Solutions for biomass fuel market barriers and raw material availability - IEE/07/777/SI2.499477
Heating and cooling with biomass – Summary report – D6.1
Lukas Sulzbacher & Josef Rathbauer FJ-BLT Wieselburg
Wieselburg, August 2011
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Content Preface................................................................................................................. 2 1
Executive summary ......................................................................................... 3
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Introduction and purpose ................................................................................. 7 2.1 Aim of EUBIONET III WP6 .............................................................................. 7 2.2 Biomass for heating and cooling ..................................................................... 7 2.3 District heating and cooling in Europe ............................................................. 9 2.4 EU renewable energy policy ..........................................................................12
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Investigation of statistical data Task 6.1 ...........................................................14 3.1 Data availability ..........................................................................................14 3.1.1
Eurostat ............................................................................................14
3.1.2
International Energy Agency ................................................................15
3.2 Initiatives to improve statistical data ..............................................................16 3.2.1
Energy consumptions in households .....................................................17
3.2.2
International activities ........................................................................17
3.2.3
National action on energy consumption in households .............................18
3.3 Conclusion ..................................................................................................20 4
Investigation of technical forms – Task 6.2 .......................................................21 4.1 Aim and methodology ..................................................................................21 4.2 Current state of biomass heating technology ...................................................21 4.2.1
Grate furnace combustion ...................................................................21
4.2.2
Fluidized bed combustion ....................................................................23
4.2.3
Pulverized fuel firing ...........................................................................24
4.2.4
Future developments ..........................................................................25
4.3 Current state of cooling with biomass .............................................................26 4.3.1
The absorption chillers ........................................................................27
4.3.2
Supply concepts for chilled water .........................................................28
4.4 Biomass boiler producer catalogue .................................................................30 4.5 Conclusions.................................................................................................35 5
Investigation of costs – Task 6.3 .....................................................................36 5.1 Aim and Methodology ...................................................................................36 5.2 List of Case studies ......................................................................................37 5.3 Results of the case studies ............................................................................41
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List of references ...........................................................................................46
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Appendix 1 – List of Case Studies ....................................................................47
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Appendix 2 – List of Company fact sheets .........................................................49
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Preface This publication is part of the EUBIONET III Project (Solutions for biomass fuel market barriers and raw material availability - IEE/07/777/SI2.499477, www.eubionet.net) funded by the European Union‟s Intelligent Energy Program. EUBIONET III is coordinated by VTT. Project partners are Danish Technological Institute, DTI(Denmark), Energy Centre Bratislava, ECB (Slovakia), Ekodoma (Latvia), Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V., FNR (Germany), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU (Sweden), Brno University of Technology, UPEI VUT (Czech), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, UMB (Norway), Centre Wallon de Recherches Agronomiques, CRA-W (Belgium), FJ-BLT Wieselburg (Austria), European Biomass Association, AEBIOM (Belgium), Centre for Renewable Energy Sources, CRES (Greece), Utrecht University, UU (Netherlands), University of Florence, UNIFI (Italy), Lithuanian Energy Institute, LEI (Lithuania), Imperial College of Science, Imperial (UK), Centro da Biomassa para a Energia, CBE (Portugal), Energy Restructuring Agency, ApE (Slovenia), Andalusian Energy Agency, AAE (Spain). The EUBIONET III project runs from 2008 until 2011. The main objective of the project is to increase the use of biomass based fuels in the EU by finding ways to overcome the market barriers. The purpose is to promote international trade of biomass fuels to help that demand and supply meet each other, while at the same time the availability of industrial raw material is to be secured at reasonable prices. The EUBIONET III project will in the long run boost sustainable, transparent international biomass fuel trade, secure the most cost efficient and value-adding use of biomass for energy and industry, boost the investments on best practice technologies and new services on biomass heat sector and enhance sustainable and fair international trade of biomass fuels. This report is part of Work Package 6: Heating and cooling with biomass of the EUBIONET III project. It includes a summary of the work of Task 6.1 Investigation of sources of the fuels and comparison of heating and cooling systems, Task 6.2 Investigations of technical forms and Task 6.3 Investigation of costs. The summary of the international workshop, which was organized within the frame of the Work Package 6 in Kaunas (Lithuania), could be found in the workshop summary report (D6.2) of WP6. This summary report was written by Josef Rathbauer BLT in Wieselburg. The results of Task 6.2 and Task project partners. We would like to acknowledge participating EUBIONET III project partners for their studies and conduct interviews.
and Lukas Sulzbacher from the FJ6.3 are also based on the work of the contributions by the WP 6 efforts to collect data for the case
The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Communities. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.
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1 Executive summary Biomass is a very important energy source for heat production, especially for the residential and service sector. One of the main reasons therefore is that it can easily be transported, stored, traded and used with several applications at the time and place, where heat is needed. The use of biomass fuels provides an incentive for the sustainable management of local woodland, it adds to the local economy and the establishment of a reliable supply chain. To point out the role of heating and cooling with biomass in the European Union was a major aim of EUBIONET III WP6. Therefore analyses of national and European statistical data and the availability of data are described. To give an overview of the current market and the technical possibilities, the state of the art of heating and cooling with biomass was described and a catalogue of selected biomass boiler producers in the participating countries was carried out. A very important aim of WP 6 was to compare the costs of different heating systems. Therefore case studies are provided, to show the costs, when a fossil heating system is replaced by a biomass heating system. These case studies describe best practice examples and give an overall picture of the different fossil- and biomass based heating situations and cost-differences in European countries. The case studies include calculations and comparisons of emissions in CO2 equivalents of the fossil and biomass based heating system. Currently approximately half of the final energy demand of EU 27 is used for heating and in the year 2008 about 11.9 % of this energy demand was covered by renewable energy sources. First surveys and estimations shows, that the EU 27 consumes about 55.1 Mtoe of biomass for heating. Major consumers of this energy are the domestic and service sector. The actual developments in the biomass energy market are substantially influenced by European regulations. The Energy and Climate change package and the so called 20-2020 targets, as well as the national implementation of the targets have effects on the biomass heating and cooling sector. To monitor the ongoing developments and to meet the targets of the EU directive in renewable energies and the National Action Plans, detailed and reliable energy statistics are necessary. Statistics on energy have so far been focused on energy supply and on fossil energies. But in future, more focus is needed on increased knowledge and monitoring of final energy consumption, renewable energy and nuclear energy. The households´ energy consumption is a major indicator to monitor developments on energy efficiency and green house gas emissions in the domestic sector. Investigations in the line of this work package have shown that there are a few national activities on biomass consumption of households, but detailed data on energy and biomass consumption of households are rare. Comprehensive surveys on this topic on Member States level are very obsolete. The national initiatives to collect data on energy consumption of households are characterized through different definitions, indicators and methodologies and make a comparison difficult. Especially the sectors households, services and transport need improvements on data availability. The current biomass furnace technology in Europe has already achieved a very high state-of-the art. The most common biomass fuels for domestic heat production are wood logs, wood chips and wood pellets. Especially for modern low-energy houses, wood pellets in combination with grate furnace technology are used. Wood pellets and wood logs boilers are available with capacities from 10 kW upwards, while wood chips boilers 3
are produced with capacities from 30 kW up to some MW. Therefore wood chips boilers are used for buildings with higher heat demand and for district heating systems. International political interests to limit emissions from small scale combustion sites are increasing. Therefore in future further research and development activities to reduce emissions from biomass boilers are needed. The development of small-scale commercialized gasification systems is in its early stages, but the technology promises higher efficiencies than it would have been possible by the direct combustion of the biomass. Depending on the political framework requirements of the respective country, there are differences in technology and quality of the biomass boilers, especially concerning emissions and safety. The demand for high quality biomass boilers is increasing. The producers´ survey has shown, that Austrian and German boiler manufacturers are exporting their products world-wide with a quota of export partly more than 80 %. The results of the survey are summarized in a producer catalogue. The catalogue includes a list of 59 selected biomass boiler manufacturers of the participating countries with information on contact details, form and size of the company, number of employees and turnover, market share and sold units and a short description of their products. Cooling with biomass is currently limited to centralized district solutions. The main market for district cooling is the service sector, followed by the food and mining industry. The residential sector is characterized by a low demand for biomass and district cooling at present. Domestic decentralized cooling systems are based on air condition produced by electrically operated compressor chillers or solar power. The cooling market is currently dominated by air conditioning systems powered by electricity and the demand of electricity used for cooling is estimated with more than 260 TWh in Europe. Cost reduction is still the most relevant factor, by which consumer come to a decision for a heating system. Based on actual market prices for boilers and fuels a comparison between the use of fossil and biomass fuels were carried out in form of case studies. The main focus of the case studies was the cost comparison of fossil and biomass fuels including investments and fuel costs. In total 32 case studies with 59 different heating systems were carried out. These heating systems are fired with 18 different fuel types, 10 biomass fuels, 6 different fossil fuels and fuel combinations. Wood pellet boilers are the most frequent calculated biomass fuel systems in the case studies. 18 case studies deal with wood pellets. The boiler capacity ranges from 8 kW up to 1 MW, but mostly used in residential buildings with a capacity from 8 kW to 75 kW. The second most commonly biomass fuel in the case studies was wood chips with 12 different heating system examples. The capacities of the boiler range from 120 kW up to 3.3 MW and was typically calculated in case studies of large buildings with a high heat demand. Log wood heating systems were analyzed of 8 case studies. Their capacities range from 15 kW up to 225 kW. The investment costs are depending on the used technology and the fuels. The cheapest systems for heating with biomass are log wood boilers. The lowest investment costs for fossil fueled heating systems are reported for gas boilers, connected to the gas grid and electric heaters. Beside the economical aspects ecological effects of different heating systems have been analyzed. Therefore the CO2 equivalent emissions were calculated and the savings were pointed out when a fossil fuel based heating system is changed by a biomass heating system. The emissions of the respective heating systems were calculated with the lifecycle-analyzing software GEMIS. The following graph shows the specific reduction of CO2equivalent emissions in kilogram per MWh heat output. The partly large variations are due to different boiler capacities, technologies and heat demands.
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Figure 1: Specific reduction of CO2-equivalent emissions in kg per MWh heat output.
Source: FJ-BLT
The reduction potential of a biomass heating system depends on the type of fossil fueled heating system which it is compared to. The average CO2-equivalents-reduction for all described biomass fuels range from 330 kg/MWh to 410 kg/MWh. If all case studies are realized and the fossil based heating systems are replaced by the described biomass systems, total emissions of 19,016 tones CO2- equivalent emissions can be saved yearly. Conclusion and recommendations: The statistical data on biomass consumption for heating or cooling especially in households are rare and old. For an effective energy policy and to check developments and expected impacts of energy efficiency measures, a regular data collection is very important. There are a lot of ongoing activities to improve the data availability on European Member States level, but currently not available. Cooling with biomass is currently competing with air conditioning systems powered by electricity. Decentralized systems for cooling with biomass are at present not marketable and competitive. The fuels costs are the factor with the highest influences on the total costs. Even the investment costs of fossil fueled boilers are cheaper than for biomass boilers, the specific total costs of biomass fueled variants are in nearly all cases lower. Regarding to emissions, biomass fuels and fossil fuels based heating systems show a clear difference. Depending on the type of fuel and boiler, the potential of emission reduction (CO2-equivalents) ranges from 90 % up to 98 %. Regarding emissions, it is always worth to replace a fossil based heating system by biomass. The use of biomass for heat production has a huge potential to reduce emissions especially in the non ETS (EU Emissions Trading System) sectors, such as agriculture, transport, residential and some industry. As the case studies have shown the economic aspects are depending on the development of fuel prices. With an increasing price for 5
fossil fuels in future, biomass based heating and even cooling systems will become more competitive. Currently government support schemes play a decisive role. Some countries offer grants for activities to improve the energy efficiency of buildings and for investments on biomass based heating systems. These financial support schemes help to close the gap of investment costs between fossil and biomass based heating systems, so that an economic benefit arise beside the ecological advantage of biomass heating. The increasing use of biomass could also raise the problem of scarcity of raw materials. Especially woody biomass is also in great demand for a number of material utilizations such as the wood particle board and paper industry. A future challenge would be to acquire unused woody biomass resources and agricultural residues for energy production as well as for material utilization.
