building science text book series

Part 4: Elementary Acoustics Design & Noise Control: Section 1: Noise Control _____________________________________________________________________________________________

BUILDING SCIENCE TEXT BOOK SERIES: BOOK 1: PART 4: SECTION 1:

ELEMENTARY COURSE: ELEMENTARY ACOUSTICS DESIGN & NOISE CONTROL: NOISE CONTROL:

Yusuf Hazara Ebrahim. ISBN: 9966-784-08-X Code: E1410

Ebenergy Enterprises

Retail Price: Kshs. 1,990/- (US $35)

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Page: 1 of 163 Building Science Text Book Series: Book 1: Elementary Course:

Yusuf H. Ebrahim


BUILDING SCIENCE TEXT BOOK SERIES: BOOK 1: PART 4: SECTION 1: AUTHOR: DEDICATION:

ELEMENTARY COURSE: ELEMENTARY ACOUSTICS DESIGN & NOISE CONTROL: NOISE CONTROL:

TO:

My Family:

Wife: Hawa Abdulrasul Achu Ebrahim, Sons: Ebrahim & Imran Y. Ebrahim, Daughter: Hannan Y. Ebrahim. ‘Thank you for your patience and perseverance during this period of turbulence and uncertainty. Also for your faith and belief in the ordained’

AND:

My Extended Family: To: My Late Mum: Mrs. Lillian Lela Ebrahim Orloff. (01/05/1936 to 01/09/2000)

Ebenergy Enterprises

Yusuf Hazara Ebrahim.

and Late Dad: Mr. Ebrahim Atma Singh Hazara Singh. (02/01/1934 to 04/06/2004)

Late: Elder Sister Shamim E.A. Abdulkayum, Her Children: Sabrina A.A. Abdulrahim, Abdulkadir Abdulkayum & Siraj Abdulkayum,

Code: E0000 ISBN: 9966-784-08-X Surviving Sister: Shama E. Matharu,

Her Children: Simran Matharu, Sharman Matharu, Sonan Matharu & Sanny Matharu, Brother: Ayub H. Ebrahim & wife Dolat K.A. Ebrahim, Their Children: Deleila A. Ebrahim, Mariam A. Ebrahim & Arfan A. Ebrahim, Brother: Twalib H. Ebrahim & wife Sultana T. Ebrahim, Their Children: Saadah T. Ebrahim, Mohammed T. Ebrahim & Salmaan T. Ebrahim, Youngest Brother: Nazir H. Ebrahim. ‘Forgive me for all my trespasses, excesses and for not achieving my potential. For I’m only a mortal and Almighty God knows best for all of us’. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Page: 2 of 163 Building Science Text Book Series: Book 1: Elementary Course:

Yusuf H. Ebrahim

Part 4: Elementary Acoustics Design & Noise Control: Section 1: Noise Control _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Yusuf H. Ebrahim can be contacted: Address: Ebenergy Enterprises, Unit 1, Ebrahim House, 4th Avenue Parklands, P.O. Box 34838, 00100 GPO Nairobi, Kenya. Website: www.ebenergy.net Email: [email protected] or [email protected] or [email protected] Email: [email protected] Tel: +254 020 3751239 Mobile: +254 722513617. ©Yusuf Hazara Ebrahim. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transcribed, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright holder.

Ebenergy Enterprises: Code: E1410 ISBN: 9966-784-08-X First Published: 2007.

Published and Printed by Ebenergy Enterprises.


Yusuf H. Ebrahim


BUILDING SCIENCE TEXT BOOK SERIES: BOOK 1: PART 4: SECTION 1:

ELEMENTARY COURSE: ELEMENTARY ACOUSTICS DESIGN & NOISE CONTROL: NOISE CONTROL: (15 Hours)

1.0 CURRICULLUM: SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION TO ARCHITECTURAL ACOUSTICS: THE HEARING MECHANISMS: PROPERTIES OF SOUND: BEHAVIOUR OF SOUND IN THE OPEN FIELD: BACKGROUND NOISE AND AUDIO COMFORT CRITERIA: ROOM ACOUSTICS AND NOISE CONTROL: REFLECTION, ABSORPTION AND TRANSMISSION OF SOUND:

1st Class 2nd Class 3rd Class 4th Class


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SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION TO ARCHITECTURAL ACOUSTICS:


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Part 4: Elementary Acoustics Design & Noise Control: Section 1: Noise Control _____________________________________________________________________________________________ 1.1 ASSIGNMENT: Prepare both analogue and digital models of area bordered by the following streets of Nairobi: UHURU HIGHWAY, UTALII STREET, KOINANGE STREET & KENYATTA AVENUE.

