brazilian journal of ecology revista brasileira de

Brazilian Journal of Ecology ISSN 1516-5868

BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE ECOLOGIA

Publication of the Ecology Society of Brazil Editores: Dra Edisa Ferreira Inocêncio Nascimento

Dra Carla Soraia Soares de Castro

ASSESSOR BOARD Antonio Domingos Brescovit Bruno Pastrelli Kamada Cássia Beatriz R. Munhoz Claudio de Moura Cristiane Elizabeth Macedo Elaine Folly Evelise Márcia Locatelli Fabrício Carvalho Flávia Souza Rocha Francisco Eduardo Silva Pinto Vilela Frederico Alexandre Roccia Dal Pozzo Arzolla Geraldo Ceni Coelho Gláucia Cortez Ramos de Paula Helena França Ingo Isernhagen Jairo José Zocche Josué Raizer Marcelo Dutra da Silva Márcio Seiji Suganuma Maria Iracema Bezerra Loiola Maria Santina de Castro Morini Marina Janzantti Lapenta Milton Cezar Ribeiro Natalia Ghilardi Lopes Ricardo Augusto Lombello Vladimir Stolzenberg Torres Yumi Oki Zelma Glebya Maciel Quirino Mailing Adress Departamento de Ecologia Rua do Matão, Travessa 14 no. 321. CEP.: 05508-900. Cidade Universitária – São Paulo, SP. Phone: (11) 3091 7600 e-mail: [email protected] site: www.seb-ecologia.org.br

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Revista SEB Ano 14 Final.indd 1

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FICHA CATOLOGRÁFICA Brazilian Journal of Ecology Revista Brasileira de Ecologia Vol. 01 Ano 14 – 2012 São Paulo, SP. Ecology Society of Brazil (Sociedade de Ecologia do Brasil). V/:il; 27cm Anual 2010 – 2012, 1 II. Ecologia I. Sociedade de Ecologia do Brasil

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BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY A publication on the ECOLOGY SOCIETY OF BRAZIL SOCIEDADE DE ECOLOGIA DO BRASIL BOARD PRESIDENT Dra. Edisa Ferreira Inocêncio Nascimento – IB/USP VICE PRESIDENT Dr. Welington Braz Carvalho Delitti – IB/USP 1st SECRETARY Dr.Vladimir Stolzenberg Torres – SMPA 2st SECRETARY Dr. Júlio Cesar Voltolini – UNITAU 1ST TREASURER Dra. Tatiana Pavão – CUSC 2ST TREASURER Dra. Karla Conceição Pereira – APTA/SP

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CONSELHO FISCAL Dra. Marisa Domingos – IBt/SP Dr. Marcelo Dutra da Silva – FURG Dr. Demétrio Luis Guadagini – FSM Dra. Ana Tereza Araujo Rodarte – MN/UFRJ Dra. Regina Celi Costa Luizão – INPA CONSELHO CONSULTIVO Dra. Carla Soraia Soares de Castro – UFPB Dr. Frederico de Siqueira Neves – UFMG Dr. José Luiz Campana Camargo – INPA Dra. Marisa Dantas Bittencourt – IB/USP Dr. Geraldo Ceni Coelho – UFFS Dr. Philip Martin Fearnside – INPA

Sociedade de Ecologia do Brasil Departamento de Ecologia - Instituto de Biociências Universidade de São Paulo Rua do Matão Travessa 14 no. 321. CEP 05508-900 Phone: (11) 3091-7600 – Cidade Universitária e-mail: [email protected] site: www.seb-ecologia.org.br

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BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE ECOLOGIA Volume 1 – Ano 14 - 2012 INDEX 1 Evaluation of aboveground growth and biomass in Glycine max plants exposed to various concentrations of copper. Karina Gonçalves, Marli Sá Torres, Patrícia Marinho, Juliana de Mello Botelho, Armando Reis Tavares, Shoey Kanashiro, Ana Paula N. Lamano Ferreira, Luis Alberto Valotta, Cleber da Silva, Rafael Souza Queiroz, Hilton Lourenço Ozório Filho, Maurício Lamano Ferreira. ............. pag. 7 2 Environmental characterization of the Lajeado Tunas watershed, RS, Brazil. Lisiane Zanella, Eloir Missio, Rosângela Alves Tristão Borém, Maurício Castro dos Santos, Marcos Antônio Ritterbuch. ...................................................................................... pag. 15 3 Structure of avian guilds in a fragment-corridor in Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Bruno Senna Corrêa, Júlio Neil Cassa Louzada, Aloysio Souza de Moura. .............. pag. 25 4 Emergence and growth of Ateleia glazioveana Baill. seedlings in direct sowing in an early secondary succession stage. Ana Claudia Escaio, Geodeli Adelita Penz Corrêa, Jonas Darci Noronha de Lima, Geraldo Ceni Coelho. ............................................................................................................. pag. 34 5 Plant richness in exotic tree plantations in Rio Grande municipality, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Plant richness in exotic tree plantations in Rio Grande municipality, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Quenie Januário, Caroline Igansi Duarte, Geraldo Ceni Coelho, Ubiratã Soares Jacobi ..... pag. 41 6 The Influence of feeding tree spatial distribution and fruit abundance in the location of sleeping trees in the common marmoset, Callitrix jacchus (Primates: Callitrichidae). Gustavo André Fernandes Silveira, Carla Soraia Soares de Castro. ....................... pag. 49 7 Environmental impacts caused by roads and trails in the Altomontana Private Reserve, Itamonte, Minas Gerais. Ana Cristina Magalhães de França, Felipe Santana Machado, Rosângela Alves Tristão Borém, Luís Antônio Coimbra Borges. .................................................................... pag. 57 8 Floristic and spatial distribution of Orchidaceae species in the Serra do Mucambo, Conceição do Coité, Bahia, Brazil. Denis Nunes de Carvalho, Cássio van den Berg, Camila Magalhães Pigozzo ......... pag. 66

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9 Fluctuating Asymmetry in three Basileuterus (Passeriformes, Parulidae) species in a semideciduous forest fragment in the Brazilian Cerrado. Vanessa Fonseca Gonçalves, Celine de Melo. .......................................................... pag. 74 10 Vascular plant diversity and substratum parameters as indicators of ecologically based degraded area recuperation. Maria Luiza Porto, Marisa Azzolini, Cíntia Silva Beauvalet, Telmo Focht. ............. pag. 79 11 Flowering phenology of a bromeliaceae community of an environmental protection area (EPA) in the restinga of Maricá (RJ, Brazil) as compared to other habitats of the southeastern Brazilian atlantic Rain forest. Camila V. Suizani, Heloísa A. de Lima, Ana Tereza A. Rodarte, Cristine Benevides. ...... pag. 88 12 Floral Biology and Pollination Ecology of Chrysobalanus icaco L. Chrysobalanaceae) in an Environmental Protection Area (EPA) within the Restinga of Barra do Rio Mamanguape, Paraíba, Brazil. Túlio Freitas Filgueira de Sá, Evelise Locatelli. ....................................................... pag. 96 13 Analysis of the landscape structure of the Coqueiral Environmental Protected Area, Coqueiral, MG. Carolina Gusmão Souza, Rosângela Alves Tristão Borém, Lisiane Zanella, Luis Marcelo Tavares de Carvalho, Rafaela Vidal Ambrosio. ................................................. pag. 105 14 Macroalgae species richness in beaches with consolidated arenite substrata and reef-pools with sandy bottoms in Piauí. Júlio Cesar Voltolini, Maria Gardênia Souza Batista, Edisa Ferreira Inocêncio Nascimento, Kerolen Carlota, Gomes Campos, Jéssica Sonaly da Silva Resende, Rebeca Araújo Machado, Liliana Oliveira Souza, Débora Dias de Oliveira, Kesley Paiva da Silva, Euro S. Lopes Filho. ............................................................................................................ pag. 115

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Evaluation of aboveground growth and biomass in Glycine max plants exposed to various concentrations of copper *Karina Gonçalves – Undergraduate student of the Faculty of Biology, Directorate of Health, University Nove de Julho (email: [email protected]) Marli Sá Torres- Undergaduate student of the Faculty of Biology, Directorate of Health, University Nove de Julho (email: [email protected] ) Patrícia Marinho – Undergaduate student of the Faculty of Biology, Directorate of Health, University Nove de Julho (email: [email protected]) Juliana de Mello Botelho – Undergraduate student of the Faculty of Biology, Directorate of Health, University Nove de Julho (email: [email protected]) Armando Reis Tavares – Researcher of the Nucleus of Research on Ornamental Plants of the Botanical Institute of São Paulo (email: [email protected]) Shoey Kanashiro – Researcher of the Nucleus of Research on Ornamental Plants of the Botanical Institute of São Paulo (email: [email protected]) Ana Paula N. Lamano Ferreira – Professor Doctor in Ecology of the Faculty of Biology, Directorate of Health, University ‘Nove de Julho’ (email: [email protected]) Luis Alberto Valotta - Associate Professor College of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Federal University of São Francisco Valley (CFARM UNIVASF) ‘Nove de Julho’ (email: [email protected]) Cleber da Silva Costa – Full Professor of the Faculty of Biology, Directorate of Health, University ‘Nove de Julho’ (email: [email protected]) Rafael Souza Queiroz – Full Professor of the Faculty of Biology, Directorate of Health, University ‘Nove de Julho’ (email: [email protected]) Hilton Lourenço Ozório Filho - Full Professor of the Faculty of Biology, Directorate of Health, University ‘Nove de Julho’ (email: [email protected]) Maurício Lamano Ferreira – Doctorate student in Ecology in the Center of Nuclear Energy in Agriculture of the Unversity of São Paulo (CENA/USP) and Professor of the Faculty of Biology, Directorate of Health, University ‘Nove de Julho’ (email: [email protected])

ABSTRACT Soybean (Glycine max) represents a plant-species of considerable economical importance for Brazil, considered one of the main producers worldwide. The aim here was to analyze the influence of copper on the development of the plant’s aboveground growth and biomass. With this in mind, an experiment was developed under natural conditions of humidity and temperature using 112 plants cultivated in vases with sand. The randomized block design was adopted, with each containing four blocks, seven treatments and four repetitions, all irrigated for 30 days with a solution of Hoagland & Arnon, enriched with various concentrations of CuCl2. Subsequent variance analysis and Tukey testing showed that plants undergoing treatment with 0.9 g CuCl2 L-1 (T6) were

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Brazilian Journal of Ecology ISSN 1516-5868 those that presented the least growth in relation to both control plants and those under lower-grade treatments. The values of stem-dry-mass were equivalent to the tendencies encountered in biometrics, whereby the conclusion that copper at high concentrations can exert an influence on growth in Glycine max plants. Keywords: Soybean, plant biometrics, aerial organs, copper

INTRODUCTION In general, micronutrients, even though required in reduced amounts, are essential for completion of the plant vegetative cycle. Their deficiency, besides inducing reduced productivity and alterations in the defense system, may even interfere in phenology (7). Among such nutrients, copper is outstanding by being an important co-factor in antioxidizing enzymes, as, for example, the activator of some of the enzymes involved in oxidation and reduction, besides participating in the opening and closing of stomata and lignification in some cells (3). Through its involvement in several physiological and structural aspects in plant development, copper, in certain concentrations, can serve as manure, the lack thereof possibly giving rise to damage to the plant in various forms. Some of the main symptoms of copper deficiency can be observed in young leaves, which, besides very often presenting necrotic patches, become dark green in color, rolled up and deformed. Worthy of note, copper deficient plants can manifest lower protein synthesis and diminished photosynthetic activity, through this nutrient being an activator of those enzymes which participate in terminal electronic transport in respiration and photosynthesis. These symptoms of deficiency occur in newer tissues, due to their lower mobility in the plant (18). A good example is a study by Zampieri (2010), comprising an analysis of the effects of copper and zinc on Aechmea blanchetiana (Baker) L.B. Smith, whereby it was demonstrated that seedlings cultivated under high concentrations of Cu++ were those that presented the highest structural variation in morphometric and anatomic parameters. In studies by Silva et al. (2010) on the tolerance of certain Cassia species (Peltophorum dubium) seedlings in soils with an excess of copper, it was observed that, inversely to the increase in dose, there was a decrease in plant

biometric parameters, such as height and diameter. Only required in small amounts in cultures, copper is one of the ultimate nutrients whereby symptoms of deficiency develop, when supply does not attend to plant requirements. Generally occurring at very low rates in the soil, its dynamics is very much affected by soil characteristics. Thus, besides pH and humidity, and apart from the plant itself, the degree of organic material and mineral and biological fractions in the soil, are factors that condition its availability and utilization by the plant, insofar as they interfere in the reactions, thereby giving rise to the formation of products of greater or lesser solubility (3).The normal concentration of this metal in the soil is 20mg kg-1, with variations to the rate of 6 to 80mg kg-1 (20,11). Another decisive factor in the activity of copper is the inner of a soil for the capacity cationic change (CTC). CTC is intimately linked to both the concentrations of changeable ions present in the solution of the soil, and the sites of changes on the colloidal intersurfaces of the system. High CTC facilitates greater retention of the metal. Organic material, even though representing only around 5% of soil components, is responsible for about 30% to 65% of the CTC in mineral soils, and for more than 50% in sandy and organic ones (10, 20). Besides its natural distribution in the soil, copper can be further obtained in several other ways, such as by means of defensive chemicals, agricultural fertilizers, and more recently, through the widespread use of domestic and industrial residues. Emphasis must be given to the use of sewage sludge obtained in treatment stations, a mode which nowadays has been extensively adopted in several monocultures. Nevertheless, caution should be taken, for when in large concentrations, copper can induce toxic effects to plant tissue and cause a deficiency in other essential nutrients through

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Brazilian Journal of Ecology ISSN 1516-5868 adverse interactions (8). Urban residues, for example, through normally presenting high rates of heavy metals, when compared to those present in the soil, are liable to inducing toxicity or altering availability in certain agroecosystems (13). Furthermore, through possible absorption by plants, there is the possibility of their entering the food chains (14). When in excess, the accumulation of copper in different parts of the plant can always be associated to cellular alteration in various forms, thereby interfering in physiological processes, to the point that, the toxicity so caused can eventually lead to oxidative stress, chlorophyll derangement and effects on Fe translocation, among others (9). According to Sfredo (2008), over the latter years, leaf analysis has been applied to evaluating the availability of limitative nutrients for plants, thereby furnishing a new tool for improving recommendations as regards manure application, as a further means for increasing productivity. The agricultural use of organic residues is only plausible, when there are no high inner concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni and Zn, since these metals are prone to absorption by plant roots, with the subsequent transference to various organs (3), and consequently, into foodstuff for human consumption. For the satisfactory development of a culture of the soybean Glycine max (L.), a grain of extreme importance in the Brazilian economy, it is essential that macro- and micronutrients be present in the appropriate concentrations.

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to analyze the aboveground growth and biomass of Glycine max (L.), under different copper treatments and natural conditions of temperature and humidity.

METHODOLOGY Study area The experiment took place in an open area for experiments of the University ‘Nove de Julho’, located in metropolitan São Paulo. São Paulo, in southeast Brazil, is located at around 770 meters

above sea level, within the coordinates 23º30’S and 46º40’W. Characteristically, winters (from June to August) are dry, and summers (from December to March) humid. Plant exposure During the experiment, the plants were individually irrigated weekly with 50 ml of a Hoagland & Arnon solution contaminated with 0.0 (T0); 0.000009 (T1); 0.00009 (T2); 0.0009 (T3); 0.009 (T4) 0.09 (T5) and 0.9 (T6) g, with CuCl2 L-1 as element source. Approximately two weeks after germination, and before exposure to the contaminant, the plants were initially measured, both for height, starting from an average height of 10 cm from soil level in the vase up to the apical bud, as well as for stem diameter. The lot was homogeneous, especially as regards the required coloring of cotyledonal leaves. The experiments took place from November 6th to December 3rd, 2009. The plants were measured once again at the end of the experiment, whereat the diameter of the stem was measured with a common pachymeter, and height and leaf measurements with a meter tape. Subsequent to exposure and the collection of stem and leaf biometric data, the leaf area index (LAI) were calculated for leaves 1-7 through multiplication of the width by the length, i.e.,.

