BORM ± Business Object Relation Modeling

%250±%XVLQHVV2EMHFW5HODWLRQ0RGHOLQJ 9RMW FK0HUXQND

'HSWRI,QIRUPDWLRQ(QJLQHHULQJ &]HFK8QLYHUVLW\ RI$JULFXOWXUHLQ3UDJXH PHUXQND#SHIF]XF]

-Lt3ROiN

0DQDJHPHQW DQG&RQVXOWLQJ*URXS 'HORLWWH 7RXFKH3UDJXH MSRODN#GHORLWWH&(FRP

/RXLV5LYDV*DUFtD

'HSWRI,QIRUPDWLRQ(QJLQHHULQJ &]HFK8QLYHUVLW\ RI$JULFXOWXUHLQ3UDJXH JDUFLD#SHIF]XF]

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

HVVHQWLDO REMHFW RU FRQFHSWXDO PRGHO EXLOW RXW RI DQ VHW RI REMHFWV NQRZQ DV HVVHQWLDO REMHFWV 7KLV PRGHOVKRXOGEHFRQVWUXFWHGZLWKWKHDFWLYHSDUWLFLSDWLRQRIWKHVWDNHKROGHUVLQRUGHUWRHQVXUHWKDW WKHFRUUHFWV\VWHPLVEHLQJGHYHORSHG&RQVHTXHQWO\DQ\WRROVRUGLDJUDPVXVHGDWWKLVVWDJHVKRXOG EHPHDQLQJIXOWRWKHVWDNHKROGHUVPDQ\RIZKLFKDUHQRW³FRPSXWHUHQJLQHHULQJOLWHUDWH´+HQFHDQ\ GLDJUDPVXVHGVKRXOGEHHDVLO\FRPSUHKHQVLEOHWRDOOUHJDUGOHVVRIWKHLUV\VWHPVH[SHULHQFH 7KH UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ WHFKQLTXHV XVHG LQ PRVW H[LVWLQJ PHWKRGRORJLHV RIWHQ LQYROYHV FRQVWUXFWLQJ D GLDJUDP XVLQJ D GLDJUDPPDWLF ODQJXDJH ZKLFK SURYLGHV TXLWH FRPSOH[ FRQFHSWV )RU H[DPSOH WKH PRGHOV XVHG LQ 207 >@ RU 80/ >@ FDQ XVH TXDQWLILHUV OLQN FODVVHV H[WHUQDO UHODWLRQV DJJUHJDWLRQVHWF0DQ\RIWKHVHFRQFHSWVRIHVVHQWLDOUHTXLUHPHQWVIRUDQ\VRIWZDUHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ DUH WRR ³VRIWZDUH FRGH RULHQWHG´ WR EH XVHIXO LQ FDSWXULQJ SULPDU\ V\VWHP LQIRUPDWLRQ 0RUHRYHU VXFK GLDJUDPV DUH RIWHQ FRQFHSWXDOO\ ULFK DQG GLIILFXOW IRU WKH FXVWRPHU DQG RWKHU ³QRQ FRPSXWHU´ SHRSOH WR IXOO\ XQGHUVWDQG 7KHUH LV RI FRXUVH QR FRPSXOVLRQ WR XVH WKHVH IHDWXUHV EXW LQ RXU H[SHULHQFHVRIWZDUHGHVLJQHUVZLOORIWHQXVHDOOWKHIDFLOLWLHVSURYLGHGZLWKRXWDQ\FRQVLGHUDWLRQDVWR WKHLU DSSURSULDWHQHVV +RZHYHU WKHLU H[LVWHQFH VKRZV WKDW WKHVH GLDJUDPPDWLF WHFKQLTXHV ZHUH GHYHORSHGZLWKWKHODWHUVWDJHVRIVRIWZDUHGHYHORSPHQWLQPLQGDQGWKHLUXVHLQWKHHDUO\VWDJHVRI VRIWZDUHGHYHORSPHQWZDVRIWHQDGGHGRQDVDQDIWHUWKRXJKW 