M. Sc. BOTANY. Scheme of Examination ... Paper – 302. Plant Taxonomy and
Economic Botany. 65+ 15 ... entire syllabus will be compulsory. Remaining eight
...
BOTANY DEPARTMENT KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY KURUKSHETRA M. Sc. BOTANY Scheme of Examination for session 2012-2013 Semester – I Paper – 101 Paper – 102 Paper – 103 Paper – 104
Marks + Internal Assessment
Biology and Diversity of Lower Cryptogams Biology and Diversity of Archegoniates- I Cell and Molecular Biology Ecology and Biophysical Environment
65+ 15 65+ 15 65+ 15 65+ 15
Total
80 80 80 80
Total
320
Semester – II Paper – 201 Paper – 202 Paper – 203 Paper – 204 Practical – 105 Practical – 106 Practical – 205 Practical – 206 Seminar – 207
Plant Pathology, General Microbiology & Applied Phycology Biology and Diversity of Archegoniates – II Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics Natural Resources and Biodiversity Based on theory courses bearing paper no. 101, 102 Based on theory courses bearing paper no. 103, 104 Based on theory courses bearing paper no. 201, 202 Based on theory courses bearing paper no. 203, 204 Seminar
65+ 15 65+ 15 65+ 15 65+ 15 65+ 15 65+ 15 65+ 15 65+ 15 20
80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 20
Total
660
Semester – III Paper – 301 Paper – 302 Paper – 303 Paper – 304 Paper – 305
Plant Physiology and Plant Biochemistry Plant Taxonomy and Economic Botany Biotechnology –I Computer Applications and Biostatistics a) Advanced Phycology (elective) b) Applied Mycology (elective) c) Restoration Ecology (elective) d) Advanced Plant Physiology (elective) e) Crop Improvement (elective)
} } } } }
65+ 15 65+ 15 65+ 15 40+ 00
80 80 80 40
65+ 15
80
Total
360
Semester – IV Paper – 401 Paper – 402 Paper – 403 Paper – 404
Practical–306 Practical–307 Practical-308 Practical–405 Practical-406 Practical 407 Seminar – 408
Physiology of Plant Growth and Development Biology of Reproduction and Anatomy Biotechnology – II a) Advanced Phycology (elective) b) Principles of Plant Pathology (elective) c) Conservation Biology (elective) d) Plant Growth Regulators (elective) e) Advanced Plant Molecular Biology (elective)
} } } } }
Based on theory courses bearing paper no. 301 Based on theory courses bearing paper no. 302, 303 Based on theory courses bearing paper no. 305a, b, c, d, e Based on theory courses bearing paper no. 401 Based on theory courses bearing paper no. 402,403 Based on theory courses bearing paper no. 404a, b, c, d, e Seminar
65+ 15 65+ 15 65+ 15
80 80 80
65 + 15
80
35+5 65+ 15 35+5 35+5
40 80 40 40
65+15
80 35+5 20
Total Semesters Grand Total
Semester-I 320
Semester-II 660
Semester-III 360
Semester-IV 660
40 20
660 Grand Total 2000
BOTANY DEPARTMENT KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY KURUKSHETRA
SEMESTER-I Paper-101: Biology and Diversity of Lower Cryptogams Note : Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be very short answer type questions covering the entire syllabus will be compulsory. Remaining eight questions will be set section-wise with two questions from each Unit. As far as possible, each question will be sub-divided into parts and will not be essay type. The candidates will be required to attempt Question No.1 and four more selecting from each Unit. All questions carry equal marks.
UNIT-I 1) General characters of fungi, their significance to human, fungal classification (Ainsworth, 1973; Hawksworth et al 1995; Alexopoulos et al, 1996), Organization of Thallus, structure of fungal cell wall composition, nutrition (saprobic, biotrophic, symbiotic), reproduction, kinds of spores. 2) Comparative study of habit, habitat, somatic organization, anomorphs and telemorphs of the member of : a) Dictyosteliomycota and Myxomycota (Dictyostellium, Physarium). b) Chytridiomycota and Oomycota (Synchytrium, Allomyces, Plasmodiophora, Pythium, Phytophthora and Downy mildews). c) Zygomycota (Rhizopus, Mucor, Entomophthora, Harpella). d) Ascomycota (Ascocarp types, Centrum types, Protomyces, Taphrina, yeast, Chaetomium, Claviceps, Venturia, general account of powdery mildews) e) Basidiomycota (Agraicus, Cyathus, Uromyces, Puccinia, Phragmidium, Ravenelia, Melampsora, Ustilago, Tolyposporium, Urocystis, Neovossia and Tilletia). f) Deuteromycota (Sporulating structures, Fusarium, Curvularia, Colletotrichum, Alternaria, Helminthosporium Cercospora). UNIT-II 3) Heterokaryosis, Heterothallism, Parasexuality, Sex hormones, Mycorrhizae, Predaceous fungi. 4) Importance of fungi in different microbiological and Biotechnological processes, Role of fungi in industry (Alcohol), Medicine (Antibiotics and steroids), food (edible mushrooms). 5) Lichens: structure, reproduction and economic importance. UNIT-III 6) Distribution of algae in diversified habitats (terrestrial, freshwater, marine); their ecological diversity in unusual habitats (thermal, psychrophilic, sub-aerial, symbiosis). 7) Thallus organization in algae; Reproductive pattern in algae; Ultrastructure of algal cells. 8) Diagnostic features of:
3 a) b) c) d) e)
Prochlorophyta Xanthophyta Bacillariophyta Pyrrophyta Cryptophyta. UNIT-IV
9) Criteria for algal taxonomy: Pigmentation pattern, Reserve food, Flagellation pattern, Cell wall components; Classification of algae and recent trends. 10) Salient features and life history patterns of: a) Cyanophyta b) Chlorophyta c) Phaeophyta d) Rhodophyta. Suggested Readings: 1. Alexopoulos, C.J. Mins, C.W. & Blackwell, M. 1995: Introductory Mycology, John Willy and Sons. Inc. 2. Becker, E.W. (1994): Microalgae - Biotechnology & Microbiology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. 3. Bilgrami, K.S. & Dubey H.C. (1986): A text book of Modern Plant Pathology, Vikas, Publ Ltd., N.Delhi. 4. Bilgrami, K.SA. & Verma R.N. (1981): Physiology of fungi, Vikas Publ. Ltd., New Delhi. 5. Biswas, S.P. & Biswas, A. 1984: An Introduction to Viruses, Vani Education Books, New Delhi. 6. Bold, H.C. & Wynne (1985): Introduction to the Algae: Structure and Reproduction, Prentice Hall Inc., New Jersey, USA. 7. Butler, E.J. & Jones, S.G. (1978): Plant Pathology, Periodical Expert Book Agency, New Delhi. 8. Clifton, A. 1958: Introduction to the Bacteria. McGraw Hill Books Co. New York. 9. Dodge (1973): The fine structure of algal cells, Academic Press, New York, USA. 10. Dubey, R.C. (2005): A Text Book of Biotechnology, S Chand & Co. Ltd., New Delhi. 11. Fatma, T. (2005): Cyanobacterial and Algal Metabolism and Environmental Biotechnology, Narosa Publihing Home, New Delhi. 12. Fay, P & C van Baalen (1987): The cyanobacteria, Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V. Amsterdam, Netherlands. 13. Fritsch, F.E. (1979): The structure & reproduction of Algae (Vol-I & II), Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 14. Graham, L.E. & Wilcox, L.W. (1999): Algae, Benjamin Cummings, USA. 15. Gupta, R. & Mukerji, K.G. (2001): Microbial Technology, APH Publ. Co., New Delhi. 16. Gupta, R.K. & Pandey, V.D. (2007): Advances in Applied Phycology, Daya Publishing House, Daryaganj, New Delhi. 17. Hoek, C. Van, Mann, D.G. & Jahns, H.M. (1995): Algae: An Introduction to Phycology, Cambridge University Press, U.K. 18. Kumar, H.D. (1999): Introductory Phycology Affiliated East West Press Ltd., New Delhi. 19. Lee. R.E. (1989): Phycology, Cambridge University Press, U.K. 20. Mehrotra, R.S. & Aneja, K.R. 1990: An introduction of Mycology, New Age International Press, N. Delhi. 21. Michael J. Pelezar, E.C.S. Chiang & N.R. Krieg, 1993: Microbiology. Tata Mc Graw Hill Publ. N. Delhi.
4 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.
Moore-landeckar, E.J. (1972): Fundamentals of the fungi, Prentice Hall, Eaglewood, U.K. Morris, I. (1986): An Introduction to the Algae, Cambridge University Press, U.K. Mundukar, B.B. (1967): Fungi & Plant Diseases, Macmillion Co. Ltd., USA. Prescott, L.M., Harley, J.P. & Klein, D.A. (1996): Microbiology, 3rd edition, Wm. C. Brown Publ., USA. Ronald M. Atlas, 1995: Principles of Microbiology. Mosby-Year Book, Inc. St. Louis, Missouri, USA. Sambamurty, A.V.S.S. ((2005): A text book of Algae, I.K. International, New Delhi. Shubert (1984): Algae as Ecological Indicators, Academic Press, U.S.A. Sumbali, G. 2005: The Fungi, Narosa Publ. House, New Delhi. Trainer, F.R. (1978): Introductory Phycology, John Wiley & Sons, New York, USA. Webster, J. 1985: Introduction of Fungi. Cambridge University, Press.
5 Paper-102: Biology and Diversity of Archegoniates-I Note : Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be very short answer type questions covering the entire syllabus will be compulsory. Remaining eight questions will be set section-wise with two questions from each Unit. As far as possible, each question will be sub-divided into parts and will not be essay type. The candidates will be required to attempt Question No.1 and four more selecting from each Unit. All questions carry equal marks.
UNIT-I 1. General characteristics features of bryophytes and Classification up to order level 2. General account of structure and development of gametophyte and sporophyte of following orders: a) Calobryales, b) Marchantiales, c) Jungermanniales d) Anthocerotales UNIT-II 3. Classification of mosses 4. General account of structure and development of gametophyte and sporophyte of following orders: a) Sphagnales, b) Andreaeales, c) Takakiales, d) Funariales e) Polytrichales 5. Evolution of spororphyte in bryophytes UNIT-III 6. General characteristics of pteridophytes and classification 7. Comparative morphology and reproduction of the following: a) Psilophytales (Rhynia, Zosterophyllum), b) Psilotales (Psilotum), c) Lycopodiales, d) Lepidodendrales e) Sphenophyllales UNIT-IV 8. Comparative morphology and reproduction of the following: a) Ophioglossales b) Marattiales c) Osmundales d) Filicales e) Marsileales f) Salviniales
6
Suggested Readings: 1. Parihar, N.S. 1965. An Introduction to Embryophyta Vol. I. Bryohpyta, Central Book Depot, Allahabad, India. 2. Schofield, W.B. 1985. Introduction to Bryology, Macmillan, New York. 3. Chopra, R.N. and Kumra, P.K. 1988. Biology of Bryophytes.Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi. 4. Chopra, R.N. & Bhatla, S.C. 1990. Bryophyte Development: Physiology and Biochemistry.CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA. 5. Rashid, A. 1998. An Introduction to Bryophyta. Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. 6. Watson, E.V. 1967. The Structure and Life of Bryophytes. B.I. Publications, New Delhi. 7. Parihar, N.S. 1977. The Biology and Morphology of Pteridophytes. Central Book Depot. Allahabad. 8. Rashid, A. 1976. An Introduction to Pteridophyta (Diversity and Differentiation). Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 9. Sporne, K.R. 1985 (reprint) The Morphology of Pteridophytes. B.I. Publications Pvt. Ltd., Delhi.
