55 55 56 56 56
Consonant Blends—Final and Medial /ct/ blend /ft/ blend /lt/ blend /mp/ blend /nd/ blend /nt/ blend /pt/ blend /sk/ blend /st/ blend
57 57 58 58 59 59 60 60 61 61
Other Consonant Sounds—Initial ‘sch’ = /sk/ blend ‘sch’ = /sh/ sound ‘shr’ ‘squ’
62 62 62 62 62
Other Consonant Sounds—Final and Medial ‘dge’ ‘ght’ = /t/ sound ‘nce’ ‘nch’ /ng/ sound ‘nge’ /nk/ sound ‘tch’ = /ch/ sound
63 63 63 64 64 65 65 66 66
Some Other Important Sounds ‘c’ = /s/ sound (soft c) ‘c’ = /k/ sound (hard c) ‘g’ = /j/ sound (soft g) ‘g’ = /g/ sound (hard g) ‘y’ = long /e/ sound ‘y’ = long /i/ sound ‘ci’ = /sh/ sound ‘ce’ = /sh/ sound ‘si’ = /sh/ sound ‘ti’ = /sh/ sound ‘si’ = /zh/ sound
67 67 67 68 68 69 69 70 70 70 71 71
Part Two—Spelling
The 200 Most Used Words The first 100 most used words The next 100 most used words Homophones Compound Words Silent Letters b, c, g, h, k, l, n, p, s, t, w 6
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary © Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
72 73 73 73 77 78 79
Words with Double Consonants bb, cc, dd, ff, gg, kk, ll, mm, nn, pp, rr, ss, tt, zz Contractions Plurals Spelling Rules Frequently Misspelt Words Graded Word lists Grade Five Grade Six
Part Three—Grammar
Nouns Common Nouns Common nouns—animals Proper Nouns Countries Cities Languages Celebrations Terms of Address Abstract Nouns Collective Nouns Collective nouns—groups of animals Pronouns Common Pronouns Possessive pronouns Prepositions Verbs Regular verbs Irregular verbs Action verbs Saying verbs Thinking and feeling verbs To be To have Adjectives Descriptive adjectives Determiners Number adjectives Comparative adjectives Adverbs Conjunctions
Part Four—Vocabulary Synonyms Antonyms Prefixes Suffixes Homographs Anagrams Onomatopoeia Palindromes Portmanteau Words Phobias Eponyms
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How to Use Blake’s Word Bank The Symbols Used in this Book
Uses of the Word Bank
A straightforward system has been used throughout Blake’s Word Bank to distinguish clearly between letter patterns and the sounds they make.
Blake’s Word Bank has been structured to maximise flexibility, allowing you to adapt and utilise the material to successfully meet the needs of all students. For example, the lists of sounds in the Sounds section can be used for both reading and spelling activities, and the words in the Grammar section can also be used for vocabulary building.
Two oblique signs / / are used to indicate a sound. For example, the sound that ‘sh’ makes in the word ‘shop’ is referred to as the /sh/ sound. The sound that ‘br’ makes in ‘bread’ is referred to as the /br/ blend. Where a vowel can make two different sounds, these are distinguished by calling them the long and the short vowel sound. For example, the ‘a’ in ‘cat’ makes the short /a/ sound.The ‘a’ in ‘cape’ makes the long /a/ sound. Pages 13-14 contain a summary of these sounds, with examples. Letter patterns are referred to with quotation marks around them. The /sh/ sound can be made by various letter patterns including u ‘sh’ as in shop u ‘ch’ as in chef u ‘ti’ as in nation. The letter pattern ‘ea’ can make various sounds: u long /e/ sound, as in peace u short /e/ sound, as in spread u long /a/ sound, as in steak.
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Below are some suggested uses for Blake’s Word Bank. u Use word lists to increase students’ interest in words and ideas, and to extend their vocabulary and understanding of language concepts. u Phonic groups and year level spelling lists can be used for reinforcement, revision and enrichment. For example, an individual senior grade student experiencing difficulties in spelling may be best assisted by reinforcement of phonic areas to strengthen his or her spelling skills. Alternatively, a competent younger student may be directed to more difficult lists for enrichment purposes. u Both the Grammar and Vocabulary sections provide teachers with accessible examples of parts of speech and specific word types.These can be used for quick reference when a supply of words is needed for individual or group learning sessions, or to provide more examples of a specific word type or part of speech similar to the one already under discussion.
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary © Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
Some Fun Activities using Word Bank Lists Part 1 Sounds
What Am I?
Classifying
Using words from the lists in this book, give students clues to a word which they must guess. for example:
Write a number of words on the chalkboard, or prepare a photocopied sheet, using lists from this book. Have children classify the words into their sound groups, for example: short u sound
long u sound
clutch
amuse
skunk
music
I begin with a ‘qu’ sound. I am a place where stone is mined. I am a __________ . (quarry)
Out of Place On the chalkboard or a prepared sheet write groups of words in which one word is the odd one out. Have students determine which word doesn’t belong, for example:
Paper Search
refuse
Choose a word from one of the lists, and write it on the chalkboard. Discuss the sound with the student, for example:
‘Slum’ is the odd word out because its ‘u’ represents a short u sound, whereas in the other words the ‘u’ represents the long u sound.
loaves
Word Hunts
‘oa’ in this word represents the long o sound
fortune
slum
secure
Have children search through newspapers, books, etc to find and record words that contain the same sound.
Prepare lists on the chalkboard in which students are given the initial sound and then must complete the word so it fits the clue. (Dictionaries may be used.) For example:
Sorting
dr_______ a fantastical fire-breathing creature
Using words from the lists in this book, prepare cards on which are written words containing specific sound units. Have students sort the cards into these units.
sp_______ a leafy vegetable
Add Ons Write words on the chalkboard leaving out specific sound units, for example consonant digraphs. (See lists in this book.) Challenge students to add the correct digraph, for example: (th ch) ___ ermometer
Remember! Present a flash card to students with a word on it. Have students write that word, then add three words that contain the same sound. For example: train
strain
chain
vain
Adding Write words on the board leaving out silent letters (use words from the lists in this book). Have students add the missing silent letters. For example: iland
(island)
thum
(thumb)
thisle
(thistle) Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary
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Part 2 Spelling
Part 3 Grammar
Add the Doubles
Alphabet Words
Write a number of words on the chalkboard leaving a space where double letters should appear. Challenge students to add the correct double letters.
Have students write the alphabet vertically on a page. Challenge them to list a common noun beginning with each letter. For example:
(pp dd)
(ss tt)
a
aluminium
sa___le
ma___ress
b
bruise
c
cardigan . . .
Compound Concentration Prepare a set of cards which, when placed together, form compound words. (Use words from the list in this book.) Place the cards face down and have students take turns to turn over two. If the words together make a compound word, the student keeps it as a pair. If not, the cards are turned down again. Continue until no more compounds can be made.
Combining Words Have students think up their own two-word compounds and print them on flash cards. Have them cut the flash cards into the two separate words. In pairs, have students race to see which pair can match the most cards in the shortest time.
Jumbled Words Have students unjumble words which you have written on the chalkboard, selected from the Graded Word Lists in this book. It may be useful and less confusing for some students to keep sound units or chunks of words intact when you jumble them, for example ‘chenkit’ (for ‘kitchen’). (i) glejun
(ii) chenkit
Alternately, have students write an adjective for each word, for example: a
amicable
b
boisterous
c
courageous
Match Ups Provide students with lists of nouns and lists of verbs or adjectives. Ask them to match the nouns with the verb or adjectives. dogs bark (verb) savage dogs (adjective)
Sorting Write a list of words on the chalkboard. Have students sort them into their part of speech. jump under
happily monkeys
slowly sweet
lift before
cautious rock
Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Preposition
Which is Better? Write sentences on the chalkboard. Have students identify the best verb, that is, the most expressive. For example:
Proofing
The rabbit (ran bolted) across the paddock.
Write a story on the board using list words from this book. Have students identify the words you have deliberately misspelt. For example:
Word Pyramids
My unkle saw a volcanoe when he went to Amerrica.
Have students choose a noun from the list of common nouns, then build a pyramid of words associated with that noun, for example: horse bridle gallop grass
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Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary
© Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
saddle
canter chaff
trot carrots
clover
Part 4 Vocabulary Prefix (or suffix) race Give a prefix (or suffix) from the list in this book to students, and ask them to list as many words as they can that contain that prefix (or suffix), within a given time. Have them select a piece of text from a book they are reading and list all the words that contain prefixes (or suffixes).
Prefix Opposites Write words on the chalkboard. Have students choose the correct prefix to make each word mean its opposite. Have them write the full word. For example: un
anti
___septic
in ___visible
___likely
Portmanteau Words Discuss with students what is meant by a portmanteau word. (A portmanteau word is a word made by telescoping or blending two other words, for example, smog = smoke + fog.) Show students other examples from the list in this book, then challenge them to make up their own portmanteau words.
Matching Write a list of words on the chalkboard, and beside it write a list of jumbled synonyms (or antonyms) for these words. Have students unjumble the words, then match each to its partner. For example, using synonyms: adore
lyear
alter
orerr
premature
olve
mistake
chngea
Anagram Cloze Using the lists in this book, write cloze sentences on the chalkboard. For example: This cup is quite _____________ (lance). Challenge the students to rearrange the word in parentheses to make a word that fits in the space (in this example, ‘clean’).
Pairs Write words on the chalkboard. Have students write both a synonym and an antonym for that word. For example:
Where is it from?
Synonym
Antonym
big
large
small
loud
noisy
quiet
Using the eponym lists in this book, write words on the chalkboard. Have students, with the aid of an atlas, locate on a map where the word came from. For example, chihuahua comes from Mexico.