7KLVDSSURDFKLVLQPDUNHGFRQWUDVWWRWKH³ROGJRRG´6WUXFWXUHG'HYHORSPHQW0HWKRGRORJLHV,IZH FRPSDUHVWDQGDUG(QWLW\5HODWLRQ'LDJUDP(5' >@ZLWKREMHFWFODVVGLDJUDPXVHGLQ207RU 80/ZHILQGWKDW(5'RQO\XVHVWKUHHEDVLF\HWSRZHUIXOFRQFHSWV2EMHFWFODVVGLDJUDPRQWKH RWKHUKDQGJHQHUDOO\XVHVDERXWWZHQW\GLIIHUHQWFRQFHSWVVSUHDGRYHUDQXPEHURIGLIIHUHQWOHYHOVRI DEVWUDFWLRQ 5HFHQWO\ LW LV WUXH WKHUH KDYH DSSHDUHG VRPH DGGRQV WR D QXPEHU RI &$6( WRROV WR IDFLOLWDWH WKH VWDJHVRILQLWLDODQDO\VLV7KLVLVDPRYHLQWKHULJKWGLUHFWLRQEXWWKHUHLVVWLOOFRQVLGHUDEOHSURJUHVV WREHPDGH$GGLQJ8VH&DVH$QDO\VLV>@WR22$DQG22'PHWKRGVSURYLGHVWKHVHH[WHQVLRQV 8VH &DVH PRGHOLQJ ZKLFK LQ WKH IRXQGDWLRQ RI PRVW REMHFWRULHQWHG GHYHORSPHQW PHWKRGV LV RIWHQ LQVXIILFLHQW E\ LWVHOI WR IXOO\ VXSSRUW WKH GHSWKV UHTXLUHG IRU LQLWLDO V\VWHP PRGHOLQJ  )RZOHU >@ KLJKOLJKWVVRPHGHILFLHQFLHVLQWKHXVHFDVHDSSURDFKVXJJHVWLQJWKDWXVHFDVHGLDJUDPVLIWKH\DUHWR FRQYH\DOOWKHQHFHVVDU\LQIRUPDWLRQQHHGVXSSOHPHQWDWLRQE\VHTXHQFHDQGDFWLYLW\GLDJUDPV7KHVH PRGLILFDWLRQV WR XVH FDVH DQDO\VLV ZRXOG UHVXOW LQ D QXPEHU RI GLIIHUHQW GLDJUDPV WKDW DUH XVHG LQLWLDOO\WRGHILQHWKHLQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQDQ\SURSRVHGV\VWHPDQGDQ\XVHUV%250RQWKHRWKHU KDQGXVHVDVLQJOHGLDJUDPWKDWHPERGLHVWKHVDPHLQIRUPDWLRQDQGWKHUHIRUHLVFOHDUIRUWKHXVHUWR IRUPDFRPSOHWHXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHLQWHUDFWLRQRIWKHYDULRXVV\VWHPFRPSRQHQWV ,Q PDQ\ GHYHORSPHQW PHWKRGRORJLHV WKH GLDJUDPV XVHG GR QRW GLVWLQJXLVK EHWZHHQ WKRVH FRQFHSWV IURPWKHXVHUV DUHDRIGLVFRXUVHZKLFKZHUHIHUWRDVEDVLFFRQFHSWV DQGWKRVHDGGHGWRLPSOHPHQW DQ REMHFWRULHQWHG VRIWZDUH GHVLJQ  :H EHOLHYH DQ\ LQLWLDO GLDJUDP VKRXOG VXSSRUW RQO\ EDVLF FRQFHSWVDQ\GHULYHGFRQFHSWVVKRXOGEHOHIWIRUODWHULQWKHPRGHOLQJSURFHVV $GGLWLRQDOO\ GLDJUDPV VKRXOG QRW RYHUORDG XVHUV ZLWK FRPSOLFDWHG JUDSKLFDO V\PEROV WKDW UHODWH WR FRQFHSWVGHILQHGDWYDULRXVOHYHOVRIDEVWUDFWLRQ

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±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