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2 Introduction and purpose Work package (WP) 6 of the EUBIONET III project is dealing with the potential and the aspects of biomass use for heating and cooling. The following chapter of this summary report is introducing the topic of the WP and gives an overview, which aims and objectives are pursued in the line of WP6.
2.1 Aim of EUBIONET III WP6 The overall aim of the work package is to describe the role of heating and cooling with biomass in the European Union. Due to analyses of national and European statistical data, the current status of heating and cooling with biomass and the availability of data is pointed out. Based on these analyses and on results of other projects recommendations are derived. Another aim of the WP is to give an overview of the technical possibilities and the state of the art of heating and cooling with biomass. A description of the major producers for small scale heating technology should give a picture of the market. The most important manufacturers of biomass boilers in the respective countries of the project partners are presented with a short description of their company and products in a producer catalogue. A very important aim of the work package 6 is to compare the costs of different heating systems. Therefore case studies are provided, to show the costs, when a fossil heating system is replaced by a biomass heating system. These case studies describe best practice examples and give an overall picture of the different heating situations and costdifferences between fossil and biomass fuels in European countries. A major topic of the case studies is the emissions of the different heating systems and the reduction potential of biomass fuels. The case studies include calculations of emissions in CO2 equivalents and the reduction, when the fossil based heating system is replaced by a biomass heating system.
2.2 Biomass for heating and cooling The use of biomass for heat production in Europe is getting more and more important and the share of bioenergy made of biomass within the renewables is increasing. One of the main reasons therefore is that it can easily be transported, stored, traded and used with several applications at the time and place, where energy is needed. Approximately half of the total final energy demand of EU 27 is used for heating. In the year 2008 about 11.9 % of the energy demand for heating was covered by renewable energy sources. Of the 564.7 Mtoe total energy consumption for heating, nearly 67.8 Mtoe was produced by renewable energy. The EU 27 consumes about 55.1 Mtoe of biomass for heating, including wood, wood waste and renewable municipal wastes. These data are based on the results of “SHARES”, an initiative of Eurostat and Member States to improve statistical data. The shares of biomass use for heat production in EU 27 countries are varying. Countries like Sweden, Finland, Austria, Germany or Latvia have a high share of biomass use for heat production, because of the traditional use of wood fuels in households and 7
industries. While in other countries like United Kingdom or Ireland, the share of biomass for heat is slightly increasing the last years [Roubanis et al. 2010]. There is a multitude of applications to change biomass to energy. Heat appliances range from small scale stoves for room heating, to boilers of a few kW and multi MW boilers for industry and centralized district heating. Especially the use of woody biomass for centralized heat production observed a considerable increase within the last 20 years, as Figure 2 shows below. Figure 2: Heat derived of biomass in EU-271
Source: EUROSTAT
The development of direct use of wood for heat production was characterized by a light increasing over the last 20 years. But in comparison with other renewable, like solar heat and biogas with about 1100 ktoe or liquid biofuels with nearly 580 ktoe, woody biomass is still the most important energy source for heat production in European countries. Figure 3: energy consumption of wood for heat production in EU-272
Source: EUROSTAT
The bioenergy balance sheet from Eurostat is showing that households and services as well as industry are the major energy consumer of biomass. In 2008, the EU was consuming nearly 98 Mtoe of biomass. As the graph below shows, nearly 1/3 is used for electricity, combined heat and power plants (CHP) and DH. The rest is used in households, commercial and industrial sector, mainly for heating purposes (Figure 4). 1 2
Roubanis et al.: Renewable energy statistics, Eurostat, statistics in focus 56/2010 Roubanis et al.: Renewable energy statictics, Eurostat, statistics in focus 56/2010
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Figure 4: energy consumption of biomass for heat production in EU-27
Source: Renewable heating & cooling (RHC) European technology Platform, EUROSTAT
The biomass production is a decentralized market and includes a large potential for rural development. Beside this fact, it could help to reduce energy demand from imported fossil resources. The use of biomass for heating purpose replaces fossil fuels and therefore reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The reduction potential could mainly be realized in non ETS (Emission Trading Scheme) sectors, where mandatory targets are not so easy to enforce. The non ETS are the households, service and transport sectors.
2.3 District heating and cooling in Europe The actual developments in the district heating and cooling sector are major influenced by European regulations. The Energy and Climate change package and the so called 2020-20 targets, as well as the national implementation of the targets have effects on the district heating and cooling sector. The following chapter gives an overview, how the district heating and cooling sector has developed and which data are available. Since 1999 Euroheat & Power is publishing every two years the “District Heating and Cooling Country by Country Survey”. In this report, detailed data about district heating and cooling of 29 participating countries are included. Heating: New connections to district heating networks and an enlargement of the floor space served by district heating could be observed in every participating country. 9
The following Figure 5 shows the shares of district heating used to satisfy heat demand in the residential and services and other sectors. Figure 5: Share of district heating of all sectors.3
Source: Euroheat&Power
The shares of district heating used to satisfy heat demand in the residential and services and other sectors range from 93.9% in Iceland, where the main part of the district heat is produced by geothermal energy sources, to 2.8% in Switzerland. In Switzerland, the figure includes, as distinguished from other countries in this survey, only the share of the residential sector. Figure 6: Total installed district heating capacity in MW th.4
Source: Euroheat&Power
Figure 6 shows the total installed district heating capacity in MW th. The capacities range from 621,000 MWth in Poland, where nearly 49% of the energy produced by coal and 1,400 MWth in Norway. The main fuels used to generate district heat in the Euroheat&Power participating countries are natural gas, coal and coal products and renewables (no further specification is given). The graph (Figure7) below shows the variations in the fuels used for production of district heat.
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Euroheat&Power: District heating and cooling – Country By Country Survey 2009 Euroheat&Power: District heating and cooling – Country By Country Survey 2009
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Figure 7: Fuel mix used to produce district heat.5
Source: Euroheat&Power
Cooling: District cooling was not very important in the past years. The public interest therefore grew with the demand for comfort cooling. The main market for district cooling is the service sector, followed by the food and mining industry. The residential sector is characterized by a low demand for district cooling at present. The main advantage is to use fuel free cooling sources and it makes the use of free and natural cooling possible. A district cooling system could reach 5 to 10 times higher efficiencies than common electricity-driven chillers.
Figure8: European district cooling capacity in MWth.6
Source: Euroheat&Power
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Euroheat&Power: District heating and cooling – Country By Country Survey 2009 Euroheat&Power: District heating and cooling – Country By Country Survey 2009
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The installed district cooling capacity increased over the last years not only within European countries. France has with 620 MW, the largest installed capacity for district cooling in Europe. Approximately 3% of thereof is produced by Renewable energies. Especially in Nordic countries like Finland and Sweden, the total installed capacity of district cooling was multiplied within the last years. The Figure 9 shows the district cooling production in TJ within Europe.
Figure 9: European district cooling production in TJ. 7
Source: Euroheat&Power
The demand for cooling is steadily increasing in Southern as well as in Northern countries. The cooling market is currently dominated by air conditioning systems powered by electricity. The demand of electricity used for cooling is estimated with more than 260 TWh in Europe. Euroheat&Power also uses the collective term “Renewables” without any further specification for biomass or geothermal energy sources for their analyses. Further data availability is limited to participating countries and so data are not available for all European countries. Because of lack of information and the different setup of statistical data throughout Europe, calculations are hard to establish according to Euroheat&Power.
2.4 EU renewable energy policy European leaders signed up to a binding EU-wide target to source 20% of their energy needs from renewables, including biomass, hydro, wind and solar power, by 2020. To meet this objective, they also agreed on a directive to promote renewable energies, which set individual targets for each member state. Renewable energies such as wind power, solar energy, hydropower and biomass can play a major role in the challenge of energy security and global warming because they do not deplete and produce less greenhouse-gas emissions than fossil fuels. Since the energy crises of the 1970s, several industrial nations have launched programs to develop renewable energy solutions, but the return of low oil prices prevented renewable energies from picking up on a large commercial scale.
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Euroheat&Power: District heating and cooling – Country By Country Survey 2009
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In 2007, renewable energies covered 13.1% of global primary energy supply and 17.9% of global electricity production [IEA, 2007]. The IEA's 2006 World Energy Outlook foresees in its Alternative Policy Scenario that the share of renewables in global energy consumption will only slightly increase by 2030, at 14%. Renewables in electricity generation are expected to grow to around 25%, according to the IEA. 8 The European Commission published a White Paper in 1997 setting out a Community strategy for achieving a 12% share of renewables in the EU's energy mix. The decision was motivated by concerns about security of supply and environmental protection. Directives were adopted in the electricity and transport sectors that set national sectoral targets. The 12% target was adopted in a 2001 directive on the promotion of electricity from renewable energy sources, which also included a 22.1% target for electricity for the EU15. The legislation was an important part of the EU's measures to deliver on commitments made under the Kyoto Protocol. More recently, the Community has agreed targets for 2020. The 2005 share (measured in terms of gross final energy consumption) was 8.5% (9.2% in 2006), and the EU 2020 target is 20%. This target was content of the “Climate and Energy package”, which was agreed by the European Parliament and Council in 2008. The “Climate and Energy package”–targets, also called 20-20 20-targets comprise the following contents:
A reduction in EU greenhouse gas emissions of at least 20% below 1990 levels 20% of EU energy consumption to come from renewable resources A 20% reduction in primary energy use compared with projected levels, to be achieved by improving energy efficiency.
The EU directive on renewable energies, agreed in December 2008, requires each member state to increase its share of renewable energies in the bloc's energy mix to raise the overall share to 20% by 2020. A 10% share of 'green fuels' in transport is also included within the overall EU target. The directive legally obliges each EU Member State to ensure that its 2020 target is met and to outline the appropriate measures it will take do so in a National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP) to be submitted by 30 June 2010 to the European Commission. The European Commission will be able to initiate infringement proceedings if a Member State fails to introduce appropriate measures to enable it to meet its interim trajectory. The National Action Plans (NREAPs) will set out how each EU country will meet its overall national target, including elements such as sectoral targets for shares of renewable energy for transport, electricity and heating/cooling and how they will tackle administrative and grid barriers.9
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Renewables in global energy supply. An IEA fact sheet, 2007 EU renewable energy policy. http://www.euractiv.com/en/energy/eu-renewable-energy-policylinksdossier-188269. 08.03.2011 9
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3 Investigation of statistical data Task 6.1 To monitor the ongoing developments and to meet the targets of the EU directive in renewable energies and the National Action Plans, detailed and reliable energy statistics are necessary. Therefore the Regulation (EC) No 1099/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2008 on energy statistics was published. The regulation was created to meet the demand of precise and timely data on energy quantities, their forms, sources, generation, supply, transformation and consumption. Statistics on energy have so far been focused on energy supply and on fossil energies. But in future, more focus is needed on increased knowledge and monitoring of final energy consumption, renewable energy and nuclear energy. The availability of accurate, up-to-date information on energy is essential for assessing the impact of energy consumption on the environment and for monitoring of the greenhouse gas emissions. There are a few organizations, which provide energy statistics on European level. In the following, the two major organizations and the data availability is presented.
