brief introduction of natural gums, mucilages and their

L.Naga Vamsi Krishna et al. / IJDFR volume 2 Issue 6, Nov.-Dec.2011 Available online at www.ordonearresearchlibrary.org

ISSN 2229-5054

Review Article

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG FORMULATION AND RESEARCH

BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF NATURAL GUMS, MUCILAGES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSA REVIEW L.Naga Vamsi Krishna*, P.K. Kulkarni, Mudit Dixit, D.Lavanya, Prudhvi Kanth Raavi. Department of pharmaceutics, J.S.S College of pharmacy, J.S.S University, S.S Nagar, Mysore-570015, India.

Received: 24 Sep. 2011; Revised: 10 Oct. 2011; Accepted: 16 Nov.. 2011; Available online: 5 Dec. 2011

ABSTRACT Due to advances in drug delivery technology, excipients are currently included in novel dosage forms to fulfil specific functions and in some cases they directly or indirectly influence the extent and/or rate of drug release and absorption. Recent trend towards the use of plant based and natural products demands the replacement of synthetic additives with natural ones. Today, the whole world is increasingly interested in natural drugs and excipients. These natural materials have advantages over synthetic ones since they are chemically inert, nontoxic, less expensive, biodegradable and widely available. This review discusses about the majority of these plant-derived polymeric compounds, their sources, chemical constituents, uses and some recent investigations as excipients in novel drug delivery systems. Key words: Gums, Mucilage, Pharmaceutical application, polysaccharide.

INTRODUCTION The traditional use of excipients in drug formulations was to act as inert vehicles to provided necessary weight, consistency and volume for the correct administration of the active ingredient, but in modern pharmaceutical dosage forms they often fulfill multi-functional roles such as modifying release, improvement of the stability and bioavailability of the active ingredient, enhancement of patient acceptability and ensure ease of manufacture. New and improved excipients continue to be developed to meet the needs of advanced drug delivery systems [1]. Both synthetic and natural polymers have been investigated extensively. The synthetic polymers have certain disadvantages such as high cost, toxicity, environmental pollution during synthesis, non-renewable sources, side effects, and poor patient compliance. However the use of natural polymers for pharmaceutical applications is attractive because they are economical, readily available, low cost, non-toxic and capable of chemical modifications, potentially biodegradable and with few exceptions and also biocompatible [2].

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L.Naga Vamsi Krishna et al. / IJDFR volume 2 Issue 6, Nov.-Dec.2011

L.Naga Vamsi Krishna et al. / IJDFR volume 2 Issue 6, Nov.-Dec.2011 Proteins, enzymes, muscle fibers, polysaccharides and gummy exudates are the natural polymers being used effectively in pharmaceutical dosage forms [3]. Natural gums (gums obtained from plants) are hydrophilic carbohydrate polymers of high molecular weights, generally composed of monosaccharide units joined by glucocidic bonds. They are generally insoluble in oils or organic solvents such as hydrocarbons, ether, or alcohols. Gums are either water soluble or absorb water and swell up or disperse in cold water to give a viscous solution or jelly. On hydrolysis they yield arabinose, galactose, mannose and glucuronic acid. Based on solubility in water gums are classified as soluble, insoluble and partially soluble gums. Certain gums dissolve in water to form a transparent colloidal solution (e.g. Gum Arabic). Gums such as gum tragacanth, gum karaya do not dissolve in water but swell up into a jelly-like mass. However, if sufficient amount of water is added they yield a thick transparent solution. Partially soluble gums first form a swollen jelly by dispersing in water and become solution on addition of more water. Gumresins are a combination of resins and true gums with a mixture of characteristics of both. Certain gumresins contain small amount of essential oil they are called oleo-gumresins. Small quantities of resins exude on the surface of the trunk due to injury by wind, fire, lightening or wound caused by animals [4]. Natural gums including acacia, ghatti, karaya, locust bean, albizia, khaya,guar, tragacanth

