BRAZILIAN CLEAN ENERGY SECTOR MAPPING ...

BRAZILIAN CLEAN ENERGY SECTOR MAPPING

ELISAMA CAMELO SILVA Unicamp Campinas, Brazil. [email protected] MURIEL D. O. GAVIRA Unicamp, FCA. Campinas, Brazil. [email protected]

Facing environmental and social challenges, society has increased its concern with energy efficiency and energy security. Over the time, great debates and congress about it have been occurring and Brazil has been seen as a country of huge renewable energy potential. This research is relevant because, over the time the productions process and use of energy have been changing not only because of the population energy dependency increase, but also can a major concern about environmental issues. Due to these changes new energy sources and technologies focused at sustainable development have been designed and became the center of great environmental, political, economic and also business debates. However, we still have a low use of these new technologies and the agents that works in this are not easily find, besides a poor interaction between the active area, even observing that Brazil has a big renewable potential energy and give support and political-economic incentive to them. In this context, this research aimed to map the actors of power generation industry- such as companies and policy makers- to study their main characteristics and understand the context where they act. To do so, we conducted documental analysis and literature searches focusing at two types of clean energy: wind and photovoltaic (PV) energy. The on going results, based on the ANEEL (National Power Agency) Generation Information Bank (BIG), show that 2104 Energy generation agents were cataloged and from these only 88 work in the clean energy sector, of which 8 are operating enterprises like Power Plants photovoltaic (UFV) and other ventures are in operation such Generating Wind Power (EOL). Key-words: renewable energy, sustainability, Brazilian energy sector.

Introduction

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Throughout human history we have been seen a constant change of use and energy needs. On the beginning, for example, the fire, a thermal energy source, was the only energy source used for the men, that was necessary keep it warm, and with evolution, also came to be used for protection and heat or to prepare foods. As it evolved, the man began what we now call work and its divisions, which helped to optimize their work and increase the man comfort level, creating new needs and uses for various types of energy, such as vapor energy and energy from the combustion of mineral coal. With the arrival of the industrial revolution, oil has become the most used energy source of all time, and the emergence and dominance of electricity, a type of energy classified as secondary, because it requires some forms of primary energy such as wind, further increased the diversification of the purposes for the use of energy. However, with the arrival of the oil crisis and the increased of the population energy dependency, and a greater concern and pressures from the environmental sector, the man started to think about changes that could further improve the energy sector and as well as the energy needs came from changing production processes and energy uses have also gone through several transformations over the years. Due to this new human mentality, new energy sources and technologies focused on sustainable development, called clean renewable energies, began to be developed and become the center of great environmental, political, economic and business debates, too. It was found that in Brazil, for example, there is a great diversity of sources in the energy mix and that policies, programs and government agencies focused on strengthening the internal renewable energy sector are also present internal clean and working in the sector, as the Incentive Program Sources Alternative Energy, PROINFA established with the goal of increasing participation in the national electricity market, the enterprises that produce electricity from wind power, biomass and small hydropower (SHP). However, it was observed that, although Brazil has a huge renewable energy potential, there is a low application and use of these new technologies and knowledge about the agents that works in this industry, plus an also low interaction between the active area, even with support and political-economic incentive for these. Therefore, this study aimed to map the agents of clean energy generation, focusing on enterprise and industry players of wind energy (EOL) and photovoltaic (UFV), and study their main characteristics, by analyzing documents and literature searches.

Methodology The used methodology was a descriptive research based on secondary data source literature and documents. For the biography search were selected specifics literatures of the renewable resources area, energy and even environmental analysis for to make the study as reliable as possible. 2

This literature was collected in national databases, international journals, articles and books. Regarding the documentary research was conducted reports business groups, government reports and regulatory agencies, among others. From this, for example, databases such as BIG (Bank Information Generation) which can be found on the website of the National Agency of Electric Energy (ANEEL) and was developed to help to universalize and standardize the information on market players, foreign and domestic investors, were used to make the mapping of the actors in the energy sector and only then, after researching each actor, classify them as belonging to the renewable energy sector, or not.