3.1 Data availability 3.1.1
Eurostat
The statistical data for EU countries are provided by the Eurostat. It is the Statistical Office of the European Communities and provides the European Union with statistical information. Therefore, it gathers and analyses figures from the national statistical offices across Europe and provides comparable and harmonized data for the European Union for usage in the definition, implementation and analysis of Community policies. Eurostat has set up with the members of the „European statistical system‟ (ESS) a network of user support centers which exist in nearly all Member States as well as in some EFTA countries. Their mission is to provide help and guidance to Internet users of European statistical data. Eurostat and Member States developed together a common statistical system for the regular collection of the data. The energy statistics system is currently based essentially on voluntary agreements with the Member States. Annual and monthly statistics are collected via questionnaires sent to Eurostat by the competent National Statistical Authorities (NSI, Ministries, Energy Agencies). Currently there are following data available: Quantities:
Annual data Coal Electricity Natural gas Oil Nuclear Power Renewables Liquid Biofuels
Monthly data Coal Electricity Natural gas Oil Nuclear Power
Prices: Gas and electricity prices according to the new methodology Bi-annual 14
Policy
Industrial and domestic consumers Competition indicators relevant indicators: Share of CHP (Directive 2004/8/EC) Share of renewable electricity (Directive 2001/77/EC) Share of renewable energy and biofuels
Export and imports: Annual data Coal Electricity Natural gas Oil
Monthly data Coal Electricity Natural gas Oil
Eurostat definition for the collective term Renewable Energy is as follows: “Renewable energy sources include renewable non-fossil energy sources such as wind, solar, geothermal, hydro-power and energy from biomass/wastes. The latter refers to electricity generated from the combustion of wood and wood wastes, other solid wastes of a renewable nature (for example, straw), biogas (including landfill, sewage, and farm gas) and liquid biofuels, and from municipal solid waste incineration.” There are no data available for single renewable energy sources like biomass, solar or hydro power in the current database. The final energy consumption is reported for the sectors industry, transport und households, without any specification of the purpose like heating, cooling and lightning. 3.1.2
International Energy Agency
The International Energy Agency (IEA) is an autonomous body which was established in November 1974 within the framework of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to implement an international energy program. It carries out a comprehensive program of energy co-operation among twenty-six of the OECD thirty member countries. The basic aims of the IEA are: To maintain and improve systems for coping with oil supply disruptions. To promote rational energy policies in a global context through co-operative relations with nonmember countries, industry and international organizations. To operate a permanent information system on the international oil market. To improve the world‟s energy supply and demand structure by developing alternative energy sources and increasing the efficiency of energy use. To promote international collaboration on energy technology. To assist in the integration of environmental and energy policies. IEA offers a broad database on energy statistics including data for OECD member countries and countries beyond the OECD partly for free and in detail for sale. The following sources of energy are included in the database: Coal and Peat Combustible Renewables and Waste Crude Oil Electricity Gas Geothermal, Solar, etc. Heat 15
Hydro Nuclear Oil Products
Further the data are available for the following categories of final consumption: Agriculture/Forestry Commercial and Public Services Fishing Industry Non-Energy Use Non-Specified Other Petrochemical Feedstock Transport The category “Renewables and waste” includes single data for municipal waste, industrial waste, primary solid biomass, biogas, liquid biofuels, geothermal, solar thermal, hydro, solar photovoltaic, tide-wave-ocean and wind. The IEA database includes how much of these energy sources are used for gross electricity generation and how much for gross heat generation.
3.2 Initiatives to improve statistical data With respond to statistical development requirements of the Energy Statistics Regulation, in particular to review the methodology used to generate renewable energy statistics in order to make available additional, pertinent, detailed statistics on each renewable energy source a Working Party on “Renewable Energy Statistics” and a Working Group on this topic was founded in 2007. The objectives are to evaluate renewable energy data quality and define improvement actions at Member State level. Further to improve and complement data collection and reporting methodology to cover the full spectrum of renewable energy sources in a cost effective way. It is also an aim to establish and implement a plan of actions for the next years to improve the quality of the renewable energy statistics and modify accordingly the Energy Statistics Regulation and the Joint Eurostat/IEA/UNECE questionnaire. 10 Eurostat developed a tool called “SHARES”, where Member Sates provide the renewable energy indicators. Based on the results of SHARES, Eurostat published for the first time estimates of the RE indicators in a “Data in Focus” publication in July 2010. In November 2010, Eurostat published an extensive “Statistics in Focus” publication on renewable energy including indicators and a short analysis based on SHARES results and other renewable energy statistics. Some of these results are summarized in chapter 1.2 and 1.3 of this report.11 One of the main conclusions of the Working Party on “Renewable Energy Statistics” is to improve the biomass trade data on pellets and liquid biofuels. Further there is a need for biomass consumption surveys particularly in households and services. In addition it is important to have more accurate estimates on heat produced by solar solar thermal and there is a need to introduce the concept of thermal capacity in the collected data. Ambient heat captured with heat pumps should be included in the statistics. It was
Roubanis, Nikolaos: The current statistical system for Renewable Energy. http://circa.europa.eu/Public/irc/dsis/chpwg/library?l=/statistics_30112007&vm=detailed&sb=Title 11 Ibid. 10
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agreed to pursue the launching of biomass surveys in households and therefore support Member States in surveying biomass consumption in households. 12 3.2.1
Energy consumptions in households
The residential sector is one of the largest users of energy especially energy for heat production. Energy consumption has direct and indirect environmental effects, which depends on the energy source used and the amount. The households´ energy consumption is a major indicator to monitor developments on energy efficiency and green house gas emissions in the domestic sector. The present international statistical databases are characterized by rare availability on this topic. There are several national initiatives to collect data on energy consumption of households with different definitions, indicators and methodologies, which make a comparison difficult. Especially the sectors households, services and transport need improvements on data availability. The following part gives a short overview about past and ongoing activities to improve the statistical data on energy consumption in households. 3.2.2
International activities
The first international survey on energy consumption of households was published in 1999. It was done by Eurostat and a number of Member States and is so far the only published international survey in the area of energy consumption in households. The data collection work was for the reference years 1988 and 1995. From 1988 to 1995 the data collection comprehends all Member States except for Italy. The data for this work have been published in report “Energy consumption in Households”. The Member States were responsible for the methods of obtaining the national studies or surveys and therefore the study includes variations. The publication contains indicators of the data collection methods for each country. In 1996 a similar survey with the title “Central and Eastern European Countries” was done. The survey was carried out with a large sample in Albania, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, the Slovak Republic and Slovenia. Also in this study the methodology varied from country to country. Both survey covered topics on dwelling, space and water heating, cooking equipment, electrical appliances, private cars and consumption and cost by type of fuel. 13 To improve the data availability a Task Force "Final Energy Consumption in Households" and a Workgroup on this topic was initialized in 2008. The Task Force set up a review of national approaches to establish the needs, user requirements and the scope of a survey on Energy consumption in households. The results of the Task Force defined as “must have” needs for a survey are:14
Consumption (electricity, gas, solid fuel, oil) per household Consumption attributed to end-use, e.g. heating, lighting, large appliances, small appliances Data on penetration of EE technologies Data on characteristics of the housing stock Unit/specific consumption data
12
Roubanis, Nikolaos: Overview of the work of the Renewable Energy Statistics Working Party. http://circa.europa.eu/Public/irc/dsis/chpwg/library?l=/statistics_30112007&vm=detailed&sb=Title 13 Review of past work on Energy consumption in households, http://circa.europa.eu/Public/irc/dsis/chpwg/library?l=/consumption_households&vm=detailed&sb =Title 14 Energy Consumption in Households – Progress Report. WG 2009. http://circa.europa.eu/Public/irc/dsis/chpwg/library?l=/consumption_households&vm=detailed&sb =Title
17
Corresponding activity data, e.g. household numbers
The Task Force reviewed the following needs, which would be nice to have in term of a survey on energy consumption in households:
Appliances stock & usage information (not just sales) Trends in energy service demand, e.g. internal temperatures
The needs for data collection on “Renewables” are according to the results of the Task Force: Solar energy (collectors, photo-voltaic panels) Biomass, in particular non-commercialized firewood Use of heat pumps A new grant was planned with start 2009/2010 and the actions will run until 2011. It is important to secure a high convergence of survey coverage between the identified needs and the existing national initiatives considered by the Task Force. In year 2009 13 Member States participated. Eurostat has foreseen funding possibilities for participation. In particular, Eurostat invest subventions in Member States where survey in the area of energy consumption in households are in need of development, have not been done yet or have not done recently. The data collection is organized through surveys, modeling, combined several sources and direct measuring. 15 3.2.3
National action on energy consumption in households
On national level, there are several initiatives to collect data on the energy consumption in households. Most of them are characterized through different methodologies, indicators and reference years. The Task Force “Final Energy Consumption in Households” has dedicated which surveys are carried out on this topic in the Member States. Spain, Ireland, Slovenia, Netherlands and Belgium are doing annual surveys on households. Austria and Germany organizes data collections every two years and France as well as Latvia every three years. Austria, Denmark, Finland, Spain, Hungary, Ireland, Netherland, Poland and Belgium are also carrying out ad-hoc surveys or addressing specific issues (for example on firewood,…). But also population census, household budget surveys or surveys of supplier are used to collect data on the energy consumption in households. The following list is showing the systematic use of modeling selective indicators for energy consumption in households:
15
Energy Consumption in Households – Progress Report. WG 2009. http://circa.europa.eu/Public/irc/dsis/chpwg/library?l=/consumption_households&vm=detailed&sb =Title
18
The national biomass statistics system in Member States16 Country Survey availability/planning Bulgaria Use of the household budget for energy consumption Czech Republic Household surveys in 1997, 2004 and 2009 Denmark Germany Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
Hungary Netherlands
Austria Portugal Romania Slovenia Finland Sweden
United Kingdom
Estimates for intermediates years households‟ consumption with modeling (degree days, fuels prices…)
Bi-annual surveys of final consumption, firewood and pellets, straw, wood chips (through knowledge centers) Surveys of households 2001, 2003, 2005 Use of the household budget for energy consumption
Ireland
Cyprus
Estimation methods
Inclusion of biomass questions in existing surveys Regular surveys of households (1991,2001,2007) Fuel questions in industry and agriculture surveys, 1996 survey on households. Planed households survey for 2010 (sample size 10 000 households) Last household survey in 1996 Household surveys in 2001, 2005/2006, household surveys on wood stoves Household surveys every 2 years (public sector every 5 years) Use of the old survey of households, intention to make survey in households in collaboration with EU project Use of the household budget survey for energy consumption Survey in households 1996, 2002 Use of an inquiry on wood for space heating
Expert estimations of noncommercialized household wood Supply data from forestry and trade declarations. Use of extrapolations based on 2001 households survey. From 2004 onwards fixed consumption level. Household and service wood estimates based on forestry and wood sales
Modeling based on stove capacity, average load factors and efficiencies Intermediary space heating with temperature correction
Modeling for space heating consumption based on building stock survey
Survey in households in 2001, survey on firewood, wood chips, pellets and briquettes in households sector detailed household consumption breakdown by fuel and use
16
Roubanis, Nikos: Final Energy Consumption in Households. Requirements on Renewables. http://circa.europa.eu/Public/irc/dsis/chpwg/library?l=/consumption_households&vm=detailed&sb =Title
19
3.3 Conclusion The data availability for Renewable Heating and Cooling market is generally limited due to factors like decentralized heat generation facilities and the associated problems of measurement. Taking bioenergy as an example, due to the wide dispersion of large and small scale burners and boilers, it is not easy to ascertain the total installed heat capacity, even though the name-plates on the appliances usually provide such information. Even more difficult is assessing for how long each boiler is actually operational when providing useful heat and whether it is working at full capacity or not. Whether a burner or boiler is operated for 10, 100, or 8 000 hours a year can only be found from a detailed survey of users since, unlike electricity or transport fuels, metering of the heat output rarely occurs. Except in the case of district heating, there is little commercial trade in heat. For heat from solar and geothermal sources, the IEA Solar Heating and Cooling (SHC) and Geothermal implementing agreements have collected data based on an assessment of installed capacity for several IEA and non-IEA countries. Available data for commercially distributed biomass heat are included in IEA statistics but these are far from complete.17 The variety of biomass resources are widely distributed so many of the data on heat applications are very uncertain. Biomass used in individual buildings for water heating and space heating is difficult to obtain and typically not covered in national statistics. It is therefore nearly impossible to estimate the total value of biomass used for heating. The contribution of renewables can only be assessed within the methodological framework of the overall energy balance. Definitions and accountancy methodology for renewables must be coherent with the accountancy of other energy sources. Statistics need to keep track of the fast-moving and rapidly evolving technologies of the RE market.18 Further the dedicated surveys on energy and biomass consumption for heating or cooling in households are rare and old. They were characterized through low response rates and reporting inaccuracies. In previous surveys participating countries are responsible for the methods of obtaining the national studies or surveys and therefore the study includes variations. Therefore there is a need to implement actions improving national statistical systems. Data availability by end-use need to be consolidated and enhanced so as to better understand the trends observed and measured the energy savings on a yearly basis as required by the Directive. For an effective energy policy it is important to provide the Commission and other users with high quality statistical services and products. To forecast or to check developments and excepted impacts of energy efficiency measures, a regular data collection is very important. There are a lot of activities in progress to improve the data material, but not available at this time.