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Part One
Sounds
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Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary
© Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
45 Sounds of the English Language Vowel Sounds Sound
Words
/a/ (short) /e/ (short) /i/ (short) /o/ (short) /u/ (short) /a/ (long) /e/ (long) /i/ (long) /o/ (long) /u/ (long) /air/ /ar/ /er/ /oi/ /oo/ (long) /oo/ (short) /or/
cat, mat, apple peg, bed, head, said fig, women, build, busy, mystery dog, wash rub, come, young snake, train, stay eve, cheese, flea, she, lazy bind, pie, time, by, dye, buy, thigh go, toe, cone, coat, low, though, yeoman fuel, cue, cute, few, pneumonia stair, care, where, wear, heir far, pass, palm her, bird, fur, word, journey, heard boil, boy boot, through, do, soup, blue, grew look, put, woman, should for, haul, raw, chalk, ball, board, door, pour, bore, war, ought cow, loud, bough
/ow/
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Consonant Sounds /b/ bind, cab, rubber /d/ dome, add, stayed /f/ fan, puff, photograph, laugh /g/ got, egg, ghost /h/ horse, hotel, hen, who /j/ jug, ginger, gypsy, bridge /k/ cut, kite, rock, queue /l/ lot, ball, handle /m/ mass, swimming, lamb /n/ nice, funnel, knot, gnome, pneumatic /p/ pan, happy /r/ race, burr, wring, rhythm /s/ sit, dress, since, city, psalm /t/ tip, little, picked /v/ van, skivvy, shelve /w/ worse, win, wall, why /y/ yellow /x/ box, x-rays /z/ zoo, buzz, as, xylophone /ch/ chop, patch /ng/ bring, song /qu/ quote, choir /sh/ ship, sugar, ancient, tension, dictation, ocean /th/ (unvoiced) think, throw /th/ (voiced) that, them, these /zh/ treasure
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Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary
© Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
Vowel Sounds ‘a’ = short /a/ sound animal bandit bachelor barrier baton battery bland brand camel canal canteen canvas canyon capital caravan chance clamp cramp dance
demand dragon drastic elastic exact expand family fancy fantasy fashion fraction frantic glance gnat grant gravel handle handsome hanging
January kidnap ladder lamb language mechanic panic panther radical rapid raptor salad sandal satin scamper tactful taxi telegraph
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary © Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
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Vowel Sounds ‘a’ = long /a/ sound apricot apron bacon basin bathe behave blame brakes capable crane case chase daze debate decorate
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disgrace engage escape evade exhale graceful haste investigate lately lazy maze mistake parade paste quake
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary
© Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
radiator radio range related safety sage sake scrape stage stake strange tasty wage whale
Vowel Sounds ‘a’ = /ar/ sound banana blast brass broadcast
calves fasten flask halves
koala master passed pastime telecast
‘a’ = short /o/ sound quality quantity quarrelled squadron
squash swallow swamp wallet
watched
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary © Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
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Vowel Sounds ‘e’= short /e/ sound cadet chest clef cobweb dense dentist depend develop dwell electric electron element eleven
fetch fleck flesh fresh helmet insect invent ledge level never pebble pledge quench
scent select seven shred skeleton sledge stress swept velvet wedge wreck wrench yelp zest
‘e’ = long /e/ sound compete completely convene
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discrete evening extreme
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary
© Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
female meander secrete serene
Vowel Sounds ‘i’ = short /i/ sound admit adrift blitz bridge comic consist district elastic electric exist fantastic hospital inhabit insect inspect instant invent invest knit limb limit liquid nibble picnic prison quill signal
simmer sister skill strict stitch swift tickle twist twitch until vision vivid whim whiskers wit wrist
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Vowel Sounds ‘i’ = long /i/ sound advice apologise bile brine capsize chime chives confide decide
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describe entire fertile fragile grime guide hive hostile item magnetise mobile organise polite projectile provide require
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary
© Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
rite science shire shrine silent siren spider spike spine stride strife swipe thrive vampire vice whine
Vowel Sounds ‘o’ = short /o/ sound adopt bottle broth closet common complex compost conduct consonant
constant contact content continent dodge forest forgot lodge lollipop
monster product profit shock solid tropical wombat
‘o’ = long /o/ sound chrome cove explode frozen hotel lonely
microscope prone quote scope stroke telephone
telescope throne token yoke zone
‘o’ = short /u/ sound among comfort
lovely sponge
wonderful
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary © Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
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Vowel Sounds ‘u’ = short /u/ sound adult clutch conduct crumb crunch custom drudge dumb fluster fuzz
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glut grudge grumpy humble hundred husband product ruffle skunk slum
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary
© Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
sprung struck sunset swung trunk trust umbrella unjust until upset
Vowel Sounds ‘u’ = long /u/ sound accuse bugle confuse costume endure fortune
fumes future introduce manure molecule perfume
produce refuse secure useless volume
‘u’ = short /oo/ sound cushion
shush
sugar
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary © Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
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Vowel Digraphs Note: A digraph is a pair of letters representing a single sound.
‘ai’ = long /a/ sound acquaint aide available braise campaign claimed complaint container entertain explain failure fainted
faintly faithful frail hailstorm maintain mermaid obtain praise proclaim quail quaint rainbow
raising refrain remain saint slain strait taint vain waif waist waive
‘ay’ = long /a/ sound allay array betray dismay
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Friday gangway hooray payment
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary
© Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
prayed subway yesterday wayward
Vowel Digraphs ‘ar’ = /ar/ sound apartment article bargain barge barter cardigan cargo
carnival charcoal cigar depart farther garment guard
harvest marble marvellous particle remarkable separate snarl starch
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary © Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
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Vowel Digraphs—‘au’ Sounds Note: ‘au’ can represent two sounds: (i) /or/ sound as in saucer (ii) short /o/ sound as in sausage.
‘au’ = /or/ sound applause audition authentic automatic autumn daub daunt
exhaust flaunt fraud fraught gaudy gauze haughty
jaunt launder nausea pauper saucer saunter tarpaulin taut
‘au’ = short /o/ sound auction
cauliflower
laurel sausage
‘aw’ = /or/ sound awesome awkward awning bawl brawl
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drawl flaw gnaw mohawk outlaw
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary
© Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
pawn scrawl shawl sprawl strawberries trawler
Vowel Digraphs—‘ea’ Sounds Note: ‘ea’ can represent three sounds: (i) long /e/ sound as in beat and meat (ii) long /a/ sound as in break and steak (iii) short /e/ sound as in head and bread.
‘ea’ = long /e/ sound appeal beak beast bleach bleak breach breathe cease cheat conceal crease decrease disease eagle feast feature
freak gleam grease heave ideal increase knead least leave measles peaceful peal preach reached reading really
reap reason retreat seaside season squeak streak teachers teak treaty tweak underneath weave yeast zeal
‘ea’ = long /a/ sound steak
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Vowel Digraphs ‘ea’ = short /e/ sound breadth breakfast deafness death dread dreamt
endeavour heather heavily jealous meadow measure
pleasant sweat thread wealth weapon
‘ee’ = long /e/ sound breeze canteen cheerful committee corroboree creed deem degree exceed guarantee
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heed keel leech preen proceed referee screech screen sleeping sneeze
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary
© Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
spree squeeze steeple succeed teem teenager toffee tweet wheeze
Vowel Digraphs ‘ei’ and ‘ey’ Sounds Note: ‘ei’ and ‘ey’ represent two main sounds: (i) long /e/ as in ceiling, monkey (ii) long /a/ as in vein, they.
‘ei’ = long /e/ sound ceiling conceive conceit
deceive either neither
receipt seize
‘ei’ = long /a/ sound freight neighbour
reign sleigh
vein weigh weight
‘ey’ = long /e/ sound alley chimney journey
kidney storey Sydney
trolley turkey valley volley
‘ey’ = long /a/ sound convey
prey
survey whey
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary © Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
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Vowel Digraphs ‘er’ = /er/ sound alert berth desert deserve dessert merchant
mercury mermaid nervous observer prefer perfect
permanent reverse sermon serpent served verse
‘ew’ Sounds Note: ‘ew’ can represent two sounds: (i) long /oo/ sound as in blew and flew (ii) long /u/ sound as in new and few.
‘ew’ = long /oo/ sound chewing curlew
jewellery sewer
shrew strewn yew
‘ew’ = long /u/ sound askew curfew dewdrops
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hewn nephew newspaper
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary
© Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
newt renew skewer steward
Vowel Digraphs—‘ie’ Sounds Note: ‘ie’ can represent two main sounds: (i) long /e/ sound as in niece (ii) long /i/ sound as in pie.
‘ie’ = long /e/ sound achievement belief besiege
frieze grieve handkerchief mantelpiece
relieve reprieve thieves wield
‘ie’ = long /i/ sound applied
relied
replied
‘ir’ = /er/ sound affirm birch birthday chirp circled confirm dirge flirt
girt girth infirm irk mirth quirk shirk smirk
squirm squirt stirring thirst virgin virtue whirr whirl
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary © Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
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Vowel Digraphs ‘oa’ = long /o/ sound approach bloat boastful broach cloak coax
cocoa goad hoax loathe loaves moat
oaf reproach soaking stoat toadstool whoa
‘oi’ = /oi/ sound anoint appointment asteroid disappoint disjointed embroidery
embroil joist loiter moisture noisy ointment
poise poisonous quoit recoil rejoice turmoil turquoise
‘oy’ = /oi/ sound ahoy annoying deploy destroy
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employer enjoyable enjoyment gargoyle
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary
© Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
loyalty oyster ploy royalty
Vowel Digraphs—‘oo’ Sounds Note: ‘oo’ can represent two sounds: (i) long /oo/ sound as in boot and pool (ii) short /oo/ sound as in book and wood.
‘oo’ = long /oo/ sound bamboo booster cartoon choosing cockatoo croon cuckoo jackeroo
gloomy groove hooligan igloo lagoon kangaroo loosening moose
noose oozing roost schooner stoop swoop trooper wallaroo whoop
‘oo’ = short /oo/ sound booking cooking
crookedly goodness hooded
looking nook wooden
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary © Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
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Vowel Digraphs ‘or’ = /or/ sound absorb accord adorn assort border chord distort dormitory encore enormous export
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fortress gorge gorgeous hornet important morsel orb orchard orchestra organ organise
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary
© Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
ornament orphan porpoise portion restore scorch scorn snorting sword therefore torment tornado
Vowel Digraphs—‘ow’ and ‘ou’ Sounds Note: ‘ow’ represents two sounds: (i) /ow/ sound as in how and cow (ii) long /o/ sound as in tow and low. ‘ou’ can represent three main sounds: (i) /ow/ sound as in cloud (ii) long /oo/ sound as in group and soup (iii) short /u/ sound as in touch and double.
