Buffalo Bulletin Vol.33 No.3

International Buffalo Information Center (IBIC) BUFFALO BULLETIN ISSN : 0125-6726

Aims IBIC is a specialized information center on water buffalo. Established in 1981 by Kasetsart University (Thailand) with an initial financial support from the International Development Research Center (IDRC) of Canada. IBIC aims at being the buffalo information center of buffalo research community through out the world. Main Objectives 1. To be world source on buffalo information 2. To provide literature search and photocopy services 3. To disseminate information in newsletter 4. To publish occasional publications such as an inventory of ongoing research projects Buffalo Bulletin is published quarterly in March, June, September and December. Contributions on any aspect of research or development, progress reports of projects and news on buffalo will be considered for publication in the bulletin. Manuscripts must be written in English and follow the instruction for authors which describe at inside of the back cover. Publisher International Buffalo Information Center, Office of the University Library, Kasetsart University Online availible http://ibic.lib.ku.ac.th/e-Bulletin Advisory Board Prof. Dr. Charan Chantalakhana Prof. Dr. John Lindsay Falvey Prof. Dr. Metha Wanapat Mr. Antonio Borghese Dr. Aree Thunkijjanukij Miss Wanphen Srijankul

Editorial Member Dr. Pakapan Skunmun Dr. Kalaya Bunyanuwat Prof. Dr. Federico Infascelli

Thailand Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, University of Melbourne, Australia Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Thailand International Buffalo Federation, Italy International Buffalo Information Center, Office of the University Library, Kasetsart University, Thailand International Buffalo Information Center, Office of the University Library, Kasetsart University, Thailand

Thailand Department of Livestock Development, Thailand Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Naples Federico II, Italy

Dr. Rafat Al Jassim Prof. Dr. Nguyen Van Thu Prof. K. Sarjan Rao Prof. Dr. Masroor Ellahi Babar Asst. Prof. Dr. Asif Nadeem Prof. Dr. Raul Franzolin

School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland, Australia Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Applied Biology, Can Tho University, Vietnam Department of Livestock Production and Management, College of Veterinary Science, India Virtual University of Pakistan, Pakistan Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil

Editor Dr. Sunpetch Sophon

Journal Manager Mr. Chalermdej Taterian

Assistant Journal Manager Miss Jirawadee Wiratto

Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Thailand

Medicine,

Mahanakorn

of

International Buffalo Information Center, Office of the University Library, Kasetsart University, Thailand

International Buffalo Information Center, Office of the University Library, Kasetsart University, Thailand

BUFFALO BULLEITN IBIC, KASETSART UNIVERSITY, P.O. BOX 1084, BANGKOK 10903, THAILAND E-mail : [email protected] Tel : 66-2-9428616 ext. 344 Fax : 66-2-9406688

Buffalo Bulletin (September 2014) Vol.33 No.3

CONTENTS Page Case Report Therapeutic management of concurrent vitamin A and zinc deficiency in buffalo calves- Case report S. Beigh , J.S. Soodan, A. Tiko and H. Tantary................................................................................244 Successful management of a compound fracture in a buffalo using a fabricated polyvinylchloride splint in a field setting A. Velavan, S. Sivaraman and K. Krishnakumar..............................................................................246 Original Article Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in and around Tirupati, India C. Sreedevi and Md. Hafeez.............................................................................................................251 Haemato-biochemical effects of oral sub-chronic cypermethrin toxicosis in buffalo calves Shabir Ahmad Dar, Bibhuti Ranjan and Rajdeep Kaur....................................................................256 Incidence of parthenogenetic development of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) oocytes Ch. Srinivasa Prasad, A. Palanisamy, S. Satheshkumar, V.S. Gomathy and S. Rangasamy......................................................................................................267 Genetic diversity and conservation of animal genetic resources in Iraqi buffalo using microsatellite markers Talib Ahmed Jaayid and Maytham Abdul Kadhim Dragh...............................................................271 Cryopreservation of endometrial stromal cells of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Chethan Sharma G., S.K. Singh, Jessihun Nongsiej, H.B. Rakesh, R.P. Singh and S.K. Agarwal............................................................................................................277 Adoption level of buffalo farming practices in the arid zone of Rajasthan M.L. Meena and Dheeraj Singh.......................................................................................................283