17
IEA – Renewables for heating and Cooling. Untapped Potential. Paris 2007 Roubanis, Nikolaos: The current statistical system for Renewable Energy. http://circa.europa.eu/Public/irc/dsis/chpwg/library?l=/statistics_30112007&vm=detailed&sb=Title 18
20
4 Investigation of technical forms – Task 6.2 Using biomass as fuels in modern efficient heating systems is a well-established technique used for individual buildings and district heating. There are a number of European standards that cover both the design of biomass systems and the specification of the fuels, to secure a certain amount of quality and safety in operation and a minimum of emissions.
4.1 Aim and methodology The aim of Task 6.2 “Investigation of technical forms” was to give an overview of the state of the art of biomass heating and cooling technology. Therefore the main developments of the last years are described in the first part of this chapter. This description includes technologies for heating and cooling with biomass as well as short summaries of advantages and disadvantages of the technology. To describe the actual biomass boiler market, the most important manufacturers of biomass boilers in the respective countries of the project partners are presented. Each project partner had to provide at least 3 company descriptions. The represented manufacturers were selected by each project partner. Focus of the survey was on smallscale boiler producers. The company fact sheets includes information on contact details, form and size of the company, number of employees and turnover, market share and sold units and a short description of their products. This chapter includes a summary table of all 56 company fact sheets. Detailed information can be found in the respective company fact sheet in the annex. The catalogue should help consumers to find a boiler producer in their country and should help to link to further information of the companies. In addition it gives the boiler producer the possibility to present their company on an international platform.
4.2 Current state of biomass heating technology There are three main combustion technologies, the grate furnace combustion, fluidized bed combustion and the pulverized fuel firing system. The choice for the accurate combustion technology depends on the type of used fuel and the size of the plant. 4.2.1
Grate furnace combustion
Grate furnace combustion is a widely used conversion method to produce heat and power from biomass. It is typically used for applications with a nominal thermal capacity of roughly 10 kW to 100 MW. Grate furnaces can be used with a wide range of biomass fuel types and are flexible regarding fuel size and moisture content. The combustion process in a grate furnace is divided into two steps. In the first step, the solid fuel is gasified by an airflow supplied at the bottom of the fuel layer. The air flows through the void space between the fuel particles constituting the fuel layer. The layer is ignited by the hot gases above at the entrance of the furnace. In the second step, burnout of the gases takes place. This is a purely homogeneous process that takes place in the other parts of the furnace. When the combustion process is finished, the gases release their heat to a heat exchanger.
21
Different types of grate furnaces exist, because the furnaces are optimized for various fuels and operating conditions. In particular, different types of grates can be found. A traveling grate consists of an endless band transporting the fuel through the furnace with minimal disturbance of the fuel layer. A moving grate pushes the fuel over the grate by bars moving relative to each other, which also causes local mixing of the fuel layer. Other types of grates are fixed grates, inclined grates and vibrating grates. Grate furnace combustion gives rise to emissions. One of these emissions consists of considerable amounts of NOx. The NOx emissions are caused by oxidation of nitrogen present in the solid fuel, because due to the relatively low temperatures in the furnace. A technique implemented in grate furnaces to limit the emissions of NO x is staged combustion. This involves the division of the combustion chamber in a secondary and a primary combustion zone with own supply of air. The primary combustion zone is kept at fuel rich conditions. This has the result that in the primary combustion zone, a considerable part of the fuel-N, i.e. fuel nitrogen, is released as N2. Due to the low temperatures in the furnace, further conversion into NOx is prevented. Therefore, this limits the formation of NOx. In the secondary zone, burnout of the gases coming from the primary zone takes place. The combustion process in the secondary zone is oxygen rich to ensure complete burnout of the gases.19 Figure 10 is showing a schematic view of rate furnace boiler with a moving grate. Figure 10: Grate furnace boiler.
Source: Binder GmbH
It can be concluded that grate furnace combustion is a mature combustion technique for which already a range of techniques are available to optimize it for specific types of fuels, good burnout of the exhaust gases and low NOx-emissions. It is mainly used for woody biomass like wood chips and pellets, but also for straw and other biomass. Most of the boilers used for domestic heating systems are based on the grate furnace technology. Compared to fluidized bed combustion, the grate furnace combustion is not as prone to ash agglomeration and slagging. It is characterized through a lower dust loading in the flue gas. Because of a simple design of the plants, this technology is comparatively
19
Van Kuijk, Hans: Grate Furnace Combustion: A Model for the Solid Fuel Layer. Technical University Eindhoven, 2008
22
cheap. As a disadvantage a lower degree of efficiency because of an inhomogeneous allocation on the grate could be mentioned here.20 4.2.2
Fluidized bed combustion
Fluidized bed combustion (FBC) is a combustion technology used in power plants. Fluidized beds suspend solid fuels on upward-blowing jets of air during the combustion process. The result is a turbulent mixing of gas and solids. The tumbling action, much like a bubbling fluid, provides more effective chemical reactions and heat transfer. Figure 11 shows the schematic view of a fluidized bed combustion plant. Figure 11: Fluidized bed combustion (FBC).
Source: VTT
The 1st generation fluidized bed combustor uses a "bubbling-bed" technology. A relatively stationary fluidized bed is established in the boiler using low air velocities to fluidize the material, and a heat exchanger (boiler tube bundle) immersed in the bed to generate steam. Cyclone separators are used to remove particulate matter from the flue gas prior to entering a gas turbine, which is designed to accept a moderate amount of particulate matter. Stationary FBC could be used with a nominal thermal capacity of roughly 3 – 20 MWth. A 2nd generation fluidized bed combustor uses "circulating fluidized-bed" technology and a number of efficiency enhancement measures. Circulating fluidized-bed technology has the potential to improve operational characteristics by using higher air flows to entrain and move the bed material, and re-circulating nearly all the bed material with adjacent high-volume, hot cyclone separators. The relatively clean flue gas goes on to the heat exchanger. This approach theoretically simplifies feed design, extends the contact between sorbent and flue gas, reduces likelihood of heat exchanger tube erosion, and improves SO2 capture and combustion efficiency. The circulating fluidized-bed is often used in plants with high nominal thermal capacity of more than 30 MWth.21 But this technology is also be used in plants with an nominal thermal capacity of about 5 MW, for example in Finland.
20 21
Obernberger, Ingwald: Thermische Nutzung fester biogener Brennstoffe, TU Graz BIOS 2000 http://fluidizedbedcombustion.com/
23
The difference between the bubbling fluidised bed combustor (BFB) and the circulating fluidised bed combustor (CFB) turns on the velocity at which gas is blown at the bed. In a BFB combustor air velocity is lower and the particles behave like a boiling fluid but stay in the bed. In a CFB combustor air velocity is higher and a large proportion of the bed material leaves the bed and is collected by cyclone separators before recirculation to the bed. FBC plants are more flexible than conventional plants. They can be fired on coal and biomass, among other fuels. This technology is characterized by very low NO x- emissions and a high degree of efficiency. Disadvantages are the high sensitivity on ash melting and slagging, as well as high investment and operating costs. Although this technology has very low NOx- emissions, compared to others the dust concentration in fuel gas is very high. To operate a FBC plant in partial load, a specific technology or a second fluid bed is needed. 4.2.3
Pulverized fuel firing
Pulverized fuel firing is a solid fuel burning technique in which the fuel is pulverized before being ignited. It is the most common method of burning coal and oil shale for power generation. The basic idea of a firing system using pulverized fuel is to use the whole volume of the furnace for the combustion of solid fuels. Coal is ground to the size of a fine grain, mixed with air and burned in the flue gas flow. Biomass and other materials can also be added to the mixture. Coal contains mineral matter which is converted to ash during combustion. The ash is removed as bottom ash and fly ash. The bottom ash is removed at the furnace bottom. 22 There are three different types of pulverized fuel firing systems:
22
injection of the fuel through jets on a grate injection of the fuel into a cyclone furnace pulverized fuels system in combination with a grate furnace or a underfeed stokers to cover a range of different fuels
Obernberger, Ingwald: Thermische Nutzung fester biogener Brennstoffe, TU Graz BIOS 2000
24
Figure 12: Pulverized fuel firing system.23
Source: Marutzky 1999
Due to the small fuel particles and the excellent mixture with the air supply, this technology is characterized by a low percentage of burnable materials in residues, low NOx-emissions and a high efficiency. Compared to the fluidized bed combustion the pulverized fuel firing technology has a very good output adjustability and could be operated with 25% of nominal load without any changes in combustion characteristics. A disadvantage of this technology is the high erosion and thermal strain of the combustion chamber. Further the fuels have to be grinded and are limited to a particle size of < 1020 mm. 4.2.4
Future developments
The most common and convenient forms of woody biomass for domestic heating are split logs, wood chips, wood pellets and briquettes. The grate furnace combustion technology is used for domestic appliances adapted for different fuels and capacity. The current biomass furnace technology in Europe has already achieved a very high state-of-technology. Depending on the political framework requirements of the respective country, there are differences in technology and quality of the biomass boilers, especially concerning emissions and safety. General development efforts are aimed to ensure a trouble-free operation and a high operational comfort for the consumer. In this context, an automatic operation and appropriate and resistant materials for the combustion chamber are of great importance. Materials with resistance regarding corrosion to enlarge the service life of the furnace will play a major role. Further control sensors, like the proven lambda control sensors, for measuring the oxygen concentration in the flue gas, will be used more in future for combustion control. In modern boiler systems, the whole process control is microprocessor based. Automatic boiler cleaning systems are still developed, which increase the efficiency and reduce dust emissions. 23
Marutzky, Seeger: Energie aus Holz und anderer Biomasse. DRW-Verlag Weinbrenner (Ed.) 1999
25
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)-aided furnace development and optimization is a promising future application in the small and medium-scale sector. More developments in the combination of small scale biomass boilers and solar systems could be expected the next years. Further objectives cover research and development projects to reduce emissions. The quality of boilers especially concerning emissions is different from country to country. The reasons for this are different political frameworks requirements on emission limits and testing procedures for boilers. The EN 303-5 “Heating boilers for solid fuels, hand and automatically stoked, nominal heat output of up to 300 kW” is the first European wide standard which regulates the test procedure for small scale boilers and includes also limit values for emissions. Before that there were only a few countries like Austria, Germany, Finland, Denmark and Sweden which have national requirements for testing standards and emission limits for small wood-fired boilers. In addition Austria has very strict regulations for emissions including limit values for dust, CO and NO x. International political interests to limit emissions from small scale combustion sites are increasing. In the future further research and development activities to reduce emissions from biomass boilers are needed. The development of small-scale commercialized gasification systems is in its early stages. However, gasification technology has been around a long time but all-in-one (gasifier, filter, generator, etc.) unit is difficult to find as in the past most are designed and built from new. The wood, be it chips or pellets are fed into the gasifier unit where the charred wood reacts with carbon dioxide and air/oxygen/steam to produce carbon monoxide and methane. The so-called producer gas is then filtered through the cleaning system and can be burned at higher efficiencies than it would have been possible by the direct combustion of the wood chips. Figure 13 below shows the schematic view of the current used gasification technologies. Figure 13: Current available gasification technologies
Source: VTT
4.3 Current state of cooling with biomass International studies forecast a strong rise in energy consumption for cooling. At present cooling mainly work with air condition produced by electrically operated compressor chillers. This technology intensifies the existing power supply problems such as high peak 26
loads in summer. New developments afford cooling systems running with thermal energy from district heating networks. The following chapter gives a short overview of the technical principle of current biomass cooling systems. At present biomass cooling is only used in centralized systems, for example in combination with a district heating plant. Decentralized cooling systems are currently driven by electricity or solar power. There are research and development activities in the area of residential biomass cooling. The technology is currently not ready for the market. The efficiency and the costs of such systems make the competitiveness to compression heat pumps difficult. In general thermal driven cooling technologies are based either on the absorption or adsorption principle. In contrast to conventional chillers, this systems use heat instead of mechanical energy to provide cooing. The following thermal driven sorption chillers are currently available:
Water/lithium-bromide: absorption chillers Ammonia/water: absorption chillers Water/silica-gel: adsorption chillers Desiccant-Evaporative Cooling (DEC) chillers: open adsorption process
The distinctions of these technologies are the available cooling capacity, required heat capacity and hot water inlet temperature as well as in the coefficient of performance (COP) which means the ratio of cooling output to thermal input.