'XULQJ WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ SKDVH FRQFHSWXDO REMHFW HYROYH LQ D VLPLODU VWUXFWXUHG DQG FRQWUROOHG PDQQHULQWRVRIWZDUHREMHFWV7KXVDWHDFKVWDJHRIWKHGHYHORSPHQWSURFHVV%250UHTXLUHVWKDW WKHGHJUHHRINQRZOHGJHDERXWDQREMHFWLVRQO\ZKDWLVUHTXLUHGWRHQDEOHWKHGHYHORSPHQWSURFHVVWR SURFHHG 7KXVEXVLQHVVFRQVXOWDQWVFDQSDUWLFLSDWHLQWKHGHYHORSPHQWSURFHVVZLWKRXWWKHQHHGWRXQGHUVWDQG VRIWZDUHFRQFHSWVWKDWDUHWKHH[SHUWLVHRIWKHVRIWZDUHGHYHORSHUDQGYLFHYHUVD3DUWLFLSDQWVLQWKH GHYHORSPHQWSURFHVVDUHUHTXLUHGWRFRQWULEXWHZLWKNQRZOHGJHVROHO\IURPWKHLUDUHDRIH[SHUWLVH %250KDVVWURQJWKHRUHWLFDOEDFNJURXQG7KHPHWKRGXVHVWKHRU\RIILQLWHVWDWHPDFKLQHVDQGIRUPV WKHPRGHOHGSURFHVVDVDFRPSRVLWLRQRIPRUH0HDO\W\SHDXWRPDWD>@7KHPHWKRGFDQEHXVHG ZLWK&$6(7RRO0HWD(GLW£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

D IRUP DFFHSWDEOH LQ WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ HQYLURQPHQW SURJUDPPLQJ ODQJXDJH GDWDEDVH XVHULQWHUIDFHRSHUDWLQJV\VWHPVROXWLRQRIOHJDF\SUREOHP 

%250LQIRUPDWLRQHQJLQHHULQJSURFHVV %250LQIRUPDWLRQHQJLQHHULQJSURFHVV

SURFHVVPRGHOLQJ EXVLQHVVREMHFWV

UHDOZRUOGSUREOHP

SDUWLFLSDQW

VRIWZDUHHQJLQHHULQJ VRIWZDUH HQJLQHHULQJ

FRQFHSWXDOPRGHOLQJ FRQFHSWXDOREMHFWV

VRIWZDUHPRGHOLQJ VRIWZDUHREMHFWV

REMHFW

REMHFW

REMHFW

FROOHFWLRQ

FROOHFWLRQ

FROOHFWLRQ

FODVV

FODVV

FODVV

DFWLYLW\MRESRVLWLRQVSHUIPHDVXUHVGHYLFHV

PHWKRG

PHWKRG

FRPPXQLFDWLRQ

PHVVDJH

SDUWLFLSDQW PRGHOLQJFDUG

VWDWHV WUDQVLWLRQV IXQFWLRQVFHQDULR &6)JRDOVWDUJHWV LVVXHV

PHVVDJH

GHOHJDWLRQ DVVRFLDWLRQ UHODWLRQVKLS WDEOHV UHODWLRQ LVDKLHUDUFK\

VWUDWHJLF DQDO\VLV

LQLWLDO DQDO\VLV

GDWDIORZV

PHVVDJHSDUDPHWHUV UHWXUQYDOXHV

KDVD

KDVD

FRPSRVLQJ

GHSHQGHQF\

GHSHQGHQF\

GHSHQGHQF\

W\SHKLHUDFK\

SRO\PRUSKLVP

SRO\PRUSKLVP

LQKHULWDQFH

LQKHULWDQFH

DGYDQFHG DQDO\VLV

GHVFULSWLRQ LQUHDOZRUOGUHODWHGFRQFHSWV

LQLWLDO GHVLJQ

DGYDQFHG GHVLJQ

REMHFWRULHQWHGVROXWLRQ

EXVLQHVVHQJLQHHULQJ EXVLQHVV HQJLQHHULQJ 

LPSOH LPSOH PHQWDWLRQ

GHVFULSWLRQLQ VRIWZDUH GHVFULSWLRQLQVRIWZDUH HQYLURQPHQWFRQFHSWV

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

    

8QGHUVWDQGWKHDSSOLFDWLRQSHUIRUP LQWHUYLHZVLGHQWLI\WKHV\VWHP SURFHVVHV 'HULYHLQLWLDOREMHFWVLQWKHV\VWHP XVLQJEHKDYLRUDOSHUVSHFWLYH 6WDUWFODVVLI\LQJREMHFWV