Literature Review

Over time the term renewable energy and clean energy are becoming concepts extremely used in our day-by-day, but little is known about what these actually mean. Renewable energy is that one that comes from sources that allows its systematic use without risk of collapse because its replacement or regeneration is done continuously by nature from time to time. In terms of natural resources, it is a well unlimited. From there, we can classify a type of non-renewable and renewable energy, dirty energy or clean energy. Dirty and non-renewable energy is that one that even being considered unlimited, still causes some kind of damage to the environment. The energy generated by mineral coal that is burned to produce heat that is converted into electricity is a kind of dirty energy cause when it’s burning the mineral coal emits carbon dioxide (CO2) in excess, polluting the air. Clean energy, as the name already translates, are the types of energy that does not pollute the environment, such as Photovoltaic and Wind Energy. Wind energy by using the wind as driving element, reduces dependence on fossil fuels. In addition, wind farms occupy a small footprint and enable business continuity between the turbines (grazing and agriculture). It is a big industry in rise and has good potential in Brazil (mainly in parts of the northeastern coast). Photovoltaic energy, for example, uses solar cells that can be silicon, to capture and convert radiant heat into electrical energy. You could say that both technologies are completely dominated and are still in great development, with constant reduction of construction costs and generation (Gravitis, Pereira and Suzuki, 2000). A worldwide trend in the energy sector is increasingly investing in energy efficiency and increase the number of renewable and clean energy already used. The replacement of fossil fuels by renewable energy sources, for example, would cover all the problems associated with an energy future bussiness-as-usual, as quotes Steven Howard (2003) in his book, the "Energy Revolution".

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Dates show that solar energy alone would be more than enough to supply the world's energy needs projected well beyond 2100 (Rogner, 2000), and that the potential for coastal wind is between 20 and 50 trillion kW i.e. per year and is up to 4 times larger than the current production of electricity (Steven, 2003). Nevertheless, according to the National Agency of Electric Energy (ANEEL), the enterprises currently operating solar power has overseen only 7578 kW, which equates to 0.01% of all the country's electric energy (121,081,552 kW) . The wind energy is already with 1,888,382 kW i.e., 1.56% of the total energy generated in the country. Thus, it can be seen that little of the Brazilian potential is being used for power generation.

Results

The growing environmental awareness has offered important resistance development to the use of some energy sources and also conditioning the release of multilateral lending agencies or government, as Joel said Jannuzzi and in one of his books, "Integrated Resource Planning Energy-Environment Energy Conservation and Renewable Sources, "of 1997. Therefore investment and installation projects of clean energy generation in a country, has become a limiting factor for economic progress and development. But as these investments and concessions are made? Tomalsquim cites in his book, "Sustainable Energy Alternatives in Brazil", 2004, incentive programs for the integration of renewable sources in the interconnected system of electricity distribution, as the Incentive Program for Alternative Sources (PROINFA), and also the National Bank Economic Development (BNDES), which are the main institutional actors in the Brazilian energy sector. Jean-Marie Martin asks in his 1992 book, "The global economy of energy", "The sustainable energy supply is at the center of the debates, however, which are the agents that affect this sector? How these are regulated and structured? ".In order to answer this question at least in parts, this study aimed to map the actors in the clean energy sector and the Brazilian study how they are structured and what are the main institutional bodies, not only regulatory and inspection, but also investors in this segment.

Institutional actors

The National Electric Energy Agency (ANEEL) is a municipal council in special scheme under the Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME), which supervises, directly or through agreements with state agencies, concessions, permissions and services, and 4

regulates production, transmission, distribution and sale of electricity in the Brazilian market, through Law No. 9.427/1996 and 2.335/1997 Decree. Their activities began in December 1997 and since then also acts implementing policies and guidelines of the federal government with respect to the operation of electricity and the use of hydraulic potential, establishing rates, mediating conflicts between generation agents and between agents and the market consumer and, finally, also operates in the sector of granting concession, permission and authorization of projects and electricity services. Another important institutional actor to be mentioned is the Brazilian Development Bank (BNDES), a federal public company and one of the main instruments of long-term financing for investments in all segments of the country, encompassing the social, regional and environmental. In addition, BNDES provides support under special conditions for micro, small and medium enterprises through financing investment projects, equipment procurement and export of goods and services. The bank also is committed to sustainable development, providing support for the implementation of new projects in the clean energy sector.

Discussion

The cataloged dates in the Bank Information Generation (BIG) of the National Agency of Electric Energy (ANEEL) show that the Brazilian electricity market of renewable and non-renewable, has many different people, and some of these sugar companies, mining industries and even agribusinesses, leading to all investors in 2105 and 2728 projects in operation, generating 120,466,492 kW . However, only 382 projects in operation (14.003%) are from wind or solar power, which are the focus of the work. Altogether, we obtained 371 ventures like wind power (EOL; 13.6%), 210 enterprises in grants, 79 in construction and 81 in operation and 11 new developments like energy photovoltaic (UFV; 0.403%), being all in operation and no one under construction or grant.