You would need to visit The Architects, Client, Contractor and Authority. Seek for plans, sections and elevations for your to digitize the area/sample on ArchiCAD and/or AutoCAD formats. Seek for the deed and survey plans. Take digital photos and prepare 3D drawings. Prepare contact list and if necessary, make measured drawings. As part of your assignment, you should divide yourselves into groups of 2 under the coordination of the year rep to avoid duplication or omissions in the survey. You will prepare both soft and hardcopy bound and neat presentation for assessment at the end of the semester as part of BAR308 Examination.


Yusuf H. Ebrahim

Part 4: Elementary Acoustics Design & Noise Control: Section 1: Noise Control _____________________________________________________________________________________________ 1.2 REFERENCES: Dara, SS (2004): “A Textbook of Environmental Chemistry and Pollution Control”. S. Chand & Company Ltd., Ram Nagar, New Delhi – 110055. P.149 – 176. Ingerslev, Fritz (1952): “Acoustics in Modern Building Practice”. The Architectural Press, London. Koenigsberger, O.H. el.al. (1973): “Manual of Tropical Housing and Building: Part One: Climatic Design”. Longman, London. Noise and noise control: P. 171 – 234. Design aids: P. 236 – 274. Lord, Peter & Templeton, Duncan (1986): “Detailing for Acoustics”. The Architectural Press, London. Second Edition. Moore, JE (1988): “Design for Good Acoustics and Noise Control”. Macmillan Education, Hampshire, England (Printed in Hong Kong). First printed in 1978. Moore, JE (1966): “Design for Noise Reduction”. Architectural Press, London. Sincero, Arcadio & Sincero, Gregoria (1999): “Environmental Engineering: A design approach”. Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi – 110001. P.686 – 782. Smith BJ Et. Al. (1988): “Acoustics and Noise Control”. Longman Scientific & Technical, Essex, England. First printed in 1982. Tutt, Patricia & Adler, David (1979): “New Metric Handbook”. Neil Spring: “44 Sound” – P433 – 440. The Architectural Press, London. 1.3 THE DESIGN PROCESS: BRIEFING: DATA COLLECTION & PROCESSING: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT: CONCEPTUALIZING: OUTLINE PROPOSAL: CLIENT/AUTHORITY/STAKE-HOLDERS DISCUSSIONS: DETAIL PROPOSAL: CONSULTATIONS: WORKING DRAWINGS/DETAIL DESIGN/TENDERING: CONSTRUCTION & QUALITY MONITORING: OCCUPATION AND INDOOR-AIR-QUALITY (IAQ) MONITORING: ENVIRONMENTAL MAINTENANCE ASSESSMENT: 1.4 SENSUAL ARCHITECTURE: See Reviving & Revitalizing your Survival Instinct: 2nd Year Studio Seminar: 20th March 2007.


Yusuf H. Ebrahim

Part 4: Elementary Acoustics Design & Noise Control: Section 1: Noise Control _____________________________________________________________________________________________ 1.5 INTRODUCTION:

1.6 THE HEARING MECHANISMS:

Ref:

Moore, JE (1988): “Design for Good Acoustics and Noise Control”. Macmilan Education, Hampshire, England (Printed in Hong Kong). First printed in 1978. P.38.


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Part 4: Elementary Acoustics Design & Noise Control: Section 1: Noise Control _____________________________________________________________________________________________ 1.7 PROPERTIES OF SOUND:


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1.8 BEHAVIOUR OF SOUND IN THE OPEN FIELD:


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Part 4: Elementary Acoustics Design & Noise Control: Section 1: Noise Control _____________________________________________________________________________________________ 1.9 BACKGROUND NOISE AND AUDIO COMFORT CRITERIA:


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Part 4: Elementary Acoustics Design & Noise Control: Section 1: Noise Control _____________________________________________________________________________________________ 1.10 ROOM ACOUSTICS AND NOISE CONTROL:


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1.11

REFLECTION, ABSORPTION AND TRANSMISSION OF SOUND:


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Part 4: Elementary Acoustics Design & Noise Control: Section 1: Noise Control _____________________________________________________________________________________________ 1.12 QUESTIONS: ACOUSTICS AND NOISE CONTROL:

1.0

Given a school site adjacent to a busy road in an urban setting. Address yourself to the following and illustrate your answer: 1.1 Where would you place the classrooms and offices in relationship to the road (noise source) and why? 1.2 What other planning criteria would you employ to cut down on the level of noise from the road? (BAR 302: BUILDING SCIENCE: SECOND SEMESTER EXAMS: UON: 2005/6).

2.0

“Acoustic Design could be said is the analysis of the behaviour and transmission of sound from The Transmitter (T) to the Receiver (R) and analysis of the Mode of Transmission (M)”. 2.1 Analyze this statement in relation to two adjacent spaces and how one could use it in acoustic design. 2.2 How would you incorporate the following issues: 2.2.1 Acclimatization, 2.2.2 Adaptation, 2.2.3 Occupancy Pattern. (BAR 302: BUILDING SCIENCE: SECOND SEMESTER EXAMS: UON: 2005/6). 1.13

3.0

TUTORIALS: ACOUSTICS AND NOISE CONTROL:

What is the significance in acoustics and lighting techniques in the Walt Disney Movie directed by James Cameron entitled “Ghosts of The Abyss”.