7 Paper-103: Cell and Molecular Biology Note : Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be very short answer type questions covering the entire syllabus will be compulsory. Remaining eight questions will be set section-wise with two questions from each Unit. As far as possible, each question will be sub-divided into parts and will not be essay type. The candidates will be required to attempt Question No.1 and four more selecting from each Unit. All questions carry equal marks.
UNIT-I 1) Cell Wall – Cell wall composition and architecture; Biogenesis and assembly; Dynamic aspects of cell wall during growth and differentiation. 2) Cell Membranes – Structural models; Composition and dynamics; sites for ATPases, ion carriers channels and pumps, receptors; Membrane carbohydrates and their significance in cellular recognition. 3) Structure and functional significance of plasmodesmata. 4) Plant Vacuoles - Structure and function. UNIT-II 5) Mitochondria – Structure; Organization; Mitochondrial DNA and male sterility; Biogenesis of mitochondria. 6) Chloroplasts: Structure; Organization ; Chloroplast DNA and its significance; Chloroplast biogenesis. 7) Endo-membrane System - Structure and function of peroxisomes, glyoxysomes, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes and endoplasmic reticulum 8) Cytoskeleton: Actin and tubulin filaments; role in brief 9) Nucleolus – Structure, nucleolar organizer, ribosomal DNA and biogenesis of ribosomes. UNIT-III 10) Nucleus: Structure and function of nuclear envelope and lamina; Chromatin organization and packaging; 11) Nucleic Acids – DNA and RNA- structure and classes; repeated DNA, unique sequences and hybridization kinetics; split genes; Transposable elements in bacteria, maize , Drosophila and yeast. 12) DNA Replication: Semi-conservative, bidirectional, replication origins, replication machinery. UNIT-IV 13) Transcription: Mechanism, initiation, elongation and termination; DNA polymerase in prokaryotes and eukaryotes 14) RNA Processing of mRNA, rRNA and tRNA 15) Translation, Mechanism, initiation, elongation and termination in prokaryotes 16) Genetic code: Deciphering the genetic code, characteristics. 17) Techniques in-situ hybridization, FISH, GISH, flow cytometery and confocal microscopy.
8
Suggested Readings: 1. Alberts, B., Bray, D., Lewis, J. Raff, M. Roberts, K., and Watson J.D. 1999. Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland Publishing Inc., New York. 2. Brown, T.A. 1999. Genomes. John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pvt. Ltd., Singapore. 3. Buchanan, B.B., Gruissem, W. and Jones, R.L. 2000. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants. American Society of Plant Physiologists, Maryland, USA. 4. Clark D. 2005, Molecular abiology, Understanding the Genetic Revolution. Elsevier Inc. C. California. 5. Dennis, D.T. & Turpin, D.H. (1990) – Plant Physiology, Biochemistry & molecular Biology, Longman Scientific & Technical. 6. Gustafron, J.P. 2002. Genomes.Kluwer Academic Plenum Publishers, New York, USA. 7. Henry, R.J. 1997. Practical Applications of Plant Molecular Biology Chapman & Hall, London, UK. 8. Lewin, Benjamin. 2005. Genes VIII. Oxford University Press, New York. 9. Lodish, H. Berk, A. Zipursky, S.L., Matsudaira, P., Baltimore, D. and Darnell, J. 2000. Molecular Cell Biology. (4th Ed.), W.H. Freeman Co. New york. 10. Rawn, J.D. (1989). Biochemistry. Neil Patterson Publishing. 11. Russell, P.J. 1998. Genetics (5th Ed.) The Benjamin/ Cummings Publishing Comp. Inc. 12. Sadava, D.E. 1993 Cell Biology. Jones and Bartlet Publishers Boston, London. 13. Snustad, P. and Simmons, M.J. 2003. Principles of Genetics. (2nd Ed.). John Wiley, New York. 14. Weaver R.F., 2005, Molecular Biology, McGraw Hill International Edition.
9 Paper-104:
Ecology and Biophysical Environment
Note : Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be very short answer type questions covering the entire syllabus will be compulsory. Remaining eight questions will be set section-wise with two questions from each Unit. As far as possible, each question will be sub-divided into parts and will not be essay type. The candidates will be required to attempt Question No.1 and four more selecting from each Unit. All questions carry equal marks.
UNIT-I 1) Importance and Scope of ecology, levels of organization, spatial and temporal scales, Sustainable development and ecological sustainability, Environmental issues in India. 2) Tolerance range and limiting factors, adaptations, ecotypes and ecads 3) Population ecology: Concept, characteristics, population growth and regulation, species interactions, mutualism, competition, allelopathy, predation, parasitism, Life-history strategies and r-and K selection. UNIT-II 4) Community structure and organization; Nature of community, ecological niche, dominance; species diversity, keystone species; vegetation characteristics (analytical and synthetic characters, methods of analysis. 5) Community development: concept, mechanism of ecological succession (relay floristics, and initial floristic composition; facilitation, tolerance and inhibition models); changes in ecosystem properties during succession. UNIT-III 6) Ecosystem organization: structure and functions; primary production (global pattern and controlling factors); energy dynamics—trophic levels, energy flow pathways and ecological efficiencies; decomposition (mechanism, substrate quality and climatic factors); global biogeochemical cycles of C, N, P, & S, ecosystem stability (resistance and resilience). UNIT-IV 7) Biophysical environment: Solar radiation and temperature; hydrological cycle, plant water relations; soil development and formation, floristic realms and biogeographical regions, speciation and extinction, endemism. 8) Major terrestrial biomes, freshwater and marine systems—a brief account. 9) Global atmosphere changes: Greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O: sources, trends and role) stratospheric ozone layer and ozone hole; consequences of climate change (CO2 fertilization, global warming sea level rise and UV radiation).
10
Suggested Readings: 1. Botkin, D.B. and E.A. Keller (2004). Environment Science: Earth as a Living Planet, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York. 2. Miller (Jr.) and G. Tyler (1994) : Living in the Environment. Wadsworth Publishing Company, Belmont, California. 3. Odum, E.P. (1983), Basic Ecology, Sanders, Philadelphia. 4. Peter H. Raven, P.H. and Berg , L. R. Berg. 2005. Environment, 5th Edition. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York. 5. Ramakrishnan, P.S. 2000. Ecology and Sustainable Development. National Book Trust, India 6. Robert Ricklefs (2001). The Ecology of Nature. Fifth Edition. W.H. Freeman and Company. 7. Singh,J.S., Singh,S.P. and Gupta, S.R. 2006. Ecology, Environment and Resource Conservation, Anamaya Publishers, New Delhi. 8. Smith, R.L. (1996), Ecology and Field Biology, Harper Collins, New York. 9. Steffen, W., A. Sanderson, P. D. Tyson, J. Jager, P. M. Matson, B. Moore, III, F. Oldfield, K. Richardson, H. J. Schnellnhuber, B. L. Turner, II, and R. J. Wasson. 2004. Global change and the Earth system: a Planet under Pressure. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USAReference books. 10. Townsend, C.R., Begon, M. and Harper, J.L. 2003. Essentials of Ecology. Second Edition. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
11
SEMESTER-II Paper-201: Plant Pathology and General Microbiology Note : Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be very short answer type questions covering the entire syllabus will be compulsory. Remaining eight questions will be set section-wise with two questions from each Unit. As far as possible, each question will be sub-divided into parts and will not be essay type. The candidates will be required to attempt Question No.1 and four more selecting from each Unit. All questions carry equal marks.
UNIT-I 1) History of plant pathogens, various levels of parasitism, effect of plant pathogens on human affairs, classification of plant diseases. 2) Pathogenesis: Penetration and entry of plant pathogens, development inside host tissue. 3) Casual Organism, symptoms and management of: Late and early blight of potato, Downy mildew of grapes, Green ear disease of bajra, Apple scab, Karnal bunt of wheat, Rust of wheat, Wilt of pigeon pea, Tikka disease of ground nut, Bacterial blight of paddy, Crown gall of stone fruits, TMV, Tristeza of citrus and Sandal spike. UNIT-II 4) Structure, nutrition, reproduction & economic importance of bacteria; classification & general account of Archaebacteria & Eubacteria. 5) Structure & replication of viruses and bacteriophage; transmission & control of viruses; Isolation & purification of Plant Viruses. 6) Cyanobacteria: Salient features and Biological Importance; A brief account of culture techniques and media for Cyanobacterial research. 7) A brief account of mycoplasma & viroids. UNIT-III 8) Phytoplanktons: Causative factors for eutrophication and its impact; Algae as major components of phytoplanktons; Dynamics and consequences of algal blooms (Freshwater & Marine). 9) Nitrogen Fixation: Nitrogenase; role of Heterocysts, its differentiation; mechanism of N2fixation. 10) N2-fixing genera and their importance in the improvement of soil fertility of Indian paddy fields. UNIT-IV 11) Algal Biotechnology: a) Algae as food, feed and uses in Industries; Commercial potentials of algal products and their uses. b) Biological & technical aspects of outdoor mass culture of Microalgae; Genetic manipulation: Strain improvement, Production of nitrogenous compounds & Energyrich fuels from algae.