and xanthan, are o

btained as exudates or extractives from the bark of stems, branches and roots of various plants. Plant families no table for the production of gums are Anacardiaceae, Combritaceae, Meliaceae, Rosaceae and Rutaceae Vario us reasons have been advanced for the production of gums by plants, including: as products of normal plant metabolism; as a protective mechanism against a pathological condition afflicting the plant; and as a conseq uene of infection of the plant by microorganisms[5]. The plant based polymers have been studied for their application in different pharmaceutical dosage forms like matrix controlled system, film coating agents, buccal films, microspheres, nanoparticles, viscous liquid formulations like ophthalmic solutions, suspensions, implants and their applicability and efficacy has been proven . These have also been utilized as viscosity enhancers, stabilisers, disintegrants, solubilisers, emulsifiers, suspending agents, gelling agents, bioadhesives & binders [6,7]. In this review, we describe the developments in natural gums and mucilages for use in the pharmaceutical sciences. 1) Abelmuschus Gum: The Okra (Abelmuschus esculentus) gum obtained from the fresh fruits of the plant Abelmoschus esculentus belongs to the family Malvaceae. The okra polysaccharide contains the major polysaccharide component differing widely in the molar ratios of galactose, galacturonic acid, and rhamnose and with some fractions of glucose, mannose, arabinose and xylose. Mucilage from the pods of Abelmoschus esculentus is evaluated for its safety and suitability as suspending agent [8] and disintegrating agent [9]. Gum of Abelmoschus esculentus used 55


L.Naga Vamsi Krishna et al. / IJDFR volume 2 Issue 6, Nov.-Dec.2011 as a polymer for the development of a gastric floating dosage form [10]. Okra polysaccharide as a microbially triggered material for Colon targeted tablet formulation and also as the carrier [11]. 2) Almond Gum: Almond gum is obtained from the tree Prunus communis which is a water soluble gum extrudes from the wounds on almond trees. The constitution of almond gum includes aldobionic acid, L-arabinose, L-galactose, D-mannose etc. It contains different components which have emulsifier, thickener, suspending pharmaceutical, adhesive, glazing agent and stabilizer. Gum obtained from Almond as a binder in tablet formulations was studied [12]. 3) Neem Gum: Neem gum is obtained from the trees of Azadirachta indica belongs to the family Meliaceae. Each and every part of the tree (bark, leaves, root and fruit) serves a certain purpose. Neem gum contains mannose, glucosamine, arabinose, galactose, fucose, xylose and glucose [13]. In a study Neem gum used as a binder in pharmaceutical dosage forms [14].A sustained release matrix tablets of Nimesulide using the fruit mucilage of Azadirachta indica was studied [15]. 4) Gellan Gum: Gellan gum (commercially available as GelriteTM or KelcogelTM) is an anionic deacetylated exocellular polysaccharide secreted by Pseudomonas elodea with a tetrasaccharide repeating unit of one -l-rhamnose, one d-glucuronic acid and two d-glucose. While native gellan contains also two acyl substituents on the same glucose molecule[16], in the commercial products the acyl groups are completely removed. Gellan, as well as the commercial products, is capable of gelation in the presence of mono- and divalent ions[17]. In a study, aqueous solutions of gellan gum form gels on warming to body temperature and in the presence of cations[18]. In another study gellan gum evaluated as a disintegrating agent [19]. 5) Aloe mucilage: Aloe mucilage is obtained from the leaves of Aloe barbadensis Miller. Aloe vera leaves and the exudate arising from the cells adjacent to the vascular bundles. The bitter yellow exudate contains 1, 8 dihydroxy anthraquinone derivatives and their glycosides[20].Many investigators have identified partially acetylated mannan (or acemannan) as the primary polysaccharide of the gel, while others found pectic substance as the primary polysaccharide. Other polysaccharides such as arabinan , arabinorhamnogalactan, galactan, galactogalacturan, glucogalactomannan, galactoglucoarabinomannan and glucuronic acid containing polysaccharides have been isolated from the Aloe vera inner leaf gel part[21] . A controlled delivery system of glibenclamide using aloe mucilage was studied [22]. 6) Albizia Gum: Albizia gum is obtained from the incised trunk of the tree Albizia zygia, family Leguminosae and is shaped like round elongated tears of variable colour ranging from yellow to dark brown. It consists of β-1– 3-linked D56