Yusuf H. Ebrahim


BROAD LAYOUT/ABSTRACT FOR SETTING OUT TEXT BOOKS FOR BUILDING SCIENCE: EE: Price Guide: PROPOSED SERIES TITLE: Building Science Text Book Series: Book 1: Elementary Course: Part 1: Introduction to Climatology and Meteorology. Part 2: Elementary Thermal Design, Ventilation and Solar Control. Part 3: Elementary Lighting Design. Part 4: Elementary Acoustics Design and Noise Control. Part 5: Elementary Sustainable Design.

Code: Kshs. E1000 E1100 E1200 E1300 E1400 E1500

Building Science Text Book Series: Book 2: Advanced Course: Part 1: The Human Factor in Environmental Design. Part 2: Applied Design Studio in Environmental Building Science. Part 3: Advanced Thermal Design, Ventilation and Solar Control. Part 4: Advanced Lighting Design. Part 5: Advanced Acoustics Design and Noise Control. Part 6: History of Regional Environmental Design. Part 7: Environmental Building Economics.

E2000 E2100 E2200 E2300 E2400 E2500 E2600 E2700

E3000 Building Science Text Book Series: Book 3: Topical Themes: Part 1: Appropriate Roofing and Energy Considerations for E3100 Warm-Humid Climates: E3200 Part 2: Daylighting Performance of Building Elements. (With Specific Application to Museums under Tropical Conditions). Part 3: The Power of Deceit: A Dilemma of an Architect. E3300 An Autobiography of Yusuf Ebrahim. E4000 Building Science Text Book Series: Book 4: Short Papers: Part 1: Essays in Environmental Design: E4100 E5000 Building Science Text Book Series: Book 5: Software & Manuals: Part 1: Ebenergy© Software: E5100 E5200 Part 2: Ebacoustics© Software: Part 3: Eblighting© Software: E5300 E5400 Part 4: Ebtemp© Software: Part 5: Ebvent© Software: E5500 E5600 Part 6: Ebeia© Software: E5700 Part 7: Ebeim© Software: E5800 Part 8: Ebsustain© Software: E5900 Part 9: Ebclimo© Software: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Page: 150 of 163 Building Science Text Book Series: Book 1: Elementary Course:

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BACKGROUND: Text books for university and advance level of education are rare and expensive as most are usually imported from the developed world. Further, these may be inappropriate as these countries tend to be temperate in climate and highly industrial in nature. The systems proposed by these are energy depended and sophisticated. This series of books wishes to bridge the knowledge and technological gap.

BOOK LAYOUTS: Building Science Text Book Series: Book 1: Elementary Course: Part 1: Introduction to Climatology and Meteorology:

Code: E1000 Code: E1100

Abstract:

Introduction to Meteorology and Climatology, Meteorological parameters; Radiation, temperature, humidity, precipitation. Septic climatology; modification of climate by man, air pollution; long term and short term climate change. Influence of climate on architecture.

Part 2:

Elementary Thermal Design, Ventilation and Solar Control: Code: E1200

Section 1: Elementary Thermal Design: Code: E1210 Abstract: Concept of comfort and stress, and the need for environmental control in architecture. Human thermal balance and the physiological control. Thermal indices and criteria for thermal comfort. Thermal design, thermal units, theory of heat flow, thermal properties of materials, heat flow in buildings, steady state and periodic flow. Climatological site analysis and application of thermal comfort indices at planning and sketch design stage. Use of sensory organs and measurement instruments. Appropriate buildings for rural and urban phenomenon. Case Studies. Laboratory Techniques. Computer simulation techniques. Ebenergy Software. Code: E1220 Section 2: Elementary Solar Control: Abstract: Heat control, solar radiation and shading devices. Solar energy and its application in architecture. Various methods of climatic controls. Design of shading devices. Analogue techniques: Solar & Shadow Charts. Digital techniques. Simulation Methods and Softwares. Code: E1230 Section 3: Elementary Ventilation and Air Flow Design: Abstract: Ventilation in buildings. Natural and artificial ventilation. Comfort standards and simulation techniques. Ebvent Software.


Yusuf H. Ebrahim

Part 4: Elementary Acoustics Design & Noise Control: Section 1: Noise Control _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Section 4: Elementary Artificial, Hybrid and Intelligent Climatic Systems: Code: E1240

Abstract:

Permanent, Supplementary, Hybrid and Integrated Systems. Rating of Intelligent Systems. Control devices and equipment. Technical Drawings.