4.3.1
The absorption chillers
In the absorption chiller technology, the refrigerant is compressed in a thermal way, while in the conventional chiller, mechanical compression is used. If the chiller makes use of the heat input just once, it is called a single effect or one-stage process. At the singlestage absorption cycle process the refrigerant liquid boils in a deep vacuum and removes heat from the chilled water circuit when flowing over the surface of the evaporator coil. Subsequently the refrigerant vapor gets absorbed by the concentrated absorbent solution in the absorber. Figure 14 shows the basic of the single-effect absorption chiller.
27
Figure 14: operation cycle of one-stage absorption chiller system.
Source: Energy Solutions Center
The resulting dilute solution is pumped into the generator onto a higher pressure, where the refrigerant is boiled off using a heat source. In the next step the refrigerant vapor and the absorbent get separated. The refrigerant vapor flows to the condenser, where it is condensed on the surface of the cooling coil. Afterwards the refrigerant liquid passes through an orifice into the evaporator while the reconcentrated solution returns to the absorber to complete the cycle. Electric energy is only needed for pumping the dilute solution and for control units. At this technology electric energy is only needed for pumping and for control units. Higher efficiency can be reached with a two-stage or double-effect absorption process which needs higher medium inlet temperatures. For this reason they are either directly fired with natural gas or fuel oil or using hot exhaust gas from combustion engines or they are driven by steam or hot water over 130 °C. The double-effect absorption cycle differs from the single cycle insofar as it captures some internal heat which is normally rejected to the recooling circuit. This thermal energy of the absorption process in the absorber is used to boil out refrigerant vapor in a second generator additionally. Thus the efficiency is raised, less heat is needed and less heat must be rejected. 24
4.3.2
Supply concepts for chilled water
There are two main supply concepts for chilled water produced by thermal driven chillers in combination with biomass combustion. One possibility is the central generation system, which can be realized with a number of technologies and is in general used for district cooling. The chilled water is produced in district heating plants in absorption chillers. A separate network distributes the chilled water to the consumer. At the costumers the chilled water takes up the heat from the air using fan-coils and cooling surfaces, like existing radiators.
24
Krawinkler, R., Simader, G.: Meeting cooling demands in SUMMER by applying HEAT from cogeneration. AEA 2007
28
Figure 15: Central absorption cooling – district cooling network.
Source: Austria Energy Agency
A second possibility is the individual absorption cooling unit, where an individual absorption cooling unit is installed in or close to every building. Thereby the chilled water is produced by a thermal driven chiller where it is needed. In this case the absorption chillers take the heat from a district heating network. The secondary network to distribute the chilled water is only needed in the buildings. Figure 16: Individual absorption cooling unit.
Source: Austria Energy Agency
These innovative concepts of district cooling networks mostly serve limited urban areas or groups of office and administration buildings, public and private service buildings and commercial companies. Besides this, also factors like the available space for the bigger chillers and matters of recooling for example, also technical conditions must be considered regarding this supply approach. In comparison with compressor systems, thermal driven chillers are much bigger. On the one hand the existing district heat connection must be able to match the required cooling capacity of the absorption chiller. On the other hand the flow temperature of the district heating network during summer operation and the relation between hot water inlet temperature and feasible cooling capacity has to be taken into account. The combination of cooling technologies with district heating systems requires careful analysis on the customer side as well as on the heat generating side.25 There are several projects, which offer detailed information on the technological matters of different cooling systems. There is the EU summerheat project, which published technical reports with realized case studies and country market reports on the project web page. (www.eu-summerheat.net) The BioAWP project is another example of a research project, which had the goal to develop a small scale high-efficient biomass-driven absorption heat pump for residential heating and cooling.
25
Krawinkler, R., Simader, G.: Meeting cooling demands in SUMMER by applying HEAT from cogeneration. AEA 2007
29
A detailed description of a district cooling plant in Spain, powered with olive residues, could be found in the annex of this report. The case study is part of Task 6.3 of this work package and includes beside a technical description also a cost and emission calculation and is compared to a conventional cooling plant powered by fossil fuels.
4.4 Biomass boiler producer catalogue The following list shows the summary of the 59 company fact sheets. The list contains the most important biomass boiler manufacturers from all participating countries. The presented producers have been selected by the respective project partners. Detailed information can be found in the long version of the company fact sheets in the annex.
30
Country
Company Name
Austria
Anton Eder GmbH
Austria
Hoval GmbH
Austria
Ökofen GmbH
Austria
Fröhling GmbH
Austria
Hargassner GmbH
Austria
Herz Energie-
Austria Austria
Website
Address
Contact
Telephone
www.eder-heizung.at
Weyerstraße 350
gf@eder-
+43 (0) 6566 /
A- 5733 Bramberg
kesselbau.at
7366
Hovalstraße 11
[email protected]
+43 (0)50 365 –
www.hoval.at
A–4614 Marchtrenk www.pelletsheizung.at
www.froeling.com
www.hargassner.at
www.herz-feuerung.com
technik GmbH Guntamatic
www.guntamatic. com
Heiztechnik GmbH KWB GmbH
www.kwb.at
0
Gewerbepark 1
info@pelletsheizu
+43 / 7286 /
A-4133 Niederkappel
ng.at
7450
Industriestraße 12
[email protected]
+43 (0)7248 /
A-4710 Grieskirchen
m
606 - 0
Anton Hargassnerstr. 1
office@hargassn
+43 / 7723 /
A-4952 Weng i. Innkreis
er.at
5274
Herzstraße 1
office-
+43 / 3357 /
7423 Pinkafeld
[email protected]
42840-0
Bruck 7
info@guntamatic
+43 / 7276 /
A-4722 Peuerbach
.com
2441-0
Industriestraße 235
[email protected]
+43 / 3115 /
A-8321 St.
6116-0
Wood logs
Pellets
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
> 150
X
X
X
X
~ 40,0 Mio €
~ 200
X
X
X
X
~ 50,0 Mio €
~ 205
X
X
X
X
15-20 Mio €
~ 50
X
X
X
-
41
X
X
X
X
~ 80,0 Mio €
~ 470
X
X
X
~ 63,0 Mio €
~ 120
X
X
X
X
-
5
X
~ 1,0 Mio €
20
X
X
30-40 Mio €
230
25 Mio €
120
X
X
X
X
16.5 Mio €
75
X
X
X
X
Employees
-
-
~ 41,5 Mio €
210
-
~ 300
-
~ 600
X
-
~ 160
-
Margarethen/Raab
Austria
SL-Technik GmbH
Austria
SHT GmbH
Austria
Windhager GmbH
Austria
ETA GmbH
Belgium
BIOM
www.lindner-sommerauer.at
www.sht.at
Trimmelkam 113
office@lindner-
+43 / 6277 /
A-5120 St. Pantaleon
sommerauer.at
7804-0
Rechtes Salzachufer 40
[email protected]
+43 / 662 / 450
A-5101 Salzburg/Bergheim www.windhager.com
www.eta.co.at
444-0
Anton-Windhager-Straße 20
info@windhager.
+43 6212 2341-
A-5201 Seekirchen,
com
0
Gewerbepark 1
[email protected]
+43 7734 / 2288
A-4716 Hofkirchen www.biom.be
Zoning Industriel des Hauts
-0
[email protected]
Wood chips
Turnover
X
Other
+32(0)4 256 90
Sarts
08
3ème avenue, 15 BE 4040 Herstal
Belgium
BURNECO
Belgium
VYNCKE N.V.
Belgium
Saint-Roch
Czech Republic
TTS Energo
www.burneco.be
Rue des vieux près, 103 BE
+32 63 43 39 61
6860 Leglise www.vyncke.com
www.saint-roch-couvin.com
www.tts.cz
Gentsesteenweg 224 BE
[email protected]
+ 32 56 730 630
8530 Harelbeke
m
Rue de la gare, 36 BE 5660
info@saintrochco
+32(0)60 34 56
Couvin
uvin.com
51
Průmyslová 163
[email protected]
+42 568 837
CZ 674 01 Třebíč
611
31
Country Czech Republic Czech Republic Denmark
Company Name
Step TRUTNOV
EVECO Brno
Passat energi A/S
Denmark
BAXI
Denmark
TwinHeat
Finland
Veljekset Ala-
Website
Address
Contact
Telephone
www.steptrutnov.cz
Horská 695 541 02 Trutnov
pavlicek@steptru
+42 499 407
4
tnov.cz
407
Brezinova 42
filip@evecobrno.