CONTENTS Page Original Article Milk production and reproduction performance of Murrah buffaloes of Tamil Nadu, India A.K. Thiruvenkadan, S. Panneerselvam, N. Murali, S. Selvam and V. Ramesh Saravanakumar......................................................................................................291 Effect of genetic and non-genetic factors on morphometric traits of buffaloes Shashi Shankar, Dhirendra Kumar and K.G. Mandal...................................................................301 Observations on buffalo sarcoptic mange in Jammu, India T. Nazir, R. Katoch, R. Godara, Anish Yadav and Vijay Pandey...................................................308 Buffalo milk marketing by the Gujjars (Tribals) in the Jammu and Kashmir state in India Tarunvir Singh and Sudhakar Dwivedi..........................................................................................316 Prevalence of ticks in buffaloes in the Upper Sindh Pakistan Majid Hussain Soomro, Shahida Parveen Soomro, Muhammad Bachal Bhutto, Zeeshan Akbar, Muhammad Yaqoob and Abdullah G. Arijo.........................................................323 Comparison of blood acid base gas parameters in venous and arterial blood of healthy buffaloes S.A. Hussain and S.K. Uppal.........................................................................................................328 Prevalence of Salmonella and Escherichia coli associated with diarrhea in buffalo and cow calves M. Anwarullah, J.A. Khan, M.S. Khan, K. Ashraf and M. Avais...................................................332 Distribution of Salmonella species in buffaloes in some middle governorates of Iraq Afaf Abdulrahman Yousif and Ali, D.M. Al-Hashimi.....................................................................337


Case Report

THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF CONCURRENT VITAMIN A AND ZINC DEFICIENCY IN BUFFALO CALVES- CASE REPORT

S. Beigh, J.S. Soodan*, A. Tiko and H. Tantary

donot respond to the light. The meance reflex was almost absent but palperal and corneal reflex was present; however, animal was not apparently blind. The clinical examination of skin revealed dermatophytosis with rough dry hair coat, heavy deposition of scales, with alopecia and wrinkling

ABSTRACT Vitamin A deficiency is either due to an absolute deficiency of vitamin A or its precursor carotene in the diet or secondary in which the dietary supply of vitamin A or its precursor is adequate but their digestion, absorption or metabolism is interfered with to produce deficiency at the tissue level. Secondary vitamin A deficiency may occur in case of chronic diseases of liver or intestine or due to deficiency of zinc (Radostits et al., 2000). Absorption, metabolism, hepatic release, transport,

at the neck and head. Plucked hairs and scrabbed scales were examined for fungal agent by direct microscopy in 10% KOH and lactophenol. Samples were inoculated on mycobiotic agar. The plates were incubated at 28°C for 2-6 weeks and examined for colony formation. Culture examination revealed T. verrucosum as the usual cause of dermatophytosis. Blood samples were taken from all the animals in heparinised vials for the estimation of vitamin A and serum zinc concentration. Vitamin A and serum zinc concentration were 7.12 ± 0.34 μg/dl (reference values 15.4-32.3) and 5.12 ± 0.26 μg/L (reference values 6-12). On the basis of history, clinical examination and decreased serum zinc and vitamin A concentration present, the animals were diagnosed to be suffering from combined vitamin A and zinc deficiency.

and tissue utilization of vitamin A may depend on adequate zinc status while severe vitamin A deficiency may reduce absorption and lymphatic transport of zinc by altering synthesis of a zincdependent binding protein (Bendich, 1993). Keyword: buffalo calves, vitamin A, zinc, therapeutic management