LAI = WIDTH X LENGTH After the experimental period, the plants were collected from the vases and split up by organ, which were then separately weighed on a digital balance, to so obtain the weights of fresh-mattermass of the aerial parts and stems. These were then placed in identified paper bags, and subsequently dried at 80ºC for 48 hours (12), thereby obtaining dry-matter-mass values. Statistical analysis The process adopted was the statistical analysis of randomized blocks containing one Glycine max plant per vase with sand, cultivated from the seedling to the fruit stages. The procedure consisted of seven treatments and four repetitions, with four plants per treatment, thus 112 plants all told. The Tukey test was applied to the averages of the results obtained for all the variables in the CuCl2 concentration, using P ≤ 0.05 in the SISVAR program.

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LAI = WIDTH X LENGTH After the experimental period, the plants were collected from the vases and split up by organ, which were then

Brazilian Journal of Ecology ISSN 1516-5868 separately weighed on a digital balance, to so obtain the weights of fresh-matter-mass of the aerial parts and

stems.

These were then placed in identified paper bags, and subsequently dried at 80̊-ºC for 48 hours (NAKAZONO et al.,

RESULTS

observed in T3, and the highest in T1, whereas for the intermediate ones (3, 4 and 5), the tendency statistical analysis for development remained the same until T4. Once Rainfall high throughout expe-riment, The was process adopted was thethe statistical analysis of randomized blocks containing one Glycine max plant per again, T6 proved to be that which presented the even more so sand, than cultivated that registered in the topreceding vase with from the seedling the fruit stages. The procedure consisted of seven treatments and four lowest development (Table 2). years. According to data furnished by the thus Astronomy, repetitions, with four plants per treatment, 112 plants all told. The Tukey test was applied to the averages of the the program. newest leaves in this Geophysics Atmospheric Sciences Institute (IAG), resultsand obtained for all the variables in the CuCl2 concentration, using P ≤Amongst 0.05 in the SISVAR from University of São Paulo (USP), the average during experiment, it was observed that, throughout the months of study was around 25% higher than that the treatment, and in the case of leaf 6, the doses RESULTS to induce statistical registered for the yearswas 1993 2002 (Table Rainfall hightothroughout the 1). experiment, evenwere more insufficient so than that registered in the preceding differences, years. whereas for leaf 7, the tendency was similar Although there wereby nothestatistic differences According to data furnished Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences Institute (IAG), from University to that noted for25% the higher remainder. other words, T6 was the of São Paulo (USP), the was average the months of study was around than thatInregistered for the years between treatments, there an during enhanced tendency treatment in which the plants presented the lowest 1993 to 2002 (Table 1). for growth in stem diameter at the end of the 2001), thereby obtaining dry-matter-mass values.

Table 1. Average values of temperature (°C) and relative humidity (%) of the air, rainfall (mm), number of days with rain, irradiation (MJ/m².dia), and wind velocity (m/s) in the city of São Paulo during the period of culture Month

October

November

December

As regards leaf biometrics, over time there was19greater between treatments. Thus, in the case of (24-15)differentiation 23 (29-19) 22 (27-18) Temperature (ºC) leaves 1 and Relative 2 (the oldest leaves observed in 84 T3,(95-62) and the highest in T1, 86lowest (95-67) LAI values 80were (95-56) humidity (%)on the main branch), the 138.0for development 234.4 208.5 Rainfall (mm) whereas for the intermediate ones (3, 4 and 5), the tendency remained the same until T4. Once again, 19 (Table 2). days presented with rain (days) T6 proved toNumber be that of which the lowest development -2

21

22

Irradiation (w/m )

13.3

17.6

16.4

wind velocity (m/s)

5.9

6.5

5.8

Amongst the newest leaves in this experiment, it was observed that, throughout the treatment, and in the case of leaf 6, the doses were insufficient to induce statistical differences, whereas for leaf 7, the tendency was similar to that noted for the remainder. In other words, T6 was the treatment in which the plants presented the lowest growth, and T3

experiment. The greatest stem heights encountered at growth, and T3 and T4 the highest (Table 2). Equivalence was observed, as regards the endstem of the experiment corresponding diameter at the end were of the those experiment. The greatest stem heights encountered at the end of the experiment were values forT6leaf Moreover, the same to treatments T0 and to T1, whereas those to related those corresponding treatments T0 and T1, related whereas those to high dosesdry-biomass. were the lowest (Table 2). tendency encountered for leaves was also observed high T6 doses were the lowest (Table 2).

Although there and T4 the highest (Table 2).were no statistic differences between treatments, there was an enhanced tendency for growth in

Table 2. Results for mean values and standard deviation of biometric variables in stem height (SH), stem diameter (SD) and leaf area index (LAI), obtained at the end of plant exposure to the different concentrations of copper. T0

T1

T2

T3

T4

T5

T6

SH

26.6 ±5.6a

27.1 ±3.8a

23.8 ±2.8a

23.4 ±2.3a

24.5 ±2.7a

23.9 ±1.8a

22.4 ±2.8a

SD

0.4 0.03ab

0.4 ±0.04b

0.4 ±0.04a

0.4 0.02ab

0.4 0.02ab

0.4 0.02ab

0.4 ±0.07a

LAI1

14.1±0.7ab 15.6±1.1b

13.8±2.1ab 13.5±0.2a

15.4±2.2b

15.2±1.5ab 13.3±0.2a

LAI2

14.9±2.6ab 15.2±1.5b

12.9±2.7ab 20.2±13.1a 13.5±0.9ab 13.9±1.1b

LAI3

14.3±1.9b

12.2±1.4a

13.1±2.7ab 12.8±1.9ab 12.4±2.0ab 13.2±1.6ab 12.8±2.4ab 10.9±0.8a

LAI4

14.0±1.4b

13.4±0.7ab 12.9±1.6ab 12.6±1.4ab 12.2±1.6ab 13.2±2.3ab 11.2±1.3a

LAI5

16.6±2.1b

16.3 2.2ab

15.1±1.5ab 16.8±3.1b

LAI6

19.2±1.4a

20.3±4.4a

18.6±1.6a

LAI7

20.2±4.6ab 21.8±0.6ab 18.8±2.7ab 22.0±1.4b

19.7±2.6a

17.6±2.8b

16.3±1.4b

14.7±3.2a

18.5±1.8a

17.6±2.6a

16.5±3.4a

19.5±1.04b 19.4±2.03b 12.6±1.8a

stem-dry-mass, in that treatments higher As regardswas leafobserved, biometrics, over time there Equivalence as regards values for leaffor dry-biomass. Moreover, the same tendencywith encountered

concentrations Cu (T5 and were in wasleaves greater differentiation between treatments. for was also observed for stem-dry-mass, in that treatments with higher of concentrations of T6) Cu (T5 andthose T6) were Thus,ininwhich the case leaves 1 and 2 (the oldest leaves those plantsofaccumulated less dry mass.

which plants accumulated less dry mass.

on the main branch), the lowest LAI values were

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Brazilian Journal of Ecology ISSN 1516-5868 Table 3. Mean values in grams and standard deviation of leaf and stem dry mass at the end of the experiment. Treatment

Dry Mass (leaf)

Dry Mass (stem)

T0

0.96 ±0.08

1.37 ±0.31

T1

1.10 ±0.59

1.30 ±0.26

T2

1.06 ±0.09

1.07 ±0.18

T3

1.00 ±0.20

1.07 ±0.22

T4

1.23 ±0.17

1.17 ±0.30

T5

1.02 ±0.13

1.02 ±0.19

T6

1.11 ±0.24

1.06 ±0.19

DISCUSSION Heavy rainfall occurred in São Paulo during the period of plant exposure. As was observed by Bertoni et al. (1999), since the element Cu++ is extremely prone to edaphic conditions, mainly humidity, this may have influenced the results, as regards percolation, the availability of the element and its interaction with the plant. Variations in chemical attributes in the soil may have induced changes in the micronutrient content, consequently leading to its deficiency or toxicity (3). Hence, results which did not present significant differences, such as the diameter of the stem, the LAI values for newer leaves, and biomass variables, could be explained by this momentarily excessive rainfall, with the consequential washing out of the soil. This was observed by Viera et al. (2005), who, on studying the availability of nutrients in the soil, the quality of soybean grains and their productivity in soil manured with sewage sludge, and when evaluating the rates of N in the soil in the first cultivation of the plant, demonstrated that, in the treatment I + L3, the amount of biosolids applied may have induced the loss of N by lixiviation. Thus, seeing that the plants were not exposed under controlled conditions of climatic variables, high percolation of the element in the soil may have interfered in the rates of Cu root absorption. On analyzing stem heights, it was noted that in the first, lower-concentration treatments, the low doses of Cu++ probably functioned as manure, hence with a greater tendency to induce growth. Santos et al. (2009), when analyzing the effects of Cu++ and Zn++ on sorghum cultivated in three

classes of soils, obtained different results from those observed with soybean, since stem-heights did not present significant differences between treatments, whereas diameters did, both as regards treatments and the soils in which they were cultivated, thus contrary to our results, whence stem heights were significantly greater in treatments 0 and 1. With the exception of new leaves, leaf measurements followed the same pattern. It was noted that growth was less in the more concentrated treatments, a possible indication of toxicity, with the consequential prejudice to the development of organs. Copper is a prerequisite for the satisfactory development of the plant, seeing that there is a reduction in leaf area in those with a deficiency or excess of this nutrient (13). According to Anjos and Mattiazzo (2000), in studies with corn in soils enriched with a biosolid (sewage sludge), it was noted that the highest rates of this metal were concentrated in the leaves, even though in this method of fertilization, independent of either the treatment or the soil, this element presented no toxic effects for the plants. According to Rangel et al. (2006), when studying the rates of heavy metals in the leaves and grains of corn on applying sewage sludge, it was noted that of the heavy metals assayed, copper was that which presented rates in the leaf within the range considered to be phytotoxic, although, until the third culture, notably not above the upper range of toxicity. Significant effects of the application of doses of sewage sludge were only observed in leafcopper-rates in the first LB-culture and the third LF, an indication of the absence of response in leaf-rates with the application of increased doses of the sludge. Another factor which came under consideration, not only by Rangel (2006), but also by several other authors (6, 16), is that Cu+ tends to accumulate more in roots than in leaves, thereby indicating that the lower response to the addition of sewer sludge, in terms of leaf-copper-rates, could also be related to the low translocation of this nutrient in the plant. Dry biomass variables presented no statistic differences between treatments. In a study by Araujo et al. (2005) of the effects of a textile sludge compound on seedlings of soybean and wheat, it was observed that the increase in concentrations of the compound above 19 g L-1

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Brazilian Journal of Ecology ISSN 1516-5868 caused a significant decrease in total dry-mattermass, height of the aerial part and root length in those of both plant-species. In the case of soybean, there was a reduction, in relation to the control, of 29% to 34% in total dry-matter-mass, 15% to 36% in the height of the aerial part, and 28% to 67% in root length with the application of 38, 76 and 152 g L-1, respectively. The author emphasized that, although the amount of heavy metals present in textile sludge was in accordance with the values stipulated by CETESB, the decrease in total dry matter could be an indication of the effect of toxicity in the plants induced by heavy metals, especially copper and zinc. Moreover, Araujo et al. (2005) also noted that in soybean and wheat seedlings, there was a significant decrease in chlorophyll content, simultaneous with a corresponding decrease in liquid photosynthesis, from the 76 g L-1 concentration one. In a study of the growth and mineral nutrition of Eucalyptus maculata and Eucalyptus urophylla in concentrations of Cu++ (19), it was noted that symptoms of phytotoxicity already appeared in the first five days of the experiment, even at the lowest concentrations, such as 32 and 64 μM of Cu++ supplied as CuSO4. As to the aerial part and leaf area, there was a decrease in dry matter at concentrations above 32 μM of Cu++. In studies with sorghum (15), it was noted that doses of 1.07, 1.24 and 1.26 mg/Kg of copper applied induced an increase in dry matter. In certain studies of toxicity with chlorine, no direct relationship linking the element with effects on growth was observed. In neither of two studies, one involving chemical sterilization with chlorine dioxide in an in vitro culture of Anthurium (4), and the other (21), the in vitro culture of Eucalyptus pellita in a medium sterilized by NaOCl, were toxic effects arising from these solutions observed in plant development. On the other hand, there was a considerable increase, distribution and accumulation of copper and zinc in conifers (Jatropha curcas), where copper and zinc chlorates were used as sources of contamination (5). The authors only noted toxicological effects on increasing the doses of both elements, which seems to imply that chlorine itself did not interfere in these effects in the cultivars analyzed, thereby facilitating transposition to the present work with specimens

of G. max, and thus making it possible to attribute tendencies for growth in plants cultivated in more concentrated solutions, only to copper.

CONCLUSION With these results, it was noted that Glycine max plants can present a tendency for aboveground growth inversely proportional to Cu rates, thereby inferring their sensitivity to high doses of this element. The plants presented no evident toxicological effects under the parameters analyzed in this study, which can be justified by the possible percolation of the element, as a result of the high rainfall which occurred during the experimental period. It is therefore proposed that new experiments be undertaken with G. max and copper under controlled conditions, in order to determine the relationship of toxicity between the element and the development of this plant species.

RESUMO A soja (Glycine max) apresenta-se como sendo uma espécie de grande importância econômica para o Brasil, que é considerado um dos grandes produtores desta cultura. O trabalho objetivou analisar a influência do cobre sobre o desenvolvimento de órgãos aéreos da espécie. Para tanto foi desenvolvido experimento em condições naturais de umidade e temperatura utilizando 112 plantas cultivadas em vasos com areia. Foi adotado um delineamento de blocos casualisados contendo, quatro blocos, sete tratamentos e quatro repetições, que foram irrigadas com solução de Hoagland & Arnon enriquecida com diferentes concentrações de CuCL2 por 30 dias. Após este período foram realizadas análises de variância e teste Tukey, onde se observou que as plantas submetidas ao tratamento 0,9 g CuCl2 L-1 (T6) foram as que apresentaram menor crescimento em relação as plantas controles ou aos menores tratamentos. Os valores de massa seca do caule apresentaram equivalência às tendências encontradas na biometria. Conclui-se assim que o cobre em altas concentrações pode influenciar no crescimento de plantas de Glycine max. Palavras chave: soja, biometria vegetal, órgãos aéreos, cobre.