12 c) Algal Immobilization: Methods & applications; Gleaning of aquatic toxicants & nutrients. d) Single Cell Protein. e) Algal Biofertilizers Suggested Readings: 1. Akatsuka, I. (1994): Biology of Economic Algae, SPB Academic Publishing bv, Hague, Netherlands. 2. Alexopoulos, C.J. Mins, C.W. & Blackwell, M. 1995: Introductory Mycology, John Willy and Sons. Inc. 3. Becker, E.W. (1994): Microalgae - Biotechnology & Microbiology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. 4. Dubey,H.C. &Bilgrami, K.S. (1986): A text book of Moderm Plant Pathology, Vikas, Publ Ltd., N.Delhi. 5. Bilgrami, K.SA. & Verma R.N. (1981): Physiology of fungi, Vikas Publ. Ltd., New Delhi. 6. Biswas, S.P. & Biswas, A. 1984: An Introduction to Viruses, Vani Education Books, New Delhi. 7. Butler, E.J. & Jones, S.G. (1976): Plant Pathology, Periodical Expert Book Agency, New Delhi. 8. Carr, N.C. & Whitton, B.A. (1982): The biology of cyanobacteria Blackwell Scientific Publ., Oxford, U.K. 9. Dodge (1973): The fine structure of algal cells, Academic Press, New York, USA. 10. Dubey, R.C. (2006): Introduction to Biotechnology, Delhi Book Trust, New Delhi. 11. Fatma, T. (2005): Cyanobacterial and Algal Metabolism and Environmental Biotechnology. 12. Fay, P & C van Baalen (1987): The cyanobacteria, Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V. Amsterdam, Netherlands. 13. Graham, L.E. & Wilcox, L.W. (1999): Algae, Benjamin Cummings, USA. 14. Gupta, R. & Mukerji, K.G. (2001): Microbial Technology, APH Publ. Co., New Delhi. 15. Kashyap, A.K. (1994): Recent Advances in Phycology, Rastogi & Company, Meerut 16. Kaushik, B.D. (1987): Laboratory methods for Blue-green Algae, Associated Publishing Co., New Delhi. 17. Lee. R.E. (1989): Phycology, Cambridge University Press, U.K. 18. Michael J. Pelezar, E.C.S. Chaing & N.R. Krieg, 1993: Microbiology. Tata Mc Graw Hill Publ. New Delhi. 19. Morris, I. (1980): The Physiological Ecology of Phytoplankton (studies in Ecology, Vol.7), Blackwell Scientific Publ., USA. 20. Mundukur, B.B. (1967): Fungi & Plant Diseases, Pochillion Co. Ltd., USA. 21. Prescott, L.M., Harley, J.P. & Klein, D.A. (1996): Microbiology, 3rd edition, Wm.C.Brown Publ., USA. 22. Ronald M. Atlas, 1995: Principles of Microbiology. Mosby-Year Book, Inc. St. Louis, Missouri, USA. 23. Moore-landeckar, E.J. (1972): Fundamentals of the fungi, Prentice Hall, Eaglewood, U.K. 24. Shubert (1984): Algae as Ecological Indicators, Academic Press, U.S.A. 25. Singh, B.D. (1998): Biotechnology, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. 26. Singh, R.P. (1990): Introductory Biotechnology, Central Book Depot, Allahabad, India. 27. Sumbali, G. 2005: The Fungi, Narosa Publ. House, New Delhi. 28. Sze, P. (1993): A. biology of the Algae, Wm. C. Brown Publishers, U.K. 29. Venkataraman, G.S. ((1969): The Cultivation of Algae, IARI, New Delhi.
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13 Paper 202: Biology and Diversity of Archegoniates -II Note : Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be very short answer type questions covering the entire syllabus will be compulsory. Remaining eight questions will be set section-wise with two questions from each Unit. As far as possible, each question will be sub-divided into parts and will not be essay type. The candidates will be required to attempt Question No.1 and four more selecting from each Unit. All questions carry equal marks.
UNIT-I 1) Classification of gymnosperms and their distribution in India. 2) Brief account of the following families: a) Lyginopteridaceae, b) Medullosaceae, c) Glossopteridaceae, d) Caytoniaceae. 3) General account of the following orders Cycadeoidales, Pentoxylales, Cordaitales UNIT-II 4) Comparative account of Structure and reproduction in the following orders: a) Cycadales, b) Ginkgoales, c) Coniferales, d) Ephedrales, e) Welwitschiales , f) Gnetales UNIT-III 5) Cytology of bryophytes: chromosome number, sex chromosome, m chromosomes, accessory chromosomes 6) Experimental studies: Advantages of bryophytes as an experimental system; 7) A brief account of morphogenetic studies on spore germination, protonemal differentiation and bud initiation 8) Biology of reproduction- in vitro regulation of gametangia formation: effect of physical and chemical factors 9) Medicinal uses of bryophytes especially as a source of biologically active compounds 10) Ecological importance of bryophytes: bryophytes as indicators of pollution and minerals; role of bryophytes in succession UNIT-IV 11) Apogamy, apospory, significance and experimental induction 12) Heterospory and Origin of seed habit in pteridophytes 13) Modern methods of propagation of gymnosperms: somatic embryogenesis, haploids and protoplast culture 14) Economic importance of gymnosperms
14
Suggested Readings: 1. Parihar, N.S. 1965. An Introduction to Embryophyta Vol. I. Bryohpyta, Central Book Depot, Allahabad, India. 2. Schofield, W.B. 1985. Introduction to Bryology, Macmillan, New York. 3. Chopra, R.N. and Kumra, P.K. 1988. Biology of Bryophytes.Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi. 4. Chopra, R.N. & Bhatla, S.C. 1990. Bryophyte Development: Physiology and Biochemistry. CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA. 5. Rashid, A. 1998. An Introduction to Bryophyta. Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. 6. Watson, E.V. 1967. The Structure and Life of Bryophytes. B.I. Publications, New Delhi. 7. Parihar, N.S. 1977. The Biology and Morphology of Pteridophytes. Central Book Depot. Allahabad. 8. Rashid, A. 1976. An Introduction to Pteridophyta (Diversity and Differentiation). Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 9. Bhatnagar, S.P. and Moitra, A. 1996. Gymnosperms, New Age International Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 10. Sporne, K.R. 1965. The morphology of Gymnosperms. B.I. Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 11. Glime, J.M and Saxena D. 1991. Uses of Bryophytes. Today and Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers, New Delhi. 12. Richardson, D.H.S. 1981. The Biology of Mosses. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, London.
15 Paper 203– Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics Note : Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be very short answer type questions covering the entire syllabus will be compulsory. Remaining eight questions will be set section-wise with two questions from each Unit. As far as possible, each question will be sub-divided into parts and will not be essay type. The candidates will be required to attempt Question No.1 and four more selecting from each Unit. All questions carry equal marks.
UNIT-I 1) Chromosomes – Structure of A and B chromosomes, 2) Special Chromosomes – Structure occurrence and behaviour of polytene and lampbrush chromosomes. 3) Cell Cycle and control mechanisms 4) Linkage and crossing over – Molecular mechanism of crossing over and role of different enzymes. Chromosome mapping, linkage groups. UNIT-II 5) Sex determination: Chromosomes and genes in controlling type of in plants, animals, Drosophila and humans; Gene dosage compensation. 6) Structural alterations in chromosomes: Origin, meiosis and breeding behaviour of duplication, deficiency, inversion and translocation heterozygotes. 7) Variation in chromosome number: haploids, aneuploids and euploids --their origin occurrence production and effects. UNIT-III 8) Mutations: types, isolation of mutants, molecular basis of mutations. 9) Fine structure of gene: cis-trans test, rII locus, fine structure analysis of eukaryotes. 10) Genome Organization and conjugation, transduction and transformation in bacteria.. UNIT-IV 11) Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes: Operon concept, lac operon regulation by positive and negative mechanism, trp operon, regulation by negative and attenuation. 12) Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes. Transcriptional level: Regulatory sequences, nucleosome positioning, chromatin remodeling, histone modifications Post-transcriptional level: RNA splicing, RNA stability. Translational level Post-translational level
16
Suggested Readings : 1. Alberts, B., Bray, D., Lewis, J. Raff, M. Roberts, K., and Watson J.D. 1999. Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland Publishing Inc., New York. 2. Lehninger, A.L. 1992. Principles of Biochemistry. Worth Publishers, New York. 3. Brown, T.A. 1999. Genomes. John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pvt. Ltd., Singapore. 4. Burns, G.W. and Bottino, P.J. 1989. The Science of Genetics, Macmillan Publishing Co. New York. 5. Clark D. 2005, Molecular abiology, Understanding the Genetic Revolution. Elsevier Inc. C. California. 6. Gustafron, J.P. 2002. Genomes.Kluwer Academic Plenum Publishers, New York, USA. 7. Hartl D.L. 1999. Genetics Principles and analysis. (4th Ed.) Jones and Bartle, Boston. 8. Henry, R.J. 1997. Practical Applications of Plant Molecular Biology Chapman & Hall, London, UK. 9. Klug, W.S. and Cunning. M.R. 1996. Essentials of Genetics. Prentice Hall London. 10. Lewin, Benjamin. 2005. Genes VIII. Oxford University Press, New York. 11. Lodish, H. Berk, A. Zipursky, S.L., Matsudaira, P., Baltimore, D. and Darnell, J. 2000. Molecular Cell Biology. (4th Ed.), W.H. Freeman Co. New york. 12. Rawn, J.D. (1989). Biochemistry. Neil Patterson Publishing. 13. Russell, P.J. 1998. Genetics (5th Ed.) The Benjamin/ Cummings Publishing Comp. Inc. 14. Snustad, P. and Simmons, M.J. 2003. Principles of Genetics. (2nd Ed.). John Wiley, New York. 15. Swanson, C.P., Mertz. T and Young W.J. 1981. Cytogenetics. The Chromosome in Division, Inheritance and Evolution (2nd Ed.). Englewood Cliffs, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. 16. Weaver R.F., 2005, Molecular Biology, McGraw Hill International Edition. 17. Weaver, R.F. and Hedrick, P.W. 1997. Genetics (3rd Ed.) WMC Brown, Chicago.
17 Paper 204: Natural Resources and Biodiversity Note : Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be very short answer type questions covering the entire syllabus will be compulsory. Remaining eight questions will be set section-wise with two questions from each Unit. As far as possible, each question will be sub-divided into parts and will not be essay type. The candidates will be required to attempt Question No.1 and four more selecting from each Unit. All questions carry equal marks.
UNIT-I 1) Land resources: Land degradation and desertification; management of waste lands in India. 2) Water resources: Pools of water and Hydrological cycles, surface water and ground water; water-use and management 3) Environmental pollution of air, water and soil-Types, sources and effects. UNIT-II 4) Forest resources: Forests and their importance, Non timber forest produce, forest resources of India and forest management. 5) Types of energy resources, renewable sources of energy- wind energy, wave energy, Energy from biomass, bioconversion technologies, energy plantation and petrocrops. 6) Ecosystem restoration and Environment impact assessment- Brief account. UNIT-III 7) Principals of resources conservation and conservation strategies. 8) Biological diversity: importance, concept and levels biodiversity; threats to biodiversityhabitat loss and fragmentation, exotic species, pollution, species extinctions; IUCN categories of threat. 9) Distribution and global patterns of biodiversity 10) Terrestrial and marine hotspots of biodiversity; Hotspots of biodiversity in India. UNIT-IV 11) In situ conservation of biodiversity: Protected area in India: sanctuaries, national parks, biosphere reserves. 12) Conservation of biodiversity of wetlands, mangroves and coral reefs. 13) Ex situ biodiversity conservation: principles and practices, field gene banks, seed banks, and cryopreservation. 14) Sustainable development: concept, principles and strategies; sustainability indicators. Suggested Readings: 1. Ball, J.B. 2001. Global forest resources: history and dynamics. In: Forests Handbook Volume 1, Evans, J. (ed). Blackwell Science, Oxford. 2. Chape, S., Fish, L., Fox, P. and Spalding, M. 2003. United Nations list of protected areas. IUCN/UNEP/World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Gland, Switzerland/Cambridge
18 3. Gopal, B. (ed.) 1987. Ecology and Management of Aquatic Vegetation of the Indian Subcontinent. W. Junk bv. The Hague. 4. Heywood, V.(Ed.) (1995). Global Biodiversity Assessment. United Nations Environment Programme, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. 5. Huston, M.A. 1994. Biological Diversity: The Coexistence of Species on Changing Landscapes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 6. Owen,O.S., Chiras, D.D.and Reganold,J.P.1998.Natural Resource Conservation: Management for Sustainable Future. Seventh Edition. Prentice Hall.Upper Sadle River, New Jersey. 7. Peter H. Raven, P.H. and Berg , L. R. Berg. 2005. Environment, 5th Edition. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York. 8. Singh, J.S. and Singh, S.P. 1992. Forests of Himalaya, Structure, Functioning and Impact of Man. Gyanodaya Prakashan, Nainital, India. 9. Singh,J.S., Singh,S.P. and Gupta, S.R. 2006. Ecology, Environment and Resource Conservation, Anamaya Publishers, New Delhi.