Part 3:

Elementary Lighting Design:


Section 1: Natural Lighting Design: Abstract: Introduction to lighting and its properties. The visual mechanism, scotopic and photopic vision, glare and its control, lighting units. Lighting criteria and standards for various building types. Lighting systems analysis and design. Kenya Laws and Environmental Requirements. Analogue tools: Design sky, pepper-pot method and nomograms. Simulation techniques. Digital methods: Eblighting Software. Section 2: Artificial Lighting Design: Code: E1320 Abstract: Artificial lighting analysis and design. Lighting design for specialized functions – e.g. auditoria, theaters, studios, exhibitions etc. Selection, specification and installation of light fittings. Technical catalogues and drawings. Analogue tools: Lumens method. Utilization and Maintenance Factors. Simulation techniques. Digital methods: Eblighting Software. Section 3: Elementary Artificial, Hybrid and Intelligent Lighting Systems: Code: E1330 Abstract: Permanent, Supplementary, Hybrid and Integrated Systems. Rating of Intelligent Systems. Control devices and equipment. Technical Drawings.

Part 4:

Elementary Acoustics Design and Noise Control:


Section 1: Noise Control: Abstract: Introduction to architectural acoustics. The hearing mechanism and properties of sound. Behavior of sound in the open field. Background noise and audio comfort criteria. Planning and design parameters. Measurement of sound levels and values. Room acoustics and noise control – reflection, absorption and transmission of sound. Code: E1420 Section 2: Room Acoustics: Abstract: Room acoustics: reverberation time, volume and materials. Acoustic design principles for specialized functions – E.g. theatres, auditoria, broadcasting studio etc. Simulation techniques. Digital methods. Ebacoustics Software.


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Part 4: Elementary Acoustics Design & Noise Control: Section 1: Noise Control _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Section 3: Elementary Artificial, Hybrid and Intelligent Acoustic Systems: Code: E1430

Abstract:

Sound reinforcement systems – requirements, specification and installation. Permanent, Supplementary, Hybrid and Integrated Systems. Rating of Intelligent Systems. Control devices and equipment. Technical Drawings.

Part 5:

Elementary Sustainable Design:

Abstract:

An exploration of the philosophical, social and political context of the sustainable future. The role of the designer in the construction of a sustainable future. A review of the evolution of environmentally sustainable settlements and buildings and the technologies used. Examples from the past and the present are analyzed in terms of flows of resources and energy. Current technologies and their effectiveness available to the designer of such environments.

Building Science Text Book Series: Book 2: Advanced Course: Part 1: The Human Factor in Environmental Design:

Code: E1500


Abstract:

Personal and societal environmental values. The psychological functions of the urban and rural environments and theories of man environment relations. Relationship between societal and institutional functions and environments. Environments for special populations, social form and housing form, personal and societal values in design and the impact of social policy on human settlements.

Part 2:

Applied Design Studio in Environmental Building Science: Code: E2200

Abstract:

Studio projects will emphasize the influence of environmental factors on the architectural design and they will seek the optimization of building characteristics from the thermal, acoustic and luminous points of view. Design topics will be selected also within extreme environmental conditions, with particular regard to climate.

Part 3:

Advanced Thermal Design, Ventilation and Solar Control: Code: E2300

Abstract:

Solar radiation patterns in the yearly cycle and influence of cloud, wind orientation and occupants on the heat gain. Human comfort and health conditions and their active and passive control. Thermal characteristics of building materials, their choice and application for the best thermal performance in different climatic zones.

Part 4:

Advanced Lighting Design:

Abstract:

Aspects of natural and artificial illumination. Incandescent and fluorescent light sources. Illumination levels reflections and apparent brightness. Integration of natural and artificial light. Psychological aspects of illumination.

Code: E2400


Yusuf H. Ebrahim

Part 4: Elementary Acoustics Design & Noise Control: Section 1: Noise Control _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Part 5: Advanced Acoustics Design and Noise Control: Code: E2500

Abstract:

Physical properties of sound and its physiological perception (sound propagation, intensity and loudness). Architectural acoustics and the optimization of desired sound (reflection patterns and reverberation time). Noise generation and control. Speech intelligibility and privacy. Vibration control.

Part 6:

History of Regional Environmental Design:

Abstract:

Traditional methods of environmental control in various zones of East Africa, the choice of materials, planning patterns, construction methods and social response to the environment. The impact of modern technology and life styles.

Part 7:

Environmental Building Economics:

Abstract:

Relative cost and environmental performance of building materials. Energy requirements in buildings and the relative economy of energy sources such as wood, charcoal, coal, coke, petroleum, electricity, solar and wind energy and bio-gas. Short term versus long term economics.

