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ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 222 (2016) 855 – 862

ASLI QoL2015, Annual Serial Landmark International Conferences on Quality of Life ASEAN-Turkey ASLI QoL2015 AicQoL2015Jakarta, Indonesia. AMER International Conference on Quality of Life The Akmani Hotel, Jakarta, Indonesia, 25-27 April 2015 “Quality of Life in the Built & Natural Environment 3"

Body Image Perceptions among Dancers in Urban Environmental Settings Ajau Danisa*, Ain Nadiah Jamaludinb, Hayati Adilin Mohd. Abdul Majidc, Khairil Anuar Md Isaa a

Basic Science Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia b Nutrition & Dietetic Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiTM, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia c Department of Food Service Management, Faculty of Hotel and Tourism Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Dungun, Terengganu, Malaysia

Abstract Dancers are believed to be predisposed with highly concerned about body image and often strive for thinness. This crosssectional study was conducted among full-time and part-time dancers to determine the body image perception among dancers in urban environmental settings. A total of 155 dancers had participated in this study. It was found that among those who are in an ideal body mass index, the result shows that 31.9% did not satisfy with their body image. In conclusion, there are a significant numbers of male and female who have unfavourable body image even though they have an ideal body mass index. byby Elsevier Ltd.Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license © 2016 2015 The TheAuthors. Authors.Published Published Elsevier (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers) and cE-Bs (Centre Peer-review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies, Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. for Environment- Behaviour Studies, Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.

Keywords: Body image perception; physical appearance; body mass index; dancers

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +60332584385; fax: +60332584599. E-mail address: [email protected]

1877-0428 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment- Behaviour Studies, Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.196

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Ajau Danis et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 222 (2016) 855 – 862

1. Introduction Body image is regarded to be a multifaceted construct. Body image can be defined as the perception of one’s body in terms of how it looks and feels. It is changeable with mood, experience and environment (Croll, 2005). Melan, Haugland and Breidablik (2006) defined body image as the individual, subjective sense of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with one’s body or physical appearance. Body image also means that a person’s awareness about own body (Danis, Bahar, Isa, &Majid, 2014). Hence, the term ‘body image’ is comprised of two themes that are body perception and body satisfaction. Body perception means that assessment of individual towards his physical aspects of his body. Meanwhile, body satisfaction is more focus on individual’s body size and shape that related to the body confidence, body esteem and body dissatisfaction (Burrowes, 2013). In this study, the context of body image will be classified as being satisfaction and dissatisfaction. The desire to have a perfect body weight can induce negative body image perceptions (Castonguay, Brunet, Ferguson, &Sabiston, 2012). Thus, this might lead to critical consequences for the progress of a series of maladaptive behaviours and emotions such as low self-esteem, having eating disorders, depression and are ashamed of their own body (Castonguay et al., 2012) which may affect their quality of life (Abbas, Nikmat, &Almashoor, 2013). The need to look good might also influence by the characteristics of surroundings that may have an impact on the quality of life of urban dancers (Eusuf, Mohit, Eusuf, & Ibrahim, 2014). The characteristics of the built environment itself may have an influence on the behaviour of a person who lives and using it (Hashim et al., 2012; Ramlee & Said, 2014). Radell (2012) discovered that dancers that use mirrors in dancing training, which is usually a common routine for dancers, experienced a high level of dissatisfaction with their appearance. The usage of the mirror causes not only the dancers are concerned about the whole body, but even a single part of their body is also included in the anxiousness that clouded the judgment regarding ideal body weight. Also, the active space can change the way individuals’ interaction with each other (Aziz, Ahmad, &Mahdzar, 2012). The idolization of low body weight, combined with the belief that body size can be altered, can result in the progression of body image distortions (Spadafora, 2010). Those that have body image insecurities also have low self-esteem, unhealthy mental condition, and eating disorders (Castonguay et al., 2012; Luo). Also, the audiences also judge the dancers by their physical appearance (Rahadi, 2012) that might cause more anxiety for them. Thus, this suggests that anxiety about body image can lead to further degradation of the quality of life among dancers. Therefore, recognizing the body image preferences or satisfaction among dancers would help and alter the dancers’ lifestyle into a healthier one (Mansor & Harun, 2014; Othman, Lamin, & Othman, 2014). Body image distortion was notably common among dancers (Ravaldi et al.,2003). The desired to be thinned, which is strongly linked with performers, plays an important role in interfering with the positive view of body image (Abraham, Mira, Beumont, Sowerbutts, & Llewellyn-Jones, 1983; Bettle, Bettle, Neumärker, &Neumärker, 2001; Pierce &Daleng, 1998). Ferrand, Champely, & Filaire (2009) theorized that due to dance as a sport that highlighted slenderness and low body weight, a positive relationship between super skinny image, body weight and physical artistic movement makes dancers a high-risk group for eating disorders. However, this does not imply that being dancers make ones automatically susceptible to developing eating disorders behaviours such as binge-eating, bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa. The dancer’s body dissatisfaction is influenced by the cut-throat culture of the dancing world (Ravaldi et al., 2003). Weight is extremely important for professional performing artist especially for models, actors and dancers. Ku, Abu Osman, Yusof, & Wan Abas (2012), states that, for dancers, postural stability is very important in upholding body balance especially during silent standing, movement, and any actions that need a great amount of balance routine. Since the job requirement needed the dancers to have a low body mass index (BMI), it was predicted that the demands and expectations of the society and the dance itself might influence the perception of body image among the dancers. The deficit in knowledge can lead to wrong perception and fear due to different understanding (Awang-Rozaimie, Sahari, & Ali, 2012). Dancers have a greater possibility to develop eating disorders than non-dancers are, with respect to weight obsession, body dissatisfaction, and perfectionism (Anshel, 2004). According to Özgen (2009), this group of people are avoiding from gaining weight due to their job necessity. Wan, Wong, & Chan (2001) have noted that a careful selection method is used to select the suitable candidate for performance arts. The perfect performing artist such should have the right figure, proper psychological attitude and talent. The strict criteria are putting the dancers under