L.Naga Vamsi Krishna et al. / IJDFR volume 2 Issue 6, Nov.-Dec.2011 galactose units with some ß1-6-linked D-galactose units. The genus Albizia containing some twenty-six species is a member of the Mimosaceae, a family which also includes the gum-bearing genera Acacia and Prosopis. Only two species of Albizia, A. zygia and A. sassa, are however, known to produce gum [23]. Albizia gum is evaluated as a binding agent in tablet formulations in comparison with gelatin BP[24]. Albizia gum has been successfully evaluated as a suspending agent in Sulphadimidine suspension as compared to the relatively common

natural

agents

as Acacia,

Tragacanth

and Gelatin[25]. A comparision study was

carried out to assess the in vitro behaviour of tablet cores coated with novel films of albizia, albizia/khaya and albizia/HPMC [26]. 7) Tamarind Seed Polysaccharide: Tamarind seed polysaccharide obtained from the seed kernel of Tamarindus indica, possesses properties like high viscosity, broad pH tolerance, noncarcinogenicity, mucoadhesive nature, and biocompatibility. The tamarind seed polysaccharide constitutes about 65% of the tamarind seed components [27]. It is a branched polysaccharide with a main chain of -d-(1,4)-linked glucopyranosyl units, and that a side chain consisting of single d-xylopyranosyl unit attached to every second, third, and fourth d-glucopyrnosyl unit through an -d-(1,6) linkage. One d-galatopyranosyl unit is attached to one of the xylopyranosyl units through a -d-(1, 2) linkage [28]. In a stud tamarind seed polysaccharide obtained from tamarind kernel powder and this was utilized in the formulation of matrix tablets containing Diclofenac Sodium by wet granulation technique and evaluated for its drug release characteristics [29]. Another study on Pilocarpine in-situ gelling solution based on alginate along with novel bioadhesive tamarind gum [30]. Potentials of tamarind seed polysaccharide to act as a biodegradable carrier for colon specific drug delivery was studied [31]. 8)Cashew Gum: Cashew gum is the exudate from the stem bark of Anacardium occidentale Linn (family, Anarcardiacea e).

Cashew gum is chemically composed of 61 % galactose, 14 % arabinose, 7 % rhamnose, 8 % glucose, 5

% glucuronic acid and < 2 % other sugar residues, while hydrolysis of the gum yields L‐arabinose, L‐rhamno se, D‐galactose and glucuronic acid The gum has a highly branched galactan framework comprising of chains of (1→3)‐ linked β–D‐galactopyranosyl units interspersed with β‐(1→ 6) linkages[32] . Gelling

potentials

studied[33].

of

cashew

a

natural

gum

gum

mucilage

obtained used

from as

plant a

Anacardium

binder

for

occidentale the

was

preparation

of metronidazole tablet formulations[34].A controlled delivery system was developed for diclofenac sodium using Cashew nut tree gum, HPMC and Carbopol[35] .

57



9) Fenu Greek mucilage: Trigonella foenum-graceum, commonly known as Fenugreek, is an herbaceous plant of the leguminous family. Fenugreek seeds contain a high percentage of mucilage (a natural gummy substance present in the coatings of many seeds). Although it does not dissolve in water, mucilage forms a viscous tacky mass when exposed to fluids. Like other mucilage containing substances, fenugreek seeds swell up and become slick when they are exposed to fluids [36]. Ability of the husk to form mucilage, its binding properties in solid dosage forms were studied [37]. Mucilage derived from the seeds of fenugreek evaluated as a matrix formulation containing propranolol hydrochloride. Methocel K4M was used as a standard controlled release polymer for comparison [38]. Gelling potentials of Fenugreek mucilage was evaluated [39]. 10) Locust Bean Gum: Locust bean gum is a high molecular weight (3,10,000) hydro colloidal polysaccharide derived from the endosperm of the seed of Ceratonia siliqua Linn (Family- Leguminosae). The gum contains 88% D-galacto-Dmannoglycan, 4% pentan, 6% of proteins, 1% cellulose and 1% ash. Plant seed galactomannan, composed of a 1-4 linked β-D-mannan backbone with 1- 6- linked α-D-galactose side groups[40]. This neutral polymer is only slightly soluble in cold water; it requires heat to achieve full hydration, solubilization and maximum viscosity [41]. Superdisintegrant property of nimesulide orodispersible tablets contains locust bean gum was prepared and evaluated against standard superdisintegrant i.e. crosscarmellose sodium[42].A controlled delivery system for propranolol hydrochloride using the synergistic activity of LBG and xanthan gum was studied[43]. Locust bean gum investigated as a compression coat applied over core tablets as a suitable carrier for colonic drug delivery [44]. 11) Moringa Oleifera Gum: Moringa oleifera is a small genus of quick growing tree distributed in india. The stem of the tree exudates a gum which is initially white in colour but changes to reddish brownish black on exposure. It is sparingly soluble in water but swells in contact with water giving a highly viscous solution .It is a polyuronide constituting of arabinose, galactose and glucoronic acid in the preparation of 10:7:2,rhamnose present in traces[45]. In a study potentials of moringa olifera gum as gelling agent [46], binder, release retardant in tablet formulations, and the effect of calcium sulpha dehydrate, lactose diluents on release of propronolol hydrochloride [47]. Another study moringa gum used as a disintegrant[48]. 12) Khaya gum: Khaya gum is a polysaccharide obtained from the incised trunk of the tree Khaya grandifoliola (family Meliaceae). It is known to contain highly branched polysaccharides consisting of D galactose, L-rhamnose, Dgalacturonic acid and 4-O-60 methyl-D-glucoronic acid [49]. 58