‘ow’ = /ow/ sound coward drowsy endow eyebrows
glower jowls powder renown
rowdy township trowel vowel
‘ow’ = long /o/ sound blown burrow furrow
known meadow rainbow
sparrow thrown willow
‘ou’ = /ow/ sound astound bough compound denounce devour encounter
flounder foundry hound lounge mountain profound
shroud thousand trounce trousers vouch without
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary © Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
35
Vowel Digraphs ‘ou’ = long /oo/ sound group soup
troupe you
youth
‘ou = short /u/ sound country courage cousin
double nourish southern
touch trouble young
‘ur’ = /er/ sound absurd burden burly churn cur curd curse furnish furniture gurgle
36
hamburger murder murmur purchase pursue spur spurn suburb sunburn surgeon
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary
© Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
surgery surly survey turf turkey turnip unfurl urgent urn
Consonant Digraphs—Initial ‘ch’ Note: ‘ch’ can represent three sounds: (i) /ch/ sound as in chop and chin (ii) /k/ sound as in chemist and chaos (iii) /sh/ sound as in chef and champagne.
‘ch’ = /ch/ sound chafe challenge chamber champion chapel charcoal
chariot charity cheque chilblain children chime
chimney chimpanzee chink chisel chives chocolate churn
‘ch’ = /k/ sound chaos character charisma
chasm chemist chlorine
cholera chrome chronic
‘ch’ = /sh/ sound champagne
charade charlatan
chassis chivalry
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37
Consonant Digraphs—Initial ‘ph’ = /f/ sound pharmacy phantom pharaoh pharmacy pheasant phenomenon phial Philippines
38
philistine philosophy phobia phoenix phonetic phonics phoney phosphate
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary
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photocopy photograph phrase physical physician physics physiotherapy physique
Consonant Digraphs—Initial ‘qu’ Sounds Note: ‘qu’ represents two sounds: (i) /qu/ sound as in quack (ii) /k/ sound as in quiche and quay.
‘qu’ = /qu/ sound quadrangle quadrant quadrilateral quagmire quaff qualify quantity quantum
quarantine quark quartet quartz quaver queasy questionnaire quibble
quince quintet quip quirk quiver quota quotation quotient
‘qu’ = /k/ sound quay
queue
quiche
‘sh’ = /sh/ sound shale shallot shambles shamrock shanty sheen
sheer shire shield shoal shortage shred
shriek shrewd shrine shrivel shudder shuffle
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39
Consonant Digraphs—Initial ‘th’ Sounds Note: ‘th’ can represent two sounds: (i) unvoiced /th/ sound as in thin, think (ii) voiced /th/ sound as in that.
‘th’ = unvoiced /th/ sound thatch thaw theatre theme theology thermometer thermos therapy
threshold thimble thorough thrash thread threaten thrifty thriller
‘th’ = voiced /th/ sound therefore
40
thence
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary
© Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
thrive throb throng throttle throughout thud thump
Consonant Digraphs—Initial ‘wh’ Sounds Note: ‘wh’ can represent two sounds: (i) /w/ sound as in when and why (ii) /h/ sound as in who.
‘wh’ = /w/ sound whack wharf whatever wheatgerm wheelbarrow wheeze whenever
whirlpool whimper whimsical whine whinny whippet whirr
whisker whisky whisper whistle whiting whittle whoop whopper
‘wh’ = /h/ sound wholesale
whom
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41
Consonant Digraphs —Final and Medial ‘ch’ = /ch/ sound achieve attach beseech birch
broach brooch coach detach
orchard preach screech
‘ch’ = /k/ sound orchestra
scheme
‘ck’ = /k/ sound beckon buckle bullock chuckle cockatoo cricket freckle hammock hockey jacket
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knocked locker locket paddock peacock picket pickle pocket rockery rocket
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary
© Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
slack socket stocking tackle thickness ticket trickle whack wicked wicket wreckage
Consonant Digraphs —Final and Medial ‘gh’ Sounds Note: ‘gh’ at the end of a word represents either an /f/ sound or is silent.
‘gh’ = /f/ sound cough enough
laugh laughter
rough tough trough
silent ‘gh’ although borough bough dough
high neigh plough sigh
sleigh thigh thorough though through
‘sh’ = /sh/ sound afresh abolish accomplish ambush astonish bishop brash Cornish
demolish distinguish English enmesh embellish establish extinguish furnish
languish lavish marsh mushroom perish polish Swedish vanish
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Consonant Digraphs —Final and Medial ‘th’ Sounds Note: ‘th’ can represent two sounds: (i) unvoiced /th/ sound as in bath (ii) voiced /th/ sound as in smooth.
‘th’ = unvoiced /th/ sound aftermath athletic authorise beneath birth breadth death faithful
filth girth growth heath length marathon mathematics method mirth
nothing oath Perth sheath sloth thrash walkathon within wrath
‘th’ = voiced /th/ sound although bathe breathe
44
farther feather gathered
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary
© Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
leather soothe together whether
Consonant Blends—Initial /bl/ blend bladder blanch bland blank blatant blazer bleach
bleak bleary blemish blender blight blindfold bliss blitz
blizzard bloat blockade blossom blotch blouse blubber blunder
/br/ blend bracelet bracket braise bramble brash brawn brazen Brazil
breadth breathe bridle brigade brilliant brine Brisbane brittle broach
broadcast broccoli bronze brooch brood browse bruise brunt brutal
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Consonant Blends—Initial /cl/ blend clam clarify clarinet classical classify clause clef
cleft clench clergy clerk client climate climax climbed
clinic cloak cloister clone closet clover cluster clutch
/cr/ blend crackle crag cramp crank cranny crass crater cravat crave crayon crease create
46
creature creed creepy cremate crescent crevice crime criminal crimson cringe cripple critic
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary
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criticism crochet crockery crony crook croon croquet cruise crucial crusade crutch crux crystal
Consonant Blends—Initial /dr/ blend
dragged dragon dramatic drastic drawers drawl dray
dreadful dreamt dreary dredge dregs drivel drizzle
dromedary drool drone dropper drought drowsy drudge druid
/fl/ blend flabbergasted flabby flail flair flagon flagrant flamingo flammable flank
flannel flaunt flax flay fledgling flexible flimsy flinch flippant florid
florist flotilla flounce flounder flourish fluctuate fluent fluorescent fluoride flux
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47
Consonant Blends—Initial /fr/ blend fraction fracture fragile fragment fragrant France frantic fraternal
fraud fraught frazzle freight frenzy frequency friar friction
frigate frightened frigid fritter frivolous frizzle frolic frugal frustrate
/gl/ blend glacier gladiator glamour glean
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glib glimpse glisten glorious
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary
© Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
glossary glucose glut glutton
Consonant Blends—Initial /gr/ blend gracious gradually graduate grammar granite grapple grateful gratify gratitude gravel
gravity greasy Greece grievance grieve grimace grime groceries groggy grope
gross grotesque grouch grove grovel grudge gruelling gruesome gruff grumble
/pl/ blend placard placid plague plaintiff plait plaque plateau platform platinum
platoon platter platypus plausible playful plead pleasant pleasure pleat
pledge plentiful pliable pliers plight plough plumage plummet plunder
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Consonant Blends—Initial /pr/ blend practical practice prairie prance precaution precinct precious precipice precise predict preface prejudice premier premises preparation presence
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preserve president prestige preview primitive principal prior prism privilege probably probe proceed procession produce product professional
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary
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professors profile progress prohibit promote prompt prone prong pronounce propeller property prophet propose protractor proverb provisions prudent
Consonant Blends—Initial ‘sc’ = /sk/ blend scaffold scald scallop scalpel scamper scandal scanner
scanty scapegoat scarlet scathing scavenger sceptical scope scorpion
Scotland scoundrel scourer scuba-diving sculptor scuffle scuttle scurvy
/scr/ blend scrabble scraggly scramble scraper scrapped
scrawl scrawny screech screwdriver scribe scrimp
scripture scroll scrounge scruff scruple scrutiny
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Consonant Blends—Initial /sk/ blend skateboard skein skeleton
skiff skilful skillet skirmish
skulk skull skunk skyscraper
/sl/ blend slain slake slander slang slat slaughter slavery sleazy sleek sleet
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sleigh slept sleuth slight slippery slither sliver slob slobber slogan sloop
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary
© Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
sloth slouch slovenly sludge sluice slump slung slunk slur slush sly
Consonant Blends—Initial /sm/ blend smelt smirk smite
smitten smock smooch
smother smoulder smudge smuggle
/sn/ blend snag snapper snare snarl snazzy sneer
snicker snide sniffle snigger snipe snippet snivel
snooker snoop snorkel snout snub snuffle snuggle
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Consonant Blends—Initial /sp/ blend spacious spaghetti Spain spangle spaniel sparse spasm spatter
spawn species specific specimen speckle spectator spectacle spectrum
spinach spindle spirit sponsor spontaneous spool spoor spouse spurt
/spl/ blend spleen splendid
splendour splinter
splotch splurge splutter
/spr/ blend spree sprig sprightly sprinkle
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sprinter sprite sprocket sprout
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary
© Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
spruce spruik sprung spry
Consonant Blends—Initial /st/ blend stadium stagnant staid stalagmite stallion stamina stampede standard startled stash stationary stationery
statistics statue status staunch stave stealthy steed steeple stenographer sterile stethoscope stint
stifle stirrup stomach stout stimulate storey stubble stubborn storage studio stupendous sturdy
/str/ blend straddle strafe straggle strait strand strangle strategy stratosphere
strenuous stress stretcher strew stride strife stringent stringy strive
strobe stroke stroll strove structure strudel struggle strum strut
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary © Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
55
Consonant Blends—Initial /sw/ blend swab swaddle swagger
swarthy swashbuckler swelter
swindle swivel swoon
/tr/ blend tract traction tradition tragedy tragic trailer trait traitor tranquil transform transistor transmit
transparent trapeze traverse trawl treacherous treacle treason tremendous tremor tribute trifle trigonometry
tripod trite triumph trombone troop trophy tropical trough trowel truant truce trudge
/tw/ blend twang tweak tweed tweezers
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twiddle twig twilight twine
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary
© Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
twinge twinkle twirl twist twitch
Consonant Blends —Final and Medial /ct/ blend abduct abstract addict affect afflict architect artefact aspect bisect cataract character compact conflict construct
contract contradict deduct defect defunct depict derelict detract dialect distract effect elect electric enact
evict extract genuflect hectic inflict instruct intact intellect intersect interval neglect obstruct retrospect subtract suspect
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary © Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
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Consonant Blends —Final and Medial /ft/ blend adrift aft aircraft bereft
chairlift cleft daft deft forklift
hovercraft shoplift snowdrift tuft waft
/lt/ blend asphalt assault basalt consult default
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inbuilt insult pelt quilt moult revolt
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary
© Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
shelter somersault stilted thunderbolt vault welt
Consonant Blends —Final and Medial /mp/ blend amp blimp chump cramp crimp frump hemp hump imp
pamper pomp primp ramp revamp romp rump sample scamp
scrimp shrimp skimpy slump sump swamp tamper tramp trump
/nd/ blend abound almond amend attend beyond bland bound brand command commend compound comprehend
contend correspond demand descend diamond errand extend fend frond fund gland grind
ground hind island mound pound refund remind rotund strand trend withstand wound
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Consonant Blends —Final and Medial /nt/ blend absent anoint appoint chant dint dismount event extent faint flaunt
flint fount glint grant indent intent jaunt lint mount punt
quaint rant resent saint shunt slant splint sprint squint taunt vent
/pt/ blend abrupt accept adapt adept adopt apt bankrupt concept
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conscript contempt corrupt crypt disrupt Egypt excerpt exempt inept
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary
© Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
intercept interrupt manuscript opt postscript pre-empt rapt windswept wrapt
Consonant Blends —Final and Medial /sk/ blend asterisk basket
casket damask
obelisk whisker whisky
/st/ blend abreast accost adjust amongst analyst August ballast blest boast
chemist cyst disgust festival gist grist heist jest journalist
lest priest quest roast scientist tryst vast vest wrest zest
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Other Consonant Sounds—Initial ‘sch’ Sounds Note: ‘sch’ can represent two sounds: (i) /sk/ blend as in school (ii) /sh/ sound as in schnitzel.