The operating enterprises of the EOL energy kind has associated potential, that is, the generation capacity authorized by the Brazilian oversight and electricity regulator, Aneel, of 1,814,982 kW, which represents 1.51% of all electricity produced in the country. The UFV energy kind has much less power, only 7578 kW, which equates to 0.006% for the whole country. These plants are concentrated in some regions of the country. Table I treats about the developments in EOL type operation and on it can be observed the actors (owners), energy destination- where the plants are located-, power granted supervised and 5

associated power in kW, that are the capacity of authorized generation verses the amount of energy that is actually being transmitted over the network. I - Owners of Plants of the EOL kind

Owner

Total Granted Power (kW)

Total Inspected Power (kW)

Energy Destination

Region Aquiraz – CE

Wobben Wind Power Industria e Comércio Ltda

17.400

17.400

PIE/ REG

São Gonçalo do Amarante – CE Fortaleza – CE

Copel Geração e Transmissão S.A.

2.500

2.500

PIE

Palmas – PR

Eólica Beberibe S.A.

25.600

25.600

PIE

Beberibe – CE

Energias Renováveis do Brasil S.A. Central Eólica Praia do Morgado S/A New Energy Options Geração de Energia S/A

49.300

49.300

PIE

Rio do Fogo – RN

70.800

70.800

PIE

Acaraú – CE

151.800

80.700

PIE

Guamaré – RN

4.950

4.950

PIE

Macaparana – PE

600

600

REG

Bom Jardim da Serra – SC

25.200

25.200

PIE

Beberibe – CE

105.000

104.400

PIE

Camocim – CE

13.730

13.730

PIE

Aracati – CE

Central Nacional de Energia Eólica Ltda

4.800

4.800

REG

Água Doce – SC

Eólica Icaraizinho Geração e Comercialização de Energia S.A.

54.600

54.600

PIE

Amontada – CE

Eólica Paracuru Geração e Comercialização de Energia S.A.

25.200

23.400

PIE

Paracuru – CE

Elebrás Projetos S.A Central Eólica Praia de Parajuru S/A

70.000

70.000

PIE

Tramandaí – RS

28.800

28.804

PIE

Beberibe – CE

Gargaú Energética S.A.

28.050

28.050

PIE

São Francisco de Itabapoana – RJ

Eólica Pedra do Sal S.A. Bons Ventos Geradora de Energia S.A.

18.000

18.000

PIE

Parnaíba – PI

31.500

31.500

PIE

Aracati – CE

Petróleo Brasileiro S/A

1.800

1.800

REG

Macau – RN

Central Nacional de Energia Eólica Ltda

13.800

13.800

REG

Água Doce – SC

PIE PIE

Água Doce – SC

Eólica Pirauá Geradora de Energia S.A. Parque Eólico de Santa Catarina Ltda SIIF Cinco Geração e Comercialização de Energia S.A. Eólica Formosa Geração e Comercialização de Energia S.A. Rosa dos Ventos Geração e Comercialização de Energia S.A.

Ventos do Sul Energia S/A

150.000

150.000

Osório – RS

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Parques Eólicos Palmares S.A.

8.000

8.000

PIE

Palmares do Sul – RS

Bons Ventos Geradora de Energia S.A.

66.500

66.500

PIE

São Gonçalo do Amarante – CE

Eólica Gravatá - Geradora de Energia S.A.

Aracati – CE Pombos – PE

19.800

19.800

PIE

SPE Millennium Central Geradora Eólica S/A

10.200

10.200

PIE

Mataraca – PB

Púlpito Energia Eólica S.A.

30.000

30.000

PIE

Bom Jardim da Serra – SC

Aquibatã Energia Eólica S.A.

30.000

30.000

PIE

Água Doce – SC

Santo Antônio Energia Eólica S.A.

3.000

3.000

PIE

Bom Jardim da Serra – SC

Cascata Energia Eólica S.A.

6.000

6.000

PIE

Água Doce – SC

Rio de Ouro Energia Eólica S.A.

30.000

30.000

PIE

Bom Jardim da Serra – SC

Salto Energia Eólica S.A.

30.000

30.000

PIE

Água Doce – SC

Bom Jardim Energia Eólica S.A.

30.000

30.000

PIE

Bom Jardim da Serra – SC

Campo Belo Energia Eólica S.A.