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REFERENCES 1- Anjos, A. R. M.; MATTIAZZO, M. E. Metais pesados em plantas de milho cultivadas em latossolos repetidamente tratados com biossólido. Scientia Agricola, Piracicaba, V.57, n.4, p.769-776, 2000. 2- Araújo, A. S. F.; Monteiro, R. T. R.; Cardoso, P. F. Composto de lodo têxtil em plântulas de soja e trigo. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, Brasília, V.40, n.6, p.549-554, 2005. 3- BERTONI, J. C.; HOLANDA, F. S. R.; CARVALHO, J. G.; PAULA, M. B.; ASSIS, M. P. Efeito do cobre na nutrição do arroz irrigado por inundação- Teores e acumulo de nutrientes. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, Lavras, V.23, n.3, p.547-559, 1999. 4- Cardoso, J. C. Notas Científicas Esterilização química de meio de cultura no cultivo in vitro de antúrio. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira, Brasília, V.44, n.7, p.785-788, 2009. 5- CHAVES, L. H. G.; MESQUITA, E. F.; ARAUJO, D. L.;FRANÇA, C.P. Crescimento, distribuição e acúmulo de cobre e zinco em plantas de pinhão-manso. Revista Ciência Agronômica, Fortaleza, V. 41, n. 2, p. 167-176, 2010. 6- JUNIOR, C. H. A.; BOARETTO, A. E.; MURAOKA, T.; KIEL, J. C. Uso agrícola de resíduos orgânicos potencialmente poluentes: propriedades químicas do solo e produção vegetal. Tópicos em Ciência do Solo, Viçosa, V.4, n. 10, p. 371-470, 2005. 7- Luchese, A. V.; JUNIOR, A. C. G; LUCHESE, E. B; BRACCINI, M. C. L. Emergência e absorção de cobre por plantas de milho (Zea mays) em resposta ao tratamento de sementes com cobre. Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, V.34, n.6. p. 1949-1952, 2004. 8- Lui, J. J.; GALBIATI, J. A.; MELHEIROS, E. B. Efeito da irrigação e utilização de lixo orgânico na formação de mudas de Eucalipto. Holos Emvironmen, Rio Claro,V.8, n. 2, p. 179-194, 2008. 9- MANTOVANI, A. Composição química de solos contaminados por cobre ; formas, sorção e efeito no desenvolvimento de espécies vegetais. 2009. 105 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciência do solo) Faculdade de Agronomia, Universidade Federal

do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre. 2009. 10- MATOS, A. T.; FONTES, M. P. F.; JORDÃO, C. P.; COSTA, L. M. Heavy metals mobility and retention forms in a brazilian oxisol. Revista Brasileira Ciência do Solo, Campinas, V. 20, n.3, p.379 – 386, 1996. 11- MCBRIDE, M.; SAUVE, S.; HENDERSHOT, W. Solubility control of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in contaminated soils. European Journal Soil Science,Oxford, V. 48, n. 2, p. 337 – 346, 1997. 12- NAKAZONO, E. M.; COSTA, M. C. D.; FUTATSUGI, K.; PAULILO, M. T. S. Crescimento inicial de Euterpe edulis Mart. em diferentes regimes de luz. Revista Brasileira de Botânica, São Paulo, V. 2, p. 173-179, 2001. 13- PEGORINI, E. S.; ANDREOLK, C. V.; SOUZA, M .L.; FERREIRA, A. 2003. Qualidade do lodo de esgoto utilizado na reciclagem agrícola na região metropolitana de Curitiba - PR. In: SIMPÓSIO LATINO AMERICANO DE BIOSSÓLIDOS, 1., São Paulo. 14- RangeL, O. J. P.; Silva, C. A.; Bettiol, W.; Dynia, J. F. Efeito de aplicação de lodos de esgoto sobre os teores de metais pesados em folha e grão de milho. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, Campinas, V.30 ,p.583-594, 2006. 15- SANTOS, H. C.; Fraga, V. S.; RaposO, R. W. C.; PereirA, W. E. Cu e Zn na cultura do sorgo cultivado em três classes de solos. I. Crescimento vegetativo e produção. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, Campina Grande, V.13, n.2, p.125–130, 2009. 16- Silva, e. b.; TANURE, L. P. P.; SANTOS, S. R.; JUNIOR, P. S. R. Sintomas visuais de deficiências nutricionais em pinhão-manso. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, Brasília, V.44, n.4, p.392-397, 2009. 17- SILVA, R. F.; ANTONIOLLI, Z. I.; LUPATIMI, M.; TRINDADE, L. L.; SILVA, A. S. Tolerância de mudas de Canafístula Peltophorum dubium (SPRENG.) TAUB.) inoculadas com Pisolithus microcarpus a solo com excesso de cobre. Ciência Florestal, Santa Maria, V. 20, n. 1,p. 147-156, 2010. 18- SFREDO, G. J. Soja no Brasil; Calagem, adubação e nutrição mineral. Londrina – PR . Embrapa Soja. 2008. P. 48; 81-82 19- SOARES, C. R. F. S.; SIQUEIRA, J. O.;

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Brazilian Journal of Ecology ISSN 1516-5868 CARVALHO, J. G.; MOREIRA, F. M. S.; GRAZZIOTTI, P. H. Crescimento e nutrição mineral de Eucalyptus maculata e Eucalyptus urophylla em solução nutritiva com concentração crescente de cobre. Revista Brasileira de Fisiologia Vegetal, Campinas, V.12, n.3, P. 213-225, 2000. 20- SODRE, F. F.; LENZI, E. Utilização de modelos físico-químicos de adsorção no estudo do comportamento do cobre em solos argilosos. Química Nova, São Paulo, V. 24, n.3, p. 324-330, 2001. 21- TEIXEIRA, S. L.; RIBEIRO, J. M.; TEIXEIRA, M. T. Utilização de hipoclorito de sódio na esterilização de meio de cultura para multiplicação in vitro de Eucalyptus pellita L. Ciência Florestal, Santa Maria, V.18, n.2,

p.185‑191, 2008. 22- VIEIRA, R. F.; Tanaka, R. T.; Tsai, S. M.; Pérez, P. Disponibilidade de nutrientes no solo, qualidade de grãos e produtividade da soja em solo adubado com lodo de esgoto. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, Brasília, V.40, n.9, p.919-926, 2005. 23- ZAMPIERI, M. C. T. Estudo sobre os efeitos do cobre e zinco no crescimento da plântula de Aechmea blanchetiana (Baker)L. B. Smith cultivadas em vitro. Aplicação da analise por ativação com nêutrons. 160 f. Tese (Mestrado em Ciência na área de Tecnologia NuclearAplicações) - Instituto de Pesquisas energéticas e nucleares. Autarquia associada à Universidade de São Paulo. São Paulo. 2010.

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Environmental characterization of the Lajeado Tunas watershed, RS, Brazil *Lisiane Zanella – Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões – Campus de Frederico Westphalen - RS, Laboratório de Geoprocessamento ([email protected]) Eloir Missio – Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões – Campus de Frederico Westphalen - RS, Laboratório de Geoprocessamento ([email protected]) Rosângela Alves Tristão Borém, Universidade Federal de Lavras – UFLA, Setor de Ecologia/Departamento de Biologia ([email protected]) Maurício Castro dos Santos – Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões Campus de Frederico Westphalen - RS, Laboratório de geoprocessamento ([email protected]) Marcos Antônio Ritterbuch – Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões – URI, Laboratório de Geoprocessamento ([email protected])

ABSTRACT Geographic Information System (GIS), Remote Sensing Imagery and Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates were employed to characterize landscape structure and land use features of the Lajeado Tunas watershed, Frederico Westphalen, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Based on data so obtained, two land-cover maps were compiled. These were after compared in order to evaluate the methodology employed. The watershed, spread over approximately 650 ha, is apparently on a mild, east-to-west slope (6.95%). Due to this relative flatness, local conditions are favorable for farming. Notwithstanding, preservation is a prerequisite for controlling erosion and protecting water resources. The land uses mapping has shown how the predominant occupation for anthropogenic usage has exerted negative effects on the quality of the environment and the conservation of biodiversity. Even though only a simple set of GIS tools were used for analyzing the focal landscape, these have helped to arrive at an adequate understanding of the structurally important characteristics of the landscape in a regional context. The results obtained have proved to be of interest for understanding which conservation action is more appropriate for improving the maintenance of local and regional biodiversity, to so guarantee the long-term maintenance of agricultural ecosystems, and, in future analyses, for generating knowledge on how local fauna and flora respond to regional landscape characteristics, the key-points for guaranteeing the maintenance of biodiversity. Key-words: Environmental Planning, Landscape Structure, Sustainable Management, Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

INTRODUCTION Increased anthropic action has given rise to important alterations in the environment, with consequential impacts. Among the main aspects of

these modifications we can cite the loss of habitat, and the fragmentation and decrease in quality in the remaining areas (4). Environmental planning has acquired pre-eminence over the latter decades, due to the interest in redirecting for consideration, not

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Brazilian Journal of Ecology ISSN 1516-5868 only the environments so created and modified by human-kind, but also the remaining, surrounding natural environments. The growing need to present solutions and strategies, with a mind to interrupting and reverting the effects of environmental degradation and the impoverishment of natural resources, has led to intense questioning, mainly as to (a) how to face the agglomeration of environmental problems detected in large urban centers, (b) how to elaborate and develop efficient strategies for their solution, and (c) how to guarantee the application of such strategies. In order to respond to such questions, the environmental issue should be analyzed within a perspective that surpasses urban limits. We must take into consideration that cities and human-kind do not exist apart from the natural elements (water, air, soil, among others), but all together compile a natural global system – the planet Earth - on which we have been acting and intervening without concern for the eventual accumulative effects, thus compromise not only the present, but especially, the very future of their own existence. We need to recognize that human-kind subsist as part of this controversy. Thus, on contemplating the principles of landscape ecology, anthropic action should come under consideration throughout all the phases of planning, inasmuch as, if well conducted, better equilibrated alternatives may be arrived at, as means of inducing the sustainable usage of the environment.

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Even though each study may present distinct forms of partitioning the space to be analyzed or planned (14), several authors give preference to water basins, in special watersheds, since these constitute minimum units in the environment planning approach, due to the agglomeration of important pertinent components aggregated to their structuring, such as characteristic fauna and flora, besides the drainage itself (3.12). The management of watersheds involves a process that permits formulating an integrated assemblage of actions on the environment (social, economic, institutional and legal structures of a watershed), in order to promote the conservation and sustainable utilization of prevalent natural resources, whereby the prerequisite of acquiring knowledge on the structure, composition and dynamics of the catchment itself and surroundings. The Geographic Information System (GIS), within the context of the integrated planning of and systemic approach to watersheds, has been the way of applying the methodology and philosophy of analysis and synthesis of organizational problems and questions related to the environment, with world-wide application in terms of relationships and integration (15). Due to its characteristics of data integration, GIS, together with remote sensing products, functions as probably one of the most adequate tools in support of decision making for systemic-focusing, in the management of natural resources.

Figure 1 – Localization of the Lajeado Tunas watershed, Frederico Westphalen – RS, Brazil.


LandSat

GPS

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Brazilian Journal of Ecology ISSN 1516-5868 Thus, the aim of this study was to apply two methodologies to the analysis and comparison of the land use geographic distribution, as well as to elaborate thematic maps of the study area, with an eye to the environmental characterization of a watershed in the south of Brazil, thereby supplying subsistence for the elaboration of a plan for its territorial management.

METHODOLOGY Localization of the Study Area The Lajeado Tunas watershed (Fig. 1) is located in Frederico Westphalen County, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, between the parallels 27°22’ and 27°33’ south and the meridians 53°24’ and 53º27’ west. It discharges into the Rio Pardo, pertaining to the Rio Uruguay Basin, at around 200 m from the dam of the Companhia Riograndense de Saneamento – CORSAN, thereby contributing to the water supply of the urban area (7). Frederico Westphalen presents a humid subtropical climate (Cfa), according to the Köppen classification, with average minimum and maximum temperatures of 13°C and 31°C, respectively (8). Annual rainfall, of between 1.800 and 2.100 mm, is well distributed throughout the year (8). The pattern of drainage in the watershed is dendrite-like, with wide-spreading branches and tributaries at various angles (Howard, 1967). Aluminum-ferric red latosoil predominates in the highest and flattest parts, and neosoils closer to the river mouth (17). The region of the Upper Uruguay, where Frederico Westphalen county is located, was originally totally covered by Atlantic Forest latu senso, composed of deciduous seasonal and mixed ombrophylous forests (17). Based on the biogeographic region delimitation proposed by Silva & Casteletti (2003), the study area corresponds to a transition region between interior and araucaria forests (14). With the introduction of farming, the original native vegetation experienced profound modifications. The present scenario is composed by forest fragments, vegetal cover characterized by the predominance of early secondary forest in various successive stages, diversified farming and other agricultural activities (10).

Methodological procedures The first step involved the construction of a cartographic base of the study area, using the softwares Idrisi Kilimanjaro (1) and MapInfo (7.8 9), together with information contained in the topographic chart Folha SG.22-Y-C-II-3 MI 2885/3, of Frederico Westphalen, scale 1:50.000, elaborated by the Diretoria de Serviços Geográficos of the Brazilian Army – DSG (IBGE, 1979), and in the LandSat TM 5 satellite image, orbit 223/079, of 8/3/2004 at 13h 12’ and 59”. We obtained the watershed delimitation starting from the identification of the corresponding drainage area, or rather that referring to the area drained by the entire fluvial system confined within topographic limits, all projected onto a horizontal plane (21). The perimeter of the watershed consisted of the length of an imaginary line drawn along the water divisors, which in turn coincide with geomorphometric aspects of the region under analysis. Water bodies and road network were digitized from DSG charts, and complemented with field data obtained with a Garmin 12 GPS. This process allowed us to include roads and other forms of access to rural properties, as well as streams and springs, which do not appear in the official charts. The ordering of water courses and drainage density were both used to characterize regional drainage. This arrangement, which represents the degree of branching of the system of watershed drainage (23), was defined according to the classification proposed by Strahler (1952), by which, watercourses with no tributaries are considered of the first order, those of the second order only receive tributaries of the first order, independent of the number of tributaries, those of the third order receive two or more tributaries of the second order, although they are also capable of receiving tributaries of the first order, and so on. Drainage density refers to the efficiency with which rainwater quits the watershed. It is calculated as the relationship between the total combined length of all the water courses present, and the entire area occupied by the system (4). Hypsometry was elaborated from the interpolation of vectorial maps of the level curves, which gave rise to the generation of a digital elevation

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Brazilian Journal of Ecology ISSN 1516-5868 model (DEM). Hypsometry was divided into four different altimetrical classes (400 – 450 m; 450 – 500 m; 500 – 550 m; 550 – 600 m). A clinographic map, elaborated with the aid of models available in Idrisi and using DEM as a base, was applied to classifying the area into five different patterns of declivity (13). Land use mapping was based on the application of two methodologies: (i) the supervised classification of satellite images and (ii) data obtained in the field with GPS geographic coordinates. We used methods of image processing, as recommended by Easteman (1998) for the supervised classification of the LandSat TM5 satelite image (bands 3, 4 and 5), thereby simplifying the elaboration of one of the land use maps with Idrisi software. In this study, the following land use for mapping were defined: (a) natural vegetation; all the vegetal forms, as fragment forest, riverine forest and early secondary forest; (b) agriculture – areas allocated to annual culture and those with exposed soil in the phase of preparation or implantation of annual cultures; (c) pasture - areas with pasture and those allotted to cattle raising; (d) waterbodies – water bodies, either naturally formed or reservoirs and ponds; (e) urban area – urban lots and rural buildings. The edition of refinement classification was done with Mapinfo 7.8 software. On completion, the results were introduced into PhotoImpact 4.0 software for the manipulation of images and elaboration of the figures corresponding to consolidated thematic charts. Geographic coordinates obtained in the field with GPS were used in the second methodology. For mapping the outlines of land use classes in the watershed, area marking was based on the limits of rural properties, urban areas and the main land uses within each rural property. Within the limits that were being investigated and duly registered, each point corresponded to an extremity of the polygon or line that was being mapped. Simultaneous with the collection of points, a manual outline of the mapped properties was drawn up, this contributing as a source of orientation for elaborating the layers corresponding to differences in land use and occupation, as recognized and identified in the field. Field work lasted for around two months (January and February, 2006), running

up to approximately 400 work-hours carried into effect by a team of 2. The points collected were transferred from GPS to the software GPS Track Maker, and stored in a geographic database. These were introduced into MapInfo 7.8. for the manipulation and development of layers corresponding to the following land use classes: (i) forest – those with primary or secondary vegetation in an advanced stage of succession; (ii) secondary forest – areas covered by vegetation in the initial to mid stages of regeneration; (iii) groves areas with few trees which do not constitute a forest; (iv) swamp - flooded areas, generally located near to springs and reservoirs; (v) annual agriculture – annual cultures and areas with exposed soil; (vi) eucalyptus – areas for planting eucalyptus; (vii) perennial agriculture - areas for the plantation of Paraguay tea; (viii) citrus – areas specifically allotted to producing grapes and oranges; (ix) pasture – grassland, ultimately used for cattle raising; (x) waterbodies – bodies of water and artificial lakes (reservoirs); (xi) farms – small properties, not for farming and without rural installations; (xii) builtup areas – an area comprising elaborated properties and their respective rural surroundings; (xiii) urban area – an assemblage of lots with buildings of low standard; (xv) Roads/access routes – comprising areas for public use (roads, streets, etc.).