Code: E2600

Code: E2700

Building Science Text Book Series: Book 3: Topical Themes: Code: E3000 Part 1: Appropriate Roofing and Energy Considerations for Warm-Humid Climates: Code: E3100 Abstract:

The topic of “Appropriate roofing and energy considerations for warm-humid climates” is very extensive dealing with three, though interconnected subjects, i.e. materials, a climate and the energy implication. Each of which demands a study of its own, but which would be too great a task for an M’Phil dissertation. In order to satisfy the latter, the author has limited his study, by restricting his investigations of roofs to a small number of samples, most of which he has observed in his own country (Kenya). This presentation is not supposed to be exhaustive, rather, it is hoped that it may act as a pilot study for future work that the author hopes to conduct at a PhD or M.Sc level. Each of the above three subjects is critical in deciding the rate and direction of development in different countries. In the last twenty years, a lot of controversy has been started due to the misunderstanding between the various planning authorities. The word “development” carries with it numerous interpretations and the author will restrict himself to the environmental and physiological considerations. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the current situation within developing countries, notably those with a warm-humid climate, with the intention of extracting suitable recommendations related to energy, and the eventual production of materials that perform to sound environmental standards.


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Part 4: Elementary Acoustics Design & Noise Control: Section 1: Noise Control _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Part 2: Daylighting Performance of Building Elements: Code: E3200

(With Specific Application to Museums under Tropical Conditions). Abstract:

Required levels and quality of illumination (Light) is a product of both natural and artificial light inputs. But the author has limited himself to the study of natural lighting principles, techniques and implications. As an investigation of both would only lead to a general rather than a detailed analysis, and this would defeat the purpose of this thesis. Artificial lighting will only be mentioned in relation to a particular argument in question. The elements of a building include both the verticals (Walls) and the horizontals (Roofs and Floors). This investigation is geared to study the internal space when the envelope receives openings in the form of windows and roof lights. Tests are made to evaluate how activities within are affected by this development. The author is interested in developing relevant daylighting design guidelines and daylighting principles are used in this thesis to achieve this goal. Some limited examples of ‘holes’ in the floor for the purpose of letting in light are also considered. Window and roof light solutions to a particular building lighting problem is a compromise that the designer has to accept in the long list of decisions that he has to make, given the constraints posed on him by the client, the site and the various authorities in the country. ‘Museums’ under tropical conditions will be used to justify or test certain arguments, but the principles finally presented can be applied to the design of any element of a building under any climatic condition. Creating a comfortable visual internal space is the ultimate goal. Studies will be made on the implication of the different nature of the building skin and the effect of different furniture and fittings layout or display techniques in fulfilling this need. Outlining the numerous ways of displaying exhibits available to a curator is out of the scope of this investigation. Similarly, the various combinations of external obstructions and circumstances contributing to internal specific conditions are varied in nature and a general overview of this situation is undertaken.

Part 3:

The Power of Deceit: A Dilemma of an Architect.

Code: E3300

(An Autobiography of Yusuf Ebrahim). Abstract:

The author revisits his experiences from pre-apprentice times, through the formal architectural education and professional period and finally his decision to explore the academic world. He uses this opportunity to explain presentation and marketing techniques that were developed across these divides and the mechanisms that helped him develop software and tools that could alleviate some of these problems faced by professions and academics in tropical countries.


Yusuf H. Ebrahim

Part 4: Elementary Acoustics Design & Noise Control: Section 1: Noise Control _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Building Science Text Book Series: Book 4: Short Papers: Code: E4000

Part 1:

Essays in Environmental Design:

Essay 1: Abstract:

Thermal Roof Design for Tropical Provided Housing: A number of new building techniques and materials have been adapted to meet the stringent cost and rapid assembly requirements posed by developing nations. In many cases, building techniques have been introduced from the more developed regions which may not suit the specific climatic features prevalent in tropical countries. Yet the annual building requirements for these elements. A case study of a prefab concrete roofing system is taken to analyze its appropriateness for general use in tropical countries. Concrete roofing elements are currently being used in the tropics together with other materials such as iron, aluminum and clay tiles or sheets. Climatic variance exists within and beyond the country’s boundary. As a general rule, concrete gives good thermal mass for the hot-dry regions but does pose specific problems for the warm-humid regions. Various modifications have to be introduced to a standard concrete roof slab for it to satisfy comfort standards for both these climatic regions. The following analysis outlines a few of these modifications, bearing in mind the specific requirements of developing nations and trying to achieve the maximum from whatever is specified. Other roofing materials are finally mentioned in order to draw conclusions or parallels to the alternatives for a concrete roof slab.