10.500

10.500

PIE

Água Doce – SC

Amparo Energia Eólica S.A.

22.500

22.500

PIE

Água Doce – SC

Cruz Alta Energia Eólica S.A.

30.000

30.000

PIE

Água Doce – SC

Cardus Energia Ltda. Vale dos Ventos Geradora Eólica S.A

4.500

4.500

PIE

Mataraca – PB

48.000

45.000

PIE

Mataraca – PB

Cedin do Brasil Ltda

6.300

6.300

PIE

Alhandra – PB

Brasventos Aratuá 1 Geradora de Energia S.A

14.400

14.400

PIE

Guamaré – RN

Eólica Mangue Seco 3 – Geradora e Comercializadora de Energia Elétrica S.A.

26.000

26.000

PIE

Guamaré – RN

Eólica Mangue Seco 2 – Geradora e Comercializadora de Energia Elétrica S.A.

26.000

26.000

PIE

Guamaré – RN

Eólica Mangue Seco 1 – Geradora e Comercializadora de Energia Elétrica S.A.

26.000

26.000

PIE

Guamaré – RN

Eólica Mangue Seco 4 – Geradora e Comercializadora de Energia Elétrica S.A.

26.000

26.000

PIE

Guamaré – RN

Macaúbas Energética S.A.

35.070

35.070

PIE

Brotas de Macaúbas – BA

Energen Energias Renováveis S.A.

34.500

1.500

PIE

Barra dos Coqueiros – SE

Novo Horizonte Energética S.A

30.060

30.060

PIE

Brotas de Macaúbas – BA

Seabra Energética S.A

30.060

30.060

PIE

Brotas de Macaúbas – BA

Ventos da Lagoa S.A

24.000

24.000

PIE

Osório – RS

Gestamp Eólica Baixa Verde S.A

19.800

19.800

PIE

João Câmara – RN

Parques Eólicos Palmares S.A.

22.000

22.000

PIE

Palmares do Sul – RS

Eólica Cerro Chato I S.A

90.000

90.000

PIE

Santana do Livramento – RS

Gravatá – PE

7

Electra Power Geração de Energia Ltda MIASSABA GERADORA EÓLICA S.A.

2

2

REG

Curitiba – PR

14.400

14.400

PIE

Guamaré – RN

Gestamp Eólica Baixa Verde S.A

19.800

19.800

PIE

João Câmara – RN

6

6

REG

Brejinho – RN

Centro de Tecnologias do Gás e Energias Renováveis – CTGAS-ER

Note that there are a large number of plants and actors in the field of wind energy, with most of the ventures of the kind EOL located in the Northeast and Southeast Brazil. Among these actors of the wind energy kind, we see that there is a highlight of those that either have a larger number of power plants or inspected, or are already operating in the generation or construction area. Between these large owners of wind energy, Atlantic-Renewables Energies S.A., a holding company for renewable energy, based in Curitiba, Paraná, with a business in operation located in Rio Grande do Norte, with current capacity of 49,300 kW, 0.041 % of all energy produced in Brazil. Its corporate chain is formed by the Brazilian group PATTAC, focused on infrastructure concessions projects and renewable energy generation; Adelanta by the Spanish group, focused on renewable energy market, operates in the production and distribution of energy in Brazil and Spain, the Spanish group Cupa Renovables, a leading supplier of building materials in the world and also produces photovoltaic cells of excellence for the Spanish market and international Spanish group Servinoga sl, focused on infrastructure and logistics, active in various sectors, such as port terminals and real estate. The multinational Wobben Wind Power, a subsidiary of Enercon in Brazil and Latin America is also a major investor in wind industry and was the first independent producer of electricity coming from wind power authorized by ANEEL, with 4 own plants in operation, three of them now more than fourteen years of operation, and highly productive with high technical availability. This company is a world leader in the market for power generation equipment and EOL type, with operations in more than 40 countries and approximately 12,000 employees. Despite the investments and international origin, the company reached a nationalization rate above 60%, with a total of 1,700 Brazilian suppliers. Another major highlight is the multinational IMPSA, a company dedicated to the centennial providing integrated solutions for solving electricity from renewable resources, equipment for industry and environmental services. The company has been in the wind market since 2003, initially only with the production of wind turbines. One of its mills type EOL has given electric potential of 25,600 kW, which is little compared to the whole investment in industrial and civil engineering, which is the main focus of the company. Other significant investors multinationals that appear in the Brazilian energy market are: 8