‘sch’ = /sk/ blend scheme schizophrenia
schism scholar scholarship
school schoolroom schooner
‘sch’ = /sh/ sound schedule
schnitzel
‘shr’ shrapnel shrew shrewd
shriek shrift shrivel
shroud shrubbery shrunken
‘squ’ squab squadron squalid squall
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squalor squander squatter squaw squeaky
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary
© Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
squeamish squeegee squire squirm squirrel
Other Consonant Sounds —Final and Medial ‘dge’ abridge badger begrudge budge cadge cartridge dislodge
dredge drudge fidget fledge footbridge knowledge gadget midget
partridge pledge porridge sledge sludge smudge stodge trudge
‘ght’ = /t/ sound bight blight brought caught copyright delight distraught
draught drought fought fraught freight highlight insight
knight midnight moonlight sought thought twilight wrought
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Other Consonant Sounds —Final and Medial ‘nce’ absence abundance advance ambulance appliance arrogance assistance audience balance coincidence commence conference confidence consequence convenience
convince defence enhance entrance essence evidence experience difference finance influence instance intelligence lance licence nuisance
obedience offence presence pronounce province reference residence romance sentence sequence silence stance substance tolerance violence
‘nch’ blanch cinch clench clinch drench
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entrench French haunch lynch paunch quench
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary
© Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
retrench scrunch stench trench wrench winch
Other Consonant Sounds —Final and Medial /ng/ sound anything billabong dugong during furlong headstrong
length ling nothing pang prolong prong sarong
singer something sprang strength tongue wrung zing
‘nge’ avenge challenge dangerous derange dungeon exchange expunge grange
grunge impinge infringe lozenge plunge ranger revenge scavenge
scrounge singe Stonehenge strangest syringe tinge twinge whinge
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Other Consonant Sounds —Final and Medial /nk/ sound ankle blanket brink chink chunk crinkle debunk flank flunk
frank hank junket kink mink prank rank rink shank shrank
shrink skink skunk slunk spank sprinkle stunk swank twinkle wrinkle
‘tch’ = /ch/ sound bewitch blotch britches butterscotch clutch crotch crutch dispatch glitch
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hitch hopscotch ketch kitchen notch ratchet retch satchel scratch
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary
© Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
scotch snatch snitch splotch stretch swatch switch thatch twitch wretch
Some Other Important Sounds ‘c’ Sounds Note: ‘c’ represents two main sounds: (i) /s/ sound (soft c) when followed by e, i or y, as in cell (ii) /k/ sound (hard c) when followed by a, o or u, as in cat.
‘c’ = /s/ sound cedar celery central ceremony certain cigarette cinnamon civilisation
citizen cyclone cylinder deceive disgrace except justice instance
medicine palace receipt rhinoceros surface trace twice voice
‘c’ = /k/ sound cable calculate calendar canary cancel canoe canteen canyon capital capsule capture carbon
carnival carol catalogue caution coach cobweb cocoa collect colony column comment common
company compass concern conflict contain control correct cottage country court culture custom
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary © Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
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Some Other Important Sounds ‘g’ Sounds Note: ‘g’ represents two main sounds: (i) /j/ sound (soft g) when followed by e, i or y, as in cage and giant (ii) /g/ sound (hard g) when followed by a, o, u, or another consonant, as in game, grand.
‘g’ = /j/ sound arrange average engine enrage general generation
generous genuine geography geometry gesture gigantic gymnasium
lounge oblige plunge revenge sponge suggest tragic
‘g’ = /g/ sound gadget galaxy gallant gallery gallon gallop gamble
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garlic garment gasoline goggles gossip government groan
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary
© Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
guarantee guard guest guide guilt guitar gutter
Some Other Important Sounds ‘y’ Sounds Note: ‘y’ can represent two main sounds: (i) long /e/ sound as in city (ii) long /i/ sound as in fly.
‘y’ = long /e/ sound canary country county drowsy factory fancy
fury glory grocery hungry ivory liberty
memory mystery naughty nursery surgery zany
‘y’ = long /i/ sound apply defy deny magnify
mystify pacify purify qualify
rectify specify testify wry
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Some Other Important Sounds /sh/ Sounds Note: A number of different letter patterns make a /sh/ sound: (i) ‘ci’ or ‘ce’ as in ancient and ocean. (ii) ‘si’ as in tension (iii) ‘ti’ as in patient and action.
‘ci’ = /sh/ sound ancient artificial beneficial conscious crucial deficient delicious electrician facial ferocious
financial gracious magician musician official officious physician precious proficient racial
social spacious special sufficient superficial suspicious tenacious vicious vivacious
‘ce’ = /sh/ sound cetacean
crustacean
ocean
‘si’= /sh/ sound admission compassion comprehension concession
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dimension extension mission obsession
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary
© Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
omission passion permission tension
Some Other Important Sounds ‘ti’ = /sh/ action addition ambition ambitious attention cautious circumstantial collection confidential destination direction education essential expedition fictitious
fraction impartial impatient infectious influential initial inspection invention invitation lotion martial mention multiplication nutritious ostentatious
patient population position potential pretentious repetitious residential sensation sequential situation spatial station substantial superstitious torrential
‘si’ = /zh/ sound allusion collision conclusion conversion decision
division erosion explosion invasion occasion
persuasion seclusion television version vision
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Part Two
Spelling
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Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary
© Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
The 200 Most Used Words First 100 Most Used Words The following twelve words make up on average one quarter of all reading and writing: a and he I
in is it of
that the to was
The following 20 words together with the twelve words in the list above make up, on average, one third of all reading and writing: all are as at be but for
had have him his not on one
said so they we with you
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary © Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
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The 200 Most Used Words First 100 Most Used Words The following 68 words together with the 32 above are the 100 most used words and make up one half of all reading and writing: about an back been before big by call came can come could did do down first from get go has her here if
74
into just like little look made make more me much must my no new now off old only or other our out over
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary
© Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
right see she some their them then there this two up want well went were what when where which who will your
The 200 Most Used Words The Next 100 Most Used Words after again always am animal another any ask asleep away bad because best bird
black blue boy bring cool day dog don’t eat every far fast father fell
find five fly found four gave girl give going good got green hand have
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary © Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
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The 200 Most Used Words The Next 100 Most Used Words (continued) head help home house how jump keep know last left let live long man many may men mother once
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open own play put ran read red room round run sat saw say school should sing sit soon step
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary
© Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
take tell than these thing think three time too tree under us very walk white why wish work would year
Homophones Note: Homophones are words that sound the same but have different spellings and different meanings. aisle air birth border bore born bridle bury caught cereal council due formally freeze gamble great hanger him holy key idle lane lesson mare metal
isle
I’ll heir berth boarder boar borne bridal berry court serial counsel dew formerly frieze gambol grate hangar hymn wholly quay idol lain lessen mayor mettle
minor miner moose mousse more moor maw morning mourning muscle mussel navel naval night knight patients patience pedal peddle presents presence principle principal profit prophet root route sight site cite stationary stationery stork stalk taught taut threw through time thyme vain vein vane wave waive whale wail whose who’s weather whether wether
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Compound Words Note: Compound words are two or more words joined together to make one new word.