RESULTS The area occupied by the Lajeado Tunas watershed (around 650 ha), with a perimeter of 10.6 km, represented only 2.5% of the total area of Frederico Westphalen county. It was mostly situated in a region occupied by small rural properties characterized as family concerns, which, as such, were strongly exploited as regards natural resources. Orientation was east-to-west, and the main watercourse was around 5 km in extent. The calculated drainage density was 22.3 m/ha. The watershed itself, comprising an extension of 14.5 km, was drained by a main perennial watercourse composed of 14 springs, three located in the urban perimeter, and the remainder in the rural zone. The greater part of the watershed was located in the rural zone. The smaller part, which

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Brazilian Journal of Ecology ISSN 1516-5868 was in the urban zone, presented a paved federal (545.69 ha), distributed among 54 small rural highway, but only 238 m of which encroached upon family properties, entirely or partially inserted into watershed limits. Unpaved roads, 22.67 km all told, the watershed. Annual cultures consist of planting and characterized as earth roads, also included routes corn and soybean, and to a lesser extent, beans and of access to rural properties. We took the drainage tobacco. Other activities, such as olericulture and density as a base to obtain the density of roads, which fruit culture are also undertaken in some properties, was also high (35 m/ha) in the watershed. but only for family consumption. Animal breeding The surface of the watershed presented a is basically restricted to dairy cattle and pigs. variation of 200 m in height, between the quotas The extension of agriculture diagnosed by 400 to 600 m above sea level, the greater part of GPS mapping methodology occupied 57.63 % of the which (more than 80%) being situated between 450 area and corresponded to annual cultures, including and 550 m. The two extremes referred to the highest areas of perennial cultures and horticulture, as can and lowest altitudes, corresponding to 13.3% and be seen in Figure 2. According to field mapping 4.1%, respectively, of the whole area. (GPS approach) of this class, this percentage was The biggest part of watershed relief reduced to 31.56%. (92.77%) consisted of low declivity areas (0 – 13%), Although eucalyptus, citrus and perennial classified as flat, and slightly or moderately wavy. agriculture were distinguished from annual Wavy relief (13 to 20%) occurred in less than 5% cultures, their areas were little representative, of the whole. On the other hand slopes between 20 and occupy only 4.19 ha, 1.87 ha and 2.71 ha, and 45% were found in 15.57 ha of the whole area, respectively. Other classes lacking in the satellite whereas those above 45%, considered mountainous to cliff-like, were not registered. The average image mapping, were identified through GPS approach (Figure 3): (i) roads/access routes (1.07%); declivity was estimated at 6.95%. Although satellite images interpretation (ii) built-up areas (2.97%); and, (iii) farms (2.17%). allowed us to classify the study area in five Urban area occupied only 16% of the watershed. According to GPS mapping approach, main land use classes, a larger number of classes were diagnosed only through the GPS mapping pastures occupied 105.2 ha, and natural vegetation Figure1). 1 – Localization of the Lajeado Tunas watershed, – RS, Brazil.according to image aroundFrederico 86 ha. Westphalen On the other hand, methodology (Table

Land use classes

Natural cover

Anthropic cover

Forest Secondary forest Groves Swamp Annual agriculture Eucalyptus Perennial agriculture Citrus Pasture Waterbodies Farms Built-up areas Urban areas Roads/access routes

Total

The area of the watershed situated in the rural zone corresponded to 84% of the landscape

LandSat Area (ha) Area (%) 86.31

13.29

374.41

57.63

82.53 0.09

12.70 0.01

106.29

16.36

649.63

100.00

GPS Area (ha) Area (%) 156.20 24.04 14.11 2.17 5.61 0.86 0.20 0.03 205.00 31.56 4.19 0.64 1.87 0.29 2.71 0.42 105.20 16.19 5.41 0.83 14.10 2.17 19.28 2.97 108.80 16.75 6.95 1.07 649.63 100.00

classification approach, pastures occupied 81.89 ha, and natural vegetation was divided in four classes:

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Brazilian Journal of Ecology ISSN 1516-5868 forest (24.04%), secondary forest (2.17%), groves (0.86%) and swamps (0.03%).

classification, this class was not identified due to the waterbodies being smaller in size than the pixel

Figure 2 – Chart of land use mapping using LandSat TM5 image classification approach of the Lajeado Tunas watershed, Frederico Westphalen – RS. Figure 2 – Chart of land use mapping using LandSat TM5 image classification approach of the Lajeado Tunas watershed, Frederico Westphalen – RS.

Figure 3 – Chart of land use mapping using GPS field mapping approach of the Lajeado Tunas watershed, Frederico Westphalen RS. of land use mapping using GPS field mapping approach of the Lajeado Tunas watershed, Frederico Figure 3 ––Chart Westphalen RS. ‘waterbodies’ corresponded to an The– class

area of 5.41 ha in field mapping approach. In image

of the LandSat image employed in the study (pixel = 30 x 30 m).

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DISCUSSION The Lajeado Tunas watershed, classified as of the third order, can be considered a small unit, with high drainage density (4) and thus, with favorable conditions for constraining local intervening factors. This high drainage density means that infiltration is more difficult, with higher surface drainage, and consequently, greater hewing out of permanent channels, due to the hydrological deportment of rocks (2). The quantification of roads, in relation to the entire area occupied by the watershed, facilitates diagnosing their density. Roads, on one hand, present a positive contribution when considering accessibility among properties. But, on the other hand, they expose natural areas to human presence through easy access, thereby compromising their preservation, both through favoring the entrance of toxic substances, as from the facility in collecting plants and the capture or running over of wild animals (10). The watershed also presents low average altitude and hypsometric amplitude, factors which influence the amount of radiation received and, consequently, evapotranspiration, temperature and rainfall. According to Tonello et al. (2009), the greater the altitude, the less the amount of solar energy that the environment receives, thus resulting in less energy availability. In this sense, the amount of available energy in the watershed can be considered high. Most of the watershed is considered as appropriate for agriculture, provided that simple steps for controlling erosion are taken. We considered those areas with an accentuated slope as apt for developing annual cultures. However, due to the considerably high susceptibility to erosion in this type of relief, the implantation of this type of culture is conditioned to the implementation of intensive soil conservation techniques. The few areas that present restriction to agriculture due to this high susceptibility, offer adequate conditions for the establishment of permanent cultures such as perennial agriculture and citrus. Since declivity is intimately related to the distribution of water in a watershed (20), the average slope presented by the watershed plays a

significant role in the distribution of water between surface and subterranean drainage, thereby functioning positively in the natural conservation of the drainage system as a whole. Nevertheless, in the present case, signs of erosion in the watershed were observed. This was characterized by ravines in farming areas and gullies along the roads, mainly where there is higher declivity. As regards land use classification in the study area, image classification was limited, due to low spatial resolution, thereby precluding identification with the same precision as that of some classes mapped with GPS approach. Nonetheless, the classification of this type of image can be an excellent tool when used for larger study areas. The results obtained from the land use classification permit inferring that the matrix of land use is agriculture, represented by the corn, soybean and tobacco cultivation. These cultures are undertaken with no heed to conservation procedures, thus possibly giving rise to a high loss of soil by erosion. The divergence among the percentages obtained for the class ‘agriculture’ in the different methodologies adopted, is possibly related to the period in which the LandSat image classification was obtained, viz., October, as this coincides with a critical period, in which the lowest indices of vegetal cover occur, and when there is a similarity between the coloration of agropastoral cultures and natural vegetation, whereby the spectral response makes identification difficult, especially the case of small forest fragments and secondary forests, which end up being incorporated into the local farming matrix. Besides this, in the GPS approach we could separate annual plantations from the perennial agriculture, eucalyptus and citrus classes. We believe that roads/access routes, built-up areas, farms, secondary forest, groves, eucalyptus, and swamps, as identified through GPS mapping approach, as well as small forest fragments, were incorporated as agricultural areas in the interpretation of the satellite image. Thus, the difference between the two methodologies of land use classification was significantly increased regarding to the differentiation among distinct land use classes. It is important to point out that high resolution images are more indicated for small study areas, since they permit the correct differentiation

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Brazilian Journal of Ecology ISSN 1516-5868 of various land use classes. However, as the acquisition of this type of image is very costly (1 ha costs around R$10.00 for Quickbird satellite images: spatial resolution = 0.60 m), this can compromise the feasibility of the projects with the required characteristics. Selection of the most adequate image is a preponderant factor in a research project, since there are images available in internet free of charge, as is the case of LandSat images. GPS mapping approach makes a precise and correct diagnosis, and is also indicated in the study of small areas, due to the intense field work involved. For larger study areas, satellite images are once again recommended, in view of the cost-benefit factor and the rapid task execution, since the difference in results is more significant, regarding to the number of categories in the same class, than in relation to the differentiation between natural and anthropic areas. Pastures occupy the third largest area, possibly due to the economic importance of dairycattle breeding for the region. It is importante to note that pastures, when well-managed, is a form of maintaining the surface of the soil covered throughout the year. This practice reduces the speed of surface drainage, contrary to agricultural activities, which leave the soil exposed during its preparation prior to planting (10). As a rule, animal breeding in the region is developed extensively, with pasture of low productivity. According to field observations, we visualize badly-managed compacted areas, having all the available forage used. The results of these actions let the soil exposed and without protection against the erosive action of rain and wind, and significantly diminishing infiltration and directly affecting the drainage of springs and watercourses. The difference between the values observed in satellite-image classification and GPS mapping approach is explained by the presence of small areas with pasture, as well as pastures close to or inserted into agricultural areas that possess a similar spectral response, and thus, are not differentiated in satellite-image classification. Field mapping differentiated vegetation in forest, secondary forest and groves. Forest, that originally occupied all the study area, are mainly located next to springs, accompanying river courses and in areas of high declivity. We considered

forest as of fundamental importance in the erosion control and to replenish phreatic water. Accelerated erosive processes prejudice both the environment and society through diminishing the fertility of the soil, and affecting plant growth. They also diminish the capacity of soil water retention, as in near and remote areas, through the drainage of water and sediments, local damage, negative changes in the environment related to floods, the fill-in of rivers, lakes and reservoirs, the contamination of bodies of water, etc.. In such cases, natural vegetation is a potential aid in minimizing these processes (6). Nevertheless, the area of native forest shows that the watershed represents the conservation status equivalent to the region where it is located. Based on LandSat image classification, Tonial et al. (2005) encountered approximately 16% of forest areas in the five water basins located in the northeastern region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, where the present study area is located. On the other hand, Cemin et al. (2009) found a higher coverage (51.96%) of natural vegetation, in a water basin located close to the same study area. APPs present a large degree of deforestation, as a result of the urban expansion. Thereabouts, the execution of environmental projects should be intensified, as a way of preserving areas where springs occur. We believe this class needs special attention due to the negative impact which can be associated with areas covered by solid material, thereby hindering various physical and biological processes, such as the absorption of rainwater, which normally occur between the soil and the atmosphere. Furthermore, the production of residues and the conversion of areas with natural vegetation into lots constitute two serious recurring problems arising from urbanization (11). Urban expansion should be redirected to locations with more favorable physical conditions, avoiding negative environmental impacts, and so maintain the quality of hydric resources. We do not identify small watercourses in the image classification due to its scale of 1:50.000, and the pixels size.

CONCLUSIONS The watershed is considered appropriate for agro-pastural activities, through being on a

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Brazilian Journal of Ecology ISSN 1516-5868 plain, and possesses high drainage efficiency, thereby favoring surface drainage and minimizing the aftermath of erosive processes. Agriculture is the landscape matrix, and thus constitutes the main threat to the environmental quality of the watershed. Farming areas present a lack of adequate management, and require urgent conservation actions, as a means of mitigating the impacts arising from the intense exploitation of natural resources. Forest recomposition in the study area is imperative, mainly in areas of permanent protection, with the aim of maintaining the ecological functions associated with natural ecosystems, especially the control of erosion and aid in replenishing phreatic water. The methodologies used for diagnosing the distribution of land use mapping differed, mainly as regards the identification of the different land use classes. Although GPS mapping approach identified a larger number of categories of land use, more time was dedicated to undertaking the task, thereby conditioning the application of this method to small areas. Satellite images of mid-spatial resolution proved to be most indicated in the study of larger areas, due to the adequate relationship cost-benefits.

bacia possui condições favoráveis para atividades agropastoris, no entanto, práticas conservacionistas são necessárias a fim de controlar a erosão e proteger os recursos hídricos. O mapeamento dos usos da terra mostrou que a região é predominantemente ocupada por usos antrópicos, que desempenham efeitos negativos para a qualidade ambiental e a conservação da biodiversidade. Embora tenha sido usado um conjunto simples de ferramentas de SIG para analisar a paisagem focal, esses métodos auxiliaram o entendimento de características da paisagem estruturalmente importantes no contexto regional, e os resultados obtidos mostraramse interessantes para entender quais ações de conservação devem ser usadas para melhorar a manutenção da biodiversidade local ou regional, para garantir a longo prazo a manutenção dos ecossistemas agrícolas, e que, em futuras análises, a compreensão de como fauna e flora locais respondem às características da paisagem regional são os pontos-chave para garantir a manutenção da biodiversidade. Palavras-chave: Planejamento Ambiental, Estrutura da Paisagem, Manejo Sustentável, Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG)

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

REFERENCES

We thank the Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões – URI – Campus de Frederico Westphalen, and the Laboratory of Geoprocessing for undertaking this work.