CASE HISTORY AND OBSERVATION Five buffalo calves of 1-2 years of age were referred to the Veterinary Clinics and Teaching Hospital of SKUAST-Jammu with the history of sudden inappetance, reduced weight and heavy lacrymation. Clinical examination revealed slight clouding of the cornea, dilated pupils which

TREATMENT AND DISCUSSION The calves were administrated orally with zinc sulphate at the rate of 1 gm per week for 45 days with vitamin A 300,00 IU and Belamyla 3

Division of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and Jurisprudence, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry-R.S.Pura-181102, SKUAST- Jammu, India, *E-mail: [email protected] 244


often results in increased prevalence of infectious diseases like dermatophytosis in the present case. Therefore, supplementation of zinc along with vitamin A in vitamin A deficient animals is beneficial .

ml intramuscularly, as reported by Anand et al. (2005). The affected parts were topically treated zinc oxide ointment once daily for three weeks. Marked improvement were reported in terms of disappearance of skin lesions and convulsions, and the appetite returned to normal, but the clouding of eyes remained unaffected. All other buffalo owners were advised to supplement vitamin A and zinc to the animals. Vitamin A has numerous functions such as maintenance of epithelial cells, vision, immune cell function and gene regulation (Chew, 1987). Absorption, metabolism, hepatic release, transport, and tissue utilization of vitamin A depends on the adequate level of serum zinc. Deficiency of zinc predisposes the animal for vitamin A deficiency (Serdar et al., 2009). Zinc plays a regulatory role on vitamin A transport mediated through protein synthesis. Zinc deficiency depresses the synthesis of a.. A brand of Sarabhai Zydus, Ahmedabad retinol

REFERENCES Anand, K.J., C. L. Srinivas, Dananjay Sing, Harsha Kumar and S.M. Dhoolapas. 2005. Zinc deficiency in two calves. Indian Vet. J., 85: 768-769. Bendich, A. 1993. Physiological role of antioxidant in the immune system. J. Dairy Sci., 76: 2789-2794. Chew, B.P. 1983. Vitamin A and β-carotene in host defence. J. Dairy Sci., 70: 2732. Christian, P. and K.P. West. 1998. Interaction between zinc and vitamin A: an update. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 68: 435-441. Ewans, P. and Halliwell B. 2001. Micronutrients: Oxidant/antioxidant status. Brit. J. Nutr., 85: 57. Naresh, R., S.K. Dwivedi, D. Swarup and S. Dey. 2001. Zinc, copper, and cobalt concentrations in blood during inflammation of mammary gland in dairy cows. Asian Austral. J. Anim., 14: 564.

binding protein (RBP) in the liver and leads to lower concentrations of RBP in the plasma (Christian et al., 1998). Vitamin A and zinc also interact through the ubiquitous, oxidative conversion of retinol to retinaldehyde (retinal), a critical step in the metabolic pathway of vitamin A that is welldescribed in the visual cycle in the retina of the eye and requires the action of a zinc dependent retinol dehydrogenase enzyme (Christian et al., 1998). Zinc is also essential components of the body’s antioxidant defense that play an important role in the prevention of free radical-induced damage to tissues for maintenance of health and production (Ewans et al., 2001). Susceptibility to inflammatory and infectious conditions increases during zinc deficiency (Naresh et al., 2001). Along with zinc, vitamin A is also an important defense booster. Vitamin A increases disease resistance and has stimulatory effects on cell-mediated immunity (Bendich, 1993). Deficiency of vitamin A and zinc

Radostits, O.M., C.C. Gay, D.C. Blood and K.W. Hinchcliff. 2000. Veterinary Medicine: A Textbook of Diseases of Cattle, Sheep, Pigs, Goats and Horses, 9th ed. WB Saunders, Harcourt Publishers Ltd., London. Serdar, P. and K. Funda. 2009. Serum zinc and vitamin A concentrations in calves with dermatophytosis. Kafkas Üniv. Vet. Fak. Derg., 15: 1.