What you join
Compound word
noun + noun
rainbow, hailstorm
adjective + noun
blackbird, barefoot
noun + adjective
footloose, headstrong
preposition + noun
outboard, inside
verb + noun
spoilsport, cutthroat
verb + adverb
farewell, walkover
coastline commonplace countryside courtyard downstairs downstream downtown driftwood dragnet earthquake elsewhere hamburger
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handcuff handkerchief hayfever headlight heartbreak horseback horseshoe houseboat lookout pineapple pipeline roadworks
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary
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seahorse sheepskin shipwreck sideboard signwriter skateboard suitcase sunglasses toothache tombstone widespread
Silent Letters silent ‘b’ aplomb catacomb debtor
doorjamb doubtful plumber
subtle succumb thumbtack womb
silent ‘c’ ascend crescent scene scenery
scenic scent sceptre science
scientific scimitar scintillating scissors scythe
silent ‘g’ align assign campaign feign foreign
gnarled gnash gnat gnaw gnocchi
gnome gnu malign reign sovereign
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary © Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
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Silent Letters silent ‘h’ dinghy honour
rhinoceros rhubarb
rhythm
silent ‘k’ knack knapsack knave knead knell
knelt knickers knick-knack knight knitting knives
knockabout knockout knoll knotted knowledge knuckle
silent ‘l’ balm
qualm
silent ‘n’ autumn column
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condemn damn
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary
© Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
hymn solemn
Silent Letters silent ‘p’ pneumatic pneumonia
psalm pseudonym
psychedelic psychology
silent ‘s’ aisle
debris
island isle
silent ‘t’ depot glisten gristle
moisten rapport thistle
trestle wrestle
silent ‘w’ wrack wracked wraith wrangle wrapped wrath wreak
wreath wreckage wrecked wrench wrest wrestle wretch
wring wrinkle writ writhe written wrought wrung wry
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Words with Double Consonants ‘bb’ abbreviate ebbed gibberish grubby hobble hubbub
lobby mobbed nabbed rabbi rabble scabbard
snobby squabble stubborn throbbed wobble
‘cc’ accelerate accent accept access accessory accident accommodate accordion account accountant
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accurate accuse broccoli buccaneer cappuccino desiccated hiccough mecca moccasin occasion
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary
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occupied occupy occur occurred raccoon soccer succeed success successful succumb tobacco
Words with Double Consonants ‘dd’ bedridden bidder Buddha cheddar
eddy shoddy shudder straddle
toddler trodden twiddle waddle
‘ff’ affair afford buffalo caffeine daffodil dandruff duffle coat efficient graffiti
gruff jiffy bag muffled office officer official puffin ruffian ruffle
saffron scaffold scruffy sheriff shuffle suffer sufficient suffocate truffle waffle
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Words with Double Consonants ‘gg’ aggravate aggressive chugged exaggerate flogged gaggle
groggy haggard hogged scraggly sluggish snigger
snuggle squiggle stagger struggle suggestion toboggan toggle
‘kk’ trekked trekking
yakka yakked
yakking
‘ll’ actually allergy alligator allocate ballot collapse collection collide
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downfall excellent finally gallop gazelle gorilla illegal illusion
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary
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intelligent jewellery swollen travelling umbrella usually willow windmill
Words with Double Consonants ‘mm’ accommodate comma comment commerce commit committee dilemma gimmick
hammock immaculate immature immediate immigrate immoral immune mammoth
rummy shimmer simmer stammer summarise summit summon symmetry
‘nn’ annexe anniversary announce antenna bannister beginning
cannibal cinnamon connotation innocent innovate mannequin
mayonnaise millennium pennant personnel sonnet whinny
‘pp’ appeal appear appendix applause application appointment apprentice
approach dapple disappear disappoint equipped grapple hippopotamus
kidnapped ripple sapphire snippet supplement supply support
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Words with Double Consonants ‘rr’ arrange arrogant barricade barrister carriage correspond corridor corroboree corrupt currency
horrible hurricane irregular irrigate irritate larrikin marriage marrow narrative occurred
porridge squirrel stirrup surrender terror terrible terrific territory warrant warrior
‘ss’ access ambassador assembly assignment bliss business carcass caress classical confess delicatessen discuss essential express
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glossary goddess hairdresser harass harness hessian hostess impress issue massage message messenger mission necessary
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary
© Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
passenger possess process professor reassure scissors session successful tactless tenderness tissue vessel waitress witness
Words with Double Consonants ‘tt’ abattoir admitted attempt attention attic attitude attract cigarette confetti cottage ditto
forgotten gazette getting ghetto handwritten lattice lottery matter mutton nitty-gritty palette
petticoat quitter regatta serviette settlement silhouette spaghetti wattle whittle witty
‘zz’ bedazzle blizzard buzzard embezzle
frazzled gizzards jacuzzi mezzanine
mozzarella pizazz quizzed
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Contractions Contractions are formed when one or more letters are omitted from a word or phrase and replaced with an apostrophe. The following are examples of common contractions.
88
Word or phrase
Contraction
Word or phrase
Contraction
I am you are she is, he is we are they are it is here is that is who is is not are not was not cannot could not do not does not did not has not had not will not would not
I’m you’re she’s, he’s we’re they’re it’s here’s that’s who’s isn’t aren’t wasn’t can’t couldn’t don’t doesn’t didn’t hasn’t hadn’t won’t wouldn’t
I have you have she has, he has we have they have I had you had she had, he had we had they had I will you will she will, he will we will they will I would you would she had, he had we had they had
I’ve you’ve she’s, he’s we’ve they’ve I’d you’d she’d, he’d we’d they’d I’ll you’ll she’ll, he’ll we’ll they’ll I’d you’d she’d, he’d we’d they’d
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary
© Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
Plurals Note: Plural simply means more than one. (a) Most nouns form their plurals by simply adding s, for example: castle fi castles
window fi windows
(b) Nouns that end in ch, sh, s, z or x add es to form their plurals, for example: catch fi catches wish fi wishes
bus fi buses dress fi dresses
buzz fi buzzes fox fi foxes
(c) For nouns that end in a y before which there is a vowel we simply add s to make the plural, for example boy fi boys. However, is there is a consonant before the y, change the y to i and add es, for example: lady fi ladies
pony fi ponies
story fi stories
(d) Some nouns that end in f or fe simply add s to form their plurals, for example: chief fi chiefs
gulf fi gulfs
giraffe fi giraffes
Some, however, change the f (or fe) to ves, for example: leaf fi leaves loaf fi loaves
knife fi knives thief fi thieves
calf fi calves wolf fi wolves
Some plurals are sometimes spelt ves or sometimes with simply an s. hoof fi hoofs or hooves
wharf fi wharfs or wharves
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Plurals (e) Most nouns ending in o add es to make their plurals. (This is often true of larger or foreign words.) Some examples are: echo fi echoes hero fi heroes
mango fi mangoes volcano fi volcanoes
But a few simply add s, for example: banjo fi banjos kangaroo fi kangaroos photo fi photos
piano fi pianos radio fi radios solo fi solos
(f) A few nouns have only one word to indicate both singular and plural, for example: cod deer
salmon series
sheep species
(g) A few nouns have no singular form at all, for example: jeans pants pliers
scissors shears shorts
spectacles tongs trousers
(h) Some nouns make their plural by changing their letter structure, for example: brother fi brethren child fi children foot fi feet
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goose fi geese louse fi lice man fi men
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary
© Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
mouse fi mice tooth fi teeth woman fi women
Spelling Rules (a) Use i before e except after c when the sound is ee. i before e mischief, handkerchief, niece except after c when the sound is ee conceit, receipt, receive (An exception to this rule is ‘weird’.) When the sound is ay the words are usually spelled ‘ei’, for example reign. (b) When a single syllable word has a single vowel and ends in a single consonant, double the consonant when adding a suffix that begins with a vowel or with y. hop fi hopping fi hopped bag fi baggy But if the suffix itself begins with a consonant, this rule does not apply, for example: wonder + ful = wonderful glad + ly = gladly (See also rule (f).) (c) When a word has more than one syllable and the accent falls in the last syllable, double the first consonant when adding a suffix, for example: refer + ing = referring (d) A final y preceded by a consonant becomes i when a suffix is added, except in the case of the suffix ing, for example: bury fi buried lovely fi lovelier carry fi carried but carry + ing = carrying.
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Spelling Rules (e) For words that end in a silent e following a consonant, the e is usually retained when we add a suffix that begins with a consonant, for example: care + ful = careful bare + ness = bareness But if the suffix begins with a vowel we drop the final e, for example: hope + ing = hoping sense + ible = sensible There are exceptions to the rule, some for obvious reasons, for example: singe fi singeing (otherwise it would be ‘singing’) dye fi dyeing (otherwise it would be ‘dying’). (f) If a word ends in two consonants and we wish to add a suffix such as ed or ing, no letters are doubled, for example: mend fi mended post fi posting (g) When a compound word is formed by adding a prefix or suffix ending in ll only one l is kept, for example: joy + full = joyful all + most = almost Remember only one word in the English language ends in full and that is the word full itself! Note, however, still + ness fi stillness, and full + ness fi fullness.