• Gestamp Wind, a European company leader in steel, automotive components and renewable clean energy. Visa have more than 2,000 MW total wind energy production by the year 2015. The group has a total of 21,000 employees, 100 manufacturing plants in 25 countries and an annual turnover of 5.5 billion Euros. • EDP Renewables, also of European origin, focused only on the wind energy market, operating since the production of a turbine-type EOL, construction and maintenance of wind farms. Until the year 2009 had 721 employees. 75% of employees are licensed or have a master's or doctoral degree, 22% are graduates or have professional certification. EDPR entered Brazil in 2009 through the acquisition of two wind farms: Horizon, with 5 MW, and Freshwater, with 9 MW. In 2010 began the construction of the largest wind farm in the country, Tramandaí plant with 70 MW Power Granted to 31 turbines. All plants are located in Southern Brazil. As for investors of domestic origin still in power sector of wind power, we have the Energy Company Paraense-Copel, the largest of Paraná active in the market of electric energy and telecommunications. Copel is on the market since 1954, generating, transmitting and distributing energy, incorporating the major cities of the state. It's still got worse in the area of renewable clean energy. It has its own generating facilities: 17 hydroelectric plants, one thermal power plant and also only 1 wind farm. The total installed capacity 4552 MW and it responds by producing something like 7% of all electricity consumed in Brazil. The capital of COPEL is R $ 6,910 million, consisting of shares without par value and the current number of shareholders is 28,326, according to the company website. Another highlight is the development of BRASELCO group, which specializes in providing services in design, engineering, consulting and technical assistance in the area of renewable energy, with a focus on wind energy. The Group owns a portfolio of 10 projects of over 2.4 GW, which include 455.33 MW contracted by PROINFA, ie more than one third of the program for the wind industry. Of the 10 projects, 7 plants are already in operation. In 2009 the company also registered and enabled 33 projects in Energy Auctions Reserve, specific to wind power, sponsored by the Energy Research Company (EPE). Today, 58 BRASELCO develops wind projects totaling 1.7 GW of capacity.

II - Origin Capital Top Actors of the EOL kind

Nacional

Internacional

Copel

Wobben

Mercúrios Engenharia

IMPSA

Energias Renováveis do Brasil

Gestamp Wind

Cemig

EDP Renováveis

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New Energy Options- Geração de Energia S.A

Atlantic Energias Renováveis

Eólica Tecnologia Celesc Braselco Bons Ventos

Another important result to be noted is the fact that the wind energy sector is responsible for 0.247 GW or 24% of the total energy produced in Brazil (BIG, 2012). It is possible that this configuration Brazilian energy market due to the fact that although solar energy is viable, is one of the most expensive, around $ 0.10 / KWh to $ 0.14/kWh versus $ 0, 04/KWh the electricity generated by hydropower (BIG, 2012). Moreover, PROINFA (Incentive Program for Alternative Sources) until the year 2006 would include the deployment of 3,300 MW divided equally between sources wind, hydro and biomass (Tolmasquim, Mauritius, 2004), since the system of winds and volume flow throughout the year for Small Hydro Power (SHP) complement each other, the possibility of growth if there was investment in wind energy sources would rate above 20% per year until 2004 and even higher after this date. It was also found that in the private sector, the grants granted by ANEEL for wind projects depend essentially on the outcome of the reference price PROINFA. And that, in relation to photovoltaic solar plants, unfortunately there are institutional frameworks and strategies are not suitable for large scale programs, besides the lack of dealerships, specific regulatory agencies and institutions responsible for planning and public policy.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Figure 1 - Number of Plants of the EOL kind by City and State Source: Prepared with bases in the Bank Information Generation (BIG)

Figure 2 shows the power granted in kW in each state where wind power is present. We can clearly see that the regions do not always regions where there are more plants are those with greater wind capacity. This is because the size of the wind farms and the 10

degree of efficiency of the equipment used in power interfere considerably energy generated.

Figure 2 - Granted Power (KW) Power Plants by State Type EOL Source: Prepared with bases in the Bank Information Generation (BIG).