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SEMESTER – III Paper –301: Plant Physiology and Plant Biochemistry Note : Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be very short answer type questions covering the entire syllabus will be compulsory. Remaining eight questions will be set section-wise with two questions from each Unit. As far as possible, each question will be sub-divided into parts and will not be essay type. The candidates will be required to attempt Question No.1 and four more selecting from each Unit. All questions carry equal marks.
UNIT-I 1) Water: Basic Molecule of Cell a) Structure, physico-chemical properties and importance of water. b) Passive and active absorption of water. c) Dissociation of water and pH. 2) Stress Physiology a) Physiology of plants under drought and heat, heat shock proteins, pre-sowing hardening of plants against drought. b) Physiological basis of frost hardiness and resistance of plants to salinity. UNIT-II 3) Mineral Nutrition a) Inorganic nutrition in plants and criteria of their essentiality. b) Techniques for nutrition studies, water and sand cultures, nutrient solutions and their use, chelating agents. c) Role and mode of action of micro and macro-nutrients. d) Metal toxicity. 4) Absorption and Transport of Solutes a) Cell ionic relations, passive flow and carrier mechanisms in the active uptake of solutes. b) Lundegard’s hypothesis; ATPase pumps and ion transport. c) Transport of minerals and organic solutes. UNIT-III 5) Enzymology a) Chemical nature and properties, classification and nomenclature (IUB system) of enzymes. b) Structure and functions of ATP, general aspects of isozymes. c) Michaelis constant and reaction velocity of enzymes. d) Coenzymes : Structure and functions of NAD,NADP, Coenyme-A 6) Plant Pigments a) Chlorophyll and pigments of Cyanobacteria and Bacteria: their role in photosynthesis. b) Carotenoids and other accessory pigments. 7) Photosynthesis
20 a) General concepts, historical account, evolution of photosynthetic apparatus, the absorption of light and light harvesting complex, the conversion of light energy and photo-oxidation of water, water oxidizing clock, cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation. b) The sequence of reactions in photosynthesis, the path of carbon assimilation (C3 and C4 cycles, CAM pathway), chemosynthesis. UNIT-IV 8) Respiration a) Overview of plant respiration, significance, mechanism of respiration and b) Fermentation, glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain and ATP synthesis, pentose phosphate pathway, glyoxylate cycle, alternate oxidase system, general account of photorespiration. 9) Nitrogen Metabolism a) Biochemistry of nitrogen fixation, the enzyme nitrogenase, nitrogen fixation in legumes and free living systems, nitrate reduction, amination, transamination, biosynthesis of amino acids, protein synthesis. 10) Lipid Metabolism a) Fat synthesis b) Alpha and beta oxidation and conservation into carbohydrates. Suggested Readings 1. Audus, L.J. (1972). Plant Growth Substances. Vol.I Chemistry and Physiology. Leonard Hill, London. 2. Bonner, J. and Varner, J.E. (1976). Plant Biochemistry, IIIrd Edition, Academic Press, New York and London. 3. Buchanan, B.B., Gruissem, W. and Jones, R.L. (2000). Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants. American Society of Plant Physiologists, Maryland, USA. 4. Davies, Peter J. (1995). Plant Hormones: Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 2nd Edition. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands. 5. Dey, P.M. and Harborne, J.B. (1997), First Indian Edition, Plant Biochemistry. Academic Press, Harcourt Asia Pvt. Ltd. 6. Garrett, R.H. and Grisham, C.M. (1999). Biochemistry. Second edition. Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia. 7. Hopkins, W.G. 1995 Introduction to Plant Physiology, John Wiley and Sons. 8. Krishnamoorthy, H.N. (1993). Physiology of Plant Growth and Development. Atma Ram and Sons, Delhi. 9. Kumar, H.D. and Singh, H.N. (1993). Plant Metabolism. Second edition, Affiliated East-West Press Pvt Ltd. New Delhi. 10. Lehninger, A.L. (1978). Biochemistry. Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana, India (Indian edition). 11. Lehninger, A.L, Nelson, D.L. and Co MM 1993Principles of Biochemistry Second edition, CBS Publishers. 12. Moore, Thomas. C. (1989). Biochemistry and Physiology of Plant Hormones. Second edition (Reprint 1994), Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.. 13. Noggle, G.R. and Fritz, G.J. (1983). Introductory Plant Physiology, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, Second edition Seventh reprint, 1993. 14. Salisbury, F.B. and Ross, C.W. (1992). Plant Physiology. Fourth edition, Wadsworth Publishing Co. Belmont, California, USA.
21 15. Singhal, G.S. Renger, G., Sopory, S.K., Irrgang, K.D. and Govindjee (editors) (1999). Concepts in Photobiology: Photosynthesis and Photomorphogenesis. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi. 16. Srivastava, L.M. (2006). Plant Growth and Development : Hormones and Environment. Academic Press. Published by Elsevier India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 17. Taiz, L and Zeiger, E. (1998). Plant Physiology. Second edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers, Massachusetts, USA 18. Trehan, K. (1990). Biochemistry. Second edition, Wiley-Eastern Ltd., New Delhi. 19. Trivedi, P.C. (2005). Applied Botany. Aavishkar Publishers, Distributors, Jaipur. 20. Trivedi, P.C. (2006). Plant Molecular Physiology: Current Scenario and Future Projections. Aavishkar Publishers, Distributors, Jaipur. 21. Weil, J.H. (1990). General Biochemistry. Sixth edition. Wiley-Eastern, New Age International Publishers, New Delhi. 22. Wilkins, M.B. (1987). Advanced Plant Physiology, ELBS, Longman, England. 23. Zubay, Geoffrey. (1989). Biochemistry. Mc.Millan Publishing Co. New York.
22 Paper-302: Plant Taxonomy and Economic Botany Note : Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be very short answer type questions covering the entire syllabus will be compulsory. Remaining eight questions will be set section-wise with two questions from each Unit. As far as possible, each question will be sub-divided into parts and will not be essay type. The candidates will be required to attempt Question No.1 and four more selecting from each Unit. All questions carry equal marks.
1) 2) 3) 4)
UNIT-I The Species concept, Taxonomic hierarchy, Species, Genus and Family Taxonomic evidence: Morphology, anatomy, palynology. Taxonomic Tools: Herbarium and Floras. Botanical Grdens and herabaria in India; Botanical Survey of India its organization and role.
UNIT-II 5) Salient Features of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. 6) Systems of classifications of angiosperms Benthom & Hooker; Engler & Prantl; Hutchinson; Cronquist; Takhtajan; Dahlgren and Thorne; Relative merits and demerits of these systems. UNIT-III 7) Origin of agriculture; World centers of primary diversity of domesticated plants. 8) Origin, evolution, botany, cultivation and uses of cereals (wheat, rice), oil yielding plants (groundnut, mustard, sunflower) UNIT-IV 9) Botany, origin and uses of important fibres (cotton, jute), 10) General account of important spices, 11) General account of medicinal plants with emphasis on Indian Medicinal plants 12) General account of important timber, dye, gums and tannin yielding plants Suggested Readings: 1. Radford, A.E. 1986. Fundamentals of Plant Systematics. Harper and Row Publishers Inc. 2. Lawrence, G.H.M. 1951. Taxonomy of vascular plants. The Mac millan Co., New York. 3. Davis, P.H. and Heywood, V.H. 1965. Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy. D Van Nostrand Co., New York. 4. Sivarajan, V.V. 1984. Introduction to Principles of Plant Taxonnomy. Oxford IBH Pub. Co., New Delhi. 5. Kochar, S.L. 1981. Economic Botany in the Tropics. Macmillan India Ltd., Delhi. 6. Hill, A.F. 1952. Economic Botany (2nd Ed.) McGraw Hill, New York. 7. Cobley, L.S. and Steele, W.M. 1976. An Introduction to the Botany of Tropical Crops (2nd Ed.) Longmans, London. 8. Simmonds, N.W. 1976. Evolution of Crop Plants Longman, London, New York. 9. SambaMurthy, AVS and Subrahmanyam, N.S. 1989. A Text Book of Economic Botany. Wiley Eastern Ltd.,Delhi 10. Judd, W.S.; Campbell. C.S., Kellogg, E.A. and Stevens, P.F. 1999. Plant Systematics A Phylogenetic Approach. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers, Sunderland, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
23 Paper-303: Biotechnology-I Note : Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be very short answer type questions covering the entire syllabus will be compulsory. Remaining eight questions will be set section-wise with two questions from each Unit. As far as possible, each question will be sub-divided into parts and will not be essay type. The candidates will be required to attempt Question No.1 and four more selecting from each Unit. All questions carry equal marks.
UNIT-I 1) Recombinant DNA technology-enzymes and vectors (plasmids, cosmids, lambda, artificial chromosomes) in gene cloning; gel electrophoresis, labeling of nucleic acids, cloning in bacteria construction, screening of genomic and c-DNA libraries. UNIT-II 2) Fermentation technology-Batch and continuous system, Media for industrial fermentation, Production of wine, beer, antibiotics (penicillin, tetracycline), amino acids (lysine, glutamic acid). UNIT-III 3) Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer: Ti and Ri plasmids, Marker genes, Direct gene transfer: particle bombardment, electroporation, microinjection, chemical gene transfer, gene silencing 4) Enzyme engineering and immobilization. Methods and significance of enzyme engineering. Methods and importance of enzyme immobilization. UNIT-IV 5) Plant Cell and Tissue Culture; introduction, history, scope, concept of cellular differentiation Totipotency, organogenesis and adventive embryogenesis; Fundamental aspects of morphogenesis, somatic embryogenesis and androgenesis-mechanisms, techniques and utility. Suggested Readings: 1. Bhojwani, S.S. and Razdan, M.K. 1996. Plant Tissue Culture: Theory and Practice Elsevier Science Publishers, New York. 2. Bhojwani, S.S. 1990. Plant Tissue Culture: Applications and Limitations. Elsevier Science Publishers, New York. Brown, 3. Brown, T.A. 1999. Genomes. John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pvt. Ltd., Singapore. 4. Callow, J.A., Ford-Lloyd, B.V. and Newbury, H.J. 1997. Biotechnology and Plant Genetic Resources: Conservation and use. CAB International, Oxon, UK. 5. Chrispeols, M.J. and Sadava, D.E. 1994. Plants, Genes and Agriculture. Jones & Bartlett Publishers, Boston, USA 6. Collins, H.A. and Edwards, S. 1998. Plant Cell Culture, Bios Scientific Publishers, Oxford, UK. 7. Glazer, A.H. and Nikaido, H. 1995. Microbial Biotechnology, W.H. Freeman & Company, New York, USA
24 8. Gustafson, J.P. 2000. Genomes, Kluwer Academic Plenum Publishers, New York. 9. Henry, R.J. 1997. Practical Applications of Plant Molecular Biology. Chapman & Hall, London. 10. Jain, S.M.; Sopory, S.K. and Veilleux, R.E. 1996. In vitro haploid Production in Higher Plants, Vol. 1-5, Fundamental Aspects and methods. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 11. Kartha, K.K. 1985. Cryopreservation of Plant Cells and Organs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA. 12. Old, R.W. and Primrose, S.B. 1989. Principles of Gene Manipulation. Blackwell Scientific Publishers, Oxford, UK. 13. Primrose, S.B. 1995. Principles of Genome Analysis. Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford, UK. 14. Shantharam, S. and Montgomery, J.F. 1999. Biotechnology, Biosafety, and Biodiversity. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 15. Trehan, K. 1990. Biotechnology, Wiley Eastern, New Delhi. 16. Vasil, I.K. and Thorpe, T.A. 1994. Plant Cell and Tissue Culture. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.
