Building a shared representation of the landscape as

Building a shared representation of the landscape as a socio-ecological system and visualizing the challenges of climate-smart agriculture. Abiga¨ıl Fallot, Jean-Fran¸cois Le Coq, Julio Cesar Salinas, Teresa Aguilar, Romy Cronenbold, Roberto Vides-Almonacid, Tahia Devisscher

To cite this version: Abiga¨ıl Fallot, Jean-Fran¸cois Le Coq, Julio Cesar Salinas, Teresa Aguilar, Romy Cronenbold, et al.. Building a shared representation of the landscape as a socio-ecological system and visualizing the challenges of climate-smart agriculture.. Climate-Smart Agriculture 2015. Global Science Conference. , Mar 2015, Montpellier, France. .

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Building a shared representation of the landscape as a socio-ecological system and visualizing the challenges of climate-smart agriculture Abigail Fallot ¹ 4, Jean-François Le Coq1 5, Julio Cesar Salinas2, Teresa Aguilar1, Romy Cronenbold2, Roberto Vides-Almonacid2, Tahia Devisscher3 ¹Centre International de Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), France 2Fundación para la Conservación del Bosque Chiquitano (FCBC), Bolivia 3Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI)- Oxford, U-K 4Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE), Costa Rica 5Universidad Nacional (UNA), Costa Rica

2. Objective

1. Introduction • Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) refers to a still little delineated set of proposals for improving rural land use practices and disseminating solutions to food insecurity, low climatic resilience, and high greenhouse gas emissions. CSA addresses these sustainability issues principally at the landscape scale. • As previously observed in many development and innovation projects of the last decades, such proposals are not always accepted, solutions sometimes fail to be sustainable over time or to address local priorities. These difficulties often highlight the lack of a shared vision by the actors of their landscape, where an intervention is considered to improve natural resource management practices. • We assume that the applicability of knowledge on climate vulnerability and CSA options, depends on its integration within a representation of the socio-ecological system (SES) of the landscape.

To account for the diversity of viewpoints in the SES and promote a shared understanding of how the landscape functions around a problem faced by all. Micro dam (atajado)

T.Aguilar Carrying water home

T.Aguilar

The Zapocó watershed, Bolivia

3. Material and Methods

Discussing urban water quality

Three tools for participatory conceptual modelling were articulated: - initial conceptualization with Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation (OSPC), from the Conservation Measures Partnership (CMP 2007, Salinas et al 2013) - PARDI modelling (Problem, Actors, Resources, Dynamics, Interactions), an adaptation of ARDI (Etienne et al. 2011) from the Companion Modelling approach

Open Standards

PARDI

Resilience Assessment

Situational analysis

Actor’s intervention in the SES

Cross-scale effects

Outlook

systematic

systemic

chronological

Socioecological dynamics

Threats in the landscape and their drivers at a larger scale

Actors and resources interactions

Past events and their connections

Expected output

Conceptual model and formulation of problem faced by all in landscape

Conceptual models on what determines the problem and its solutions

Historical profile linking current period with events at various scales

Purpose of the approach Next possible steps

Strategy elaboration and implementation + monitoring

Multi-agent modelling

Scenarios and irreversibility/threshold

Focus

- historical profile of the Resilience assessment workbook (RA 2010)

4. Results

Cross-scale effects (Resilience Assessment)

Actors' interventions in the SES (PARDI)

Land planning

Forest exploitation (paths)

Land price

Cattle ranging extension

Population growth

Solid and liquid waste management

Cultures

Environmental education Water projects for rural development

Bad practices in water use

Unsustainable forest mgmt.

Aquifers & recharge zones

FS/FES deforests

Rancher or farmer

Water pollution

drinks from

Micro dam

Forest

generates

PMD/PGMF

Deterioration

Establishment of first communities ‘Patron’ and ‘Peon’ are de-coupled Payment for labour

Sawmill/carpentry

R

Cascading effect, inter-scalar relation

u

runs off

flows in

MINI DAM

l Cattle

w

Municipality

a t

Water elec. pump

Aquifer

e

Communal smallholder

Water committee

Manual water pump

infiltrates

r

raises

Community organization constitutes

maintains

Superficial water Mine

uses

a

lives on

Largeholder

generates

Latrine Sawmill

Dom. well Residual water

Precipitation Upstream land use (forest, pastures) feeds into

Aquifer

U

Upstream productive activities (sawmill, cattle ranching)

r

Zapocó river

b

flows

Cattle rancher

feeds into

Zapocó Dam

regulates

AAPS regulates

Fedecaas

Forest authority

Well

MAyA

runs

Water treatment plant

Municipality

COSEPCO runs

Distribution network

Latrine feeds into

Concepción, Altamira, Porvenir

generates

Residual water

n w a t

Hospital

Individual well

Inhabitant

a returns water to

The multiscale historical profile deepens the understanding of the influence of events at regional and national levels on the landscape locally. It namely identifies the role of new laws and national re-distribution processes, on land and water management in the SES.