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high pressure due to the desperation to be accepted into the highly competitive dance world. It is also have been found that the occurrence of full and sub onset anorexia nervosa has been found to be 3-6 times higher among ballet dancers than in the general population (Özgen & Kısaç, 2009). These people that are seriously concerned about their figure are obsessed to get rid of their extra pound (Mitrofan, 2012). Hidayah & Syahrul Bariah (2011) found that dancers have a tendency to exercise and skipping meals in order to keep up with the current body weight or losing weight, and there are a small group of the dancers that practicing inappropriate methods such as taking laxative, diet pills and involve in purging activities. As stated in Luo, Parish, &Laumann (2005), a low BMI is important for selfrated attractiveness, especially among women. Even though a lot of dancers were satisfied with current body weight, it is common among the dancers for wanting to improve themselves in terms of body weight, size and shape (Woekel, 2005). By being big, may become barriers them from joining any physical activities due to being conscious of people observing them (Danis, Sidek, & Yusof, 2014).Thus resulted in the dancer struggling to be accepted into the dance world and survive within it (Mohit, 2014). For example, Zoletić & Duraković-Belko (2009) mentioned that ballet dancers gave an impression that low body weight means success. Over the years, the case of distorted body image is increasing, even though it is mostly diagnosed in women (Anshel, 2004; Nelson, Hughes, Katz, & Searight, 1999; Ringham et al., 2006). Males are held to a distinctive appearance criterion than females, where lower BMI women normally regarded as having beautiful physical appearance while lower BMI men are considered as skinny (Han, Norton, & Stearns, 2009).Women working in the line of involving public contact are more reprimanded for having a higher BMI than the man (Han et al., 2009). Thus, there is a need to identify the importance of these circumstances for both men and women (Thompson, Aspinall, & Roe, 2014). Dancing is about performing in front of the public and therefore, this suggests that the dance world is pressuring the dancers in into adapting to the dance culture that worships perfect body appearance rather than healthy type of body. To earn a living in an urban environment could be a huge challenge, for example, dancers. The challenge to look good and attractive is one of the many attributes faced by dancers in urban environmental settings. There is a firm connection between dancers and environment (Rosley, Rahman, & Lamit, 2014).With the awareness of various factors that can influence the perceptions body image among dancers, this study has the interest to determine their perception of body image and BMI. Significantly, this study may contribute to better understanding of the importance of body image among dancers, especially in urban environmental settings. 2. Method and materials This study was conducted by using the cross-sectional study design to measure the level of Body Mass Index (BMI) and body image perceptions among dancers from various organizations in urban Kuala Lumpur and Selangor, Malaysia. The organization randomly selected included those that are from the government and non-government organization. The inclusion criteria for the selection of respondents are full-time or part-time dances aged18 years old and above. Respondents that are on medication for chronic diseases such as Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus were excluded from this study. A total of 155 dancers were successfully selected through convenience sampling method. Data were collected through self-administered questionnaires. Perceptions of body image were measured using Body Image States Scale (BISS) by (Cash, Fleming, Alindogan, Steadman, & Whitehead, 2002). The measurement is the composite of the six 9-point items. The score was categorized with the low scores reflect more negative (dissatisfaction) body image states and high scores reflect more positives states (satisfaction) of body image. Meanwhile for BMI, height and weight were taken to be classified based on WHO Global Database on Body Mass Index (2004). Respondents who have a BMI lower than 18.50 kg/m2 was classified under the category of underweight. The normal range that is considered as ideal BMI range is 18.50 to 24.99 kg/m2. However, BMI that is within the range of 25.00 to 29.99 kg/m2 and those who are over than 30.00 kg/m2 was categorized under the overweight and obese category respectively. The pilot study was conducted among 29 respondents to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient’s value was 0.725 which suggest that the questionnaire is reliable to be used for the main study. Data were analysed by using SPSS 22.0 for descriptive statistical analysis such as frequency and chisquare.