25 Paper –304: Computer Applications and Biostastics Note : Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be very short answer type questions covering the entire syllabus will be compulsory. Remaining eight questions will be set section-wise with two questions from each Unit. As far as possible, each question will be sub-divided into parts and will not be essay type. The candidates will be required to attempt Question No.1 and four more selecting from each Unit. All questions carry equal marks.
UNIT-I 1) Introduction to digital computers: Organization; low level and high level languages; binary number system 2) Flow charts and Programming Technique 3) Programming Languages: Introduction to programming in Q Basic and C UNIT-II 4) Data & Database: Introduction to data structure and database concepts 5) Application Software: Introduction to MS Office software covering word processing, spreadsheets, and presentation software; Introduction to SPS. UNIT-III 6) Bioinformatics and Ecoinformatics: An Overview. 7) Computer-oriented Statistical Techniques: Frequency table of single discrete variable, bubble sort, computation of mean, variance and standard deviation; t-test, correlation coefficient 8) Internet: Introduction to internet and its applications UNIT -IV 9) Biostastistics: Brief description and tabulation of data and its graphical representation 10) Measures of central tendency and dispersion; Mean, mode, median, range, standard deviation, variance, idea of two types of errors and level of significance, tests of significance (F & t test) ; chi-square test. 11) Simple Linear Regression and Correlation Suggested Reading: 1. Bioinformatics 1998. Baxevanis. 2. Bioinformatics 2000. Higgins & taylor OUP 3. C++ from scratch. J. Liberty 4. How computers work, 2000. Ron White. Techmedia. 5. How the Internet work 2000. Preston Gralla. Techmedia. 6. Necleic Acids Research 2001. Jan. Genome Database issue. 7. Practical Statistics for Experimental Biologists. (1985) Wardlaw, A.C. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. NY. 8. Programming in C- E. Balaguru Swamy. 9. Statistics for Biologists (1974) Campbell R.C. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 10. Statistics in Biolog, Vol.1 (1967) Bliss, C.I.K, McGraw Hill, New York.
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Paper-305(a): Advanced Phycology (Elective) Note : Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be very short answer type questions covering the entire syllabus will be compulsory. Remaining eight questions will be set section-wise with two questions from each Unit. As far as possible, each question will be sub-divided into parts and will not be essay type. The candidates will be required to attempt Question No.1 and four more selecting from each Unit. All questions carry equal marks.
Fundamentals of Phycology UNIT-I 1) Mineral nutrition in algae with emphasis on Calcium, Iron, Nickel, Molybdenum, Sodium and Silica. 2) Synchronous & continuous cultures and their uses; Physiology of nutrient regulated algal growth. UNIT-II 3) Limits to algal growth in natural waters. 4) Dynamics and consequences of marine & freshwater algal blooms; Causative factors for eutrophication and its impact on algal blooms. UNIT-III 5) Algae in water supplies, Algal biofouling of ships & ancient monuments: its control; Algal diseases in plants & humans. 6) Ecological aspects: Symbiosis, thermal, marine, psychrophilic, sub-aerial and paddy field algal flora with emphasis on Cyanobacteria. UNIT-IV 7) Influence of heavy metals & acid rain on algae: Ecological effects of uptake & accumulation of metals; Physiological & biochemical aspects, mechanism of tolerance. 8) Mechanisms of adaptation to toxicants, pesticides & salt stress.
Suggested Readings: 1. Akatsuka, I. (1994): Biology of Economic Algae, SPB Academic Publishing bv, Hague, Netherlands. 2. Becker, E.W. (1994): Microalgae - Biotechnology & Microbiology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. 3. Carr, N.C. & Whitton, B.A. (1982): The biology of cyanobacteria Blackwell Scientific Publ., Oxford, U.K. 4. Dubey, R.C. (2006): Introduction to Biotechnology, Delhi Book Trust, New Delhi. 5. Fatma, T. (2005): Cyanobacterial and Algal Metabolism and Environmental Biotechnology, Narosa Publihing Home, New Delhi. 6. Fay, P & C van Baalen (1987): The cyan bacteria, Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V. Amsterdam, Netherlands. 7. Graham, L.E. & Wilcox, L.W. (1999): Algae, Benjamin Cummings, USA.
27 8. Gupta, R.K. & Pandey, V.D. (2007): Advaces in Applied Phycology, Daya Publishing House, Daryaganj, New Delhi. 9. Hoek, C. Van Den, Mann, D.G. & Jahns, H.M. (1995): Algae: An Introduction to Phycology, Cambridge University Press, U.K. 10. Kashyap, A.K. (1994): Recent Advances in Phycology, Rastogi & Company, Meerut 11. Kaushik, B.D. (1987): Laboratory methods for Blue-green Algae, Associated Publishing Co., New Delhi. 12. Morris, I. (1980): The Physiological Ecology of Phytoplankton (studies in Ecology, Vol.7), Blackwell Scientific Publ., USA. 13. Prescott, L.M., Harley, J.P. & Klein, D.A. (1996): Microbiology, 3rd edition, Wm. C. Brown Publishers, USA. 14. Shubert (1984): Algae as Ecological Indicators, Academic Press, U.S.A. 15. Singh, B.D. (1998): Biotechnology, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. 16. Singh, R.P. (1990): Introductory Biotechnology, Central Book Depot, Allahabad, India. 17. Sze, P. (1993): A. biology of the Algae, Wm. C. Brown Publishers, U.K. 18. Trainer, F.R. (1978): Introductory Phycology, John Wiley & Sons, New York, USA. 19. Venkataraman, G.S. ((1969): The Cultivation of Algae, IARI, New Delhi.
28 Paper – 305(b): Applied Mycology (Elective) Note : Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be very short answer type questions covering the entire syllabus will be compulsory. Remaining eight questions will be set section-wise with two questions from each Unit. As far as possible, each question will be sub-divided into parts and will not be essay type. The candidates will be required to attempt Question No.1 and four more selecting from each Unit. All questions carry equal marks.
UNIT-I 1) Primary metabolites production by fungi: industrial alcohol, organic acid, beer. 2) Secondary metabolites production by fungi: Antibiotics, steroid transformation,. Enzymes, amino acids, growth regulators, vitamins UNIT-II 3) Fungi as biofertilizers : Endomycorrhizae and ectomycorrhizae. 4) Fungi as biocontrol of plant pathogens and weeds. 5) Biodeterioration of materials: Paper, painted surface, wood. UNIT-III 6) Food processing by fungi: Bread, cheese, oriental food and baker’s yeast. 7) Fungal sources of health food: Single cell protein, edible mushrooms. 8) Spoilage of food and fungal toxicity. UNIT-IV 9) Culturing and preservation of fungi: isolation of fungi, culturing of fungi, establishing a pure culture, aspectic technique, maintenance of culture collection, culture collection and identification centres. 10) Common culture media and sterilization techniques. Suggested Readings: 1. Alexopoulos, C.J. Mins, C.W. & Blackwell, M. (1995): Introductory Mycology, John Willy and Sons. Inc. 2. Bilgrami, K.SA. & Verma R.N. (1981): Physiology of fungi, Vikas Publ. Ltd., New Delhi. 3. Biswas, S.P. & Biswas, A. (1984): An Introduction to Viruses, Vani Education Books, New Delhi. 4. Butler, E.J. & Jones, S.G. (1976): Plant Pathology, Periodical Expert Book Agency, New Delhi. 5. Clifton, A. (1958): Introduction to the Bacteria. McGraw Hill Books Co. New York. 6. Dubey, R.C. (2005): A Text Book of Biotechnology, S Chand & Co. Ltd., New Delhi. 7. Bilgrami, K.S. & Dubey H.C. (1986): A text book of Moderm Plant Pathology, Vikas, Publ Ltd., N.Delhi. 8. Gupta, R. & Mukerji, K.G. (2001): Microbial Technology, APH Publ. Co., New Delhi. 9. Mehrotra, R.S. & Aneja, K.R. (1990): An introduction of Mycology, New Age International Press, N.Delhi.
29 10. Michael J. Pelezar, E.C.S. Chaing & N.R. Krieg, 1993: Microbiology. Tata Mc Graw Hill Publ. N. Delhi. 11. Mundukur, B.B. (1967): Fungi & Plant Diseases, Pochillion Co. Ltd., USA. 12. Prescott, L.M., Harley, J.P. & Klein, D.A. (1996): Microbiology, 3rd edition, Wm.C.Brown Publ., USA. 13. Ronald M. Atlas (1995): Principles of Microbiology. Mosby-Year Book, Inc. St. Louis, Missouri, USA. 14. Moore-landeckar, E.J. (1972): Fundamentals of the fungi, Prentice Hall, Eaglewood, U.K. 15. Sumbali, G. (2005): The Fungi, Narosa Publ. House, New Delhi.
30 Paper-305(c): Restoration Ecology (Elective) Note : Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be very short answer type questions covering the entire syllabus will be compulsory. Remaining eight questions will be set section-wise with two questions from each Unit. As far as possible, each question will be sub-divided into parts and will not be essay type. The candidates will be required to attempt Question No.1 and four more selecting from each Unit. All questions carry equal marks.
UNIT-I 1) Natural and anthropogenic disturbances: Characteristics and sources, effects on structural and functioning of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. 2) Restoration-Terms and definitions, Importance of ecological restoration: strategies of Restoration-Natural recovery, active restoration, rehabilitation. Restoration plan and rehabilitation measures; 3) Physical, Chemical, Biological tools of restoration. UNIT-II 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9)
Community organization: The role of keystone species and mutualism. Microbial diversity and ecological restoration. Prevention and mitigation of invasive species; Habitant fragmentation Ecosystem stability: Structural and functional stability. Global change and Human impact on ecological systems Climate change mitigation and Biological carbon sequestration
UNIT-III 10) Restoration of soil fertility of degraded lands: No-tillage, role of mycorrhizae, forestry plantations, biofertilizers ; Rehabilitation of salt affected soils 11) Sustainable forestry management and agroforestry 12) Biotechnological Tools of Restoration. 13) Environmental impact and risk assessment UNIT-IV 14) Degradation and Restoration of forest and grassland ecosystems. 15) Degradation and restoration of aquatic resources: River corridors, wetlands and lakes. Adaptive restoration of wetlands; Waste water recycling and waste management 16) Reclamation of mining sites, Bioremediation and Phyto remediation Suggested Readings: 1. 2. 3. 4.
Botkin, D.B. and E.A. Keller (2004). Environment Science: Earth as a Living Planet, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York. Carson, Rachel . 1962. Silent spring. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Manahan, S.E. 2000. Environmental Chemistry. Seventh Edition. Lewis Publishers, New York Mitsch, W.J. and Jorgensen, S.E. (eds.) 1989. Ecological Engineering: An Introduction to Ecotechnology. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
31 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.