1- CLARK LABS. IDRISI kilimanjaro software student user’s guide. Worcester: Clark University. 2003. 2- CEMIN, G.; PERICO, E.; REMPEL, C. Composição e conção da paisagem da subbacia do arroio jacaré, Vale do Taquari, RS, com ênfase nas áreas de florestas. Rev. Árvore, Viçosa, v. 33, n. 4, p. 705-711. 2009. 3- CHRISTOFOLETTI, A. Morfologia de bacias de drenagem. Not. Geomorfol. v. 18, p.130-132, 1978. 4-DEPARTAMENTO NACIONAL DE ÁGUAS E ENERGIA ELÉTRICA – ESTAÇÃO ECOLÓGICA DE SÃO CARLOS. Bacia experimental rio Jacaré-Guaçu. São Carlos: EESC-USP, 1980. 114 p. 5- EASTMANN, J. R. Idrisi for Windows: introdução e exercícios tutoriais. (Trad.) HASENACK, H.; WEBER, E. Porto Alegre: UFRGS – Centro de Recursos Idrisi. 1998. 240p. 6-FAHRIG, L. Effects of habitat fragmentation on

RESUMO Este trabalho analisa o uso da terra e da estrutura da paisagem da sub-bacia hidrográfica do Lajeado Tunas, Frederico Westphalen, RS, Brasil. Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG), imagens de Sensoriamento Remoto e Coordenadas de Global Positioning System (GPS) foram usadas para caracterizar a paisagem e para gerar dois mapas de cobertura da terra, que foram posteriormente comparados para avaliar as metodologias utilizadas. A sub-bacia do Lajeado possui cerca de 650 ha, e os resultados sugerem que o relevo possui declive suave (6,95%), estando orientado de leste a oeste. Devido ao terreno ser ligeiramente plano, a sub-

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Brazilian Journal of Ecology ISSN 1516-5868 biodiversity. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst, Palo Alto, v. 34, p. 487-515. 2003. 7- GUERRA; A. J. T.; MENDONÇA, J. K. S. Erosão dos solos e a questão ambiental. In: VITTE, A. C.; GUERRA, A. J. T. (Orgs). Reflexões sobre a geografia física no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Bertrand Brasil, 2004. 280p. 8-INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA. Diretoria de Serviço Geográfico do Exército Brasileiro. Folha SG.22Y-C-II-3MI-2885/3 – Frederico Westphalen. 1979. 9- INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE METEOROLOGIA. Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1961-1990. Versão revista e ampliada. Org.: RAMOS, A. M.; SANTOS, L. A. R.; FORTES, L. T. G. Brasília, DF: INMET, 2009. 465p. 10-MAPINFO PROFESSIONAL. Guia do Usuário. Troy: MapInfo Corporation. 1998. 591p. 11- MISSIO, E.; SANTOS, J.E; PIRES, J.S.R.; MARKOSKI, P.R.; TONIAL, T.M.. Caracterização, diagnóstico e zoneamento ambiental da paisagem do município de Frederico Westphalen, RS. In: : SANTOS J.E.; CAVALHEIRO, F.; PIRES, J.S.R.; HENKEOLIVEIRA, C.; PIRES, A.M.Z.C.R. (Org.). Faces da polissemia da paisagem: ecologia, planejamento e percepção. São Carlos: RIMA, 2004. v. 1, p. 383-404. 12- NUNES, J. O. R.; SANTANA-NETO, J. L. A produção do espaço urbano e o destino dos resíduos sólidos. Caderno Prudentino de Geografia, Presidente Prudente, v. 1, n. 24, p. 6073, 2002. 13- PISSARRA, T. C. T., POLITANO, W., FERRAUDO, A. S. Avaliação de características morfométricas na relação solo-superfície da Bacia Hidrográfica do Córrego Rico, Jaboticabal (SP). Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo, Viçosa, v. 28, n. 2, p. 297-305. 2004. 14- RAMALHO-FILHO, A.; BEEK, K.J. Sistema de avaliação da aptidão agrícola das terras. 3. ed. rev. Rio de Janeiro: EMBRAPA/CNPS. 1995. 65p. 15- RIBEIRO, M. C.; MARTENSEN, A. C.; METZGER, J. P.; TABARELLI, M.; SCARANO, F.; FORTIN, M. J. The Brazilian Atlantic Forest: a shrinking biodiversity hotspot. In: ZACHOS, F. E.; HABEL, J.

C (Org.). Biodiversity hotspots. Berlin and Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. 2011. 16- ROCHA, J. V.; Sistema de informações geográficas no contexto do planejamento integrado de bacias hidrográficas. In: ORTEGA, E. (Org.). Engenharia ecológica e agricultura sustentável. Campinas: [s.n.], 2003. cap. 20, p. 1-13. 17- SILVA, J.M.C., CASTELETI, C.H.M. Status of the biodiversity of the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. In: GALINDO-LEAL, C., CÂMARA, I.G. (Orgs.). The Atlantic Forest of South America: biodiversity status, threats, and outlook. Washington: CABS and Island Press, p. 43–59. 2003. 18- SOS MATA ATLÂNTICA, INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE PESQUISAS ESPACIAIS. Atlas dos remanescentes florestais e ecossistemas associados no domínio da Mata Atlântica. São Paulo. 2000. 156p. 19- STRAHLER, A. N. Dynamic basis of geomorphology. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am, v. 63, p. 923938. 1952. 20- STRECK, E. V.; KAMPF, N.; DALMOLIN, R. S. D.; KLAMT, E.; NASCIMENTO, P. C.; SCHNEIDER, P. Solos do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre: EMATER/RS, UFRGS, 2002. 107p. 21- TEODORO, V. L. I.; TEIXEIRA, D.; COSTA, D. J. L.; FULLER, B. B. O conceito de bacia hidrográfica e a importância da caracterização morfométrica para o entendimento da dinâmica ambiental local. Ver. Uniara, Araraquara, n. 20, 2007. 22- TONELLO, K.C.; DIAS, H. C. T.; SOUZA, A. L.; RIBEIRO, C. A. A. S.; FIRME, D. J.; LEITE, F. P. Diagnóstico hidroambiental da bacia hidrográfica da Cachoeira das Pombas, município de Guanhães, MG. Brasil. AmbiAgua, Taubaté, v. 4, n. 1, p. 156-168. 2009. 23- TONIAL, T. M.; MISSIO, E.; SANTOS, J. E. dos; HENKE-OLIVEIRA, C.; HOLZSCHUH, M. L.; ZANG, N. Diagnóstico ambiental de unidades da paisagem da região Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul no período de 1984 a 1999. Rev. Bras. Cartografia, Presidente Prudente, v. 57, n. 3, p. 213-225, 2005. 24- TUCCI, C.E.M. Hidrologia: ciência e aplicação. Porto Alegre, RS. Porto Alegre: UFRGS/Edusp/ ABRH, 2001. 943p.

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Structure of avian guilds in a fragment-corridor in Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil. *Bruno Senna Corrêa - CEFET-MG - Campus IX Nepomuceno - Av. Monsenhor - Luiz de Gonzaga, 103 - Centro, Nepomuceno, MG, CEP: 37250-000. ([email protected]) Júlio Neil Cassa Louzada - UFLA – Caixa Postal 37 CEP 37200-000, Lavras, MG Campus Universitário, DBio Setor Ecologia. ([email protected]) Aloysio Souza de Moura - Centro Universitário de Lavras “UNILAVRAS”, Caixa Postal 197, CEP 37200000, Lavras, MG. ([email protected])

ABSTRACT Analysis was centered on avian guild structure of a community of birds in a forest fragment|corridor|farming matrix in the Cerrado, in Lavras county, Minas Gerais, Brazil (21o14’45’’S/44o59’51’’W). Samples were collected from eight semidecidual forest fragments of 1,0 to 12,1 ha, connected by 5 hedgerow corridors bordered by an adjacent agricultural matrix. Whether the distribution of frequency, diversity and composition of the guilds was similar among the fragments, ecological corridors and matrix. 176 bird species belonging to 44 families were recorded. The main guilds recorded were insectivore, omnivore and granivore. The environments sampled statistically dissimilar guild distribution and composition. Insectivore (68 species) and omnivore (53 species) guilds were predominant. Nevertheless, the average number of species was higher in the matrix and corridors, than in forest fragments. The latter, through functioning more as an efficient way of facilitating the movement of generalist species can mask the reduction in regional species richness. Key words: birds, forest fragments, avian guilds.

INTRODUCTION Forest fragmentation, a historical process in the Cerrado biome, increased in the 20th century due to agricultural expansion in the Brazilian centerwest. Among the outcomes of the consequential reduction in habitat, a decline in fauna and flora diversity could be observed. Even though there still are natural forest fragments in the Cerrado, it is not known whether the influence of ecological processes is similar to those observed in forest environments of the Atlantic Rain Forest and the Amazon Forest. The impact on tropical ecosystems originating from the fragmentation process has led to alterations in various parameters which, in turn, have given rise to the disappearance of insectivore guilds.(13).

Notably, the decline in these guilds in small forest fragments is more strongly related to the capacity for dispersion by way of anthropic matrices than to the low availability of food resources (29). Research related to forest fragmentation involves the theory of biogeography and metapopulation dynamics (19). The former defines a diminishing in isle surface or as being associated to an exponential decrease in the number of species, and the reduction in relationships (17). The formation of metapopulations is favored by habitat fragmentation, with each species occurring in a fragment, even though these populations can also occur in continuous habitats. The theory of metapopulations has supplanted that of biogeography through its potential to explain the dynamics of populations in fragmented areas.

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Brazilian Journal of Ecology ISSN 1516-5868 Forest mosaics or fragmentation can cause profound impacts on species that require large areas for survival. These, known as interior species, tend to quickly disappear in deforested or impacted areas. Meanwhile, under these circumstances, other species adapted to margin or conditions become dominant. Can be maintained through adequate management, to so guarantee immigration from larger contiguous areas (17). From studies dealing with fragmented environments, it can be inferred that parameters, such as area (3), and isolation, exert an influence on the distribution of the flora and the movement of wild fauna (28). Other ecological aspects of structures, such as, vertical stratification and heterogeneity, comprise important parameters in the determination of environmental avian guild diversity (21).

OBJECTIVE In the present work, the response of the different avian guilds to the elements of a fragmented agricultural landscape was evaluated. The hypothesis to be tested was that the distribution of avian guild frequency, diversity and composition between forest fragments, ecological corridors and matrix remains unchanged.

METHODOLOGY Study site The corridor-fragment studied is located in Lavras county, the Alto Rio Grande region, in the south of Minas Gerais State (21º17’15.1”S/44°58’59.3”W) (Figure 1).

M2

M1

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M5 M4

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Áreas (ha)

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Piratelli & Pereira (2002) emphasized the 7,19 Semid seas for Secondary seas for importance of studying11,84 avianSemid guilds, as Secondary a source 1,03 Semid seas for Secondary 7,36 Semid seas for Secondary of relevant data on community trophic structures, 7,80 Semid seas for Secondary 12,40 Semid seas for Secondary 2,25 Semid seas for Secondary as well as abiotic parameters. As regards small 1,25 Semid seas for Secondary 0,2 connected, Semid seas for the Secondary fragments, even though be poor, 0,28 Semid seas for Secondary 0,44 Semid seas for Secondary and, with the association of a reduced area. 0,12 Semid seas for SecondaryFire, 0,72 Semid seas for Secondary agricultural defensives,71,0invading vegetalSecondary species, Anthropized field 27,0 Agríc cultivation Secondary Cerrado couldSecondary etc., the occurrence of 24,0 populations become 28,0 Cerrado Secondary 93,0 Anthropized field Secondary unfeasible, or there might 51,16 even be the exclusion of 1,76 243,0 certain ecological groups (18). 295,92 Fragment Florest F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 Corridors C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 Matrix M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 Total fragments Total corridors Total matrix Total

Points shown

Sampling area (m2)

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The study site is located around 6 km from 965 m 21 17’28’’S/44 59’13’’W 8 2513 m 971 m 21 17’43’’S/44 59’40’’W 8 2513 Lavras, onm the slopes of the Serra do Carrapato. 977 m 21 17’51’’S/44 59’13’’W 8 2513 m 973 m 21 18’08’’S/44 59’48’’W 8 2513 m m 21 18’13’’S/44 59’16’’W 8 2513 m In all, there are 977 eight fragments (F), interlinked 996 m 21 19’01’’S/44 59’47’’W 8 2513 m 990 m 21 19’01’’S/44 59’47’’W 8 2513 m by a vegetal corridor (C) composed of a main axis 1044 m 21 19’13’’S/44 59’32’’W 8 2513 m 960 m 59’10’’Wseven of the 8 628branches m and four628 (Figure),2121 17’39’’S/44 in which 985 m 17’38’’S/44 59’24’’W 8 m 996 m 21 17’58’’S/44 59’41’’W 8 628 m fragments present an interior river course, within an 991 m 21 18’17’’S/44 59’29’’W 8 628 m 1002 m 21 18’43’’S/44 59’35’’W 8 628 m agricultural regional farming 985 (old m 21 17’46’’S/44 59’23’’W properties). 8 10053 m matrix 980 m 21 17’33’’S/44 59’28’’W 8 10053 m 997 mproperties 21 17’50’’S/44 59’43’’W ha, varying 8 10053 m The total area of the is 51,1624 934 m 21 18’33’’S/44 59’53’’W 8 10053 m 1022O m 21 18’49’’S/44 59’19’’W 8 10053 m O from 1,0302 ha (21 17’51’’S/44 59’13’’W) to 12,40 64 20104 m 40 3140 m 40 50265 m O ha (21O19’01’’S/44 59’47’’W). The corridors dealt 144 73509 m with in the present study are defined as lineal 2

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26 R= Revista SEB Ano 14 Final.indd 26

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Brazilian Journal of Ecology ISSN 1516-5868 vegetal structures of various origins, of reduced width (between 3 and 6 meters), which can be connected to various-sized fragments (6). In the area studied, it was possible to identify: a) a farming matrix (M), comprising annual cultures, i.e., corn, soybean and beans, among others, planted pasture (Brachiaria spp.) for raising cattle, and M2 natural farmland. Through dealing with a fragmented area, the matrix was defined as any farming area, without any form of forest formation, such as forest fragments or vegetal corridors, since, M1 from the beginning of M3 th the 20 century, these phytophysiognomies have been gradually substituted by open areas, due to the regional expansion of agriculture; b) corridors of regenerating (30 years) arboreal vegetation occurring in hollows; c) portions of mosaic type M5 habitat, consisting of secondary stage cerrado M4 vegetation in the broad sense, secondary stage man-formed galleries and patches of secondary stage semideciduous forest (6). The climate of the region can be defined as of the Köppen Cwa type, with an average annual rainfall of 1.529,7 mm, and an average annual temperature of 19,4°C (5). The minimum altitude is 920 meters and the maximum 1.180 meters.