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The ethical approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee at the Universiti Teknologi MARA prior to the data collection. 3. Results 3.1. Demographic data This study has successfully interviewed 155 dancers in urban Kuala Lumpur and Selangor, Malaysia. As shown in Table 1, 72(46.5%) of them were male whereas 83(53.5%) of them were female. For the “type of work”, 72(46.5%) of them were part-time dancers. Meanwhile another 83(53.5%) were full-time dancers. Based on body mass index (BMI) of the respondents, two third (76.8%) were having an ideal body weight followed by underweight (12.2%) and overweight and obese (11.0%). Table 1. Characteristics data of respondents, n=155 Characteristics Gender Type of work Body Mass Index (BMI)

Male Female Part-Time Full-Time Underweight Ideal Overweight/Obese

n

%

72 83 72 83 19 119 17

46.5 53.5 46.5 53.5 12.2 76.8 11.0

3.2. Body image perception among dancers Overall, the study found that 94(60.6%) of the respondents reported having positive states of body image (Table 2). This followed by 47(30.3%) were having a negative or dissatisfaction with their body image, while another 14(19.0%) neither satisfied nor dissatisfied. Table 2. Perception of body image and its attributes among dancer, n=155 Body image perceptions Overall

Attributes

Physical appearance Weight Worse about look than usual Body size and shape Feeling better or worse than average person looks Physically attractive

Dissatisfy n (%) 47 (30.3) 81 (52.3) 63 (40.7) 51 (32.9) 49 (31.6) 37 (23.9)

Neither n (%) 14 (19.0) 17 (11.0) 12 (7.7) 31 (20.0) 20 (12.9) 25 (16.1)

Satisfy n (%) 94 (60.7) 57 (36.7) 80 (51.6) 73 (47.1) 86 (55.5) 93 (60.0)

26 (16.8)

22 (14.2)

107 (69.0)

Amongst the attributes being asked, physical appearance recorded the highest number of dissatisfaction with 81(52.3%) of the respondents. This followed by the attribute of weight which consisting of 63(40.7%) out of 155 dancers. Even though 52.3% were dissatisfied with their physical appearance, however, 107(69.0%) were having satisfaction for being attractive. Table 3 displayed the body image perceptions of the dancers according to gender. Out of 72 males, there is a huge gap between those that are satisfied (75%) and dissatisfied (18.1%) with their body image, which is more than four folds. However, among the 83 females, the differences between those that satisfy with their body image (48.2%) and those who are dissatisfaction (41.0%) are small. Comparison by gender, it was found that the number of female dancers that are dissatisfied with their body image (41.0%) is nearly thrice than that of the male dancer (18.1%). By gender, it was found that there is a significant relationship between gender and body image with a p-value of 0.003.


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Table 3. Perception of body image with gender, type of work and body mass index among dancers, n=155 Characteristics of Respondents Gender Type of work Body Mass Index

Male Female Part-Time Full-Time Underweight Ideal Overweight/ Obese

Dissatisfy n (%) 13 (18.1) 34 (41.0) 19 (26.4) 28 (33.7) 4 (21.0) 38 (31.9) 5 (29.4)

Neither n (%) 5 (6.9) 9 (10.8) 8 (11.1) 6 (7.2) 3 (15.8) 10 (8.4) 1 (5.9)