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Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary
© Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
Frequently Misspelt Words accommodation ache address admittance aeroplane afford anchor aquarium athletics attached awful beautiful beginning believe burglar buried business carriage climbed committee cupboard diary different disappear disappoint
escape especially exhibit favourite February film government guarantee guard hurt interest jewellery judge ladies library lightning minute necessary occasion probably propeller receipt safety scissors separate
since something sometimes sure surprise swimming symptom terrible though thought through traveller trouble truly Tuesday useful using usually weather Wednesday welcome whether whole women woollen
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Graded Word Lists Grade 5 again allowed alone always around asked because before beginning behind believe birthday blood bottle brush bucket build buy
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carry catch chair cheese coast could crown didn’t died dinner dream drink dry
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary
© Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
early earth easy elephant evening express fairy felt few find finish first full getting glove goes grandfather grandmother
Graded Word Lists Grade 5 (continued) hair hear here hollow hour
lamb large learn leave little
off once opened other outside
ice-cream inside invite iron island
many match mean message middle mixed moment money motor music
pair paper past pencil people person pocket police pulled
jelly judge jumped jungle just kitchen knee knew knife knot
narrow nearly niece noise north number nurse
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Graded Word Lists Grade 5 (continued)
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quarter queen quick quiet quite
taken talk thirsty though through
rabbit reach ready right rode
ugly uncle under until used
said shall should skin some sound speed sugar
valley vase visit voice volcano
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary
© Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
warm weak went were when where would writing wrote year yelled yellow young your
Graded Word Lists Grade 6 ache address against all right aloud already another awful babies bandage beautiful because between blossom bottom bought brakes brought burnt
careful centre certain climate climbed clothes coarse collect coming corner correct couple cousin cupboard daughter dear delighted different direction discovered
enemy enjoyed enough escape except failed February flood forest forty frightened garage ghost giant grey guess
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Graded Word Lists Grade 6 (continued) happened harvest heaven heavy hoping hospital hotel idea important including insects instead invent jacket January joined journey judge juice junior
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kettle kidney kilometre kindergarten knowledge
naughty necessary needle neighbour newspaper
ladies laughed lean leather listened lonely lying
o’clock obeyed ocean often orchestra oxygen
million minute mistake model modern month
Blake’s Word Bank—Upper Primary
© Blake Education 978 1 86509 773 2 Blake’s Word Bank - Upper Primary
palm peace picnic picture plenty present prison problem product promise pupil purple
Graded Word Lists Grade 6 (continued) quarrel quarter queer question quiz radio reason replied reptile rough safety scared secret shadow shoulder since single soup spoilt surface surround
they’re those tomorrow touch towards travelled trouble truth tunnel turned umbrella union universe unusual urgent useful valuable vanish vehicle vitamin vowel
wanted while whistle wonderful worry worst written yacht yawn yeast yield young zebra zero zigzag zinc zone
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Part Three
Grammar
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Nouns Common Nouns Note: A common noun is the name of any ordinary thing you can see and touch. aeroplane airport ambulance aquarium atmosphere bannister bathroom bedroom chalkboard bridge builder calendar camera caravan carton cassettes certificate chalk church
closet continent country cricket cyclone diary dictionary dressing gown dustpan envelope equator eraser farmer fireplace football freezer garage garbage bin goal posts
greenhouse hallway handbag helicopter highway horse hurricane jewellery kitchen letterbox library lifeboat lighthouse lightning mantelpiece meteor minerals netball court notebook
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Nouns Common Nouns (continued) office parachute photograph playground plumber post office pot plants projector purse pyjamas railway rainforest razor refrigerator rocket sander
school scissors screwdriver shampoo skyscraper slippers soccer speakers speedboat sports ground stereo suit swamp swimming pool tea towel teapot
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telegraph pole telephone television toiletries toothbrush trousers tyres vegetables video volcano wallet wardrobe washing machine wheelbarrow window workbench
Nouns Common Nouns—Animals alligator antelope bandicoot caterpillar centipede cheetah chimpanzee cockroach crocodile cuckoo dinosaur dragonfly eagle
echidna goanna grasshopper guinea pig hippopotamus jaguar jellyfish locust marsupial mosquito numbat octopus pelican
penguin platypus porpoise reindeer seahorse scorpion shark squirrel swordfish Tasmanian devil termite tortoise weasel witchetty grub
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Nouns Proper nouns Note: A proper noun is the special name of a specific person, place or thing. Proper nouns begin with a capital letter.
Countries Argentina Australia Austria Baghdad Belgium Brazil Britain Cambodia Canada Chile China Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark East Timor England Egypt Ethiopia Fiji
France Gambia Germany Ghana Greece Hungary India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Japan Jamaica Kenya Latvia Lebanon Libya Lithuania Mali
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Malaysia Malta Mexico Morocco Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria North Korea Norway Pakistan Papua New Guinea Philippines Peru Poland Portugal Romania Russia Samoa Scotland Senegal
Singapore Somalia South Africa South Korea Spain Sweden Switzerland
Syria Thailand Tonga Tunisia Turkey Ukraine
United States of America Vanuatu Vietnam Wales Yugoslavia Zimbabwe
Cities Adelaide Amsterdam Athens Auckland Bangkok Barcelona Beijing Beirut Belfast Berlin Bombay Brisbane Cairo Chicago Darwin Delhi
Dili Dublin Edinburgh Florence Frankfurt Havana Jakarta Jerusalem Johannesburg London Los Angeles Madrid Manila Melbourne Montreal Moscow
New York Paris Perth Port Moresby Prague Rio de Janeiro Rome Sydney Tokyo Toronto Vancouver Vienna Warsaw Washington Wellington
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Nouns Languages Afrikaans Arabic Bahasa Indonesia Chinese (Mandarin and Cantonese) Croatian Czech Danish Dutch English Filipino Finnish Flemish French German Greek Hebrew Hindi Hindustani Hungarian Icelandic Italian Japanese
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Khmer Korean Kurdish Malay Malta Maori Norwegian Persian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Samoan Serbian Spanish Swahili Swedish Thai Tongan Turkish Urdu Vietnamese Welsh
Nouns Celebrations All Saints’ Day Anzac Day Australia Day Bastille Day Boxing Day Buddha’s Birthday (Waisak/Wesak/Vesak Day) Chinese New Year Christmas Day Christmas Eve Easter Emperor’s Birthday (Japan) Halloween Hanukkah Jewish Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur)
Jewish New Year (Rosh Hashanah) Jewish Passover May Day Melbourne Cup Day Muslim New Year (Muharram) New Year’s Day Queen’s Birthday (Australia and UK) Ramadan Remembrance Day Shrove Tuesday St Patrick’s Day St Valentine’s Day Thanksgiving Day Waitangi Day
Terms of Address Captain Dame Dr/Doctor Father Lady Lord
Judge/Justice Madam Master Miss Mr Mrs
Ms Reverend Sir Your Highness Your Honour Your Worship
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Nouns Abstract Nouns Note: An abstract noun is the name of something that can’t be recognised by the five senses—you can’t touch, taste, hear, smell or see it—it can only be recognised by the mind, for example, love, anger, honesty. affection boredom confidence consideration danger despair dismay
distress excitement experience failure gladness happiness honesty
imagination kindness laziness loneliness peril pleasure possibility satisfaction
Collective Nouns Note: A collective noun is the name given to a group of persons or things. assembly bevy bouquet
committee congregation convoy
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meeting organisation quiver
Nouns Collective Nouns—Groups of Animals barren (mules) bevy (quail) business (ferrets) charm (finches) covey (partridges) down (hares) drift (wild pigs) flight (doves, swallows) gaggle (geese) game (swans) glaring (cats) host (sparrows) kennel (hounds)
kindle (kittens) kit (pigeons) labour (moles) muster (peacocks) rookery (penguins, seals) shoal (fish) skulk (foxes) sloth (bears) tiding (magpies) troop (kangaroos, monkeys) unkindness (ravens) watch (nightingales) wedge (swans in flight)
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Pronouns Note: A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun.
Common Pronouns Note: If a pronoun is the subject or part of the subject of a sentence, it is in the nominative case, for example ‘she’ in ‘ She is coming to my house.’ If a pronoun is the object or indirect object of a sentence, it is in the objective case, for example ‘her’ in ‘I will play with her .’ Nominative
First person (speaking) Second person (spoken to)
Objective Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
I
we
me
us
you
you
you
you
they
her, him, it
them
Third person she, he, it (spoken about)
Possessive Pronouns Note: Possessive pronouns show ownership. Singular
Plural
First person (speaking)
mine
ours
Second person (spoken to)
yours
yours
Third person (spoken about)
hers, his, its
theirs
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Prepositions Note: Prepositions show relationships between nouns (or pronouns) and other words. Preposition means placed in front so they are usually found in front the of nouns or pronouns. They often refer to the position of things. aboard against among around beneath
between beyond during except opposite
through towards underneath without
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Verbs Regular verbs Note: Most verbs form their tenses in a regular way according to the following table.
Present tense
Past tense
Past participle
I watch
I watched
I have watched
She plays
She played
She has played
Present tense
Past tense
Past participle
Present Participle
accept bake believe climb correct cough doze finish flood jump melt pour scrub slice sneeze snore sway toss
accepted baked believed climbed corrected coughed dozed finished flooded jumped melted poured scrubbed sliced sneezed snored swayed tossed
accepted baked believed climbed corrected coughed dozed finished flooded jumped melted poured scrubbed sliced sneezed snored swayed tossed
accepting baking believing climbing correcting coughing dozing finishing flooding jumping melting pouring scrubbing slicing sneezing snoring swaying tossing
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Verbs Irregular verbs Note: Irregular verbs don’t form the past tense by simply adding ed, as regular verbs do. Instead, the verb changes. Present tense
Past tense
Past participle
(I am)
(I was)
(I have been)
Present Participle (I am being)
am bear beat become begin bite bleed blow break bring build burst buy catch choose creep deal do draw drink drive eat fall feel fight flee fly forget freeze
was bore beat became began bit bled blew broke brought built burst bought caught chose crept dealt did drew drank drove ate fell felt fought fled flew forgot froze
been borne beaten become begun bitten bled blown broken brought built burst bought caught chosen crept dealt done drawn drunk driven eaten fallen felt fought fled flown forgotten frozen
being bearing beating becoming beginning biting bleeding blowing breaking bringing building bursting buying catching choosing creeping dealing doing drawing drinking driving eating falling feeling fighting fleeing flying forgetting freezing
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Present tense
Past tense
Past participle
Present Participle
give go grow hang (person) hang (thing) hide hold hurt kneel know lay leave lie ride ring rise run see seek sew show sing sink speak spring steal strike swear swell swim take teach tear think throw tread weave wind wring write
gave went grew hanged hung hid held hurt knelt knew laid left lay rode rang rose ran saw sought sewed showed sang sank spoke sprang stole struck swore swelled swam took taught tore thought threw trod wove wound wrung wrote
given gone grown hanged hung hidden held hurt knelt known laid left lain ridden rung risen run seen sought sewn shown sung sunk spoken sprung stolen struck sworn swollen swum taken taught torn thought thrown trodden woven wound wrung written
giving going growing hanging hanging hiding holding hurting kneeling knowing laying leaving lying riding ringing rising running seeing seeking sewing showing singing sinking speaking springing stealing striking swearing swelling swimming taking teaching tearing thinking throwing treading weaving winding wringing writing
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Verbs Note: Verbs can be divided into four main groups: (i) action verbs, for example, jump (ii) saying verbs, for example, discuss (iii) thinking and feeling verbs, for example, feel, know (iv) having and being verbs, for example, am, has.