Khaya gum has been successfully evaluated khaya gum as a controlled realese agent in comparision with hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) using paracetamol (water soluble) and indomethacin (water insoluble) as model drugs[50].Khaya and albizia gums were evaluated as compression coatings for target drug delivery to the colon using indomethacin and paracetamol as model drugs[51].Suspending properties of khaya senegalensis gum comparatively with those of Acacia sieberiana and Acacia senegal gums was studied in paracetamol suspension [52]. Colon specificity of the khaya gum/guar gum was investigated with the drugs domperidone and budesonide , and the results were compared with well established guar gum[53]. 13) Tara Gum: Tara gum is obtained from the endosperm of seed of Caesalpinia spinosa, commonly known as tara. It is small tree of the family Leguminosae or Fabaceae. Tara gum is a white, nearly odorless powder. The major component of the gum is a galactomannan polymer similar to the main components of guar and locust bean gums, consist of a linear main chain of (1-4)-β-D-mannopyranose units with α-D-galactopyranose units attached by (1-6) linkages. The ratio of mannose to galactose in tara gum is 3:1, produce highly viscous solutions, even at 1% concentration[54]. The use of tara gum as a controlled release carrier in the formulation of gastroretentive controlled release tablets [55] and emulsions [56] for drugs like metformin hydrochloride, ciprofloxacin hydrochloride was studied. 14) Gum Damar: Gum damar is a whitish to yellowish natural gum of plant Shorea wiesneri (family Dipterocarpaceae). It contains about 40% alpha-resin (resin that dissolves in alcohol), 22% beta resin, 23% dammarol acid and 2.5% water. It has been used for water-resistant coating and in pharmaceutical and dental industries for its strong binding properties. Natural gum copal and gum damar as novel sustained release matrix forming materials in tablet formulation. Matrix tablets were prepared by wet granulation technique using diclofenac sodium was used as a model drug was examined [57]. Gum dammar is used as a novel microencapsulating material for sustained drug delivery. Microparticles are prepared by oil-in-oil emulsion solvent evaporation method using ibuprofen and diltiazem hydrochloride as model drugs [58]. 15) Gum Copal: Gum copal is a natural resinous material of plant Bursera bipinnata (family Burseraceae).Copal, a resinous material, is obtained from the plants of Araucariaceae and Caesalpinaceae, a subfamily of Leguminoaceae . Copal resin (CR) contains agathic acid, a diterpenoid and related lobdane compounds along with cis-communic acid, trans-communic acid, polycommunic acid, sandaracopimaric acid, agathalic acid, monomethyl ester of agathalic acid, agatholic acid and acetoxy agatholic acid. CR obtained from leguminoaceae family contains