+420 544 527
Brno - Czech Republic
cz
231
Vestergade 36, Ørum
[email protected]
+45 8665 2100
DK 8830 Tjele
k
Smedevej,
[email protected]
+45 9737 1511
+45 9864 5222
www.evecobrno.cz
www.passat.dk
www.baxi.dk
DK 6880 Tarm www.twinheat.dk
www.ala-talkkari.fi
Talkkari Oy
Nørrevangen 7,
kontakt@twinhea
DK 9631 Gedsted
t.dk
Hellanmaantie 619,
antti.ala-
+358 6 4336
DK 62130 Hellanmaa
talkkari@ala-
333
Turnover
Employees
Wood chips
3.85 Mio €
50
X
1.35 Mio €
20
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
-
15
X
X
X
X
15 Mio €
85
X
X
X
X
12 Mio €
130
X
X
X
X
6 Mio €
45
X
X
X
X
15 Mio €
28
X
X
X
X
8 Mio €
32
X
X
X
-
-
X
X
-
~ 50
X
X
30 Mio €
200
X
X
X
10 Mio €
55
X
X
X
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
-
4
4 Mio €
30
talkkari.fi
Finland
Ariterm Oy
Finland
Laatukattila Oy
France
HS FRANCE
France
SELF CLIMAT –
www.ariterm.fi
PL 59, Uuraistentie 1
veijo.kilkkila@ari
+358 14 426
FI 43100 Saarijärvi
term.fi
300
Vihiojantie 10,
laatukattila@laka
+358 3 214
FI 33800 Tampere
.fi
1411
Rue Andersen
[email protected]
+33 (0)3 88 49
FR 67870 Bischoffsheim
m
27 57
www.chaudieres-
Rue des Epinettes - Z.I. Sud
[email protected]
+33 (0)1 60 05
MORVAN
morvan.com
FR 77200 Torcy
om
18 53
France
PERGE
www.perge.fr
CD7 BP7
[email protected]
+33 (0)4 75 57
Germany
Paul Künzel GmbH
Germany
HDG Bavaria GmbH
Germany
Nolting GmbH
Germany
Bosch
www.laka.fi
www.hsfrance.com
FR 26800 Portes lès Valence www.kuenzel.de
Ohlrattweg 5
81 63
[email protected]
+49 4101 / 7000
D-25497 Prisdorf www.hdg-bavaria.com
www.nolting-online.de
www.buderus.de
Thermotechnik,
0
Siemensstraße 22
info@hdg-
+49 8724/8970
D-84323 Massing
bavaria.com
Aquafinstr. 15
info@nolting-
+49 52 31 / 95
D-32760 Detmold
online.de
55 0
Sophienstraße 30-32
[email protected]
+49 6441 / 418
D-35576 Wetzlar
0
Buderus
Wood logs
Pellets
X
Other
X X
X
Deutschland
Germany Germany
Biotherm
www.pelletheizung. de
Pelletheizungen Hans-Jürgen Helbig GmbH
www.helbig-gmbh.de
Friedrich-Winter Str. 6
info@pelletheizu
+49 6440 /
D- 35630 Ehringshausen
ng.de
929714
Pappelbreite 3
info@helbig-
+49 55 03 / 99
D-37176 Nörten-Hardenberg
gmbh.de
74 - 21
32
X X
X
X
Country
Company Name
Greece
Samaras Biomass
Greece
THERMODYNAMIKI
Website
Address
Contact
Telephone
www.nsamaras.gr
32nd km Lavriou Av.
[email protected]
+30 22990
19003, Markopoulo, Attiki
r
63480
1st Km Ptolemaidas -
[email protected]
+30 24630
Heating www.combi.gr
SA –
Ardassas P.C. 502 00,
Heating products
Ptolemaida, P.O. BOX 1
28013
Turnover
Employees
Wood chips
Wood logs
Pellets
-
-
X
X
X
-
-
X
X
X
-
17
X
X
~ 1,0 Mio €
< 50
X
X
X
X
~ 4 Mio €
115
X
X
X
X
-
-
X
X
3.93 Mio €
124
6 Mio €
220
X
X
X
X
11 Mio €
500
X
X
X
X
1.35 Mio €
52
X
-
-
X
18.6 Mio €
75-130
X
X
150.000 €
5
X
X
600.000 €
10
X
X
Other
X
industry
Greece
“Β.Ε.Η.-Μ.Ε.Π.” .
www.veimep.gr
Helias K.
Chilia Dendra
[email protected]
+30 24410
43100, Karditsa
hnet.gr
25359
Brivibas alley 439, Riga LV-
[email protected]
+371 6407 1177
1024, Latvia
v
Liela street 59, Tukums,
sergejs@komfort
Latvia, LV-3101
s.eu
Antenas street 3, Riga LV-
[email protected]
Voulgarakis
Latvia
GRANDEG
Latvia
JSC Komforts
Latvia
“ORIONS” Jurmalas
Lithuania
JSC "Atrama"
Lithuania
UAB "Kalvis"
Lithuania
AB „Umega“
Portugal
Chama –
www.grandeg.lv
www.komforts.eu
www.orions.lv
Karla Zarina Ltd
1004, Latvia www.atrama.lt
Raudondvario pl. 162,
+ 371 63125057
+ 371 67892222 (67629139)
[email protected]
( 370 37) 36 18
LT-47174 Kaunas, Lithuania www.kalvis.lt
Pramonės g. 15,
01
[email protected]
370 41 540-564
[email protected]
370 389 53542
LT-78135, Šiauliai, www.umega.lt
Metalo str. 5, LT-20115 Utena,
www.chama.com.pt
Polo Industrial de Vale de
martinsjuliao@ch
+351 231 922
Equipamentos
Borregão
ama.com.pt
574
Térmicos, S.A.
Cortegaça
X
X
3450-032 Mortágua
Portugal
A.D.F.
www.adf.pt
Zona Industrial da Relvinha
[email protected]
– Sarzedo – Arganil-
00351235710710
Portugal
X
Ap. 55
Slovakia
ATTACK, s.r.o.
Slovakia
Ecoprotect CDK
www.attack.sk
Dielenská Kružná 5 ,
[email protected]
+421 43 / 4003
038 61 VRUTKY www.ecoprotectcdk.eu
s.r.o
115
Zvolenska cesta 61/B
info@ecoprotectc
+421 / 48/416
974 05 Banská Bystrica,
dk.eu
18 26
Samuela Kollára 86, 9
magasro@magas
+421 47 563
79 01 Čerenčany, SLOVAKIA
ro.sk
4798
SLOVAKIA
Slovakia
MAGA s.r.o.
www.magasro.sk
33
X
Country Slovenia
Company Name KIV d.d.
Website
Address
Contact
Telephone
www.kiv.si
Vransko 66
[email protected]
+ 386 (0) 3 70
3305 – Vransko
34 100
Turnover
Employees
Wood chips
Wood logs
Pellets
18 Mio €
70
X
X
X
X
3.1 Mio €
13
X
X
X
X
-
80
X
X
X
X
11 Mio €
70
X
1.5 Mio €
14
X
X
X
12 Mio €
60
X
X
X
X
13.7 Mio €
90
X
X
X
188 Mio €
350
X
X
X
21 Mio €
147
X
X
~ 4.3 Mio €
17
X
~ 900.000 €
15
X
Slovenia
Slovenia
ETIKS d.o.o.
Slovenia
WVterm d.o.o.
Spain
BRONPI, S.L.
www.etiks.si
Ob Dragi 3
[email protected]
+386 (0)3 780
3220 Štore, Slovenia www.wvterm.si
www.bronpi.es
22 80
Valvasorjeva 73
wvterm@wvterm
+ 386 2 42 96
2000 Maribor, Slovenia
.si
941
Cordoba-Malaga Highway,
gerencia@bronpi.
+0034-957 502
14900, Lucena, Cordoba,
com
750
La Catalana” Industrial Area,
[email protected]
+0034-958 333
Irlanda St., 15.
m
789
De Rivas St, Nº 27, C.P.
sadeca@vulcano
+0034-91-776-
28052, Madrid, España
sadeca.es
05-00
Värmebaronen AB
info@varmebaro
+46 (0)44-22 62
Arkelstorpsvägen 88
nen.se
20
[email protected]
+46 (0)372 880
España
Spain
Inmecal
www.inmecal.com
18360 Huétor Tájar,
Other
X
Granada, España
Spain
Vulcano-Sadeca
Sweden
Värmebaronen AB
www.vulcanosadeca.es
www.varmebaronen.se
291 94 Kristianstad Sweden
Sweden
Enertech AB
www.enertech.se
Enertech AB Box 309
00
S-341 26 Ljungby
X
Sweden
Sweden
Ariterm group AB
www.ariterm.se
Ariterm Sweden AB
[email protected]
+46 (0)480 44
Flottiljvägen 15
28 50
S-392 41 Kalmar Sweden
United Kingdom e United Kingdom e
Broag Remeha
www.uk.remeha.com
Remeha House Molly Millars
daveh@broag-
Lane Wokingham Berkshire
remeha.com
07850 618658
RG41 2QP Bioenergy Technology Limited
www.bioenergy.org
Farley Farm
sales@bioenergy
Chiddingly, Nr Lewes
.org
X
X
X
X
01825 890140
East Sussex BN8 6HW
34
X
4.5 Conclusions The thermal use of woody biomass is mature technology and a wide range of products with different combustion technologies and capacities are available. The most common fuels are split wood logs, wood chips, wood pellets and briquettes. In the residential sector, especially for single-family houses, wood logs and wood pellets are the common biomass form for heat production. These types of heating systems could be easily installed in houses and dwellings and are often used for a heat demand of < 25kW. The demand for heat in houses will decrease in future because of low energy standards in houses and good insulations. Therefore heating systems which could be operated in a low capacity range are needed. Modern wood pellets boilers are characterized through high controllability and efficiency. These boiler types offer the consumer a high level of comfort because of automatic operation. Wood chips technologies are often used for systems with capacities of >30 kW. For farms, office and administration buildings, public and private service buildings and commercial companies as well as apartment buildings with a higher heat demand. In particular wood chip boilers are used for biomass fueled district heating plants. The boilers are available only for high capacity (> 30 kW), offer also high level of comfort because of automatic operation, but regard a large storage for fuels. In general the technology and quality varies from country to country. Reasons therefore are different political framework requirements on emissions and safety. In some European countries emissions limits have to be met to launch a boiler on the market, while others don‟t have any requirements and limitations. Future developments for biomass boilers will concentrate on operation comfort and emission reduction, in particular to use also non woody biomass. Large scale plants are equipped with secondary measures to reduce emissions. In small-scale plants, developments to reduce emissions are often limited on primary measures, like modification of the combustion chamber. There is still a potential to reduce emissions in small-scale plants and further research and development activities are needed. At present, cooling with biomass is limited to centralized systems often in combination with a district plant. Heat is used as energy for a thermal driven chiller. The combination of cooling technologies with district heating systems requires careful analysis on the customer side as well as on the heat generating side. Small-scale biomass cooling systems are currently not available on the market. There are some projects on this topic, but currently decentralized cooling systems are based on air condition produced by electrically operated compressor chillers. In the line of EUBIONET III WP6 a catalogue of biomass boiler producer is published. Company fact sheets of 59 European boiler manufacturers of the participating countries are provided. Countries like Austria, Germany, Finland and Sweden do have a very broad range of different producers for small-scale boilers. Boilers are traded within whole Europe. Especially East-European countries are concentrated on home markets and export their product limited to Europe and Russia. Producers in Austria, Germany, Finland and Sweden export their boiler within Europe, Russia, but also to North and South American Countries and also to Asian markets. The analysis of the company fact sheets shows that Austrian producers have the biggest export quota from 60 % to 85 %. The distribution of boilers is mainly organized via installers and distributions companies. In rare cases boiler producers have their own sales department and products could be ordered directly from the manufacturer. Only a few companies do have own branch offices abroad, most of the companies process their exports via distribution organizations in the respective countries. 35
5 Investigation of costs – Task 6.3 The major advantages of using biomass, along with being a carbon neutral fuel is the potential of cost savings based on present-day prices. The use of biomass fuels provides an incentive for the sustainable management of local woodland, it adds to the local economy and the establishment of a reliable supply chain.