Action verbs arrive bounce feed gather hurry measure
poke protect scatter scrub search squeeze
stretch stroke struggle tumble whistle wriggle
Saying verbs announce clarify convey declare
define exclaim gossip inform
instruct remark swear wail
Thinking and feeling verbs consider design detest doubt enjoy forecast
imagine organise prefer realise reason recall
remember satisfy suffer suppose understand wonder
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Verbs Being–To Be Present tense
Past tense
Past participle –been
I am she is he is it is we are you are they are
I was she was he was it was we were you were they were
I have been she has been he has been it has been we have been you have been they have been
Present participle–being
Future tense–will be
I am being she is being he is being it is being we are being you are being they are being
I will be she will be he will be it will be we will be you will be they will be
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Verbs Having–To Have Present tense
I have she has he has it has we have you have they have
Past tense
Past participle –had
I had she had he had it had we had you had they had
I have had she has had he has had it has had we have had you have had they have had
Present participle–having
Future tense–will have
I am having she is having he is having it is having we are having you are having they are having
I will have she will have he will have it will have we will have you will have they will have
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Adjectives Note: Adjectives are words that tell us more about nouns or pronouns by describing them, adding detail, or refining their meaning.
Descriptive adjectives accurate adorable amusing ancient appealing attractive brilliant carefree cheerful coarse comical corrupt cowardly curious dangerous dazzling deafening delightful depressed disgusting dismal dreadful elegant
enormous enthusiastic essential expensive extinct fabulous fantastic fashionable fearless fragile frightened genuine gorgeous graceful grateful gruesome hostile humorous immense important inferior intelligent irregular
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irritable luxurious magnificent marvellous miserable mistaken nervous obedient occasional ordinary peculiar playful pointy polluted popular radiant reliable respectable sarcastic satisfied scarlet scorched secluded
Adjectives serene silent sinister speckled splendid sunburnt superb superior
swollen talkative tedious thoughtful tranquil transparent unfortunate unique
unpleasant unpopular unusual valuable violent vivid vulgar wonderful woollen
Determiners Note: These can also be called pointing or demonstrative adjectives because they demonstrate or point out nouns. that
these this
those such
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Adjectives Number Adjectives—Cardinal Numbers one two three four five six seven eight nine ten
eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty
fifty one hundred one thousand ten thousand one hundred thousand one million one billion one trillion
Number Adjectives—Ordinal Numbers first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth
tenth eleventh twelfth thirteenth fourteenth fifteenth sixteenth seventeenth eighteenth
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nineteenth twentieth fiftieth one hundredth one thousandth one hundred thousandth one millionth one billionth one trillionth
Adjectives Comparative adjectives Adjective
Comparative
Superlative
beautiful brave bright clever delicious dusty efficient fine healthy heavy honest humorous lucky muddy narrow nasty noisy pleasant pretty rare rusty smooth wise
more beautiful braver brighter cleverer more delicious dustier more efficient finer healthier heavier more honest more humorous luckier muddier narrower nastier noisier more pleasant prettier rarer rustier smoother wiser
most beautiful bravest brightest cleverest most delicious dustiest most efficient finest healthiest heaviest most honest most humorous luckiest muddiest narrowest nastiest noisiest most pleasant prettiest rarest rustiest smoothest wisest
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Adverbs Note: Adverbs add meaning to verbs, adjectives and other adverbs. They tell how something is being done, when something is being done or where something is being done.
‘How’ Adverbs accidentally anxiously comfortably distinctly fluently gracefully
heartily intently miserably patiently practically punctually scornfully
sensibly shabbily skilfully suitably thankfully truthfully willingly
‘When’ Adverbs already annually fearlessly gradually immediately instantly
lately meanwhile never now often presently
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seldom shortly today tomorrow yesterday yet
Adverbs ‘Where’ Adverbs above behind below downstairs elsewhere
everywhere here inside near nowhere
outside somewhere upstairs within yonder
Conjunctions Note: A conjunction is a word which joins together two single words or two groups of words. although because
though whenever
wherever whether whose
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Part Four
Vocabulary
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Synonyms abandon abbreviate abundant abuse advance altitude annual assistance attempt basis blew brief calm cheat choice circular city commence conceal conclusion disaster dress drink drowsy early employ excavate expect
÷ leave ÷ shorten ÷ plentiful ÷ mistreat ÷ proceed ÷ height ÷ yearly ÷ help ÷ endeavour ÷ foundation ÷ gusted ÷ short ÷ tranquil ÷ deceive ÷ option ÷ round ÷ metropolis ÷ begin ÷ hide ÷ end ÷ catastrophe ÷ attire ÷ beverage ÷ sleepy ÷ premature ÷ hire ÷ dig ÷ anticipate
famous fasten fierce follow forbid force frightened gamble gathering ghost gratitude greed home inquire insolent interior join journey lessen loathe margin minimum minor miserable mistake nuisance obtain odour
÷ celebrated ÷ attach ÷ ferocious ÷ pursue ÷ prohibit ÷ compel ÷ scared ÷ bet ÷ assembly ÷ apparition ÷ thankfulness ÷ avarice ÷ abode ÷ ask ÷ cheeky ÷ inside ÷ connect ÷ trip ÷ diminish ÷ hate ÷ edge ÷ least ÷ petty ÷ wretched ÷ error ÷ pest ÷ procure ÷ smell
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Synonyms pale part peculiar pierce question raise rare reluctant remember reveal rotten scarce scatter serious show sign significant slender small stationary still stop strong stubborn sufficient talk taught
÷ pallid ÷ portion ÷ odd ÷ penetrate ÷ query ÷ elevate ÷ scarce ÷ unwilling ÷ recollect ÷ show ÷ putrid ÷ scanty ÷ disperse ÷ grave ÷ demonstrate ÷ omen ÷ important ÷ slim ÷ diminutive ÷ still ÷ motionless ÷ cease ÷ robust ÷ obstinate ÷ enough ÷ converse ÷ instructed
tiredness ÷ fatigue top ÷ summit unbeatable÷ invincible understand÷ comprehend vacant ÷ empty waste ÷ squander
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Antonyms absence fi presence accept fi refuse advance fi retreat ancient fi modern arrive fi leave artificial fi genuine barren fi fertile better fi worse bless fi curse captivity fi freedom comic fi tragic conceal fi reveal contract fi expand deny fi admit failure fi success familiar fi unfamiliar famous fi unknown forbid fi allow guilty fi innocent hollow fi solid honest fi dishonest idle fi busy import fi export knowledgeable fi ignorant liberty fi captivity maximum fi minimum minor fi major minority fi majority
numerous often opaque permanent powerful present private punishment rapid reap reveal stationary stubborn success sudden summer unique waste
fi few fi seldom fi transparent fi temporary fi weak fi absent fi public fi reward fi slow fi sow fi hide fi mobile fi flexible fi failure fi gradual fi winter fi common fi conserve
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Prefixes Note: A prefix is added to the beginning of a word or word element to add to or qualify its meaning.
a– (on)
auto– (self)
aboard aloft ashore
autobiography autodidact autograph automatic automobile autonomous
ante– (before) antecede antedate antechamber antenatal
anti– (against) antibiotic anticlimax anticlockwise antidote antipathy antipodes
arch– (chief) archangel archbishop archduke archenemy archetype architect
bi– (two) bicep bicycle bicuspid biennial bifocal bipedal
circum– (around) circumference circumlocution circumnavigate circumscribe circumspect circumstance
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co–, com(together, with) coefficient coexist cohabit commiserate compound co-operate
contra– (against) contraband contradict contraindicate contrary contrast contravene
counter– (against) counteract counterattack counterbalance counterclaim counterweight
Prefixes dis- (apart from, not) disappear disenchant dislocate dispel disobey disperse
for– (excluding, prohibiting) forbear forbid forfeit forget forgo forswear
ex– (out of, from)
fore– (before)
excavate exceed excerpt excuse exfoliate extract
forearm forebear forebode forecast foreground foretell
extra– (outside, beyond)
homo– (same)
extracurricular extraordinary extrasensory extraterrestrial extravagant extravaganza
homoeopathy homogeneous homonym homophone
il– (not) illegal illegible illiterate illogical
im– (not) immaterial immature immeasurable imperfect impersonal
in– (not) inarticulate inclement incomplete inconvenient independent
inter– (between, among) interact intermediate interrupt intersection interstellar interval
intro– (into, within) introduce introspection introvert
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Prefixes ir– (not)
mono– (single)
post– (after)
irrational irreplaceable irrepressible irresponsible irreverent irreversible
monochrome monocle monogamy monologue monopoly monotonous
postgraduate post-mortem post-operative postpone postscript
mid– (middle)
non– (not)
midnight midriff midstream midsummer midweek midwinter
nondescript nonentity nonsense nonverbal non-violent
precaution precede precursor predict prefix prelude
mis– (wrong) misadventure misbehave misfortune misname misspell misunderstand
per– (through) perceive percolate perforate persist pervade
phil– (love of) philanthropist philosophy
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pre– (before)
pro– (before, in front, forward, forth) procreate produce profile project pronoun protrude
Prefixes re– (again)
super– (over)
tri– (three)
reclaim redo reflect repeat replace revert
superfluous superhuman supernatural supernova supersonic supervisor
triangle tricycle trilogy trio triplets triptych
semi– (half)
tele– (far away)
un– (not, reverse)
telegram telegraph telephone telephoto telescope television
unclear undo uneven unfair unlock untouched
trans– (across, beyond)
uni– (one)
semicircle semicolon semiquaver semi-trailer semi-tropical
sub– (under) submarine submit subplot subsoil substandard subterranean
transatlantic transgress translucent transplant transport transpose
unicellular unicorn unicycle uniform unilateral unique
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Suffixes Note: A suffix is added to the end of a word or word element to change its function or meaning.