Environments Fragment Florest F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 Corridors C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 Matrix M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 Total fragments Total corridors Total matrix Total

a total of 132 days (924 hours) of field work. Work began at 5:30 a.m. and finished around 9:30 a.m. The visits took place twice a week, at twilight (4:00 p.m. to 7:00 p.m.). One and the same point was visited only once a day. The identification of species and the nomenclature used was according to basic references on the birds encountered in the Comitê Brasileiro de Registros Ornitológicos (2011). One of the parameters used for studying bird communities in closed environments is the composition of avian guilds (24). Trophic category analysis was applied to understanding bird community composition patterns within the system fragment|corridor|matrix. For guild characterization, information on the foraging form was used, whence, according to Pimm (1991), guilds could be defined as: Carnivores, Frugivores, Granivores, Insectivores, Nectarivores, Omnivores and Piscivores. In order to discern the differences in interenvironment guild composition, data was submitted to NMDS (nonmetric multi-dimensional scaling) analysis. Accordingly, the program is applied to calculating similarity among samples, by cartesian grouping of the more similar points, as to guild composition and abundance (7). This method was

Áreas (ha)

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7,19 11,84 1,03 7,36 7,80 12,40 2,25 1,25

Semid seas for Semid seas for Semid seas for Semid seas for Semid seas for Semid seas for Semid seas for Semid seas for

Secondary Secondary Secondary Secondary Secondary Secondary Secondary Secondary

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

2513 m2 2513 m2 2513 m2 2513 m2 2513 m2 2513 m2 2513 m2 2513 m2

965 m 971 m 977 m 973 m 977 m 996 m 990 m 1044 m

21O17’28’’S/44O59’13’’W 21O17’43’’S/44O59’40’’W 21O17’51’’S/44O59’13’’W 21O18’08’’S/44O59’48’’W 21O18’13’’S/44O59’16’’W 21O19’01’’S/44O59’47’’W 21O19’01’’S/44O59’47’’W 21O19’13’’S/44O59’32’’W

0,2 0,28 0,44 0,12 0,72

Semid seas for Semid seas for Semid seas for Semid seas for Semid seas for

Secondary Secondary Secondary Secondary Secondary

8 8 8 8 8

628 m2 628 m2 628 m2 628 m2 628 m2

960 m 985 m 996 m 991 m 1002 m

21O17’39’’S/44O59’10’’W 21O17’38’’S/44O59’24’’W 21O17’58’’S/44O59’41’’W 21O18’17’’S/44O59’29’’W 21O18’43’’S/44O59’35’’W

71,0 27,0 24,0 28,0 93,0 51,16 1,76 243,0 295,92

Anthropized field Agríc cultivation Cerrado Cerrado Anthropized field


8 8 8 8 8 64 40 40 144

10053 m2 10053 m2 10053 m2 10053 m2 10053 m2 20104 m2 3140 m2 50265 m2 73509 m2

985 m 980 m 997 m 934 m 1022 m


basically used to represent differences in guild Sampling Planning The Point (32) Sampling Method, with composition in fragment, corridor and matrix 10 minutes per point, was used for qualitative and environments. The Bray-Cutis similarity index was used for analysis. R = rb– rw___ quantitative surveying. One-way ANOSIM testing was used to N(N – 1)/4 Observations were carried out three times statistically verify the differences among groups a week, between February and December, 2005, to

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0,28 0,44 0,12 0,72

Semid seas for Semid seas for Semid seas for Semid seas for

Secondary Secondary Secondary Secondary

8 8 8 8

628 m2 628 m2 628 m2 628 m2

985 m 996 m 991 m 1002 m

21O17’38’’S/44O59’24’’W 21O17’58’’S/44O59’41’’W 21O18’17’’S/44O59’29’’W 21O18’43’’S/44O59’35’’W

71,0 27,0 24,0 28,0 93,0 51,16 1,76 243,0 95,92

Anthropized field Agríc cultivation Cerrado Cerrado Anthropized field


8 8 8 8 8 64 40 40 144

10053 m2 10053 m2 10053 m2 10053 m2 10053 m2 20104 m2 3140 m2 50265 m2 73509 m2

985 m 980 m 997 m 934 m 1022 m


R=

rb– rw___ N(N – 1)/4

0.12

Analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) detected 0.06 -0.24

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Coordinate 2

formed by NMDS. This is a nonparametric test which, based on Bray-Curtis similarity (7), furnishes a way of testing whether there is a significant difference between two or more groups, according to the formula:

0.08

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rb average of all the distances among the groups r w average of all the distances within the groups N: samples

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-0.36 Figure 2. NMDS testing of inter-environment guilds

The SIMPER (Analysis of similarity of percentages) test was used for examining the interenvironment contribution of each group, according to Bray-Curtis dissimilarity, and to determine the contribution of each to intra- environment similarity (7).

(species diversity) (Symbols: + = fragment; o = Coordinate 1

corridor; ▲ = matrix). Figure 2. NMDS testing of inter-environment guilds (species diversity) (Symbols: + = fragment; o = corridor; ▲ = matrix).

RESULTS

0.36 0.3 0.24

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0.36 0.18 0.3 0.12 0.24 0.06 0.18 Coordinate 2

176 bird species belonging to 44 families were registered. The main guilds were comprised of insectivores, omnivores and granivores . The insectivore guild presented the highest species richness with 68 species (38,0%) in fragment environments. Insectivore species richness was similar to that of omnivores in corridor environments (18 species each {10%}). As to the matrix environment, there was a reduction in insectivore species richness (21 species) in relation to omnivore (23 species). Behavior of the omnivore guild was the contrary to that of insectivores. There was a gradual rise in omnivore species richness matrixwise. In general, granivore species richness was inferior (22 species), followed by nectarivores (12 species), carnivores (11 species), frugivores (10 species) and piscivores (3 species). Distribution in the matrix was different from that of the other environments. In fragments and corridors distribution was more grouped (Figures 2 and 3). In axis 1, the omnivore guild contributed to the overall appearance of the fragment-corridor-matrix grid. In axis 2, there were differences in distribution among fragments, corridors and matrix. Once again, the greater contribution towards these differences came from the omnivores.

-0.5

-0.4

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

0.12 -0.06

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.06 -0.12 -0.5

-0.4

-0.3

-0.2

-0.18 -0.1

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

-0.06 Coordinat e 1 -0.12

Figure 3. NMDS testing of inter-environment guilds (number of -0.18 individuals) (Symbols: + = fragment; o = corridor; ▲ = matrix).

Coordinat e 1

significant differences among the inter-environment guilds studied, both by species (r = 0.67, P=0.0001, individuals) (Symbols: + = fragment; o = corridor; ▲ = average dissimilarity =27.4), and individuals (r = 0.53;matrix). P0 (ha) area

CA values indicate matrix dominance. CA values ind

Quantifies the proportional abundance Quantifies of each type theo Percentage of Percentage precision receiver, hiper GGD model. All the of patch in the landscape. The interpretation patch of in PLAN the la thegeoinformation landscape in thus generated was the landscape in included in PLAND>0 (%) Land use and occupation PLAND>0 (%) Sign and is the same as that described for CA, but is the expressed same as i each class each class Formula Meaning a bank of Indices geographic data. Visual interpretation It was possible to classify the area into nine interval (unit) percentages. percentages. (PLAND) (PLAND) hit indices were obtained by means of points collected in the field, accuracy being evaluated Class area (CA)

Number of patches (NP)

Percentage of the landscape in each class Patch density Revista SEB Ano 14 Final.indd 107 (PD) (PLAND)

CA>0 (ha)

NP = nj

classes of land-use. By occupying 49,19% of the total area 1), pasture was composition. the predominant. Of theThis This(Figure is a measure Higher This isofalandscape simple measure of the degree of division is a simpo

indicate matrix dominance. Higher NP≥1 values indicate fragmentation highe NumberNP≥1 of CA values fragmentation. NP = n 107 (dimensional) (dimensional) landscapej fragmentation, and lower values landscape the unio frag patches (NP) Quantifies or the extinction proportional abundance of each type of same class. of fragments of the or extinction o PLAND>0 (%)

patch in the landscape. The interpretation of PLAND

as that describedthe for number CA, but expressed in PD>0is the sameRepresents PD>0 of fragments Represents of the classthi Patch density 11/12/2012 10:41:15 percentages. (number per 100 (number per 100 100 hectares of landscape. The interpretation 100 hectares of PD o (PD)

hijr nij Pi pij xij

Brazilian Journal z

distance from edge to edge, and computed from cell-center (pixel) to cell-center (pixel). Distance between the cells (pixels) ijr (located within the fragment ij) and the centroid of the fragment ij, based on the distance cell center (pixel) to cell center (pixel). Number of fragments of a determined type of habitat (class) i in the landscape. Proportion of the landscape occupied by fragments of a determined class (i). Perimeter of the fragment ij measured by the number of cell (pixel) surfaces. Represents a metric that will be calculated in the formula of average, average of the area under of Ecology standard ISSN 1516-5868 consideration, deviance, and coefficient of variation. Number of cells (pixels) in the fragment ij.

Table 3: Indices of landscape ecology generated by FRAGSTATS (version 3.3) software for quantifying landscape structure Sign and interval (unit)

Meaning

Class area (CA)

CA>0 (ha)

This is a measure of landscape composition. Higher CA values indicate matrix dominance.

Percentage of the landscape in each class (PLAND)

PLAND>0 (%)

Quantifies the proportional abundance of each type of patch in the landscape. The interpretation of PLAND is the same as that described for CA, but expressed in percentages.

NP≥1 (dimensional)

This is a simple measure of the degree of division or fragmentation. Higher values indicate higher landscape fragmentation, and lower values the union or extinction of fragments of the same class.

Patch density (PD)

PD>0 (number per 100 ha)

Represents the number of fragments of the class in 100 hectares of landscape. The interpretation of PD is the same as that described for NP.

Largest patch index (LPI)

0200 m were classified as low, medium, high, and very high isolation, respectively. Thus, for the landscape studied, isolation in the classes semidecidual seasonal forests and pasture was low, and for the remainder very high. Distinct results were encountered by Calegari et al. (2010), Basile (2006) and Tonial (2003) for the area ‘natural vegetation, with distances of 244.5, 410 and 119 m, respectively. Valente & Vettorazzi (2005) came up with similar results for ‘cerrado’, with 156.65 m. Thus, the results indicate the lower commitment of the class semidecidual seasonal forest, by demonstrating the small interfragment distances of this class, and the higher capacity of the species for colonization towards forest patches, thus an inducement to local genic flow (32). According to some authors, the construction or maintenance of biodiversity corridors is an important mitigatory measure for perpetuating connectivity between vegetal fragments, through facilitating the creation of a system of meta-populations (10, 24).

CONCLUSIONS

The use of geographic information systems has facilitated the generation and organization of georeferenced information, in such a way as to enable the characterization and analysis of the structural elements of the EPA Coqueiral landscape, with its mosaic of semidecidual seasonal forest and cerrado remnants. The use of a land-use and occupation map facilitated the characterization and quantification of areas of the different types of use, as well as quantification of the number of natural vegetal fragments (semidecidual seasonal forest and cerrado) of the Coqueiral EPA. Even so, landscape ecology indices were still required for characterizing their composition and contion. The groups of indices that proved to be efficient for this characterization were area, density, size, shape, proximity and isolation, and connectivity. In the study region, there is a tendency for agropastoral activities in small rural properties. These activities account for the high regional fragmentation. The maintenance of the small fragments in the EPA is fundamental, as they are liable for connectivity between natural vegetal remnants, and for conservation of the larger-sized fragments, thereby aiding in the persistence of local species. Restoration of EPAs is obviously necessary, since this type of vegetation can function as ecological corridors, thereby facilitating the movement of fauna and flora. Furthermore, EPAs can also contribute towards the socio-economic potential of the community, if economically important species, such as fruit plants, are used. . In regards to conservation, through harboring greater biodiversity, the largest-sized fragments should be considered as priority. The construction of vegetation corridors should be considered as a means of increasing interfragment connectivity, as well as metapopulation auxiliary systems, within the EPA.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We wish to extend our thanks to the Universidade Federal de Lavras, and the Geosoil Laboratory, Epamig/Lavras for support and

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Brazilian Journal of Ecology ISSN 1516-5868 incentives, as well as to CAPES for the grant and FAPEMIG for financing the project.

RESUMO Este trabalho analisou a estrutura da paisagem da Área de Proteção Ambiental Coqueiral, localizada na região Sul de Minas Gerais. O objetivo foi avaliar a estrutura da paisagem a partir de métricas e princípios da Ecologia da Paisagem e apontar áreas prioritárias para a conservação. Foram utilizados Sistemas de Informação Geográfica e Sensoriamento Remoto para elaborar um mapa de uso da terra a partir de uma imagem de satélite SPOT 5 HCR. A análise da estrutura da paisagem foi realizada através do software Fragstats, utilizando métricas de paisagem. Os resultados mostraram que a classe pastagem foi considerada como a matriz da paisagem e ocupou quase metade da unidade de conservação. A análise da estrutura da paisagem mostrou que a paisagem é dominada por atividades agropastoris. A paisagem apresenta 704unidades. O tamanho médio dos fragmentos foi maior para o pasto do que para a floresta estacional semidecidual, enquanto que a floresta estacional semidecidual apresentou maior densidade de fragmentos. Classes de uso da terra mostraram formas complexas indicando maiores efeitos de borda. Pastagens apresentaram menor isolamento entre os fragmentos. Os dados obtidos neste estudo são relevantes para a tomada de decisão e planejamento ambiental da Área de Proteção Ambiental de Coqueiral, permitindo sugerir áreas prioritárias para sua conservação. Palavras-chave: Ecologia de paisagens, Métricas da paisagem, Sistemas de Informação Geográfica.

REFERENCES 1- ALMEIDA, C. G. Análise espacial dos fragmentos florestais na área do Parque Nacional dos Campos Gerais, Paraná.2008. 72 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Gestão do Território) – Univ. Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, 2008. 2- BASILE, A. Caracterização estrutural e física de fragmentos florestais no contexto da paisagem da Bacia do Rio Corumbataí, SP. 2006. 86 p. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ecologia Aplicada) –

Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, 2006. 3- BIERREGAARD, R. O.; LOVEJOY, T. E.; KAPOS, V.; SANTOS, A. A.; HUTCHINGS, R. W. The biological dynamics of tropical rainforest fragments. Bioscience, Washington,v. 42, n. 1, p. 859-866, 1992. 4- CALEGARI, L.; MARTINS, S. V.; GLERIANI, J. M.; SILVA, E.; BUSATO, L. C. Análise da dinâmica de fragmentos florestais no município de Carandaí, MG, para fins de restauração florestal. Revista Árvore, Viçosa, MG, v. 34, n. 5, p. 871-880, 2010. 5- CAMARA, G. et al. Spring: Integrating remote sensingand GIS by object-oriented data modelling. Computers & Graphics, New York, v. 20, n. 3, p. 395-403, 1996. 6- CARVALHO, F. M. V.; MARCO-JÚNIOR, P. D.; FERREIRA, L. G. The cerrado into-pieces: Habitat fragmentation as a function of landscape use in the savannas of central Brazil. BiologicalConservation, Boston, v. 142, n. 7, p. 1392-1403, 2009. 7- CEMIN, G.; PERICO, E.; REMPEL, C. Composição e conção da paisagem da sub-bacia do Arroio Jacaré, Vale do Taquari, RS, com ênfase nas áreas de florestas. RevistaÁrvore, Viçosa, MG, v. 33, n. 4, p. 705-711, 2009. DONALD, P. F. Biodiversity impacts of some agricultural commodity production systems. ConservationBiology, Boston, v. 18, n. 1, p. 1737, 2004. 8- EMPRESA DE ASSISTÊNCIA TÉCNICA E EXTENSÃO RURAL DE MINAS GERAIS - EMATER. Área de proteção ambiental do município de Coqueiral. Belo Horizonte, 2002. 9- FORMAN, T. T. Land mosaics: the ecology of landscapes and regions. New York: Cambridge University, 1997. 632 p. 10- FORMAN, R. T. T.; SPERLING, D.; BISSONETTE, J. A.; et al. Road ecology: science and solutions. Washington: Island Press, 2003. 481 p. 11- INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA. Cartografia. Rio de Janeiro, 2010. Disponível em: Acesso em: 26 out. 2010. 12- LANDIS, J.; KOCH, G. G. The measurements of agreement for categorical data. Biometrics,

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Brazilian Journal of Ecology ISSN 1516-5868 Washington, v. 33, n. 3, p. 159-179, 1977. 13- LIMA, V. M. P. Qualidade estrutural e intervalo hídrico ótimos de solos cultivados em área de proteção ambiental do sul de Minas Gerais. 2008. 85 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências do Solo) – Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, 2008. 14- LINDENMAYER, D. B.; HOBBS, R. J.; DRAKE, R. M.; et al. A checklist for ecological management of landscapes for conservation. EcologyLetters, Oxford, v. 11, n. 1, p. 78-91, 2008. 15- MARCHETTI, D. A. B.; GARCIA, G. J. Princípios de fotogrametria e fotointerpretação. São Paulo: Nobel, 1996. 264p.