59



copalic acid, pimaric acid, isopimaric acid, dehydro-dehydroabietic acid, dehydroabietic acid and abietic acid [59]. Copal gum has been evaluated as matrix-forming material for sustaining the drug delivery. In an independent study copal resin as a film forming agent. Films showed good swelling property. It was concluded that it can be used as a coating material for sustained release and colon targeted drug delivery [60]. 16) Kondagogu Gum: Kondagogu Gum or Hupu Gum is a naturally occurring polysaccharide derived as an exudate from the tree Cochlospermum gossypium. Basically it is a polymer of rhamnose, galacturonic acid, glucuronic acid, b-D galactopyranose, a-D-glucose, b-D-glucose, galactose, arabinose, mannose and fructose with sugar linkage of (12) b-D-Gal p, (16), b-D-Gal p, (14) b-D-Glc p, 4-0-Me-a-D-Glc p, (12) a-L-Rha. Hupu gum is also composed of higher uronic acid content, protein, tannin and soluble fibbers [61]. In a study Gastric floating drug delivery system of Diltiazem HCl using kondagogu gum as matrix forming polymer [62].Another study glipizide microcapsules were prepared with a coat consisting of alginate and gum kondagogu by employing ionic gelation process and emulsification ionotropic gelation process[63]. 17) Carrageenans: Carrageenans is the generic name for a family of high molecular weight sulphated polysaccharides obtained from certain species of red seaweeds belonging to the class Rhodophyceae, especially Chondrus crispus, Euchema spp, Gigartina stellata and Iridaea spp [64]. There are three basic types of carrageenan : kappa (κ), iota (ι) and lambda (λ) . The λ-type carrageenan results in viscous solutions but is non-gelling, while the κ-type carrageenan forms a brittle gel. The ι-type carrageenan produces elastic gels [65]. Compaction ability of two κ-carrageenans (Gelcarin® GP-812 NF and GP911 NF) and one ι-carrageenan (Gelcarin® GP-379 NF) was studied and concluded that these are suitable excipients for the manufacturing of controlled-release tablets[66].Hydrogel beads are prepared from a mixture of cross-linked κ-carrageenan with potassium and cross-linked alginate. These beads were introduced as novel carriers for controlled drug delivery systems [67]. 18) Phoenix Mucilage: Phoenix mucilage is obtained from the dried fruit of Phoenix dactylifera was brown

colour date fruit

composed of amino acids and proteins, carbohydrates, fatty acids, salts and minerals, and dietary fibre . Carbohydrates make up to 44 - 88% of the fruit which include mainly reducing sugars such as fructose, sucrose, mannose, glucose and maltose in addition to small amounts of polysaccharides such as pectin (0.5 - 3.9%), starch and cellulose . The protein content is approximately 2.3 - 5.6% with 23 amino acids which include alanine, aspartic acid, serine, glutamic acid, threonine, proline and glycine .Binding properties of date palm mucilage was successfully evaluated[68]. 60



19) Hibiscus Mucilage: Hibiscus rosasinensis Linn of the Malvaceae family is also known as the shoe flower plant, China rose, and Chinese hibiscus. Mucilage of Hibiscus rosasinensis contains L-rhamnose, D-galactose, D-galactouronic acid and D-glucuronic acid [69]. In

a

study

the

use

of

mucilage

for

the

development

of

sustained

release

tablet

[70].Mucilage of Hibusccus subjected to toxicity studies for its safety and preformulation studies for its suitability as a disintegrating agent [71]. 20) Moi Gum: Moi gum is obtained from Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merrill (Anacardiaceae). Moi gum is yellowish white colour in fresh and on drying becomes dark. Gum ducts are present in leaves, stems and fruits and are most abundant in the bark of the stem[72] .The roots contain cluytyl ferulate; heartwood gives lanosterol; bark, dlepi- catechin and (+)-leucocyanidin; flowers and leaves, ellagic acid, quercetin and quercetin-3 arabinoside. Flowers also contain iso-quercetin and morin. Leaves in addition contain beta-sitosterol, leucocyanidin and leucodelphinidin [73]. Natural gum moi was successfully evaluated as microencapsulating agent and release rate controlling material for lamivudine. Microspheres were prepared by solvent evaporation technique[74]. 21) Bhara Gum: Bhara Gum is a yellowish natural gum of plant Terminalia bellerica belonging to family Combretaceae. Bahara gum, extracted from the bark of Terminalia bellerica, is a waste material. Main chemical constitutents are tannins which mainly include ß- sitosterol, gallic acid, ellagic acid, ethyl gallate, galloyl glucose and chebulaginic acid[75]. A new sustained release microencapsulated drug delivery system employing bhara gum has been proposed .The microcapsules were formulated by ionic gelation technique using famotidine as the model drug [76]. 22) Isapghula Mucilage: Psyllium seed husks, also known as ispaghula, isabgol, or simply as psyllium, are portions of the seeds of the plant Plantago ovata, (genus plantago), a native of India and Pakistan. Gel forming fraction of the alkaliextractable polysaccharides is composed of arabinose, xylose and traces of other sugars. They are soluble in water, expanding and becoming mucilaginous when wet. Seeds are used commercially for the production of mucilage. It is white fibrous material, hydrophilic in nature and forms a clear colourless mucilaginous gel by absorbing water. Psyllium seed husk has been successfully evaluated as binder, disintegrant, release retardant [77] and also pH sensitive novel hydrogels using N, N methylenebisacrylamide as crosslinker and ammonium persulfate (APS)