Morgan, R.K. Environmental Impact Assessment; A methodological Perspective. Kluwer Academic Publishers, London. Pierzynski, G.M., Sims, J.T. and Vance, G.F. 2000. Soils and Environmental Quality. Second Edition. CRC press, New York. Singh,J.S., Singh,S.P. and Gupta, S.R. 2006. Ecology, Environment and Resource Conservation, Anamaya Publishers, New Delhi. Bradshaw, A.D. and Chadwick, M.J. (1980). The Restoration of Land Ecology and Reclamation f Derelict and Degraded Land Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford, England. Pace, M.L. and Groffman, P.M. (Eds.) (1998). Success, limitations and Frontiers in Ecosystem Science, Springer Verlag, New York. Packard, S. and Mutel C.F. eds. (1997). The Tall Grass Restoration Handbook, Island Press, Washington, DC. Petts, G. and Calow P. Larsen, P. (1996). River Restoration a Blackwell Science, Oxford, England. Urbanska, K.M. Webb, N.R. and Edwards, P.J. (1998). Restoration Ecology and Sustainable Development. (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge). USEPA (2000). Principles for the Ecological Restoration of Aquatic Resources. EPA 841-F-00003. Office of Water (4501F), United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. 4pp.
32 Paper-305(d): Advanced Plant Physiology (Elective) Note : Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be very short answer type questions covering the entire syllabus will be compulsory. Remaining eight questions will be set section-wise with two questions from each Unit. As far as possible, each question will be sub-divided into parts and will not be essay type. The candidates will be required to attempt Question No.1 and four more selecting from each Unit. All questions carry equal marks.
UNIT-I 1) Techniques to study Plant Metabolism a) Tracer techniques b) Chromatography- PC, TLC, GC and Column chromatography c) Colorimetry and spectrophotometry. d) Electrophoresis: Principle & historical account; acrylamide gel electrophoresis. UNIT-II 2) Keto Acid Metabolism a) Importance of keto acids b) Methodology for qualitative and quantitative estimations. c) Metabolic studies in relation to seedling growth, flower development and fruit setting, and C4-pathway. d) Amino acids: Protein and free amino acids- extraction, separation and significance. UNIT-III 3) Photosynthesis a) The four major complexes of thylakoids. b) The path of carbon in photosynthesis (C3, C4 and CAM plants) c) Rubisco, structure and its association with the mechanism of carboxylation and oxygenation of RUBP. d) C4 dicarboxylic acid cycle; NADP-ME, PCK and NAD-D-ME type of CO2-fixation. Tco-2. UNIT-IV 4. Respiration a) Cyanide insensitive respiration: (i)Historical account and discovery; (ii)Mechanism and significance. b) Comparison between normal electron transport chain and alternate oxidase pathway of respiration. c) Glycolic acid metabolism and photorespiration. d) Glyoxylate cycle.
Suggested Reading 1.Bonner, J. and Varner, J.E. (1976) Plant Biochemistry, Academic Press, New York and London (Third Edition). 2. Buchanan, B.B., Gruissem, w. and Jones, R.L. (2000). Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants. American Society of Plant Physiologists, Maryland, USA.
33 3. Cooper, T.G. (1977). Electrophoresis. In : The Tools of Biochemistry. John Wiley and Sons., New York. 4. Dey, P.M. and Harborne, J.B. (1997), First Indian edition, 2000). Plant Biochemistry. Academic Press, Harcourt Asia Pvt. Ltd. 5. Noggle, G.r. and Fritz, G.J. (1983). Introductory Plant Physiology. Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2nd edition (Seventh reprint, 1992). 6. Salisbury, F.B. and Ross, G.W. (1992). Plant Physiology. Fourth Edition, Wadsworth Publishing Co. Belmont, California, USA. 7. Sawhney, S.K. and Singh, Randhir. (2000). Introductory Practical Biochemistry, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi. 8. Solmos, T. (1977). Cyanide resistant respiration in higher plants. In : Ann. Rev. Pl. Physiol. 28: 279-297.
34 Paper-305(e): Crop Improvement (Elective) Note : Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be very short answer type questions covering the entire syllabus will be compulsory. Remaining eight questions will be set section-wise with two questions from each Unit. As far as possible, each question will be sub-divided into parts and will not be essay type. The candidates will be required to attempt Question No.1 and four more selecting from each Unit. All questions carry equal marks.
UNIT- I 1) Genetic Basis of Plant Breeding ; Conventional techniques of plant breeding for Self pollinated crops Cross pollinated crops Vegetatively propagated crops 2) Hybridization in crop improvement: genetic consequences, overcoming the barriers, inbreeding depression, handling the hybrid material . 3) Breeding for disease resistance UNIT – II 4) Chromosome breeding; haploids, aneuploids, polyploids in plant breeding, induction of polyploidy and applications. 5) Mutation breeding: Induced mutations, different mutagens and role of induced mutations in crop improvement. 6) Heterosis; male sterility and hybrid production 7) Distant hybridization : Somatic hybridization , Embryo rescue UNIT-III 8) Crop Improvement in India: History, centres, projects and achievements for improvement of different crops. a) Wheat b) Maize c) Pulses d) Rice e) Cotton f) Sugarcane g) Oil seeds 9) Crop Genetic Resources: Classification; Centres of Diversity, Genetic resource activities. 10) International Institutes/ Centres of Agricultural Research UNIT-IV 11) Molecular Breeding : Molecular markers, Consstruction of molecular maps, molecular mapping of genes – monogenetic and polygenetic traits; QTL mapping 12) Marker assisted breeding – Estimation of genetic diversity, identification of crop varieties, market aided selection, Positional cloning of genes,
35 13) Intellectual Property Rights and Ethical Issues – Intellectual property rights (IPR); Patents, trade secrets, copyright, trademarks; Plant genetic resources; GATT & TRIPPS; Patenting of biological material; Plant breeders rights (PBRs) and farmers rights; Biosafety and containment practices. 1. Suggested Readings : 2. Allard, R.W. 1960, Principles of Plant Breeding. John Wiley & Sons, New York 3. Chopra, V.L. 2000 Plant Breeding Theory and Practice (second edition), Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 4. Chopra, V.L. 2001 Plant Breeding: Field Crops. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 5. Gatehouse, A.M.R., V.A. Hilder & D.Boulter 1992 . Plant Genetic Manipulation for Crop Protection (Biotechnology in Agriculture Series) C.A.B. International 6. Glick, B.R., J.J. Pasternak 2004 – Molecular Biotechnology, Principles & Applications of Recombinant DNA. ASM Press Washington. 7. Hayes H.K., Immer F.R. & Smith D.C. 1955, Methods of Plant Breeding McGraw Hill Book Co., New York. 8. Maye, O. 1980. The theory of Plant Breeding, Clarendon Press, Oxford. 9. Owners, Dewell. D. – Genetic Engineering Applications to Agriculture (1983) Rowman & Allanheld Publishers, Granda, London, Toronto, Sydney. 10. Poehlmann, J.M. and Sleeper, D.R. 1995. Breeding Field Crops. Panima Publishing House, New Delhi. 11. Simmonds, N.W. 1979 Evolution of Crop Improvement. Longman London. 12. Singh B.D. Principles and Methods of Plant Breeding. 13. Swaminthan, M.S., Gupta P.K. and Sinha, V. (Eds.) 1983. Cytogenetics of Crop Plants. Macmillan India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
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SEMESTER – IV Paper –401: Physiology of Plant Growth and Development Note : Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be very short answer type questions covering the entire syllabus will be compulsory. Remaining eight questions will be set section-wise with two questions from each Unit. As far as possible, each question will be sub-divided into parts and will not be essay type. The candidates will be required to attempt Question No.1 and four more selecting from each Unit. All questions carry equal marks.
UNIT-I 1. Plant Growth a) Growth concepts and parameters for its measurement. b) Growth curves and compound interest law of growth c) Growth analysis and totipotency 2. Common Plant Growth Regulators History of discovery, bioassays, structure, metabolism, transport, significance and mechanism of action of: a) Auxins b) Gibberellins c) Cytokinins d) Ethylene e) Abscisic acid. 3. Hormonal receptors and signal transduction UNIT-II 4. General account of phenolics and flavonoids 5. Polyamines, growth retardants and morphactins. UNIT-III 6. Plant Development: Germination and Dormancy of seeds and buds; factors affecting dormancy and its regulation by plant growth regulators and environmental factors. 7. Plant Senescence and Programmed Cell Death a) Basic concepts, difference with ageing, classification and physiological and biochemical markers. b) Metabolic changes associated with leaf senescence and its regulation by plant growth regulators and environmental factors. UNIT-IV 8. Sensory Photobiology a) History of discovery of phytochromes and cryptochromes, their photochemical and biochemical properties, diversity of photoresponses.
37 b) Phytochrome and differential gene activity, control of RNA and protein synthesis, anthocyanin synthesis and PAL activity by phytochrome, photomorphogenic receptors. 9. The Flowering Process a) Photoperiodism and its significance, photoperiodic perception, induction, floral initiation and development of flowers, importance of dark periods and phytochrome, role of vernalization. b) Nature and events during flowering, florigen concept, Gibberellin-Anthesin hypothesis, chemical control of flowering. Suggested Readings 24. Audus, L.J. (1972). Plant Growth Substances. Vol.I Chemistry and Physiology. Leonard Hill, London. 25. Bonner, J. and Varner, J.E. (1976). Plant Biochemistry,IIIrd Edition, Academic Press, New York and London. 26. Buchanan, B.B., Gruissem, W. and Jones, R.L. (2000). Biochemstry and Molecular Biology of Plants. American Society of Plant Physiologists, Maryland, USA. 27. Davies, Peter J. (1995). Plant Hormones: Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 2nd Edition. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands. 28. Dey, P.M. and Harborne, J.B. (1997), First Indian Edition, Plant Biochemistry. Academic Press, Harcourt Asia Pvt.Ltd. 29. Garrett, R.H. and Grisham, C.M. (1999). Biochemistry. Second edition. Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia. 30. Hopkins, W.G. 1995 Introduction to Plant Physiology, John Wiley and Sons. 31. Krishnamoorthy, H.N. (1993). Physiology of Plant Growth and Development. Atma Ram and Sons, Delhi. 32. Kumar, H.D. and Singh, H.N. (1993). Plant Metabolism. Second edition, Affiliated East-West Press Pvt Ltd. New Delhi. 33. Lehninger, A.L. (1978). Biochemistry. Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana, India (Indian edition). 34. Lehninger, A.L, Nelson, D.L. and Co MM 1993Principles of Biochemistry Second edition, CBS Publishers. 35. Moore, Thomas. C. (1989). Biochemistry and Physiology of Plant Hormones. Second edition (Reprint 1994), Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.. 36. Noggle, G.R. and Fritz, G.J. (1983). Introductory Plant Physiology, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, Second edition Seventh reprint, 1993. 37. Salisbury, F.B. and Ross, C.W. (1992). Plant Physiology. Fourth edition, Wadsworth Publishing Co. Belmont, California, USA. 38. Singhal, G.S. Renger, G., Sopory, S.K., Irrgang, K.D. and Govindjee (editors) (1999). Concepts in Photobiology: Photosynthesis and Photomorphogenesis. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi. 39. Srivastava, L.M. (2006). Plant Growth and Development : Hormones and Environment. Academic Press. Published by Elsevier India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 40. Taiz, L and Zeiger, E. (1998). Plant Physiology. Second edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers, Massachusetts, USA 41. Trehan, K. (1990). Biochemistry. Second edition, Wiley-Eastern Ltd., New Delhi. 42. Trivedi, P.C. (2005). Applied Botany. Aavishkar Publishers, Distributors, Jaipur. 43. Trivedi, P.C. (2006). Plant Molecular Physiology: Current Scenario and Future Projections. Aavishkar Publishers, Distributors, Jaipur.