Satisfy n (%) 54 (75.0) 40 (48.2) 45 (62.5) 49 (59.0) 12 (63.2) 71 (59.7) 11 (64.7)

p value 0.003 0.495 0.749

Significant level set as p ≤ 0.05

Full-time dancers recorded 26.4% for being dissatisfy with their body image compares to 33;7% among part-time dancers. However, the perception of body image from being full-time and part-time dancers show no significant relationship (p-value 0.495). Based on BMI status, most of the dancers (76.8%) were having BMI that are within the normal range or in other word, ideal body weight. However, dissatisfaction or negative states of body image were seen more apparent among respondents with ideal weight, which is 31.9% out of 119 respondents. This shows that, even though they have an ideal body weight, but they are a feeling of dissatisfaction with one’s body image. Among the overweight or obese (17 respondents), 64.7% were happy with their body image that is a significantly high percentage. Similarly for the underweight (19 respondents), 63.2% had satisfaction with their body image. However, the p-value of 0.749 indicates that there is no relationship between the body image perception and BMI’s status of the dancers. In sum, more than half of the dancers being interviewed were having a positive perception of body image. However, it was obvious that more than half of them dissatisfied with their physical appearance even though they fall under ideal weight category. Meanwhile, gender found to be significantly related to body image dissatisfaction and satisfaction, especially among female dancers. 4. Discussion This study found that most of the dancers were having a desired body mass index with only a small numbers being underweight, overweight and obese. It was similar to other findings that revealed mostly dancers are having normal BMI (Massidda, Cugusi, Ibba, Tradori, & Calo, 2011; McCabe, Ambegaonkar, Redding, &Wyon, 2014; Ponorac, Rašeta, Radovanović, Matavulj, & Popadić-Gaćeša, 2011; Vivarelli, Chiarandini, Zadro, Antonutto, &Tuniz, 2008). However, it was apparent that there were also high numbers of the ideal weight dancers did not satisfy with their body image. Since the study only evaluating the perceptions of body image states, the reason for the dissatisfaction yet to be known. However, it could be due to the requirement of the dance industry and competition among dancers that required them to be slimmed (Jacobi, Hayward, de Zwaan, Kraemer, & Agras, 2004). It could be said that the desire to be thinned, which is strongly linked with performers, plays an important role in interfering with the positive view of body image (Abraham et al., 1983; Bettle et al., 2001; Ferrand et al., 2009; Pierce & Daleng, 1998). Dancers also found to be more concerned about their physical appearance and weight. Even though most of them having a normal BMI, yet the percentage of dissatisfaction on physical appearance and weight were significantly higher compared to other attributes. It could be suggested that dancers who perform in front of the public often feeling insecure and worried of their physical appearances (Castonguay, Brunet, Ferguson, & Sabiston, 2012; Rahadi, 2012). In contrast, dissatisfaction with physical appearance and weight does not reflect their feeling of attractiveness. Most of them felt that they were physically attractive. It could be suggested that the criteria for selection for dancers, among others, they need to be looked nice and attractive when they are on stage. This might contribute to the feeling that they need to have a good physical appearance. Interestingly, it was also found that the perceptions of body image were linked to gender. This study found that there is a significance difference between the perceptions of body image between genders. The female dancers had the highest percentage of body image dissatisfaction even though they are within the ideal body mass index. It could

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be females were more being affected by body image distortion compare to male (Anshel, 2004; Nelson et al., 1999; Ringham et al., 2006) whereas male have a lover body image concern (Núñez-Navarro et al., 2012). Also, women who are performing in front of an audience are more reprimanded for having a higher BMI than men who are similar to them (Han et al., 2009). It could also be suggested that females are more obsessed with the physical appearance compare to male (Saleem, Ahmed, Mulla, Haider, & Abbas, 2013). Due to dance as a job and with fierce competition among them especially in urban environmental settings, dancers have the tendency to emphasise on their appearance, poise, and figure. It also emphasis on having a low body fat percentage and inspired by low body fat can enhance the quality of dance routine (Greenleaf, 2004). Therefore, unfavourable body image perceptions may lead to eating disorders if it is not prevented, treated or intervened. 5. Conclusion The results of the current study may help to increase the knowledge about the body image perceptions among dancers in Malaysia. However, the knowledge transfer must be in conjunction with the Malaysian way of life and routine (Lamin, Othman, & Othman, 2013). Therefore, dance coaches or organization should focus on highlighting the importance of healthy body image to prevent the sprouting of the seed of doubt regarding their body. In conclusion, the current study gives a new shed on body mass index and body image perceptions among dancers in Malaysia. Although the current study implied that females are more susceptible to the development of unfavourable body image perceptions, information on this population is still quite scarce and need further study. Indepth understanding of why body image is important to dancers also another interesting area to research. Besides that, the other limitation being identify from this study is the factors that may have an influence on their dissatisfaction with their physical appearance.

Acknowledgements Our gratitude to the Ministry of Education Malaysia for the Research Grant (RAGS/2012/UiTM/SS08//2) given in completing this study and also thankful to Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia for the support.

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