61



as initiator for model drugs (tetracycline hydrochloride, insulin and tyrosine), for colon specific drug delivery systems [78]. 23) Cassia Tora Mucilage: Cassia tora mucilage derived from the seeds of Cassia tora, belongs to Caesalpiniaceae is a wild crop and grows in most parts of India as a weed and locally known as charota[79]. Cassia is used as tonic, carminative and stimulant. Cassia contains 1-2 % volatile cassia oil which is mainly responsible for the spicy aroma and taste. The primary chemical constituents of Cassia include cinnamaldehyde, gum, tannins, mannitol, coumarins and essential oils (aldehydes, eugenol, and pinene); it also contains sugars, resins and mucilage among other constituents [80]. Binding properties of seed mucilage of Cassia tora was evaluated and compared with common natural agents such as Acacia, guar gum and xanthan gum [81]. Suitability of Cassia tora mucilage as a suspending agent in sulphadimidine suspension was studied and compared to the relatively common natural agents [82]. 24)Hakea Gum: Hakea gum a dried exudate from the plant Hakea gibbosa family Proteaceae. Gum exudates from species have been shown to consist of L-arabinose and D-galactose linked as in gums that are acidic arabinogalactans. Molar proportions (%) of sugar constituents Glucuronic acid, Galactose, Arabinose, Mannose, Xylose is 12:43:32:5:8. The exuded gum is only partly soluble in water [83]. Hakea gum was investigated as a sustained release and mucoadhesive component in buccal tablets with drug chlorpheniramine maleate . These results demonstrate that H. gibbosa, may not only be used to sustain the release but can also act as bioadhesive polymer [84]. 25) Mimosa scabrella: Mimosa scabrella, highly hydrophilic galactomannan is obtained from the seeds of Mimosa scabrella (a brazilian leguminous tree called bracatinga) of the Mimosaceae family. Its seeds provided 20–30% of galactomannan (G) with a mannose: galactose ratio of 1.1:1. In an independent study directly compressed theophylline tablets, containing commercial xanthan (X) (Keltrol) and a highly hydrophilic galactomannan (G) from the seeds of Mimosa scabrella as release-controlling agent was studied [85]. 26) Cocculus Mucilage: Cocculus hirsutus leaves contain a high proportion of mucilage. The majority of the traditional uses of Sisi leaves can be attributed to the mucilage content only. This mucilage contains polysaccharides and a gelatinous type of material.

This material is not absorbed in the G.I.T, and passes through the system undigested.

Cocculus hirsutus leaves are used topically as emollient and demulcent. It has been nontoxic to human skin [86].Flurbiprofen gel was formulated using cocculus mucilage as a gelling agent [87]. 27) Mimosa Mucilage:

62



Mimosa pudica, commonly known as sensitive plant belongs to family Mimosaceae. Mucilage of M. pudica is obtained from seeds, which is composed of d-xylose and d-glucuronic acid. Mimosa seed mucilage hydrates and swells rapidly on coming in contact with water. A controlled delivery system for diclofenac sodium using Mimosa seed mucilage was studied [88]. 28) Dendropthoe Mucilage: Dendropthoe Mucilage is obtained from dried as well as fresh stem parasite of Dendrophthoe falcata (Loranthaceae) on Magnifera indica[89]. Mucilage is plant products similar to the gum regarded to be the normal products of plant metabolism. Mucilages are produced inside the cells of the plant. Mucilage forms slimy masses with water, but not dissolves. Mucilages are esters of sulphuric acid where in ester group is a polysaccharide complex [90]. Mucilage of Dendropthoe falcata was evaluated as a binder for pharmaceutical dosage forms [91]. 29) Grewia Gum: Grewia Gum is a polysaccharide derived from the inner bark of the edible plant