Point of change

Land (forest/pasture)

r

With PARDI, we get a refined and systemic representation of actors logics and their consequences on resource dynamics within the landscape. It emphasizes the need for better coordination between authorities so as to avoid perverse incentives; and makes explicit the link between deforestation and water quality, and consequently the unsustainability of current practices.

Process of colonization, establishment of ADEMAF

2005 Forestry regularization New nat Integration of forest and Gov 7 new New Laws: land management Popular participation,Forest Constitution Public-private Law, INRA 2000 agreements to Land tenure, intensify agro sector FES Migration of miners to the lowlands Support from NGOs, reg Gov

recreates

Sewage treatment facility

e r

Strengthening of urban-rural connections (roads, market, comms, electricity)

Re-distribution of 2003 Free of foot and funds and public subsidies mouth disease

Leadership and financial support from the Catholic Church

Precipitation

With OSPC, the overview of dynamics situates the landscape within the wider national context and facilitates a consensus in the formulation of a shared problem at the landscape level: HOW TO ENSURE THE QUALITY AND AVAILABILITY OF WATER FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES FOR A SHORT AND LONG-TERM, IN A CONTEXT OF WEAK WATER GOVERNANCE, AGRICULTURAL AND CATTLE RANCHING EXPANSION AND DEMOGRAPHIC GROWTH, CONSIDERING DRY PERIODS ARE BECOMING MORE PROLONGED & INTENSE? The situational analysis highlights trade-offs on development opportunities and threats on natural resources at different scales of intervention

International cooperation support

Narco influence on the livestock sector

ABT

Water infrastructures

Financial and technical resources

Policies in hand of social movements

Timber

buys

2010

2000

Adoption of neo-liberal policies and economic expansion

Political power linked to economic power in hands of old ‘patrones’ of the private sector

Freshwater

requests

Deforestation Superficial water

Cattle

1990

1980

Political restructuring and public stimuli

Decentralized planning

1992 Indigenous March

Regional

Meat market

mainly by migration

Fire Forest

Illegal logging

(certifications…)

socio-economic development

Poor fire management

CONSERVATION TARGETS

Aquifer

Local

International trade

Timber markets

Drought

compacts and erodes soil above

consumes

Legal framework

THREATS

1953 Agrarian reform

Neo-liberalism & foreign influence

recharges

Laws (not enforced)

Unproductive land

Pasture

Storm

1970

1960

INRA

grazes

Extreme events

Agricultural frontier

gets coordinated with

Climate change

Precipitation

infiltrates

CONTRIBUTING FACTORS: indirect threats and opportunities

VISION: ecosystem conservation to ensure water quality and availability

Territorial restructuring

Nacional

Situational analysis (OSPC)

Teresa Aguilar

N.Pacheco

Foreign investment in the productive sector (Livestock) Consolidation of communities Establishment of cooperatives and development of infrastructure in communities with support from the Church 1986 Noel Kempff death FELC

ABT control Community-based forest management

Conversion to indigenous communities: identity change, new expectations and interests, land tenure security access to funds, local participation in dev planning

5. Discussion Through a learning-by-sharing process, the analysis of SES dynamics around a specific and collectively recognized problem (here on water security), helped to define a shared representation of the landscape and integrate different types of knowledge. A consensus on solutions is not ensured. But gathering persons that usually don't meet and exchange their viewpoints is already an achievement. Existing participatory process and consolidated local organization (here, the FCBC) facilitate the successful application of the articulated methods.. Though qualitative and relying much on stakeholders' perceptions and their interpretation, they complement an evidence-based approach, allowing to identify knowledge gaps and discuss priority research needs.

6. Conclusion Participatory conceptual modeling allows to build a shared vision of the Zapocó basin landscape. As a way to strengthen local stakeholders‘ reflexive and abstraction capacity, it enables innovative solutions and may reduce tensions on resources. Thus promoting a local stakeholders’ learning process contributes to create Climate Smart landscapes. Possible next steps : implementation of specific identified measures necessary to improve local SES dynamics; further exploration to understand these dynamics in the longer run.

7. References

Aguilar et al. 2014. Análisis participativo de las dinámicas socio-ecológicas de la Cuenca Zapocó en Bolivia. . CMP 2007. Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation, version 2.0. Conservation Measures Partnership. Etienne et al. 2011. ARDI: a co-construction method for participatory modeling in natural resources management. Ecology and Society 16(1):44. Resilience Alliance, 2010. Assessing Resilience in Social-Ecological Systems : Workbook for Practitioners. Salinas, J.C., Vides, R., Justiniano, H., Valdes, A., Sanin, N. , Cronenbold, R., Flores, J., Anivarro, R., Pacheco, N., 2013. Aplicación de los Estándares Abiertos para la Práctica de la Conservación en un Bosque Seco Tropical de Bolivia. Poster at IUFROLAT, 2013, San José de Costa Rica.

Research developed in the ECOADAPT project, funded by the European Commission