–able (tending to, able)
–al (relating to)
amiable enjoyable lovable perishable readable reliable
commercial electrical legal residential technical theatrical
–age (state of being, place of, result of)
–ance, –ence (state of being)
anchorage leakage personage shrinkage usage wastage
abundance deference difference diligence excellence importance
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–ary, –ery (that which, place where) bakery dictionary revolutionary secretary visionary
–en (having nature of) ashen broken earthen golden molten spoken
Suffixes –en (to make or become) darken flatten lengthen quicken soften widen
–est (most) cleanest dearest deepest easiest loudest tightest
–er (one who, that which)
–ful (characterised by, full of)
cleaner farmer foreigner grocer printer teacher
beautiful graceful masterful plentiful skilful successful
–er (more)
–fy (make or form into)
cheaper dearer farther faster lighter stronger
–hood (state of rank) adulthood childhood falsehood likelihood neighbourhood
–ic (pertaining to, like) aromatic artistic athletic dramatic historic volcanic
clarify glorify magnify qualify signify simplify
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Suffixes –ish (having nature of) childish fiendish foolish
–ist (one who) artist biologist chemist humorist journalist
–ity, –ty (state of being) activity creativity fragility purity reality
–ive ( having nature of, quality of, given to) active destructive effective explosive festive inventive
–less (without) graceless merciless penniless priceless reckless ruthless
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–ly (having the quality of) actively attentively happily justly rapidly swiftly
–ment (resulting state, action or process) amazement movement refinement refreshment settlement treatment
Suffixes –ness (quality or state of being) blindness goodness happiness kindness sweetness wickedness
–or (person who, state of quality) actor creator editor illustrator supervisor
–ous (state of condition, having quality of) courageous humorous joyous nebulous prosperous spontaneous
–ship (office, profession, art, or skill) friendship partnership penmanship relationship sportsmanship
–tion, –ion (act, process, state) attraction election emotion narration protection vision
–ure (act, process) adventure capture composure enclosure failure pleasure
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Homographs Note: Homonyms are words that are spelt the same, with different meanings. They may have slightly different pronunciations.
Word bass conduct content converse convict desert lead minute object present refuse sow tear wind
Meanings fish (noun)
low (usually of a voice) (adjective) behaviour (noun) direct an orchestra (verb) book contents (noun) happy (adjective) opposite (noun) talk with someone (verb) prisoner (noun) to prove guilty of an offence (verb) dry sandy area (noun) to abandon (verb) a soft metal (noun) to show the way (verb) unit of time (noun) very small (adjective) thing (noun) to express disapproval (verb) gift (noun) to give to (verb) rubbish (noun) to decline (verb) female pig (noun) to scatter seed (verb) fluid secreted by to rip up (verb) the eye (noun) moving air currents to coil around something (noun) (verb)
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Anagrams Note: An anagram is made by changing the order of the letters in a word to form a new word. asleep ÷ please blame ÷ amble ample ÷ maple bruise ÷ rubies cared ÷ cedar cause ÷ sauce clean ÷ lance could ÷ cloud design ÷ singed disease ÷ seaside drive ÷ diver earth ÷ heart filter ÷ trifle finger ÷ fringe flier ÷ rifle forest ÷ softer garden ÷ danger general ÷ enlarge groan ÷ organ horse ÷ shore lemons ÷ solemn
listen ÷ tinsel mantle ÷ lament march ÷ charm north ÷ thorn please ÷ elapse priest ÷ stripe result ÷ rustle rinse ÷ reins risen ÷ siren scalp ÷ clasp score ÷ cores setter ÷ street spider ÷ prides staple ÷ pastel swine ÷ sinew sword ÷ words table ÷ bleat tales ÷ slate teacher ÷ hectare toast ÷ stoat
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Onomatopoeia Note: Onomatopoeic words imitate the sound they describe. boing boom buzz chirp clang click clunk crackle crash creak fizz
gulp gurgle hiss oink ooze plonk plop puff rattle rip roar
scratch screech slop smash snap splash splutter tick whirr whoosh zoom
Palindromes Note: A palindrome is a word (or sentence) that reads the same backwards as forwards. bib dad deed did dud eve ewe eye gag
gig Hannah level madam minim mum nan noon nun
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peep pep pip pop pup radar redder refer tenet
Portmanteau Words Note: A portmanteau word is a word made by telescoping or blending two other words, for example automatic + bank fi autobank. bookmobile fi breathalyser fi brunch fi heliport fi hi-fi fi Medicare fi moped fi motel fi o’clock fi paratroops fi smog fi squiggle fi telecast fi
book and mobile breath and analyser breakfast and lunch helicopter and airport high fidelity medical and care motor and pedal motor and hotel of the clock parachute and troops smoke and fog squirm and wriggle television and broadcast
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Phobias Note: A phobia is an obsessive fear of a particular thing or situation. acrophobia agoraphobia ailurophobia anthropophobia apiphobia aquaphobia arachnophobia astraphobia batrachophobia brentophobia claustrophobia cynophobia equinophobia ichthyophobia menophobia musephobia nyctophobia ombrophobia ophidiophobia ornithophobia pyrophobia scopophobia tharatophobia trychophobia xenophobia
fear of heights fear of open spaces fear of cats fear of people fear of bees fear of water fear of spiders fear of lightning fear of frogs fear of thunder fear of being closed in fear of dogs fear of horses fear of fish fear of being alone fear of mice fear of darkness fear of rain fear of snakes fear of birds fear of fire fear of being looked at fear of death fear of hair fear of strangers
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Eponyms Note: Eponyms are words that are derived from the name of a person or place.
Words from the Names of People atlas boycott
Braille
cardigan cereal diesel guillotine hygiene January
A book of maps—from Atlas, a Greek god who held up the universe on his shoulders. Named after Charles C Boycott, a greedy English landlord whose Irish tenants combined against him in 1880. Today when people boycott a product they refuse to buy it. A method of reading for blind people, named after its developer Louis Braille, a French educator. Raised dots stand for letters and numbers and can be understood by touch. A buttoned jersey—first worn by the English nobleman Earl Cardigan in about 1855. Edible grain such as wheat, rice, barley—from Ceres, the goddess of corn. A kind of engine—named after its inventor, the German scientist Rudolph Diesel. A decapitating machine—named after its French inventor, Dr Joseph Guillotin (1738–1814). The science of health—from Hygeia, the Greek goddess of health. The first month—from Janus, the Roman god who guarded doors, who was often represented with two faces, one facing forward and one backward.
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lynch
To hang someone without a fair trial. This illegal method of killing was named for Colonel William Lynch, an American soldier. Logies Television awards—named after John Logie Baird, a Scottish scientist who is credited with developing television. morse A telegraphic code—from its American inventor Samuel F B Morse (1791–1872). nicotine A poisonous substance in tobacco—named after Jean Nicot, a French diplomat who introduced tobacco to France. panic Great fear and confusion—from the Greek god Pan, who was said to cause it. pasteurise To sterilise by heating—named after the French biologist Louis Pasteur (1822–1895). sandwich Named after the Earl of Sandwich in England (1718–1792), an enthusiastic card player who ate meat between slices of bread to save having to leave a card game to eat a meal. saxophone A musical instrument—named after Adolph Sax, from Germany, who invented it. teddy bear Named after Theodore (Teddy) Roosevelt, an American president who once refused to kill a bear on a hunting trip. volcano An erupting mountain—from Vulcan, the Greek god of fire. watt, ohm, volt, ampere These words describe different properties of electricity, and are named after the scientists James Watt, George Simon Ohm, Alessandro Volta and André Marie Ampere.
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Eponyms Words from the Names of Places attic
The top room in a house—from Atticus, a region near Athens in Greece. bantam A small fowl—from Bantam in Java, Indonesia. cantaloupe A kind of melon—named after Cantalupo, the village in Italy where it was first grown. china Special porcelain dishes—named for the country China, where very fine porcelain was made. Today china is made in many countries. chihuahua The smallest dog in the world gets its name from Chihuahua, a state in Mexico. It was first bred by the Aztecs. currant A dried grape)—from the vineyards of Corinth in Greece. dollar A city in Germany called Joachimsthal was famous for its silver mines, and since money was made out of silver, people would exchange what became known to them as ‘joachimsthalers’. To make it easier to say, they called their money thalers. This word finally changed into our word ‘dollar’. frankfurter A hot dog—named for the German city of Frankfurt. hamburger Named after the German city of Hamburg. jeans Named after the city of Genoa in Italy, where jeans were first made.
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marathon
An Olympic footrace—named after Marathon, a Greek city. There is a legend that a young man ran all the way from Marathon to Athens to announce that the Greeks had defeated the Persians in battle. After he related the news, he dropped dead from exhaustion. mayonnaise A savoury spread named for Port Mahon on an island near Spain. palace A royal residence—named after the Palatine Hill in Ancient Rome, which was famous for its beautiful homes. port Wine from Oporto in Portugal. rugby Football—from Rugby School in England, where this sport was first played. spinach A leafy vegetable named after the country of Spain. tangerine A small orange fruit named for the city of Tangier in Morocco. tobacco Plant named after an island of the Antilles which is now known as Tobago.
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Vowel sounds Short a sound
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Vowel sounds Short a sound
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Vowel sounds Short a sound
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Vowel sounds Short a sound
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Vowel sounds Short a sound
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Vowel sounds Short a sound
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Blake's Word Bank is an essential teaching resource which will enrich your language lessons and provide word lists for all your needs—planning lessons, designing classroom activities, and extension, reinforcement and enrichment work.
by Peter Clutterbuck
The word lists are grouped in four sections for ease of use: Sounds—including vowel sounds, digraphs and blends. Spelling—including homophones, compound words, plurals and frequently misspelt words. Grammar—including common, abstract and proper nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. Vocabulary—including synonyms, antonyms, prefixes, suffixes, palindromes and eponyms.
Also available: Blake’s Word Bank Lower Primary Blake’s Word Bank Middle Primary Other series by Peter Clutterbuck Grammar with a Grin Good Grammar! Spelling Success! Understanding Science ISBN 978-1-86509-773-2
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781865 097732