The following table (Table III) deals with developments in UFV type operation, and it can be observed actors (owners), energy and destination county where the plants are located, power granted supervised and power in kW-ie which is authorized generating capacity verses the amount of energy that is actually being transmitted over the network. III - Owners of Plants of the UFV kind

Proprietário

Araras- RO Tauá IEE UFV IEE/ Estacionamento Embaixada Italiana Brasíllia PV Beta Test Site Pituaçu Solar Aeroporto Campo Verde

Potência Outorgada Total (kW)

Potência Fiscalizada Total (kW)

Destino da Energia

20,480 5000,000

20,480 5000,000

REG REG

15,260

15,260

REG

50,000 1,700 404,800 2,120

50,000 1,700 404,800 2,120

REG REG REG REG

Município

Nova Maroré-RO Tauá – CE São Paulo – SP

Brasília – DF Barueri – SP Salvador – BA São Paulo – SP

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Unlike actors EOL power, there is a large number of actors in the sector of photovoltaics. Moreover, the presence of universities and support groups to research funded initially operate in developing and improving the efficiency of the plates used for solar energy-used to make the transformation of thermal energy to electric-end in background, also acting in the generation and distribution of electricity in the Brazilian market. With respect to the major players in the energy sector type UFV was cataloged the Bioenergy, a national company pretty young, with only 10 years in the Brazilian market, and that started the photovoltaic power generation this year alone 2012. However, by acting within a integrated business model - Develops, implements, markets to operation, and maintains the equipment - the company has the internal matters of the entire production cycle of photovoltaics. The investment in the sector of photovoltaics is also done by actors of research and teaching, as the Institute of Electrical USP that in addition to conducting research in clean energy sector, also has government funding to invest in the sector and to distribute the net . The Institute offers a range of testing services for PV systems for implementation procedures (quality control, deployment, training, evaluation, among others), and also serves to support projects or programs photovoltaic electrification, both autonomous as those connected the electric distribution network. Other firms, such as CPFL and Infraero are also involved in energy type UFV, there are no specific data on their investments in the area. IV - Origin Capital Top Actors like UFV

Nacional

Internacional

Bioenergy

DUPONT

Infraero Infraero Subesb Embaixada Italiana em Brasília USP MPX- Grupo EBX FAPEL

Below, Figure 3 shows the power granted by the State in kW for projects like UFV, and portrays the big difference in investment between the regions, with the Northeast region with the largest potential capacity at the time.

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Figure 3 - Granted Power (kW) by State Power Plants Type UFV Source: Prepared with bases in the Bank Information Generation (BIG).

Conclusion

Aiming to catalog the actors clean energy sector and focusing for those investing in photovoltaic and wind projects, the research was conducted using data from the Bank Information Generation (BIG) National Agency of Electric Energy (ANEEL) and other institutional bodies such as the BNDES, in addition to library research in books, articles and theses in the area. The main results obtained, it was found that there are many more actors and enterprises investing in wind energy sector than in the photovoltaics sector, and that these plants are highly concentrated in certain regions of the country, like the Northeast and Southeast Brazil. Moreover, the lack of a single government actor hinders both the cataloging and the existence of an interaction really strong and significant association between the actors and new investors in the area of clean energy in Brazil. Also, it was found through literature searches that even if taxpayers features as laws and funding for the diffusion of renewable energy in the Brazilian market, there are also barriers economic, technological, structural, and social policies interfering in this sector. As for the difficulties encountered initially for cataloging actors clean energy sector, unfortunately it appears the lack of a table for easy access to the population and that is well organized to assist in research methods. There is not a single national database of actors involved with clean, renewable energy in Brazil.

Referencies

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JANNUZZI, Gilberto de Martino; SWISHER, Joel N. P. (1997). Integrated planning of energy resources: environment, energy conservation and renewables. Campinas, SP: Authors Associates. Tolmasquim, M. T.; OLIVEIRA, A. S. DE (2004). Sustainable energy alternatives in Brazil. Rio de Janeiro, RJ: Relume Dumará: COPPE: CENERGIA. MARTIN, Jean-Marie (1992). The world energy economy. São Paulo, SP: [S.N.], Ed UNESP. GELLER, Howard S. (2003). Energy Revolution: Policies for a Sustainable Future. Rio de Janeiro, RJ: Relume Dumará: USAID. Vichi, Flavio Maron; Mansor, Maria Teresa Castillo (2009). Energy, environment and economy: Brazil in the world context. Chemistry. Nova, Sao Paulo, vol. 32, no. 3rd. http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-40422009000300019 (Last Login on 18/01/2012, 21h32 ace). http://www.aneel.gov.br/aplicacoes/capacidadebrasil/capacidadebrasil.asp (Last accessed on 13/12/2012, 17h07 ace, ANEEL). http://www.bndes.gov.br/SiteBNDES/bndes/bndes_pt (Last accessed on 10/12/2012, 14h59 ace, BNDES)

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