Essay 2:

Environmental Considerations Shaping the Hospital Building and Governing its Code: E4120 Space: The design of buildings or spaces is governed by a number of continually changing factors. Limitations in the natural penetration of daylight and natural ventilation determined the maximum depth of rooms. As technological knowledge is improved these limitations will be adjusted. Over a period of time a set of rules and regulations are established and for a significant period architects follow these without further evaluating the other changing parameters. Medical theory has changed drastically in the last two centuries setting guidelines for hospital designs. Attitudes to daylighting, heating and ventilation by medical practitioners and scientific research organizations have changed with a better understanding of modes of disease spread within hospital wards, the contribution of good daylit spaces to the well-being of the patients and its relation to proper ventilation and heating. Skepticism towards technology has given way but at an expense. Current hospitals are faced with high costs incurred due to wide-spread use of artificial modes of lighting and air-conditioning. These modes have also been criticized for not improving the patient’s condition and in some cases, have been the cause of wide-spread infections. It is high time that design rules are evaluated weighed back to what we already know and set new guidelines for future use.

Abstract:



Yusuf H. Ebrahim

Part 4: Elementary Acoustics Design & Noise Control: Section 1: Noise Control _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Essay 3: Low Energy House in Cool Climates: Code: E4130

Abstract:

The overall design of a house is determined by a number of different factors which may be conflicting. Factors such as site constraints, user requirement and aesthetic appeal are but a few of the decisions that an architect has to make. Within this framework, climate as a determinant of architectural form has not in the past been given enough emphasis. There are three sources of energy inputs into a house overall energy requirement. Namely natural outside sources including the sun, incidental gains by the inhabitants and artificial supplementary sources through heaters and lighting devices. Low energy approaches to designs try to maximize the first two and reduce the dependence on the last. There are different approaches to this problem which may be related to two modes. A “Selective” Mode will allow favorable climatic elements (e.g. required gains) to penetrate the building fabric while screening off the unfavorable elements (i.e. excess gains). Application of a “Regenerative” Mode necessitates the use of artificial sources of energy (both fossil and made-made) to sustain a completely exclusive architecture (Benham, 1984). The mode choice has profound implications on the eventual design of the house. Advocates of the Regenerate Mode will ensure that the building is super-insulated with triple or quadruple glazing and with the internal appliances being the primary design objective. The engineering part of the house has taken prominence over the architectural. A Selective Mode offers a chance to the designer to create spaces that are also comfortable and use very minimal energy inputs. This essay gives the design approach to a low energy house and compares it with the design of any normal house.

Essay 4: Abstract:

Code: E4140 Transfer of Technology in Vernacular Architecture: Mud on a timber structure with a pitched thatch roof is considered by most as the typical African traditional building form. This form has emerged after a long period of cultural evolution with the existing technological skills, the climate and cultural norms molding and compiling constructional standards that a village or even a whole civilization follows. A glimpse at the existing vernacular building stock (Denyer, 1978) establishes this fact. Variations in elements (such as the type of grass used or whether the roof meets the ground) or the composition of the typical homestead do exist, there does seems to exist a “Theme”. Within this uniform strata of building types, discontinuities exist. These are results of change of circumstances. Lamu Township is one such discontinuity. The original “Chagga” homestead conformed to the “African Vernacular Theme”, yet Lamu can also be considered to be “African”, because even though the technology that was introduced came from distant countries such as Oman (Sultanate) and Saudi Arabia, the materials used are local and the


Yusuf H. Ebrahim


architecture has been adapted to suit the existing climate. This essay investigates the effectiveness in assimilation of a new technology in a specific coastal island climate. Essay 5: Abstract:

Code: E4150 Low Energy Strategy in Speculative Atrium Office Buildings: The energy saving design strategy for a speculative office building within an urban area is different from that in peri-urban settings. Broadgate in Central London and Gateway Two at Basingstoke were designed by the same Architects (Arup Associates). They are used to illustrate these differences and explain why the second building is more successful in integrating energy saving devices compared to the first. Atria are becoming a standard feature of most office buildings though many may not function as energy saving devices and in some cases, may lead to increases in energy consumption. The performance of both atria in the two buildings is evaluated with respect to their daylighting, ventilation and overall energy saving strategies.

Building Science Text Book Series: Book 5: Software & Manuals: Part 1: Ebenergy© Software: Abstract:

Energy for maintaining comfort assessment software.

Part 2:

Ebacoustics© Software:

Abstract:

Acoustics design and assessment software.

Part 3:

Eblighting© Software:

Abstract:

Lighting design and assessment software.

Part 4:

Ebtemp© Software:

Abstract:

Indoor air quality assessment software.

Part 5:

Ebvent© Software:

Abstract:

Ventilation design software.

Part 6:

Ebeia© Software:

Abstract:

Environmental impact assessment software.

Part 7:

Ebeim© Software:

Abstract:

Environmental material assessment software.

Part 8:

Ebsustain© Software:

Abstract:

Sustainability impact assessment software.

Part 9:

Ebclimo© Software:

Abstract:

Climatic design and assessment software.