5.1 Aim and Methodology A major aim of EUBIONET III work package 6 - Task 6.3 “Investigations of costs” was to describe the different heating situations in the participating countries. Based on actual market prices for boilers and fuels a comparison between the use of fossil and biomass fuels were carried out in form of case studies. The main focus of the case studies was the cost comparison of fossil and biomass fuels including investments for a new heating system as well as costs for an existing heating system in different applications. Beside the economical aspects, a further aim was to analyze the ecological effects of different heating systems. Therefore the CO2 equivalent emissions were calculated and the savings were pointed out in case when a fossil fuel based heating system is changed by a biomass heating system. Beside the collection of market prices for boilers, fuels and heating/cooling technology, within the case studies a description of the heating practice and financial support schemes of the respective countries was carried out. Further the case studies should serve as best-practice-examples for interested people and should support the decisionmaking procedure for people, who are interested in changing their heating system. The case studies describe implemented examples or are based on model calculations with realistic market prices. Each case description includes the calculation of costs and emissions for a fossil fuel based heating system and at least one biomass based heating system with similar capacity. The data for the case studies are collected by interviews and contacts with building owners, plant operators or installers. The first part of each case study is a description of the actual situation. It contains a specification of the current heating system and facility, as well as the fuel types, the amount of fuels and the prices. Beside the definition of the size of heating the heating space, every case study also includes a new calculation of the heat demand and the capacity of the boiler. There are two different ways to calculate the heating load. The first one is via room heating load and the second one is due to the fuel demand. The room heating load consists of the transmission heat loss (wall area, insulation, temperature difference of indoor and outdoor) and heat loss through aeration. Because of no structural alterations or insulation of the building envelope and in further consequence no changes in the heat demand, the heating load is calculated due to the fuel demand in most case studies. The dimension of the actual heating system is calculated due to the annual use efficiency, an estimation of the full load hours and the heat demand. Some data are estimated and especially the annual use efficiency could include an uncertainty of 10 to 20%, depending on climate conditions. The explanation of the actual situation is followed by a technical description of the alternative heating system and the requirements of logistics and storage. Further the investment costs and the annual fuel costs were listed for each new and existing heating variant. In the next step the costs of each heating system of the case study were compared in the form of a table, calculated absolute and in €/MWh. The fixed costs consist of the investment costs, which are calculated by a simplified annuity method with an actual rate 36
of interest for each respective country and a specific service life. The variable costs are the annual fuel costs. A major topic of the case studies was the calculation of the emission in CO 2 equivalent. The data for this calculation were taken from GEMIS 4.6. GEMIS is a life-cycle analysis program and database for energy, material and transport systems. It includes the total life-cycle in its calculation of impacts for example fuel delivery, materials used for construction, waste treatment and transports/auxiliaries. The greenhouse gas emissions of all heating alternatives include the whole upstream chain as well as the emissions at the combustion site. The main CO2 emissions for fossil fuel powered heating systems are caused by burning the fuels in the heating system. The emissions from the upstream chain have relatively low proportion. While the green house gas emissions of the biogenic heating systems like wood log and wood chips mostly consists of the emissions for the processing and supplying of the combustibles, for example the fuel for forwarders, processors, trucks, chips and so on. The figures for the CO2-equivalent emissions should be seen as bench mark, there may be some deviations to measured values. The data for the calculations are taken from GEMIS and refers to estimations and average values from measurements of similar boilers with similar capacity. To compare the ecological affects of each heating system, the emissions were calculated in kg/MWh. Additionally the annual total emissions are analyzed to get the emission reduction, when a fossil based system is replaced by a biomass heating system.
5.2 List of Case studies In total 32 case studies with 59 different heating systems were carried out. These heating systems are fired with 18 different fuel types, 9 biomass fuels like wood chips, wood pellets, wood logs, olive residues, straw. Also 6 different fossil fuels, like heating oil, natural gas, LPG, propane gas, electricity and 3 biomass fossil fuel combinations, for example wood chips with heating oil and wood pellets with natural gas in different proportions are covered. Subject of the case studies are different objects with a wide range of capacity. The WP includes case studies about single family houses with a boiler capacity of 8 kW up to 46 kW as well as a plants with about 1 MW for the Royal Palace in Sweden, or a 3.2 MW plant in a district heating and cooling system in Spain. The following list shows a summary of all WP6 Case Studies. The list includes information on type of building, the heat demand, the respective fuels and the reduction of the total yearly CO2-equivalent emissions of each case study. Detailed descriptions and information are available in the long version of the case studies in the annex.
37
Fossil fuels
Total Yearly Emission reduction in CO2-equivalents
Heating oil
12 t
Heating oil
7.7 t
Heating oil
11 t
Propane gas
239.3 t
Rape-cake, Wood chips
Natural gas
4,500 t
165 kW
Wood chips, straw
Heating oil
138 t
33.2 MW
23 kW
Wood pellets
Heating oil
9.4 t
285.8 MW 390 MW 3,400/2,380 MW
200 kW 250 kW
Wood pellets Wood briquettes
94.2 t 128.3 t
2.3 MW/900 kW
Wood pellets Wood pellets
Heating oil Heating oil Heating oil, Natural gas Heating oil, Natural gas Crude oil
380 t
Natural gas
13 t
Country
Object
Yearly Heat demand
Capacity
Austria 1
cloister
482.58 MW
225 kW
Austria 2
Single-family house
21.5 MW
10 kW
46.2 MW
25 kW
850 MW
1 MW
15,295 MW
2.7 MW
474.4 MW
Biomass fuels
Log wood, wood chips Wood pellets District heatingbiomass Log wood, wood pellets Wood chips, wood chips/straw
Finland 1 Finland 2
Single-family house mechanical industry factory rape oil treatment factory midsize Danish Pig Farm Single-family house School building Finnish Manor
Germany 1
Factory building
Germany 2
Single-family house
30 MW
8 kW
Greece 1
Greenhouse unit
1,150 MW
1.2 MW
Hungary 1
Club house
47.48
50 kW
18.5 MW
25 kW
Wood pellets
22.3 MW
25 kW
Wood pellets
Bulgaria 1 Czech Republic 1 Czech Republic 2 Denmark 1 Denmark 2
Ireland 1 Ireland 2
Single-family house Single-family house
38
Exhausted olive cake Wood logs, Wood pellets
Heating Oil, LPG Heating Oil, LPG
1,160 t 4.2 t
6t 7.3 t
Country
Object
Yearly Heat demand
Capacity
Ireland 3
Single-family house
27.2 MW
35 kW
Latvia 1
Paper-mill
32,725 MW
3.1 MW
Latvia 2
District heating system
4,524 MW
1 MW
Lithuania 1
Hospital building
1,186 MW
395 kW
Lithuania 2
Single-family house
41.6 MW
16 kW
Portugal 1
School building
48 MW
68-76 kW
Portugal 2
School building
46.7 MW
75 kW
Slovakia 1
Single-family house
33.35
20 kW
Slovakia 2
School building
119 MW
60-75 kW
Slovenia 1 Slovenia 2
School building School building District heating and cooling plant
1.420 MW 211 MW
320 kW 120 kW
7,674 MW
3.26 MW
Spain 2
Hotel building
1,400 MW
700 kW
Sweden 1
Palace building
6,600 MW
900 kW
Sweden 2
Single-family house
30 MW
15 kW
Spain 1
39
Biomass fuels
Wood logs, Wood pellets Wood logs, Wood chips Wood chips, Wood pellets Wood chips, straw Wood chips, wood pellets, wood briquettes Wood pellets Wood pellets + solar Log wood, wood pellets Log wood, Wood pellets Wood chips Wood chips olive trimmings and kernels Olive kernels Wood chips, Wood pellets Wood pellets, Log wood
Fossil fuels
Total Yearly Emission reduction in CO2-equivalents
Heating oil
9t
Heating oil
6,470 t
Natural gas
1,320 t
Heating oil
385.2 t
Natural gas
10.1 t
Natural Gas, LPG
14.5 t
LPG + solar
14 t
Natural gas
9.6 t
Electricity
122 t
Heating oil Heating oil
540 t 81 t
Heating oil
1,653 t
Propane boiler
483 t
Heating oil
940 t
Heating oil
10 t
Country
United Kingdom 1 United Kingdom 2
Object
Yearly Heat demand
Capacity
Biomass fuels
Fossil fuels
School building
144.7 MW
106 kW
Wood pellets
Heating oil, Natural gas
Rainforest centre
766 MW
255 kW
Wood chips
Heating oil
40
Total Yearly Emission reduction in CO2-equivalents
41 t 203 t
5.3 Results of the case studies The following part shows the summarized results and interpretations of the WP 6 case studies. The cost reduction is still the most relevant factor, by which consumer come to a decision for a heating system. The costs of heat production are composed of the investment costs and the variable costs in form of fuel costs and operative costs. To simplify, operative costs are not included in most of the case studies and therefore they are not considered in the analyses of the results. As mentioned before the case studies contents a wide range of different fuel types and boiler capacities. Wood pellets boiler are the most frequent calculated biomass fuel systems in the case studies. 18 case studies deal with wood pellets and the boiler capacity range from 8 kW up to 1 MW, but mostly used in residential buildings with a capacity from 8 kW to 75 kW. The second most commonly biomass fuel in the case studies was wood chips with 12 different heating system examples. The capacities of the boiler range from 120 kW up to 3.3 MW and was typically calculated in case studies of large buildings with a high heat demand like school buildings, the cloister and the palace as well as district heating systems and factories. Log wood heating systems were topic of 8 case studies and the capacities range from 15 kW up to 225 kW. One case study includes a log wood boiler system with a capacity of 3.1 MW, but because of enormous fuel demand and expenditure of time for plant operation, this system could not be realized in practice. The Figure 17 shows the correlation of the investment costs and boiler capacity in kW. It shows that the investments cost increase with a higher boiler capacity for biomass as well as for fossil fuel based heating systems. Investment costs are also depending on the used technology and the fuels. The cheapest systems are log wood boiler. These boilers do not have any facilities for automatic charging and expensive storage technologies. Figure 17: Correlation of investment costs and boiler capacity.
Source: FJ BLT
41
The investment costs for biomass boilers are higher than for fossil fueled boilers by trend. The lowest investment costs for fossil fueled heating systems are reported for gas boilers, connected to the gas grid and electric heaters. These systems have no technical equipment for storage or feeding. Also heating oil boiler systems have lower acquisition costs compared to all reported biomass boilers. The substantially factor regarding cost expenditure for heat production beside investment costs are the current costs. The calculation of the total costs in the case studies includes the fixed costs and the variable costs. The fixed costs consist of the investment costs, which are calculated by a simplified annuity method with an actual rate of interest for each respective country and a specific service life. The variable costs are (mainly) the annual fuel costs. The average total costs and the allocation of the fixed and the variable costs for the most common fuels in the case studies are shown in the Figure 18. Because of high prices for fossil fuels, the investment costs play a less significant role regarding the total costs for the yearly heat production. Although low investment costs, the total costs for fossil fuel based heating systems, except from natural gas, are more expensive than biomass based fuels. Figure 18: Allocation of fixed and variable costs.
Source: FJ BLT
The Figure 19 shows the correlation of the total cost in €/MWh and the boiler capacity. In contrast to the investment costs, the total costs of biomass boiler systems are mostly lower due to lower fuel prices than fossil based systems. The ratio of fixed and variable fuels is strongly depending on the current fuel prizes. As the German case study 2 shows, with high wood pellets prices of more than 220 €/t in the year 2009, it could be cheaper to use heating oil or natural gas. But in more than 95% of the case studies, the fossil fuelled boiler system has higher specific total costs as the biomass alternative. The most expensive biomass heating systems are wood pellets by trend. Reasons therefore are relatively high fuel prices and high investment costs because of high level technology. On the other hand this technology secures a very reliable heating system,
42
which can also be operated on a low capacity level and offers comfort because of a high degree of automation.
Figure 19: Correlation of total cost in €/MWh and the boiler capacity .
Source: FJ BLT
There are partly strong variations of total costs within one fuel category. The variations are caused by different boiler capacities and different prices for boilers and fuels within the participating countries. The following graph gives on overview of the ranges of total costs in €/MWh for the most common fuels in the case studies. The colored bars show the average value and the error bars show the variability in results from maximum to minimum. The largest variation could be found for wood pellets heating systems. This fuel type is used in boilers with a capacity from 8 kW to 1 MW, from a standalone boiler for room heating as well as for a district heating plant. These systems include different levels of technology and causes variations in investment costs. The annual fixed costs range from 2.6 €/MWh in the Latvian case study up to nearly 110 €/MWh for a wood pellets heating system in Ireland. The fuel prices for wood pellets range from 120 €/t in the Latvian case study up to more than 200 €/ton in the German and Austrian example. Further there are strong variations in fuel prices for natural gas and heating oil for within the case studies.