Grewia mollis, (family

Tiliaceae). The plant is a savanna shrub that grows wildly but is usually cultivated. The polysaccharide gum consists of glucose and rhamnose as the main monosaccharide components and galacturonic acid as the main sugar acid[92]. The leaves and bark of the plant contain mucilage. Physicochemical properties, surface chemistry, molecular weight, thermal properties and Compositional analysis of the gum was carried out[93].Binder properties of Grewia gum was evaluated using paracetamol as a model drug. Compressional properties of the formulations were analyzed using Heckle and Kawakita equations[94]. Single polymer matrix tablets of cimetidine were formulated [95]. Potentials of grewia gum were evaluated as a film coating agent using praziquantel as a model drug [96]. 30) Mango Gum: Mango gum is a dried gummy exudate polysaccharide obtained from the bark of Mangifera indica, belongs to the family Anacardiaceae. Physical, thermal, sorption and functional properties of a mango gum were characterized. The results obtained in this study establish the fundamental characteristics of mango gum [97]. Gum of Mangifera indica (mango) as a tablet binder employing paracetamol as a model drug[98],resin of mangifera indica (mango) as a tablet retardant polymer in the formulation development of sustained release of drugs, employing diclofenac sodium as a model drug was studied[99].Mouth dissolving tablets of metformin hydrochloride was prepared using mango gum powder as disintegrant[100]. 31) Olibanum Gum: Olibanum gum is a dried, gummy exudation obtained from various species of burseraceae trees.Its composition and chemical characteristics depends on its three principal origins . : Aden/Somalia, Eritrea, and India which contains approximately 5‐9% oil content, 13‐17% resin acids, 20‐30 63



% polysaccharides, 40‐60% boswellic acid. Gum olibanum is used as an anti‐inflammatory remedy and recent studies have found positive influence of olibanu-m on rheumatism[101]. Ambroxol hydrochloride hydrophilic matrix sustained release tablet employing gum olibanum and the sustained release behavior of the fabricated tablets was investigated[102]. Effect of gums as binders namely acacia, tragacanth, guar gum, gum karaya and gum olibanum on the disintegration, dissolution rate and other qualities of Ziprasidone tablets was studied[103]. Olibanum resin was evaluated as a microencapsulating agent. Olibanum resin coated microcapsules of indomethacin were prepared by an industrially feasible emulsification-solvent evaporation method and the microcapsules were investigated [104]. 32) Terminalia Gum: Terminalia gum exudates obtained from the incised trunk of the tree Terminalia randii (Family Combretaceae). The bark is smooth with beige to grey brown colour, with yellowish or beige slash while the stem is pubescent.Extracts of the stem and bark of Terminalia randii are used in the treatment of dysentery, diarrhea, hemorrhoids and wounds.Gum exudates obtained from Terminalia randii has been evaluated as binding agent in carvedilol tablet formulations and compared with standard binders like polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and corn starch[105]. 33) Honey Locust Gum: It is known botanically as Gleditsia triacanthos, and belongs to the order Leguminosea (suborder Mimoseae). The gum is obtained from the seeds of the plant. The seed contains proteins, fats, carbohydrates and fibers. Honey locust gum was used to produce matrix tablets at different concentrations (5% and 10%) by wet granulation method using theophylline as a model drug [106]. 34) Cordia Mucilage: Cordia Mucilage is obtained from raw fruits of Cordia Obliqua, willed family Boraginaceae. The mucilaginous substance of the fruit used as gum an expectorant and is effective in treating the disease of the lungs and the raw gum can be used beneficially in gonorrhoea. Efficacy of cordia obliqua fruit mucilage as pharmaceutical excipient as tablet binder and emulsifier was studied. [107]. 35)Ocimum Mucilage: Ocimum mucilage is obtained from the seeds of Ocimum americanum commonly called as Ocimum canum belongs to the Family: Lamiaceae (Labiatae). Seeds are having Nutlets with narrowly ellipsoid, punctulate black. Polysaccharides composed of xylose, arabinose, rhamnose and galacturonic acids [108]. Pharmacognostic and phytochemical evaluation of Ocimum americanum was studied. Mucilage from the seeds of Ocimum americanum was explored as a tablet disintegrant[109].

64



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