16- MOREIRA, M. A. Fundamentos do sensoriamento remoto e metodologias de aplicação. São José dos Campos: INPE, 2003. 307p 17- MCGARIGAL, K.; CUSHMA, S. A.; NEEL, M. C.; ENE, E. Fragstats: spatial pattern analysis program for categorical maps. Amherst: University of Massachusetts, 2002. 18- MCGARIGAL, K.; MARKS, B. J. Fragstats: spatial patterns analysis program for guantifiying landscape structure. Portland: Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1995. 122p. 19- METZGER, J. P. Editorial conservation issues in the Brazilian Atlantic forest. Biological Conservation, Boston, v. 142, n. 6, p. 1138-1140, 2009. 20- METZGER, J. P. Landscape ecology: perspectives based on the 2007 IALE world congress. LandscapeEcology, Dordrecht, v. 23, n. 5, p. 501-504, 2008. 21- METZGER, J. P. O que é ecologia de paisagens? Biota Neotropica, Campinas, v. 1, n. 1-2, p. 1-9, 2001. 22- METZGER, J. P.Estrutura da paisagem e fragmentação: análise bibliográfica.Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências,Rio de Janeiro, v.71, n.3, p.445-463, 1999. 23- NASCIMENTO, M. C.; SOARES, V. P.; RIBEIRO, C. A. A. S.; SILVA, E. Mapeamento dos fragmentos de vegetação florestal nativa da Bacia hidrográfica do rio Alegre, Espírito Santo, a partir de imagens do Satélite Ikonos II. Revista Árvore, Viçosa, MG, v. 30, n. 3, p. 389-398, 2006. 24- NG, S. J.; DOLE, J. W.; SAUVAJOT, R. M.; et al. Use of highway undercrossings by wildlife in

southern California. BiologicalConservation, v. 115, p. 499-507, 2004. 25- OLIVEIRA, E. M. Caracterização e qualidade ambiental em dois fragmentos florestais na perspectiva da conservação de Alouatta guariba (Humboldt, 1812) no interior do Estado de São Paulo. 2009. 93 f.Tese (Doutorado em Ciências) Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, 2009. 26- OLIVEIRA, L. T. Fragmentos de floresta Atlântica Semidecidual no município de Lavras: uma comparação ecológica entre a cobertura atual e a cobertura exigida pela legislação. 2000. 103 f. Monografia (Graduação em Engenharia Florestal) – Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, 2000. 27- Primack, R. B.; Rodrigues, E. Biologia da conservação.Londrina: Viva, 2001. 328p. 28- RIBEIRO, M. C.; METZGER, J. P.; MARTENSEN, A. C.; PONZONI, F. J.; HIROTA, M. M. The Brazilian Atlantic Forest: how much is left, and how is the remaining forest distributed? Implications for conservation. Biological Conservation, Boston, v. 142, n. 6, p. 1141-1153, 2009. 29- SAUNDERS, D.A.;HOBBS R.J.;MARGULES, C. R. Biological consequences of ecosystem fragmentation: a review. Conservation Biology, Essex, v. 5, n. 1, p. 18-32, 1991. 30- SILVA, W. G. S. METZGER, J.P..; SIMÕES, S.; SIMONETTI, C. Relief influence on the spatial distribution of the Atlantic Forest cover at the Ibiúna Plateau, SP. BrazilianJournalofBiology, Rio de Janeiro, v. 67, n. 3, p. 403-411, 2007. 31- SOUZA, C. G. Caracterização Ambiental e Análise da Estrutura da Paisagem da Área de Proteção Ambiental de Coqueiral, Minas Gerais. 2011. 119 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ecologia Aplicada) – Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, 2011. 32- TABARELLI, M.; GASCON, C. Lições da pesquisa sobre fragmentação aperfeiçoando políticas e diretrizes de manejo para a conservação da biodiversidade. Megadiversidade, Belo Horizonte,v. 1, n. 1, p. 181-188, 2005. 33- TONIAL, T. M. Dinâmica da paisagem da região nordeste do Estado do Rio Grande do

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Avaliação da estrutura florestal na Bacia do Rio Corumbatai, SP. ScientiaForestalis (IPEF), Piracicaba, v. 68, p. 45-57, 2005.

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MACROALGAE SPECIES RICHNESS IN BEACHES WITH CONSOLIDATED ARENITE SUBSTRATA AND REEF-POOLS WITH SANDY BOTTOMS IN PIAUÍ Júlio Cesar Voltolini, Grupo de Pesquisa e Ensino em Biologia da Conservação (ECOTROP), Universidade de Taubaté, SP. ([email protected]). Maria Gardênia Souza Batista, Departamento de Biologia IB-UESPI, Teresina, PI. (gardê[email protected]). *Edisa Ferreira Inocêncio Nascimento, Departamento de Ecologia, IB-USP. ([email protected]). Kerolen Carlota Gomes Campos, Departamento de Biologia IB-UESPI, Teresina, PI. Jéssica Sonaly da Silva Resende, Bióloga, Consultoria Ambiental. Teresina, PI. Rebeca Araújo Machado, Prefeitura Municipal de Parnaíba (PI), Vigilância Ambiental. Liliana Oliveira Souza, Souza & Silva Assessoria, Parnaíba. Débora Dias de Oliveira, UFPI, Universidade Aberra do Piauí. Buriti dos Lopes, PI. Kesley Paiva da Silva, Comissão Ilha Ativa (CIA), Ilha Grande. Euro S. Lopes Filho, Departamento de Ecologia, IB-USP.

ABSTRACT Sessile-organism dependence on substrate structure can drive, both the manner in which biological communities colonize new environments, as well as richness and abundance patterns. We compared the frequency of macroalgae species frequency on two beaches in Piauí (northeastern Brazil), to test the hypothesis that species richness would be higher on a rocky substrate (Barra Grande) than a sandy substrate (Coqueiro) beach. Of the 21 macroalga species recorded, most revealed low occurrence, with Hypnea spinella and H. musciformis as those predominant. Whereas all were recorded on the Coqueiro beach, only 7 were on the Barra Grande. Hence, our hypothesis remained unproven. Nonetheless, as Barra Grande beach is subject to a more intense water river and human impact than Coqueiro. Keywords: Seaweed, macroalgae, communitie richness.

Introduction Benthonic coastal ecosystems, which comprise one of the most productive marine environments, planet-wide, present high richness in organisms of outstanding ecological and economic importance, such as mussels, oysters, crustaceans and fishes, as well as various seaweeds which play an important ecological role by supplying oxygen, food, shelter and substratum, while at the same time functioning as nurseries for various organisms at several trophic levels in the food chain (2). Marine algae are ephemeral or perennial benthonic organisms, which live attached,

consolidated or not, to solid substrata. The richest areas in macroalgae, both in diversity and biomass, are rocky shores, rocky beaches and reefs (21). The distribution of seaweeds along the Brazilian coast is a result of the complex interaction of factors, such as substratum availability, the presence of fresh water flows, biotic interactions, water mass characteristics, and historical and biogeographical factors (21, 20). Brazil, considered as the country with the highest biodiversity planet-wide (3), possesses a coastline which extends from the tropics to regions of warm-temperate waters and the great challenge in countries like Brazil is the diversity

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Brazilian Journal of Ecology ISSN 1516-5868 and conservation quantification. In the case of benthonic marine algae, Oliveira Filho (1977), when compiling the first Brazilian infrageneric taxa, listed 327 Rhodophyta, 113 Chlorophyta and 64 Phaeophyta, 504 species. Subsequently, Horta et al. (2001), when updating the data base on Brazilian alga diversity, listed 642 taxa, distributed among 388 Rhodophyta, 166 Chlorophyta and 88 Phaeophyta. According to more recent research, there are 774 infrageneric taxa, corresponding to 482 Rhodophyta, 191 Chlorophyta and 101 Phaeophyta (10), with at least 700 species among coraline reefs alone (9). The Brazilian southeast is the most studied region. On the other hand, whereas in the north and northeast the flora is somewhat better-known in states such as Bahia and Pernambuco, this is not the case in others, such as Sergipe, Alagoas, Piauí, Pará and Amapá. Notwithstanding, the extent of each state coastline must be taken into account, when comparing these numbers (10). In spite of the large diversity of Brazilian marine macroalgae, most studies have mainly focused on either the morphological, biochemical or systematic aspects, or associated invertebrate fauna. To date, few studies have been dedicated to information on certain aspects of Brazilian macroalgae, such as community ecology (19, 24, 11, 29, 7, 1, 9, 18), populations (1, 13, 14, 29, 17, 18), although many of these studies have mainly dealt with communities, there is also some information on the ecology of populations, succession (8), and conservation (9) In fact, most of the cited studies of communities are botanic surveys without analysis of factors explaining the processes linked to community structure and dynamics. Published studies specifically on macroalgae population structure and dynamics are very rare in Brazil. At the same time, the Brazilian coast presents problems of pollution and the invasion by exotic species, whereby the need for further studies of marine microalgae conservation. In the Piauí State (Northeastern Brazil), the coastline is the smallest along the Brazilian coast, with only 66 km in extent, to a large degree corresponds to a strip of recently formed sediments associated to a series of islands, basins and channels, all along the coastline, with sand bars, dunes, mangroves and some cliffs (28),

all of which subject to the expressive influence of the Parnaíba delta. In these habitats there are different substrates for algae fixation like rocky formations and rocky intercalated with sandy pools and also. There is a certain degree of anthropic occupation in all habitats, which, together with biotic and abiotic attributes, exert an influence on local floral composition. Through floristic surveys on macroalgae over the last decade along the Piauí coast, it can be assumed that this presents a characteristic tropical region flora (2), which is undergoing gradual alteration, since banks of Sargassum were encountered, and now Gracilaria have become predominant. In spite of the observed richness in biodiversity, and being an Environmental Protection Area (EPA), there are few studies of the local algae.

ObjeCtive The aim was to compare the number of macroalgae species on consolidated arenite substrata, as well as in sandy-bottom reef pools along the beaches of Piauí. Our hypothesis was that species richness would be higher on that with a consolidated substratum, which would be more stable for the fixing and establishment of seaweeds, as a whole.

Methodology Study site The algae samples came from two locations and 60km far from each other. The Barra Grande district is located in the northern part of the state of Piauí (02º55’40” S and 41º24’40” W), in Cajueiro da Praia city. The 4-km-long beach, containing the mouths of four major rivers, Timonha, Ubatuba, Camurupim and Cardoso, is mainly formed by associations of marine and continental quartz sands, together with mangroves, all part of a transition coastal ecosystem between marine and terrestrial environments. In the Barra Grande beach, there is a consolidated arenite substratum below the high tide mark (25). The climate is alternatively humid and dry tropical, with the dry period lasting six months, and an average temperature between 25º C and 32 ºC (4).

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Brazilian Journal of Ecology ISSN 1516-5868 On an average, the sand contains 10-30cm-sized fragments of consolidated segment (“rocks”), water temperature is 30ºC, and salinity 35ppm. The distance between the collecting station and the water-line was 530m. Collections took place on August 19th, 2012 (0.1 tide at 11:00 am.). Coqueiro Beach, situated in Luís Correia city (02º54’35” S and 41º32’03” O), with a high flow of tourists, is characterized by rocky outcropping and pools with fine sand at the bottom. The local climate is alternatively humid and dry tropical, with an average temperature between 25ºC and 32º, and the characteristic vegetation of dunes and restinga (5). The sand is fine and the water temperature at the time was 28ºC and salinity 35ppm. The distance between the collecting station and the water-line was 5 km. Collections took place on August 20th, 2012 (0.2 tide at 11:30 am.). Sampling procedures Seaweeds were first surveyed all along the reef of the two beaches and a species list was compounded. A 10mx10m grid with 200 quadrats of 50cmx50cm was set up (Figure 1). Ten quadrats were chosen using a random-number table and the seaweed species were then recorded. Specimens were individually identified by species and in the case of doubt laboratory identification was carried out at the Piauí State University (UESPI).

To compare the two habitsts, we calculate the percentage of quadrats containing each species, as well as the Jaccard similarity index (Sj), were carried out. The species richness was estimated by the Chao1 method using the EstimateS software.

Results We recorded 38 seaweed species on the two beaches. In all the parcels 21 species were present on Coqueiro Beach but only 7 (33%) were on Barra Grande Beach (Table 1; Figures 2 and 3). Table 1 – List of seaweed species recorded on Coqueiro and Barra Grande beaches. Barra Grande Barra Grande X X X X

Chlorophyta Chlorophyta calyculus Acetabularia calyculus Acetabularia crenulata Acetabularia crenulata Caulerpa mexicana Caulerpa mexicana Cladophora membranacea Cladophora membranacea Enteromorpha muscoides Enteromorpha Ulva fasciata muscoides Ulva fasciata Ulva lactuca Ulva lactuca Valonia aegagropila Valonia aegagropila Phaeophyta Phaeophyta delicatula Dictyopteris Dictyopteris delicatula Dictyota menstrualis Dictyota menstrualis Padina gymnospora Padina gymnospora

Coqueiro Coqueiro X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Rhodophyta Rhodophyta Acanthophora spicifera Acanthophora spicifera Gelidiella Gelidiella acerosa acerosa Gracilaria Gracilaria birdiae birdiae Gracilaria Gracilaria domingensis domingensis Haloplegma Haloplegma duperreyi duperreyi Hypnea Hypnea musciformis musciformis Hypnea spinella Hypnea spinella Jania Jania subulata subulata Laurencia dendroidea Palisada perforata

X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Figure 1 – Parcels, one at Barra Grande Beach with fragments of consolidated sediment (left), and the other at Coqueiro Beach with fine sand (right).


Chlorophyta Acetabularia calyculus Acetabularia crenulata Caulerpa mexicana

Barra Grande X X

Coqueiro 117 X X X 11/12/2012

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Gracilaria Gracilaria caudata Gracilaria caudata caudata

Gracilaria Gracilaria birdiae Gracilaria birdiae birdiae

Acanthophora Acanthophora Acanthophora spicifera spicifera spicifera

Palisada Palisada perforata Palisada perforataperforata Laurencia Laurencia dendroidea Laurencia dendroidea dendroidea

Hypnea Hypnea musciformis Hypnea musciformis musciformis

Figure 1 - Seaeewd on Coqueiro Beach and Barra Grande Beach

Hypnea Hypnea spinella Hypnea spinella spinella

Ceramium Ceramium dawsonii Ceramium dawsonii dawsonii

Fotos de: André Rocha Coimbra, Júlio César Voltolini, Maria Gardênia S. Batista e Edisa Nascimento.

Haloplegma Haloplegma Haloplegma duperreyi duperreyi duperreyi Heterosifonia Heterosifonia Heterosifonia crispella crispella Spiridia crispella Spiridia clavata clavata Spiridia clavata

Jania Jania subulata subulata Jania subulataBotryocladia Botryocladia Botryocladia occidentalis occidentalis occidentalis Cryptonemia Cryptonemia Cryptonemia crenulata crenulata crenulata Gelidiella Gelidiella acerosa Gelidiella acerosa acerosa Centroceras Centroceras Centroceras clavulatum clavulatum clavulatum Bostrychia Bostrychia tenella Bostrychia tenella tenella

Gracilaria Gracilaria domingensis Gracilaria domingensis domingensis

Phylum Rhodophyta


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Caulerpa sertularioides

Gayralia oxysperma

Padina gymnospora

Figure 2 - Seaeewd on Coqueiro Beach and Barra Grande Beach

Valonia aegagropila

Ulva fasciata

Ulva lactuca

Codium isthmocladum

Sargassum vulgare

Colpomenia sinuosa

Dictyota menstrualis

Brachytrichia quoyi

Brachytrichia quoyi

Brachytrichia quoyi

Phylum Cyanophyta Cyanophyta Phylum

Fotos de: André Rocha Coimbra, Júlio César Voltolini, Maria Gardênia S. Batista e Edisa Nascimento.