Code: E5000 Code: E5100 Code: E5200 Code: E5300 Code: E5400 Code: E5500 Code: E5600 Code: E5600 Code: E5800 Code: E5900


Yusuf H. Ebrahim


Ebenergy©:

An Energy for Comfort Maintenance Assessment Program for Tropical Countries: User Manual:

Ebenergy© Res Det 2007 Version: Abstract 1.0

CHAPTER 1: EBENERGY1 PROGRAM: INTRODUCTION:

1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON THE SOFTWARE: SOFTWARE BASE NAME: Ebenergy© CURRENT VERSION: Ebenergy© Res Det 2007 Version. RECIPE: BASIC INGREDIENT: Res (Research). MENU: CUSTOMISED PRODUCT: Det (Detail Applications). YEAR OF DEVELOPMENT: 2007 Version. SLOGAN: “Energy for Maintaining Comfort Assessment Software”. MOTIVATION: Bridging the information and technological gap. Development of indigenous and appropriate tools to achieve millennium goals. PRODUCT CLASSIFICATION: TARGET MARKET:

PRESTIGE (FLAGSHIP). RESEARCH GROUPS: Researchers: Professionals, Government Organs, UN Organs, International Bodies, NGO’s, CBO’s, Academics, Students, Consultants, Corporations, Computer Companies.

PERIOD OF LICENCE:

1st January 2007 to 31st December 2007.

TYPE OF LICENCE:

Student: Individual: Academic Institution: Corporate:

Single User (1 Pac Max). Single User (1 Pac Max). Multiple User (30 Pac Max). Multiple User (30 Pac Max).

CONSIDERATION:

Student: Individual: Academic Institution: Corporate:

Kshs. 5,000/- per annum. Kshs. 10,000/- per annum. Kshs. 150,000/- per annum. Kshs. 225,000/- per annum.

1

Ebenergy © 2007 is a Registered Trade Name under the Laws of Kenya, Copy Right and Trade Marks Act. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Page: 159 of 163 Building Science Text Book Series: Book 1: Elementary Course:

Yusuf H. Ebrahim


1.2 OUTLINE OF FUNCTIONING: SOFTWARE BASE NAME: Ebenergy© SOFWARE LANGUAGE: MS Excel2 2003 Version. CURRENT VERSION: Ebenergy© Res Det 2007 Version. (FOR RESTRICTED USE ONLY). FIRST GENERATION SOFWARE: These are first generation softwares using basic knowledge and tools available in everyday use. Second generation softwares would use more advance computer language such as Visual Basic or MS Access, while third generation softwares would be interfaces. PRODUCT RANGE:

Based on following: PRODUCT CLASSIFICATION: RECIPE or BASIC INGREDIENT: MENU or CUSTOMISED PRODUCT: YEAR OF DEVELOPMENT: SPECIAL PRODUCTS:

PRODUCT CLASSIFICATION:

ECONOMY: STANDARD: PRESTIGE:

Class. Optimum. Flagship.

RECIPE: BASIC INGREDIENT: Pro Software: Level 1: Professional Version. Primarily for NEW PROJECTS and uses BASELINE CLIMATE DATA and OPTIMUM CONDITIONS (Rural Conditions). Aca Software: Level 2: Academic Version. In addition to the above, it can also be used to analyze existing scenarios and buildings. It also uses DATALOGGED INFORMATION, QUESTIONAIRS AND OBSERVATION DATA and IN-SITU CONDITIONS (Urban Micro Conditions).

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Microsoft and Excel are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation and you would need a separate license to use these products directly from the developers. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Page: 160 of 163 Building Science Text Book Series: Book 1: Elementary Course:

Yusuf H. Ebrahim


Res Software: Level 3: Research Version. In addition to the two above, it can also combine the two conditions (Macro Conditions). MENU: CUSTOMISED PRODUCT: Plan: Planning Applications: District Analysis. Arch: Architectural Applications: Building Analysis. Det: Detail Application: Elemental Analysis. YEAR OF DEVELOPMENT: ANALOQUE CHOICES:

2007 Version. Ebenergy© uses standard phrases or jargons to depict certain actions or course of action which make the flow of data seamless and will assist in back track analysis to check any errors or mitigating actions. This forms the basis for structuring or preparation of standard protocols for the main program: EBENERGY© 2007. The program is set up using workbook, which can be added or deleted as the need may arise. It comprises of either Mandatory or Selective Workbooks.

MANDETORY WORKBOOKS:

These workbooks form a vital component of the basic program. Ebenergy© 2007 has 13 Mandatory Workbooks: Pro Version: 4 Workbooks, Aca Version: 4 Additional Workbooks and Res Version: 5 Additional Workbooks.

SELECTIVE WORKBOOKS:

You may choose to use information from this group of workbooks. Some of this information could be got from other sources and is subject to revision or upgrading as new knowledge is acquired. Ebenergy© 2007 has 13 Selective Workbooks to choose from: Pro Version: 3 Workbooks, Aca Version: 6 Additional Workbooks and Res Version: 4 Additonal Workbooks.