43
Figure 20: Dispersion of the total costs in €/MWh within the fuels categories.
Source: FJ BLT
The calculation of the emission and the comparison of different heating systems was a central aim of the case studies. The emissions of the respective heating systems are calculated with the life-cycle-analyzing software GEMIS. The figures for CO2-equivalent emissions should be seen as bench mark, there may be some deviations to actual measured values at the respective boiler. The Figure 21 shows the specific reduction of CO2-equivalent emissions in kilogram per MWh heat output. The partly large variations are due to different boiler capacities, technologies and heat demands. Figure 21: Specific reduction of CO2-equivalent emissions in kg per MWh heat output.
Source: FJ BLT
44
The numbers beside the fuels types in the graph shows how many data are comprised in the analysis. The case studies include boilers with a wide range of capacity and therefore different technology is used to produce heat with the same fuel. Big plants have specific equipment, so called secondary measures like separator and filters, while many smallscale boilers do not have precaution for emission reduction. The GEMIS database considers also the energy used for production of technology and fuels for respective countries. Therefore there are differences from the whole upstream process until the final consumption within one fuel type. The reduction potential of a biomass heating system depends on the type of fossil fueled heating system which it is compared to. The highest reduction was calculated in the Slovakian case study 2. Replacing the electric heater by a log wood boiler, emissions of more than 1020 kg per MWh are reduced. The large portion of fossil based plants for electricity production leads to very high emissions. The average reduction for all described biomass fuels range from 330 kg/MWh to 410 kg/MWh. The total emission depends on the required heat demand. If all case studies are realized and the fossil based heating systems are replaced by the described biomass systems, total emissions of 19,016 tones CO2- equivalent emissions can be yearly reduced. Regarding emissions, it is always worth to replace a fossil based heating system by biomass. Even with a mixture of fossil and biomass fueled heating systems, all case studies reached a reduction potential of more than 90%. The use of biomass for heat production has a huge potential to reduce emissions especially in the non ETS (EU Emissions Trading System) sectors, such as agriculture, transport, residential and some industry. As the case studies have shown the economic aspects are depending on the development of fuel prices. With an increasing price for fossil fuels in the future, biomass based heating and even cooling systems will become more competitive. Currently government support schemes play a decisive role in some European Countries. Some countries offer grants for activities to improve the energy efficiency of buildings and for investments on biomass based heating systems. These financial support schemes help to close the gap of investment costs between fossil and biomass based heating systems, so that an economic benefit arise beside the ecological advantage of biomass heating. The increasing use of biomass will also raise the problem of scarcity of raw materials. Especially woody biomass is also in great demand for a number of material utilizations such as the wood particle board and paper industry. A future challenge would be to acquire unused woody biomass resources and agricultural residues for energy production as well as for material utilization.
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6 List of references Energy Consumption in Households – Progress Report WG 2009. http://circa.europa.eu/Public/irc/dsis/chpwg/library?l=/consumption_households&vm=de tailed&sb=Title Froning et al.: District heating and cooling – Country By Country Survey 2009. Euroheat&Power IEA – Renewables for heating and Cooling. Untapped Potential. Paris 2007 Krawinkler, R., Simader, G.: Meeting cooling demands in SUMMER by applying HEAT from cogeneration. AEA 2007 Marutzky, Seeger: Energie aus Holz und anderer Biomasse. DRW-Verlag Weinbrenner (Ed.) 1999 Obernberger, Ingwald: Thermische Nutzung fester biogener Brennstoffe, TU Graz BIOS 2000 Renewables in global energy supply. An IEA fact sheet. International Energy Agency 2007 Review of past work on Energy consumption in households, http://circa.europa.eu/Public/irc/dsis/chpwg/library?l=/consumption_households&vm=de tailed&sb=Title Roubanis, Nikolaos: Overview of the work of the Renewable Energy Statistics Working Party.http://circa.europa.eu/Public/irc/dsis/chpwg/library?l=/statistics_30112007&vm=d etailed&sb=Title Roubanis et al.: Renewable energy statics. Eurostat statistics in focus 56/2010 Roubanis, Nikolaos: The current statistical system for Renewable Energy. http://circa.europa.eu/Public/irc/dsis/chpwg/library?l=/statistics_30112007&vm=detailed &sb=Title Van Kuijk, Hans: Grate Furnace Combustion: A Model for the Solid Fuel Layer. Technical University Eindhoven, 2008
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7 Appendix 1 – List of Case Studies D6.1.1 Martikainen, A. Pellet boiler of the Montana Gmbh & Co.KG, Germany 1, 7 p. D6.1.2 Martikainen, A. Single-family house, Germany 2. 8 p. D6.1.3 Kropác, J. Change of the heating system in Promet factory, Czech Republic 1, 7 p. D6.1.4 Kropác, J. Change of heating system in rape oil treatment factory, Czech Republic 2, 7 p. D6.1.5 Sulzbacher, L. Change of the heating system in the cloister Maria Langegg, Austria 1, 9 p. D6.1.6 Sulzbacher, L. Change of the heating system in a detached house in Lower Austria, Austria 2, 7 p. D6.1.7 Faber, A. Change of the heating system in a single-family house, Slovakia 1, 8 p. D6.1.8 Faber, A. Change of the heating system in a school building, Evangelic boarding school for handicapped children, Slovakia 2, 9 p. D6.1.9 Almeida, T. Changing the heating system in a schools in the Portuguese Region of “Vale Douro Norte”, Portugal 1. 9 p. D6.1.10 Perednis, E. Change of the heating system on a Kacergine Rehabilitation Hospital, Lithuania 1, 7 p. D6.1.11 Perednis, E. Selection of the heating system on a new building private house, Lithuania 2, 8 p. D6.1.12 Porsö, C. & Vinterbäck, J. Change of the heating system in the Drottningholm Palace, Sweden 1, 10 p. D6.1.13 Porsö, C. & Vinterbäck, J. Change of heating system in a detached house in western Sweden, Sweden 2, 8 p. D6.1.14 Vertin, K. Change of the heating system in Forest and timber high school Postojna, Slovenia 1, 8 p. D6.1.15 Vertin, K. Energy audit and change of the heating system in the high school for timber Skofja Loka, Slovenia 2, 7 p. D6.1.16 Ujhelyi, P. Village club house for elderly people, Hungary, 8 p. D6.1.17 Stankov P. & Markov, D. Change of heating system in a single family house in Sofia, Bulgaria, 10 p. D6.1.18 Hinge, J. Change of the heating system on a Danish pig farm, Denmark, 7 p. D6.1.19 Hinge, J. Change of the heating system in a Danish private dwelling, Denmark, 6 p.
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D6.1.20 Hillebrand, K. & Alakangas, E. Vehniä School – new heating system, Finland, 8 p. D6.1.21 Hillebrand, K. & Alakangas, E. Muikunlahti Manor – new biomass heating container, Finland, 8 p. D6.1.22 Eleftheriadis, I. Exhausted olive cake to replace crude oil for greenhouse heating, Greece, 8 p. D6.1.23 Wickham, J. Installation of wood pellet boiler in new build in Ireland – Threecastles, Ireland, 8 p. D6.1.24 Wickham, J. Installation of wood pellet boiler in new build in Ireland – Mullinahone, Ireland, 8 p. D6.1.25 Wickham, J. Retrofit: Wood log boiler in new build in Ireland – Killkenny, Ireland, 8 p. D6.1.26 Ozolina, L. Change of the paper mill “Ligatne” heating system, Latvia, 7 p. D6.1.27 Ozolina, L. Installation of a new heating system in “Silava” village, Latvia, 9 p. D6.1.28 Almeida, T. Changing the heating system in the Escola Tecnológica e Profissional de Sicó (Hybrid system biomass and solar), Portugal, 7 p. D6.1.29 Macías Benigno, F., Robles Fernández, S. & Bueno Márquez, P. Geolit - District heating and cooling central system with biomass, Spain, 10 p. D6.1.30 Robles Fernández, S. & Bueno Márquez, P. Change of the heating system in the Hotel La Bobadilla, Granada, Spain, 9 p. D6.1.31 Diaz Chavez, R. RJ Mitchell School, primary school, Havering, London, UK, 9 p. D6.1.32 Diaz Chavez, R. Living Rainforest, Berkshire, UK, 9 p.
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8 Appendix 2 – List of Company fact sheets D6.2.1 Austria: Anton Eder GmbH D6.2.2 Austria: Hoval Ges.m.b.H D6.2.3 Austria: ÖkoFen - Forschungs- und Entwicklungs Ges.m.b.H D6.2.4 Austria: Fröling Ges.m.b.H D6.2.5 Austria: Hargassner GmbH D6.2.6 Austria: Herz Energietechnik GmbH D6.2.7 Austria: GUNTAMATIK Heiztechnik GmbH D6.2.8 Austria: KWB - Kraft und Wärme aus Biomasse GmbH D6.2.9 Austria: Lindner & Sommerauer-Biomasse-Heizanlagen SL-Technik GmbH D6.2.10 Austria: SHT Heiztechnik aus Salzburg GmbH D6.2.11 Austria: Windhager Zentralheizung D6.2.12 Austria: ETA - Heiztechnik GmbH D6.2.13 Belgium: BIOM D6.2.14 Belgium: BURNECO D6.2.15 Belgium: VYNCKE N.V. D6.2.16 Belgium: Saint-Roch D6.2.17 Czech Republic: TTS Energo D6.2.18 Czech Republic: Step TRUTNOV D6.2.19 Czech Republic: EVECO Brno D6.2.20 Denmark: Passat energi A/S D6.2.21 Denmark: BAXI D6.2.22 Denmark: TwinHeat D6.2.23 Finland: Veljekset Ala-Talkkari Oy D6.2.24 Finland: Ariterm Oy D6.2.25 Finland: Laatukattila Oy D6.2.26 France: HS FRANCE D6.2.27 France: SELF CLIMAT - MORVAN D6.2.28 France: PERGE D6.2.29 Germany: Paul Künzel GmbH & Co D6.2.30 Germany: HDG Bavaria GmbH Heizsysteme für Holz D6.2.31 Germany: Nolting Holzfeuerungstechnik GmbH D6.2.32 Germany: Bosch Thermotechnik, Buderus Deutschland D6.2.33 Germany: Biotherm Pelletheizungen D6.2.34 Germany: Hans-Jürgen Helbig GmbH D6.2.35 Greece: Samaras Biomass Heating D6.2.36 Greece: THERMODYNAMIKI SA - Heating products industry D6.2.37 Greece: Helias K. Voulgarakis D6.2.38 Latvia: GRANDEG D6.2.39 Latvia: JSC Komforts D6.2.40 Latvia: "ORIONS" Jurmalas Karla Zarina Ltd D6.2.41 Lithuania: JSC "Atrama" D6.2.42 Lithuania: UAB "Kalvis" D6.2.43 Lithuania: AB "Umega" D6.2.44 Portugal: Chama - Equipamentos Térmicos, S.A. D6.2.45 Portugal: A.D.F. D6.2.46 Slovakia: ATTACK, s.r.o. D6.2.47 Slovakia: Ecoprotect CDK s.r.o. D6.2.48 Slovakia: MAGA s.r.o. D6.2.49 Slovenia: KIV d.d. D6.2.50 Slovenia: ETIKS d.o.o. D6.2.51 Slovenia: WVterm d.o.o. D6.2.52 Spain: BRONPI, S.L. 49
D6.2.53 D6.2.54 D6.2.55 D6.2.56 D6.2.57 D6.2.58 D6.2.59
Spain: Inmecal Spain: Vulcano-Sadeca Sweden: Värmebaronen AB Sweden: Enertech AB Sweden: Ariterm group AB United Kingdom: Broag Remeha United Kingdom: Bioenergy Technology Limited
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