38 44. Weil, J.H. (1990). General Biochemistry. Sixth edition. Wiley-Eastern, New Age International Publishers, New Delhi. 45. Wilkins, M.B. (1987). Advanced Plant Physiology, ELBS, Longman, England. 46. Zubay, Geoffrey. (1989). Biochemistry. Mc.Millan Publishing Co. New York.
39 Paper-402: Biology of Reproduction and Anatomy Note : Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be very short answer type questions covering the entire syllabus will be compulsory. Remaining eight questions will be set section-wise with two questions from each Unit. As far as possible, each question will be sub-divided into parts and will not be essay type. The candidates will be required to attempt Question No.1 and four more selecting from each Unit. All questions carry equal marks.
Unit I 1. History of plant Embryology 2. Male gametophyte: structure of anther, microsporogenesis, role of tapetum, 3. Pollen development, male sterility; 4. Pollen germination, pollen tube growth and guidance; pollen allergy Unit II 5. Female gametophyte; ovule development, megasporogenesis; 6. Organization of the embryosac, structure of the embryo sac cells. 7. Pollination: Pollination mechanisms and vectors, Unit III 8. Pollen pistil interaction and fertilization; structure of pistils; pollen-stigma interaction sporophytic and gametophytic incompatibility, double fertilization 9. Endosperm development, polyembryony; apomixis 10. Experimental Embryology: in vitro fertilization Anther, Pollen and embryo culture, Unit IV 11. Anatomy in relation to taxonomy. 12. Anomalous secondary Structure: Anomalous secondary growth, anomalous position of cambium, abnormal behaviour of normal cambium, accessory cambium formation and its activity, extrastelar cambium, Interxylary and intraxylary phloem, presence of medullary bundles, cortical bundles, presence of exclusive phloem and xylem bundles, secondary growth in monocots. Suggested Readings: 1. Bhojwani, S.S. and Bhatnagar, S.P. 2000. The Embryology of Angiosperms (4th Ed.), Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi. 2. Shivanna, K.R. and Johri, B.M. 1985. The Angiopsrem Pollen: Structure and Function, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi. 3. Raghavan, V. 1997. Molecular Embryology of Flowering Plants. Cambridge Univ., Press, Cambridge. 4. Johri, B.M. (ed.) Embryology of Angiosperms. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Berlin, 5. Esau, K. 1965. Plant Anatomy. John Wiley & Sons New York. 6. Fahn, A. 1967.Plant Anatomy. Pergamon Press, London, New York. 7. Eames , A.J. and MacDaniels, L.H. 1947. An Introduction to the Plant Anatomy (2nd Ed.), McGraw Book Comp., New York. 8. Eames, A. J. 1961. Morphology of Angiosperms. McGraw Hill Book Company, New York
40 Paper-403: Biotechnology-II Note : Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be very short answer type questions covering the entire syllabus will be compulsory. Remaining eight questions will be set section-wise with two questions from each Unit. As far as possible, each question will be sub-divided into parts and will not be essay type. The candidates will be required to attempt Question No.1 and four more selecting from each Unit. All questions carry equal marks.
UNIT-I 1) Polymerase chain reaction and its applications 2) DNA sequencing 3) Genomic and Proteomics( in brief) Molecular techniques/markers in plant identification and plant improvement: RFLP, RAPD, SSR, AFLP, ribosomal gene analysis, Finger printing UNIT-II 4) Phytoremediation of organic and heavy metal pollutants, Xenobiotics, Biofilteration,and Bioleaching. 5) Site directed mutagenesis, 6) Nitrogen fixing genes: Nitrogenase hybridization, alternative nitrogenase transfer potential of nif genes to other organisms. Difficulties encountered in total nif gene transfer UNIT-III 7) Transgenic plants- transgenic for insect resistance, herbicide resistance, abiotic stress resistance, disease resistance, long shelf of fruits and flowers, male sterile lines, Terminator seed, Plant derived vaccines, biodegradable plastics (PLA) 8) Intellectual property rights: Patents, trade secrets, copyright, trade marks, GATT and TRIPPS, Patenting of biological material; Plant Breeder’s rights, Biosafety & containment practices. UNIT-IV 9) Somatic hybridization: protoplast isolation, fusion and culture, hybrid selection and regeneration, possibilities, achievements and limitations of protoplast research. Application of Plant tissue culture; Clonal propagation, artificial seed, production of hybrids and somaclones, production of secondary metabolites/natural products, Cryopreservation and germplasm storage Suggested Readings: 1. Bhojwani, S.S. and Razdan, M.K. 1996. Plant Tissue Culture: Theory and Practice Elsevier Science Publishers, New York. 2. Bhojwani, S.S. 1990. Plant Tissue Culture: Applications and Limitations. Elsevier Science Publishers, New York. Brown 3. Brown, T.A. 1999. Genomes. John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pvt. Ltd., Singapore. 4. Callow, J.A., Ford-Lloyd,B.V. and Newbury, H.J. 1997. Biotechnology and Plant Genetic Resources: Conservationand use. CAB International , Oxon, UK.
41 5. Chrispeols, M.J. and Sadava, D.E. 1994. Plants, Genes and Agriculture.Jones & Bartlett Publishers, Boston, USA 6. Collins, H.A. and Edwards, S. 1998. Plant Cell Culture, Bios Scientific Publishers, Oxford, UK. 7. Glazer, A.H. and Nikaido, H. 1995. Microbial Biotechnology, W.H. Freeman & Company,, New York, USA 8. Gustafson, J.P. 2000. Genomes, Kluwer Academic Plenum Publishers, New York. 9. Henry, R.J. 1997. Practical Applications of Plant Molecular Biology. Chapman & Hall, London. 10. Jain, S.M.; Sopory, S.K. and Veilleux, R.E. 1996. In vitro haploid Production in HigherPlants, Vol. 15, Fundamental Aspects and methods. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 11. Kartha, K.K. 1985. Cryopreservation of Plant Cells and Organs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA. 12. Old, R.W. and Primorse, S.B. 1989. Principles of Gene Manipulation. Blackwell Scientific Publishers, Oxford, UK. 13. Primrose, S.B. 1995. Principles of Genome Analysis. Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford, UK. 14. Shantharam, S. and Montgomery, J.F. 1999. Biotechnology, Biosafety, and Biodiversity. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 15. Trehan, K. 1990. Biotechnology, Wiley Eastern, New Delhi. 16. Vasil, I.K. and Thorpe, T.A. 1994. Plant Cell and Tissue Culture. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.
42 Paper-404(a): Advanced Phycology (Elective) Note : Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be very short answer type questions covering the entire syllabus will be compulsory. Remaining eight questions will be set section-wise with two questions from each Unit. As far as possible, each question will be sub-divided into parts and will not be essay type. The candidates will be required to attempt Question No.1 and four more selecting from each Unit. All questions carry equal marks.
UNIT-I 1) Photosynthesis: pigments, chromatic adaptations, photosynthetic membrane organization, oxygenic & anoxygenic photosynthesis, CO2-assimilation. 2) Relationship of nitrogen assimilation with photosynthesis and carbon metabolism: source of energy & reductants. UNIT-II 3) Nitrogen metabolism: Uptake of nitrogenous compounds, their transport & assimilation. 4) Nitrogen fixation: nitrogenase, regulation of nitrogenase synthesis & its activity; heterocyst & its differentiation, mechanism of N2-fixation. 5) Hydrogen metabolism. UNIT-III 6) Algal technologies for the restoration/ maintenance of soil fertility; reclamation of usar soils. 7) Restoration of degraded aquatic systems through algae; High rate algal ponds for the treatment of wastewaters (activated sludge system) for the production of useful biomass & fuels. UNIT-IV 8) Algal Biotechnology: a) Algae as food, feed and uses in Industries; A brief account of commercial potentials of algal products & their uses. b) Cultivation of algae: Biological & technical aspects of outdoor mass culture of Microalgae. c) Genetic manipulation: Strain improvement for the production of nitrogenous compounds & energy-rich fuels from algae. d) Algal Immobilization: methods & applications, Gleaning of aquatic toxicants & nutrients. e) Single cell protein. f) Algal Biofertilizers. 9) A brief account of phycological researches in India. Suggested Readings: 1. Akatsuka, I. (1994): Biology of Economic Algae, SPB Academic Publishing bv, Hague, Netherlands.
43 2. Becker, E.W. (1994): Microalgae - Biotechnology & Microbiology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. 3. Carr, N.C. & Whitton, B.A. (1982): The biology of cyanobacteria Blackwell Scientific Publ., Oxford, U.K. 4. Dubey, R.C. (2006): Introduction to Biotechnology, Delhi Book Trust, New Delhi. 5. Fatma, T. ( 2005): Cyanobacterial and Algal Metabolism and Environmental Biotechnology. 6. Fay, P & C van Baalen (1987): The cyan bacteria, Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V. Amsterdam, Netherlands. 7. Graham, L.E. & Wilcox, L.W. (1999): Algae, Benjamin Cummings, USA. 8. Kashyap, A.K. (1994): Recent Advances in Phycology, Rastogi & Company, Meerut 9. Kaushik, B.D. (1987): Laboratory methods for Blue-green Algae, Associated Publishing Co., New Delhi. 10. Morris, I. (1980): The Physiological Ecology of Phytoplankton (studies in Ecology, Vol.7), Blackwell Scientific Publ., USA. 11. Prescott, L.M., Harley, J.P. & Klein, D.A. (1996): Microbiology, 3rd edition, Wm. C. Brown Publishers, USA. 12. Shubert (1984): Algae as Ecological Indicators, Academic Press, U.S.A. 13. Singh, B.D. (1998): Biotechnology, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. 14. Singh, R.P. (1990): Introductory Biotechnology, Central Book Depot, Allahabad, India. 15. Sze, P. (1993): A. biology of the Algae, Wm. C. Brown Publishers, U.K. 16. Trainer, F.R. (1978): Introductory Phycology, John Wiley & Sons, New York, USA. 17. Venkataraman, G.S. ((1969): The Cultivation of Algae, IARI, New Delhi.
44 Paper-404(b): Principles of Plant Pathology (Elective) Note : Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be very short answer type questions covering the entire syllabus will be compulsory. Remaining eight questions will be set section-wise with two questions from each Unit. As far as possible, each question will be sub-divided into parts and will not be essay type. The candidates will be required to attempt Question No.1 and four more selecting from each Unit. All questions carry equal marks.