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Case Report

SUCCESSFUL MANAGEMENT OF A COMPOUND FRACTURE IN A BUFFALO USING A FABRICATED POLYVINYLCHLORIDE SPLINT IN A FIELD SETTING

A. Velavan*, S. Sivaraman and K. Krishnakumar

a challenging type to treat. In buffaloes repair of fractured long bones is not commonly reported due to their heavy body weight (Turner, 1984; Ayaz, 2000). Prognosis in adults is guarded and mainly limited by the weight of the animal and degree of the contamination of the wound (Mulon, 2010). So, management of this type of fracture is not much explored. In this paper a modified method of utilizing a PVC (polyvinylchloride) splint for the successful management of a compound fracture of the metatarsal bone in a buffalo is described.

ABSTRACT A six-year-old female Murrah buffalo was brought with the complaint of hind limb fracture. Clinical examination revealed compound fracture of a metatarsal bone with an open wound on the medial aspect. The fracture was stabilized using a fabricated PVC splint external coaptation. The daily dressing of wound was carried out using 5% povidone iodine through the window provided in the PVC splint. Inj. streptopenicillin 5 gm was given i/m daily for 10 days. The animal started partial weight bearing on the fractured limb on day 40. On day 90, the animal was bearing its complete weight on the fractured limb. There was no complication reported thereafter.

HISTORY AND CLINICAL SIGNS A six-year-old female buffalo weighing 450 kilograms was reported to the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Orathanadu with the complaint of breaking a hind limb while jumping across a feed manger. The animal was already treated by a local vet using plaster of paris for a week. Clinical examination of the animal revealed that it was a compound fracture of right metatarsal bone (Figure 1). The open wound was located on the medial aspect of metatarsal bone (Figure 2). Fractured bone fragment was visible through the wound site. Pus discharge was noticed at the fractured site.

Keywords: compound fracture, metatarsal bone, buffalo, fabricated, PVC splint

INTRODUCTION In farm animals, limb fractures are common and occur subsequent to trauma during handling or dystocia (Anderson and Jean, 2008). Limb fractures are classified depending on the anatomical location, presence of external wound, extent of bone damage and direction of the fracture line. Among these types, the compound fracture is

Department of Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Orathanadu, Thanjavur-614625, India, *E-mail: [email protected] 246


RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

amount of soft tissues covering over the metatarsal and metacarpal bones, these fractures are frequently converted into compound fractures resulting from the penetration of the bone within (Ayaz, 2000). Due to the lack of satisfactory immobilizing devices with open dressing facilities, compound fractures usually do not respond to the treatment and develop such complications that only amputation will save the animal (Nayak and Samantara, 2010). Since, the compound fracture needs daily dressing of the wound, external skeletal fixation is the right choice. Economic considerations and non-availability of orthopaedic implants for large animals at the field level makes compound fractures non-treatable. Dealing with the compound fracture will always remain a challenge to the clinician (Mulon, 2011). Moreover, radiological assessment is almost always impracticable at the field level, for there is no x-ray infrastructure facility. Considering all these factors, we fabricated the PVC splint with window provision for daily dressing of wound. Common antibiotics used in orthopaedic infection are penicillin, cephalosporin, fluoroquinolone and trimethoprim-sulpha as it has been established they reach a tissue concentration above MIC in bones. The control of the infection is the main target to reach the ultimate goal of fracture healing (Mulon, 2010). In this present case I organisms were identified in the wound and inj. streptopenicillin was used. Administration of antioxidant vitamins A, E and C could accelerate bone healing after long bone fixative surgery (Sandukji et al., 2011). In this present case apart from calcium and phosphorus supplementation, administration of vitamins AD3E would help in