Yusuf H. Ebrahim

Part 4: Elementary Acoustics Design & Noise Control: Section 1: Noise Control _____________________________________________________________________________________________ © th

1.3

EBENERGY PRICE GUIDE:

DATED: 19 February 2007

The following is the recommended price guide for various products: Ebenergy3 2007: Brand Class: Economy: Economy: Economy: Economy:

Product Type: Pro Det: Pro Arch: Pro Plan: Pro Special#

Annual License Classification: Kshs/Annum. Student: Individual: Acad. Institution: Corporate: 2,000/-^ 30,000/-+ 45,000/-+ 2,000/-^ 3,500/3,500/52,500/-* 78,750/-* 112,500/-* 5,000/5,000/75,000/-* 2,000/-

Standard: Standard: Standard: Standard:

Aca Det: Aca Arch: Aca Plan: Aca Special#

3,000/5,250/7,500/-

5,000/8,750/12,500/-

75,000/131,250/-* 187,500/-*

112,500/196,875/-* 281,250/-*

Prestige: Res Det: 5,000/10,000/150,000/225,000/* 393,750/-* Prestige: Res Arch: 8,750/17,500/262,500/Prestige: Res Plan: 12,500/25,000/375,000/-* 562,500/-* Prestige: Res Special# ______________________________________________________________________ Note: 1. These prices are provisional and subject to change without notice and do not represent a commitment on the part of Ebenergy Enterprises. 2. License expires after due date and product should be discarded environmentally safely or renewed for a discounted latest version. 3. Student License: 1 Pac maximum (Single User). 4. Individual License: 1 Pac Maximum (Single User). 5. Academic Institutional License: 30 Pac Maximum (Multiple User): 50% Discount. 6. Corporate License: 30 Pac Maximum (Multiple User): 25% Discount. +

Denotes Currently Available (Allow 2 Weeks for delivery nationally). Denotes Available on Special Order (Allow 1 Month for delivery nationally). # Denotes Special Publication limited to a particular Project/Time/Application. ^ Currently being published and expected launched in August 2007. *

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Ebenergy © 2007 is a Registered Trade Name under the Laws of Kenya, Copy Right and Trade Marks Act. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Page: 162 of 163 Building Science Text Book Series: Book 1: Elementary Course:

Yusuf H. Ebrahim

Part 4: Elementary Acoustics Design & Noise Control: Section 1: Noise Control _____________________________________________________________________________________________ BRIEF OF AUTHOR: Yusuf H. Ebrahim, B’Arch. Hons. (NBI), M’Phil (CANTAB), MAAK., is a lecturer in the Department of Architecture and Building Science (University of Nairobi) with interests in sustainable architecture and planning. He has taught for over 10 years both at the professional and academic circles. He has acted as an external examiner in another local university and served in various capacities on numerous education boards. He started his architectural career as an apprentice with Dalgliesh Marshall in 1979 and eventually rose up the ranks to Junior Partner level of the same. He has won numerous design competitions and seen buildings of different complexities from start to finish and eventually to maintenance. In 1992 he set up Ebrahim Consultants, a multi-disciplinary firm with emphasis with environmental design consultancy. Under her, he has done work on different jobs in Sustainable, Lighting, Thermal, Solar, Acoustic and Ventilation. He prefers to use Passive Systems where applicable and only brings in Active Systems to supplement the same. With others, he has developed different simulation techniques and recently developed softwares using the Excel Format. He is currently undertaking his doctorate degree programme at the University of Nairobi, Department of Architecture and Building Science. With others, he is currently writing books on sustainable architecture and recording his experiences in both the professional and academic world.

EE: Price Guide: BUILDING SCIENCE TEXT BOOK SERIES: Code: Kshs. US $ BOOK 1: ELEMENTARY COURSE: E1000 PART 4: ELEMENTARY ACOUSTICS DESIGN & NOISE CONTROL: E1400 Section 1: Noise Control: E1410 1,990/- 35 Abstract: Introduction to architectural acoustics. The hearing mechanism and properties of sound. Behavior of sound in the open field. Background noise and audio comfort criteria. Planning and design parameters. Measurement of sound levels and values. Room acoustics and noise control – reflection, absorption and transmission of sound. ISBN: 9966-784-08-X Yusuf H. Ebrahim can be contacted: Address: Ebenergy Enterprises, Unit 1, Ebrahim House, 4th Avenue Parklands, P.O. Box 34838, 00100 GPO Nairobi, Kenya. Website: www.ebenergy.net Email: [email protected] or [email protected] or [email protected] Email: [email protected] Tel: +254 020 3751239 Mobile: +254 722513617. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Page: 163 of 163 Building Science Text Book Series: Book 1: Elementary Course:

Yusuf H. Ebrahim

building science text book series

building science text book series

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