UNIT-I 1) How pathogens attack plants : chemical weapons of pathogens (enzymes and toxins) 2) How plants defend themselves against pathogens: structural defense and biochemical defense. UNIT-II 3) Plant disease epidemiology and plant disease forecasting: Importance of disease forecasting services, methods used in plant disease forecasting. 4) Management of plant pathogens: cultural, chemical and biological methods. UNIT-III 5) Applications of biotechnology in Plant Pathology: The use of tissue culture techniques (callus culture, apical meristem culture and protoplast fusion), Recombinant DNA technology, use of monoclonal antibodies in plant pathology. 6) Effect of environmental factors on disease development. UNIT-IV 7) Mycotoxin producing fungi during storage and major mycotoxins produced by them. 8) Host-pathogen interaction of population level: transmission and spread of plant pathogens. Suggested Readings: 1. Agrios, G.N. (2005): Plant Pathology, Acad. Press, Inc. California. 2. Alexopoulos, C.J. Mins, C.W. & Blackwell, M. (1995): Introductory Mycology, John Willy and Sons. Inc. 3. Biswas, S.P. & Biswas, A. (1984): An Introduction to Viruses, Vani Education Books, New Delhi. 4. Clifton, A. (1958): Introduction to the Bacteria. McGraw Hill Books Co. New York. 5. Mehrotra, R.S. & Aneja, K.R. (1990): An introduction of Mycology, New Age International Press, New Delhi. 6. Mehrotra, R.S. and Ashok Aggarwal (2003): Plant Pathology, Tata Mc Graw Hill Publ. Ltd., New Delhi. 7. Michael J. Pelezar, E.C.S. Shan & N.R. Krieg (1993): Microbiology. Tata Mc Graw Hill Publ. New Delhi. 8. Ronald M. Atlas (1995): Principles of Microbiology. Mosby-Year Book, Inc. St. Louis, Missouri, USA. 9. Singh, R.S. (1990): Plant Disease, 6th Edition, Oxford, IBH Publ., New Delhi. 10. Sumbali, G. (2005): The Fungi, Narosa Publ. House, New Delhi. 11. Webster, J. (1985): Introduction of Fungi. Cambridge University, Press.
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Paper-404(c): Conservation Biology (Elective) Note : Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be very short answer type questions covering the entire syllabus will be compulsory. Remaining eight questions will be set section-wise with two questions from each Unit. As far as possible, each question will be sub-divided into parts and will not be essay type. The candidates will be required to attempt Question No.1 and four more selecting from each Unit. All questions carry equal marks.
UNIT-I 1) Principles and importance of conservation biology; genetic variations, natural selection, genetic drift and gene flow, minimum viable populations, genetic swamping. 2) Biodiversity: magnitude, global accumulation; levels biodiversity-species, genetic and ecosystem diversity; species diversity indices, rank abundance patterns. UNIT-II 3) Global biodiversity: Spatial Patterns and processes, factors affecting biodiversity patterns, Terrestrial and marine hotspots of biodiversity 4) Biodiversity and ecosystem services 5) Biodiversity of wetlands, mangroves and coral reefs-A general account UNIT-III 6) Threats to aquatic and marine biodiversity, Species extinctions, Endangered and threatened species of India. 7) Biosphere reserves and RAMSAR sites in India 8) Approaches for biodiversity conservation: Tropical forests, wetlands and aquatic ecosystems. 9) Biodiversity assessment and inventory UNIT-IV 10) Ex Situ Biodiversity conservation strategies and approaches: Field gene bands, captive breeding, seed gene banks, cryo-preservation, in vitro conservation. 11) Importance of genetic resources and conservation of crop genetic resources. 12) International and National efforts to conserve biodiversity : Convention on biological diversity, CITES, Ramsar convention ; National Biodiversity strategy 13) Role of remote sensing and GIS in biodiversity conservation
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Suggested Readings : 1. Chape, S., Fish, L., Fox, P. and Spalding, M. 2003. United Nations list of protected areas. IUCN/UNEP/World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Gland, Switzerland/Cambridge 2. Gopal, B. (ed.) 1987. Ecology and Management of Aquatic Vegetation of the Indian Subcontinent. W. Junk bv. The Hague. 3. Heywood, V.(Ed.) (1995). Global Biodiversity Assessment. United Nations Environment Programme, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. 4. Hunter (Jr.) M.L. (1996); Fundamentals of Conservation Biology, Blackwell Science. Meffe G.K. and C. Ronals Corroll (1994) Principles of Conservation Biology, Sinaur Associates, Inc., Sunderland. Massachusetts. 5. Huston, M.A. 1994. Biological Diversity: The Coexistence of Species on Changing Landscapes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 6. Peter H. Raven, P.H. and Berg, L. R. Berg. 2005. Environment, 5th Edition. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York. 7. Singh,J.S., Singh,S.P. and Gupta, S.R. 2006. Ecology, Environment and Resource Conservation, Anamaya Publishers, New Delhi. 8. Soule, M.E. (ed.) (1986) : Conservation Biology. The Science of Scarcity and Diversity. Sinaur Associates, Inc., Sunderland, Massachusetts. 9. Turner, M.G., Gadner,R.H. and O,Neill, R.V. 2001. Landscape Ecology: In theory and Practice, Pattern and Processes. Spinger Verlag, New York.
47 Paper-404(d): Plant Growth Regulators (Elective) Note : Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be very short answer type questions covering the entire syllabus will be compulsory. Remaining eight questions will be set section-wise with two questions from each Unit. As far as possible, each question will be sub-divided into parts and will not be essay type. The candidates will be required to attempt Question No.1 and four more selecting from each Unit. All questions carry equal marks.
UNIT-I 1) Phytohormones a)Recent advances in the biosynthesis and regulation of cytokinins and ethylene b)Current scenario in the mechanism of action of gibberellins, abscisic acid, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and brassinosteroids. UNIT-II 2) Seed Physiology a)Seed viability and seed dormancy b) Metabolism of germinating seeds. c) Environmental and hormonal control of seed dormancy and germination. UNIT-III 3) Senescence and Abscission a)Process of induction b) Metabolic changes. c) Role of plant growth regulators UNIT-IV 4) Fruit Physiology a)Climacteric and non-climacteric fruits, fruit ripening. b) Post-harvest storage of fruits - quality maintenance, physiological and biochemical studies under different kinds of storage conditions. Suggested Reading: 1.Krishnamoorthy, H.N. (1993). Physiology of Plant Growth and Development. Atma Ram and Sons, Delhi. 1. Khan, A.A (1977). The Physiology and Biochemistry of Seed Dormancy and germination. NorthHolland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, New Oxford. 2. Moore. T.C. (1989). Biochemistry and Physiology of Plant Hormones. Second edition (Reprint 1994), Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi. 3. Saymour, G.B., Taylor, J.E. and Tucker, G.A. (1993). Biochemistry of Fruit Ripening. Chapman and Hall, London. 4. Stahl, E. (1965). Thin Layer Chromatography, a laboratory handbook. Academic Press, London. 5. Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E. (1998). Plant Physiology. Second edition, Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers, Massachusetts, USA. 6. Wilkins, M.B. (1987). Advanced Plant Physiology. ELBS-Longman, England. 7. Srivastava, L.M. (2006). Plant Growth and Development : Hormones and Environment. Academic Press. Published by Elsevier India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 8. Trivedi, P.C. (2005). Applied Botany. Aavishkar Publishers, Distributors, Jaipur.
48 Paper-404(e): Advanced Plant Molecular Biology (Elective) Note : Nine questions will be set in all. Question No.1 will be very short answer type questions covering the entire syllabus will be compulsory. Remaining eight questions will be set section-wise with two questions from each Unit. As far as possible, each question will be sub-divided into parts and will not be essay type. The candidates will be required to attempt Question No.1 and four more selecting from each Unit. All questions carry equal marks.
UNIT-I 1) Cell membrane: Current understanding of structure, composition and dynamics; Ion pumps, carriers and channels; Sensory physiology. 2) Cell wall: Macromolecules, architecture, cell wall dynamics during growth and differentiation. 3) Cytoskeleton: Actin and tubulin filaments, intermediate filaments, cytoskeletal accessory proteins; role in intracellular transport, cell division and signal transduction. UNIT II 4) Shoot and root development: Organization of shoot apical meristem (SAM) and root apical meristem; control of cell division in SAM/RAM and cell to cell communication; genes involved in stem cell fate determination in SAM. 5) Floral induction and development: Basic concepts of photoperiodism and vernalization; factors influencing floral induction; epigenetic control of floral induction; genetic and molecular analysis of flower development and floral organ differentiation. 6) Gametophyte development: Overview, molecular biology of pollen germination, male sterility, self incompatibility, fertilization, seed development and seed germination. UNIT-III 7) Signal perception and transduction: Overview; receptors and G-proteins; cyclic AMP cascade; phospholipid and Ca2+-calmodulin cascade; MAP kinase cascade; two-component sensor-regulator system; sucrose sensing mechanism. 8) Light control of plant development: Basic information about phytochromes, cryptochromes and phototropins; molecular mechanisms of light perception, signal transduction and gene regulation; biological clock and its control mechanisms. UNIT-IV 9) Molecular mechanisms of hormone action: Hormone signal perception, transduction and gene regulation; role of mutants in understanding hormone action. 10) Programmed cell death (PCD): Basic concepts; types of cell death; PCD in developmental programmes and stress responses; regulation of PCD; senescence-associated genes. 11) Nitrogen fixation: nod genes; nif genes; structure, function and regulation of nitrogenase; leghaemoglobin; nodulins; regulation and enhancement of nitrogen fixation.
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Suggested Readings : 1. Alberts, B., Bray, D., Lewis, J. Raff, M. Roberts, K., and Watson J.D. 1999. Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland Publishing Inc., New York. 2. Brown, T.A. 1999. Genomes. John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pvt. Ltd., Singapore. 3. Buchanan, B.B., Gruissem, W. and Jones, R.L. 2000. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants. American Society of Plant Physiologists, Maryland, USA. 4. Clark D. 2005, Molecular Biology, Understanding the Genetic Revolution. Elsevier Inc. C. California. 5. Dennis, D.T. & Turpin, D.H. (1990) – Plant Physiology, Biochemistry & molecular Biology, Longman Scientific & Technical. 6. Glick, B.R., J.J. Pasternak 2004 – Molecular Biotechnology, Principles & Applications of Recombinant DNA. ASM Press Washington. 7. Henry, R.J. 1997. Practical Applications of Plant Molecular Biology Chapman & Hall, London, UK. 8. Lodish, H. Berk, A. Zipursky, S.L., Matsudaira, P., Baltimore, D. and Darnell, J. 2000. Molecular Cell Biology. (4th Ed.), W.H. Freeman Co. New york. 9. Russell, P.J. 1998. Genetics (5th Ed.) The Benjamin/ Cummings Publishing Comp. Inc. 10. Salisbury, F.B. & Ross, C.W. (1992) – Plant physiology, (4th Edn.) Wordsworth. 11. Srivastava, L.M. 2002. Plant Growth and Development -- Hormones and Environment. Academic Press, Amsterdam. 12. Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E. 2002. Plant Physiology (3rd Edition). Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers, MA, USA. 13. Weaver R.F., 2005, Molecular Biology, McGraw Hill International Edition. 14. Weaver, R.F. and Hedrick, P.W. 1997. Genetics (3rd Ed.) WMC Brown, Chicago