The wound at the medial site was dressed using 5% povidone iodine and Ringers lactate solution and bandaged. Cotton padding was provided from stifle to fetlock joint except at the wound area. The fracture was stabilized using a fabricated PVC splint. Fabrication of PVC splint was done as per the following procedure. A 10 mm thickness, 4” diameter PVC pipe was cut at 75 cm length. Then the PVC pipe was divided into two halves and a 5 cm rectangular piece was removed from the medial side of the splint. This window provision was done for the daily dressing of the wound. Then the splint was heated at fire and fabricated according to the shape of the hind limb from stifle to hoof. The fabricated PVC splint is shown in Figure 3. Over the cotton padding the fabricated PVC splint was applied. Fractured fragments were aligned anatomically and adhesive tape was applied over the fabricated PVC splint and bandaged. The bandage was covered with parceling tape to keep the bandage dry despite urine spillage. Daily wound dressing was carried out using 5% povidone iodine and bandaged for 40 days. Inj. streptopenicillin 5 gm i/m was given for 10 days. Supplements like Inj.vitamin AD3E 10 ml i/m and Inj.phosphorus 10 ml i/m were administered once weekly for 4 weeks . Oral calcium 60 ml was advised for 40 days. Animal was kept under complete rest. On day 40, the wound had healed completely (Figure 4). The animal started mild weight bearing from day 20. Partial weight bearing was observed on day 40. Complete weight bearing of the fractured limb was noticed on day 90.The fabricated PVC splint removed on day 90. The compound fracture is one type of fracture wherein there is communication between the fracture site and outer skin wound. Due to limited

earlier bone healing. So, compound fracture in buffaloes can be successfully treated using the above protocols.

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Figure 1. Buffalo lying down with fractured hind limb before treatment.

Figure 2. Fractured hind limb (white arrow) indicates wound at the medial side of fractured area.

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Figure 3. Fabricated PVC splint (white arrow indicates window provision for daily wound dressing).

Figure 4. Status of the animal after 40 days of treatment with partial weight bearing.

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REFERENCES Anderson, D.E. and G. St. Jean. 2008. Management of fractures in field settings. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract., 24: 567-582. Ayaz, M.M. 2000. Successful repair of metacarpal fracture in a buffalo using a novel gadget. Pak. Vet. J., 20: 49-50. Mulon, P.Y. 2011. Management of open fractures in cattle. www.acvs.org/symposium/ proceedings 2011/ data/papers/222/pdf: 672-673. Nayak, S. and S. Samantara. 2010. Management of open facture and dislocation in bovines without apmuation. www.vetscan.co.in., 5: 68. Sandukji, A., H. Al-Sawaf, A. Mohamadin, Y. Alrashidi and S.A. Sheweita. 2011. Oxidative stress and bone markers in plasma of patients with long-bone fixative surgery: role of antioxidents. Hum. Exp. Toxicol., 30: 435-442. Turner, A.S. 1984. Large animal orthopaedics, p. 816-821. In Jennings, Jr. P.B. (ed). The Practice of Large Animal Surgery, Vol 2. W.B. Saunders Co, Philadelphia. USA.

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Original Article

PREVALENCE OF GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES IN BUFFALOES (BUBALUS BUBALIS) IN AND AROUND TIRUPATI, INDIA

C. Sreedevi1 and Md. Hafeez2

ABSTRACT

gastrointestinal parasitic infections in buffaloes in and around Tirupati.

The prevalence of gastro-intestinal parasites of buffaloes was studied in and around Tirupati of Andra Pradesh for a period of one year through coprological examination. A total of 694 buffaloes were examined; among them, 279 (40.20%) buffaloes were found infected with one or more species of gastro-intestinal parasites. Ten species of gastro-intestinal parasites were identified; of them, seven species were helminthes, namely, Amphistome, Fasciola, Strongyles, Strongyloides, Toxocara, Trichuris, Moniezia spp. and two species were protozoa, namely, Buxtonella, Eimeria and Entamoeba spp. Amphistomes were predominant (15.42%) followed by Strongyles (6.19%). Among the gastro-intestinal parasites mixed infection was common (3.17%). In this study, prevalence of parasites in relation to age and seasonal dynamics was also studied. Significantly (p