5HVXOW

,QLWLDOEHKDYLRUVRIWKHV\VWHPDVWKHOLVWRI UHFRJQL]HGV\VWHPSURFHVVHVDQGVFHQDULRV

2EMHFWVDQGREMHFWEHKDYLRUVDVWKHFROOHFWLRQ RIPRGHOLQJFDUGV 6HFRQGDU\UHFRJQL]HGREMHFWVDQGDOOREMHFWV FODVVLILHGZLWKEHKDYLRUVDQGYLVLEOHSURSHUWLHV ,GHQWLI\UHODWLRQVKLSVDPRQJREMHFWV 2EMHFWDVVRFLDWLRQVDQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQV PLVFHOODQHRXVH[SUHVVHGYLDWDEOHV 0RGHODQGHYDOXDWHREMHFWSURFHVVHV 2EMHFWOLIHF\FOHVDQGLQWHUDFWLRQV

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

:DLWHU *XHVW WRRORQJ WLPHIRUZDLWLQJ

,VZDLWLQJDW DJXHVW FRPHVLQ WKHUHVWDXUDQW

ZDWFKHV DUHD

,VZDLWLQJDW WKHPHQX IRRGGHVFULSWLRQ

JRHVRXW

IRRGGHVFULSWLRQ

VHOHFWVIRRG

&XLVLQH EHFRPHVIRRG GHVFULWLRQ

DVNVWKH JXHVW PHQX

,VZDLWLQJ DWKLVIRRG

LVZDLWLQJ DWWKHIRRG JLYHVIRRG

EHFRPHVIRRG IRRG

KDVIRRG

DFFHWSVGHPDQG IRUSD\PHQW

ZDQWVWRSD\

PRQH\

NQRZVWKHJXHVW ZDQWVWRSD\ HQFDVKHV

SD\V

ILJXUH

 



JLYHVIRRG IRRG

ZDLWVDW WKHJXHVW

HDWVIRRG

ZDLWV DWSD\PHQW

,VSUHSDULQJ

80/OLNHGLDJUDPVDUHXVHGIRUVXEVHTXHQWFRQFHSWXDODQGVRIWZDUHVWDJHRI%250

7KH$GYDQWDJHVRI%250$SSURDFK %250VWUHVVHVWKHSURFHVVPRGHOLQJZKLFKKDVSURYHGWREHEHQHILFLDOLQVRIWZDUHGHYHORSPHQW ³SURFHVVDSSURDFKPDNHVIDVWHUDQGEHWWHUDQDO\VLVRISUREOHPEHLQJVROYHG´±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« WKDQRWKHUPHWKRGVZKLFKXVXDOO\SURYLGHRQO\REMHFWLQKHULWDQFH7KHVHIHDWXUHVSURYLGHDPXFK ULFKHUWRROIRUSXUHREMHFWRULHQWHGSURJUDPPLQJ &RQFOXVLRQ %XVLQHVVV\VWHPVGHYHORSHGIRUUHDOFRPSDQLHVRIWHQKDYHDKLJKHUOHYHORIFRPSOH[LW\ZKLFKPDNHV GHYHORSPHQW PXFK PRUH GLIILFXOW &RQVHTXHQWO\ LW LV HVVHQWLDO  IURP WKH VRIWZDUH GHYHORSHU¶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³EXVLQHVV´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

.QRWW5RJHU30HUXQND9RMW FK3ROiN-Lt3URFHVV0RGHOLQJIRU2EMHFW2ULHQWHG$QDO\VLV XVLQJ%2502EMHFW%HKDYLRUDO$QDO\VLVLQ3URFHHGLQJVRI)RXUWK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ 5HTXLUHPHQWV(QJLQHHULQJ&KLFDJR 0HUXQND9RMW FK3ROiN-Lt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±7LPHV)DVWHU7KDQ80/0HWDFDVH/WG)LQODQG KWWSZZZPHWDFDVHFRP >@ *ROGEHUJ$5XELQ.66XFFHHGLQJZLWK2EMHFWV'HFLVLRQ)UDPHZRUNVIRU3URMHFW 0DQDJHPHQW$GGLVRQ:HVOH\5HDGLQJ0DVV >@ %RHKP%:6RIWZDUH(QJLQHHULQJ(FRQRPLFV3UHQWLFH+DOO(QJOHZRRG&OLIIV >@ $PEOHU63URFHVV3DWWHUQV±%XLOGLQJ/DUJH6FDOH6\VWHPV8VLQJ2EMHFW7HFKQRORJ\6,*6 %RRNV,6%1 >@ $PEOHU60RUH3URFHVV3DWWHUQV±'HOLYHULQJ/DUJH6FDOH6\VWHPV8VLQJ2EMHFW7HFKQRORJ\ 6,*6%RRNV,6%1