Caulerpa racemosa

Acetabularia crenulata

Hincksia mitchelliae

Enteromorpha flexuosa Acetabularia calyculus

Phylum Caulerpa serrulataCyanophytaCaulerpa mexicana

Cladophora vagabunda

Phylum Chlorophyta

Lobophora variegata

Phylum Heterokonthophyta-Phaeophyceae


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Brazilian Journal of Ecology ISSN 1516-5868 The similarity between the two communities was only 29% (Sj=0,29). Hypnea spinella was the only species present in all the ten quadrats at both sites. ( 3).

having already reached stabilization, with a little more than half of the sampling effort having been employed, was a clear indication that the number of parcels was sufficient for estimating richness.

Figure 3 – Percentage of parcels containing each of the seaweed species sampled in the beaches of Coqueiro and Barra Grande in Piauí.

Most of the species were present in less than 50% of the quadrats, 16 (76% of the 21 species) in Coqueiro Beach, and 6 (86% of the 7 species) in Barra Grande. Richness estimates showed Coqueiro Beach to be richer than Barra Grande, the latter proving to be a poorer and more homogeneous system (Figure 4). Furthermore, the number of species at both sites

Figure 4 – Estimates of species richness (S) at the beaches of Barra Grande and Coqueiro.

Discussion Macroalga diversity is directly related to environmental conditions, especially to the type of substratum available for spore fixation, and the quality of the water. The various reproduction strategies function in combination with high spore dispersion ability, and the capacity for regeneration, as well as certain aspects of intra and inter-specific competition, thereby very often facilitating rapid substratum colonization, both organic or inorganic and natural or artificial. In reef ecosystems, seaweeds occur upon a large number of species that are fixed on the various substrata, such as shells, corals and other algae (6). Hence, reef substrata are eminently appropriate for the fixation of spores, and consequently, the efficient development of grasps. Nonetheless, the initial hypothesis remained unproven, since a larger number of macroalga species were registered on Coqueiro Beach, where the substratum is sandy. This pattern was the contrary to those encountered by other authors. In a Papua

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Brazilian Journal of Ecology ISSN 1516-5868 New Guinea study, low algae cover, richness and abundance was recorded on arenite substrata with marine monocotyledon banks (15). In the Antarctic, low seaweed cover (27) and biomass (26) was also observed on arenite substrata. In the Baltic Sea, Russia, there was accumulation on the bottom of the Neva estuary, due to human drainage and sand filling, with the consequential lessening of seaweed biomass (12). In Brazil, the patterns encountered by Aquino (2012) in Ceará, were also substratum formation in the form of sandy reefs. On comparing the beaches of Flexeiras and Manguinhos, Trairi county, it was noted that reef heterogeneity exerted an influence on seaweed distribution, with Manguinhos presenting higher species richness than Flexeiras. Pollution, brought about by the direct release of home and industrial pollutants onto beaches via river courses and the movement of shipping along the coast, can be cited among the main factors contributing to the decrease in marine diversity (23). At Barra Grande, there is a greater flux of both people and boats throughout the year, when compared to Coqueiro, which is situated in a region where summer tourism predominates, thereby undergoing less yearly impact. Furthermore, Barra Grande is subject to the influence of four main rivers, Timonha, Ubatuba, Camurupim and Cardoso, as well as mangroves (4), with the consequential inducement of low species richness through the impact of fresh water. At Barra Grande, there is the adverse influence of rivers and an inappropriate substratum for fixation in the case of most species. It is also possible that, depending on tide and wind conditions, those consolidated are also subject to rolling and abrasion. On the other hand, at Coqueiro Beach, salinity is probably stable and the substratum more appropriate for seaweed fixation (consolidated sandy rocks). In this case, the sandy bottom represents a sand deposit, with seaweed stems possibly being fixed below the sand on the hard substratum.

Conclusion Species richness was greater at Coqueiro Beach, with more sand, than at Barra Grande Beach, which, although with more rocks, is subject to higher river water and human impact.

Acknowledgement We wish to thank the Piauí State University (UESPI) for logistic support, Dr. Sérgio Rosso (Department of Ecology, USP) for discussions on sampling methods, and Prof. Dr. Mutue Toyota Fujii (Institute of Botany, São Paulo), Dr. Estela Maria Plastino (Department of Botany, USP) and Dr. Carlos Wallace do Nascimento Moura (Department of Biological Sciences, UEFS), for helping in species identification.

Resumo A dependência dos organismos sésseis da estrutura do substrato pode conduzir a maneira pela qual as comunidades biológicas colonizam novos ambientes assim como os padrões de riqueza e abundância. Nós comparamos a freqüência de macroalgas em duas praias do Piauí (Nordeste do Brasil) para testar a hipótese de que a riqueza de espécies seria maior em uma praia com substrato mais rochoso (Barra Grande) do que arenoso (Coqueiro). Das 21 espécies de algas registradas, a maioria apresentou ocorrência baixa com Hypnea spinella e H. musciformis como predominantes. Enquanto todas as espécies foram registradas na Praia do Coqueiro, apenas 7 foram registradas em Barra Grande. Assim, a nossa hipótese não foi corroborada. Contudo, a praia de Barra Grande é sujeita ao maior efeito da água de rios e impacto humano do que a praia do Coqueiro.

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BICUDO C.E.M. & SHEPHERED G.J. Biodiversidade do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Fungos macroscópicos & plantas. FAPESP, São Paulo, 79p. 1998 4- CEPRO. Macrozoneamento costeiro do estado do Piauí: Relatório geoambiental e socioeconômico. Teresina: Secretária de Planejamento do Piauí. 1990. 5 - CEPRO. Macrozoneamento costeiro do estado do Piauí: Relatório geoambiental e socioeconômico. Teresina: Secretária de Planejamento do Piauí. Disponível em: http://www.cepro.pi.gov.br/ download/201102/CEPRO16_9ab2acbd08.pdf. 2001. 6- CORREIA, M.D., SOVIERZOSKI, H.H. Ecossistemas marinhos: recifes, praias e manguezais. edUFAL/Maceió. Alagoas. 2005. 7- DE PAULA, A.F.; FIGUEIREDO, M.A.O.; & J.C. CREED. Structure of the Macroalgal Community Associated with the Seagrass Halodule wrightii Ascherson in the Abrolhos Marine National Park, Brazil. Botanica Marina. 46, 5: 413-424. 2005. 8- ESTON, V.R.; BRAGA, R.A.; CORDEIROMARINO, M.; FUJII, M.T. & N.S. YOKOYA. Macroalgal colonization patterns on artificial substrates inside southeastern Brazilian mangroves. Aquatic Botany, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam. 42: 315-325. 1992. 9 - FIGUEIREDO, M. A. O.; HORTA P. A.; PEDRINI, A. G.; NUNES, J.M.C. Benthic marine algae of the coral reefs of Brazil: a literature review. Oecologia Brasiliensis, Rio de Janeiro, v. 1, n. 2, p. 258-269, 2008. 10- FUJII, M.T., BARATA D., CHIRACAVA S. & GUIMARÃES S.M.P.B. Cenário brasileiro da diversidade de algas marinhas bentônicas e sua contribuição para a política de conservação dos recursos naturais e do meio ambiente. In: 59° Congresso Nacional de Botânica: Atualidades, Desafios e Perspectivas da Botânica no Brasil. Imagem Gráfica e Editora Ltda. p. 375-377. 2008. 11- GESTINARI, L. M.S.; NASSAR, C.A.G; ARANTES, P.V.S. Algas marinhas bentônicas da Reserva Biológica da Praia do Sul, Ilha Grande, Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Acta Botânica Brasileira, 12, 1: 67-76. 1998.

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Potter Cove (King George Island, Antarctica) related to depth and substrate. Polar Biol. 24: 349–355. 2001 27- RICHARDSON, M.G. The distribution of Antarctic marine macroalgae related to depth and substrate. Br. Antarct. Surv. Bull. 49: 1-13. 1979. 28- SANTOS-FILHO, F. S. Composição florística e estrutural da vegetação de restinga do Estado do Piauí, (Tese de Doutorado em Botânica) Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife. 2009. 29- YOKOYA, N. S.; PLASTINO, E. M.; BRAGA, M.R.A.; FUJII, M. T.; CORDEIRO-MARINO, M.; ESTON, V. R.; HARARI, J. Temporal and spatial variations in the structure of macroalgal communities associated with mangrove trees of Ilha do Cardoso, São Paulo state, Brazil. Rev. bras. Bot. 1999, vol.22, n.2, pp. 195-204. 30- Wynne, M.J. 2011. A checklist of benthic marine algae of the tropical and subtropical western Atlantic: third revision. Nova Hedwigia 140: 1-166.

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REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE ECOLOGIA (BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY) Guidelines to authors Scope of the Journal Revista Brasileira de Ecologia (Brazilian Journal of Ecology), published by the Sociedade de Ecologia do Brasil (Ecology Society of Brazil), is intended for publication of original research papers, research notes and, occasionally, reviews, covering all aspects of Ecology. Submitting manuscripts Submission of a manuscript to the Brazilian Journal of Ecology is understood to imply that it has not previously been published (except in an abstract form) and that it is not being considered for publication elsewhere. All manuscripts should be type written in English or Portuguese. They will be submitted by e-mail, and analyzed by Editors of the Journal of the Ecology Society of Brazil. Names and addresses are cited in the front part of this issue. Publication of a manuscripts Manuscripts are accepted for publication only after they have been critically reviewed. After review, the manuscript will be returned to the nominated author for revision according to suggestions made by reviewers. The corresponding author may expect to hear from the Editor within 8-12 weeks after submission of manuscript, as to its acceptability for publication. All manuscripts are sent to two referees for their review and recommendations. The Editor and / or Associate Editors make the final decision on acceptance or rejection. The author is notified when a manuscript has been received and also when it has been accepted or rejected for publication. On acceptance of the paper, the nominated author will be requested to send the text on e-mail. Gallery proofs will be sent to the author for correction. They should be checked carefully and handled promptly (5 days) according to attached instructions.. Membership of Ecology Society of Brazil is a prerequisite for acceptance of a manuscript for the free publication. (At least one of the authors should be a partner and be up date with his annuity with SEB.) Brazilian Journal of Ecology assumes no responsibility for errors made by the authors. This Journal assumes no responsibility for conclusions reached by the authors. Types of papers The copies should be types written, with 25-mm margins on all sides, double-spaced, on one side of the paper (33 x 24 cm or 28 x 21 cm). Authors are strongly encouraged to submit their manuscripts by e-mail “[email protected]”. The research paper reports results of original research, which has not been published elsewhere. It should consist of 12 to 15 pages the text with double space - written pages plus appropriate references, Tables and Figures. The paper will be written in the same form as the Journal publication as correct in form as possible. They should contain a 150-200 Word’s in Abstract (Resumo), Introduction, Material and Methods, Results, Discussion or Results and Discussion, Acknowledgments, Resumo (Abstract), References (Referências Bibliográficas) and Illustrations or Tables with legends and titles, wether in the text itself or with an indication therein. The Abstract or Resumo at the end of text should have the title of the paper in “Negrito” preceding the text. This part of the paper is to be presented together with the key words (palavras chaves). They should be designed for printing in l-column width. Drawings and Photographs should be numbered and planned for printing in 1 column width. Glossy photographic prints, drawing graphs will be sent scanner. Legends

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Brazilian Journal of Ecology ISSN 1516-5868 Salati, E., Tauk-Tomisielo, S.M. Ecology. In: Campos, F.M.; Sachs, B.; Muska, K.G. (eds.). General Ecology. Mapples Deker, Los Angeles, 1995, p.361-377. c. Book by author(s) Salyers, A. A., Whritt, D.D. Bacterial pathogenesis. A molecular approach. ASM, Washington, 1994, 418p. d. Patent Hussong, R.V., Marth, E.H., Vakaleris, D.G. Manufacture of cottage cheese. US. Pato 3,117,870. lan. 14, 1964. e. Thesis Soave, R.C.F. Aspectos ambientais da mineração de Caleário no município de Rio Claro. Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Exatas, Rio Claro, SP, UNESP. 1990, 237 p. f. Publication with no identifiable author or editor Anonymous. The economy of by-products. Álcool Alcoolquim., 2:3-40, 1985. g. Communications in events (Symposia, conferences, and other), but not abstract as papers published ln Proceedings. Simão. G.S.; Silva J.; Toledo. A. S.; Gontijo Filho. P.P. Microbactérias não tuberculosas isoladas de pacientes com síndrome de imunodeficiência adquirida. Anais do XVII Congresso Brasileiro de Microbiologia, Santos, SP. 1993, pAl- 50. h. References citing “personal communication” or “unpublished data” are discouraged. although it is recognized that sometimes they must be used. In these cases, they should be cited in the text and not in the list of references. i. References consisting of papers that are “accepted for publication or “in press” are acceptable. However, references of papers that are “submitted” or “in preparation” are not acceptable. j. Tables Tables should not be included in the text. Each Table must be typed on a separate page and numbered sequentially with an Arabic number. The title of a Table should be placed at the top and should be brief but fully descriptive of the information presented therein the Table. Headings and subheadings should be concise with columns and rows of data carefully centered below them. Figures. Arabic numbers should be used for numbering the Figures. Data in Tables should not be repeated in Figures. The legend of the Figures should be placed at the bottom. Photographs and line drawings. Only those photographs which are strictly necessary for understanding the paper, should be submitted. Photo prints must be of sufficient quality to ensure good reproduction. They should be numbered on the back and identified with the nominated author’ s name. Legends of line drawings and photographs should not exceed the printing area. All elements in the drawings should be prepared to withstand reduction. Drawings and line figures should be drawn in black ink on tracing paper, and should be prepared as indicated for the photographs. Colored illustrations are not accepted. Reprints. 1. The published form of the Journal on paper or file is for substituting reprints of each paper. Very important observation The publication of the Journal at the correct period depends on payment of the annuity by the members of Society of Ecology. Nowadays is very difficult to receive financial support for this publication. Time depends on the authors and revisers. They will be as quick as possible to analyze or putting the papers into correct form.

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Brazilian Journal of Ecology ISSN 1516-5868 Revision of the English and/or Portuguese is very important, mainly nowadays, when this Society have much money to pay a person for reviewing this aspect of the papers. 2. Consultores Científicos: Pesquisadores escolhidos pela Comissão Editorial (serão relacionados no primeiro número de cada volume do ano seguinte ao da colaboração). Distribuição da Revista: A Revista Brasileira de Ecologia é distribuída a todos os sócios da SEB, assinantes e as instituições nacionais e estrangeiras de educação e pesquisa. Aquisição por não membros: Assinatura anual, porte simples, R$ 70,00 (Brasil). Exemplares avulsos poderão ser adquiridos ao preço de R$ 25,00 (revista) Checks to Sociedade de Ecologia do Brasil. A remessa deve ser feita com cheque nominal à Sociedade de Ecologia do Brasil. Accession by nom-members: Annual subscription (l volume with two issues) U$ 70.00. A Revista Brasileira de Ecologia é um periódico de divulgação científica, publicado pela Sociedade de Ecologia do Brasil, fundada em 1988, responsável pela divulgação de trabalhos técnicos - científicos originais e inéditos de interesse da Ecologia e Ciências Ambientais. Os conceitos emitidos em artigos ou notas assinadas são de exclusiva responsabilidade de seus autores, não refletindo, necessariamente, a opinião do corpo editorial ou da SEB. Toda Correspondência deverá ser encaminhada a Sede da SEB, situada no Departamento de Ecologia da USP. Rua do Matão, Travessa 14 no. 321. Cidade Universitária. CEP: 05508 -900 São Paulo – SP . A/C Edisa Nascimento.

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