C Word list. For each entry, the Bantawa word list below contains the following information. a) The entry, for verbs in the infinitive. b) For verbs: a bracketed ...
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Appendices
Word list
For each entry, the Bantawa word list below contains the following information. a) The entry, for verbs in the infinitive. b) For verbs: a bracketed conjugated form. For each verb, the infinitive and third person singular forms suffice to derive all the forms in the paradigm. c) The part of speech or category, see below. d) Additional categorisation in brackets. For verbs, this field may be `antip', i.e. antipassive, which means that if the transitive verb is conjugated intransitively, it is interpreted as an agentive verb without object. The field may also be `middle', in which case a transitive verb in intransitive conjugation would mean that the subject of the form is the undergoer of the action. e) English description in italics, f) Nepali description preceded by a capital N, g) S . Scientific Latin description for some plant and animal names. h) Examples, with translations in italics i) Cross references to other records in the dictionaries. Types of cross references are listed below. The following parts of speech are known (with additional information): p-o-s n vi vt pro adj adv nm conj
meaning noun verb (intransitive) verb (transitive) pronoun adjective adverb proper name conjunction
sub-categories
middle / antip / none poss (possessive)
The following types of cross reference are used: Code cf root caus appl ben syn pair opp off
meaning compare root, i.e. allofam root, derivational root causative applicative benefactive synonym paired item, e.g. husband and wife antonym, i.e. opposite other relationship that is not otherwise qualified
Y Ylenci n cardamom. N al {\cF. Ysuro n Snapdragon plant. N asro. S Adhatoda vasica.
a
a -nfl ergative case ending. abh adv now.
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411
acc°hKa adv before, previously; a few days before. N aEG aE-t. ac°imbaddoK n the year before last year (two years ago). N prAr sAl. ac°osa n the day before yesterday. N aE-tko Edn. ac°osa hbuyu `before two days ago'. adeK conj later, after that. N pEC. ad°iwaK adj big, particularly in the sense of 'important' - as applied to humans. N Wlo; mh(vpZ . ad°iwaK mhna `big guy (Nepali: `t#hklo m nche')'. akma (akta) vi to feel pain, strong pain; to suffer heavily; almost die. N shn. aktudolo adv like dead. akwa n oil. N t l. ak°ira n finally, at last. N aAEKr. ak°omaK adv yesterday. alaKne part thanks, goodbye. N DyvAd; nm-t (CV^dA). alaKne sewa”o ne hKnic°a! `thanks and bye, brother!'. bYdd°e alaKne `thanks very much'. am posspfx- your, 2nd person singular possessive noun prefix. amco pro (poss) your, of you (two persons); independent pronoun. N EtmFh!ko. amko pro (poss) your, of you (one person); possessive pronoun. N Etm }o. amma (amsu) vt to shoot aimlessly. N hAn. root apma. amno pro (poss) your (plural). anca”o pro (poss) our (excl. dual). anco pro (poss) our (incl. dual). andolYn n agitation, upheaval, tumult. N aAdoln. anemnhK n last year. N pohor. ankaci pro we (incl. dual). N hAmF (dI яnA). syn hKkaci. ankan pro we (inclusive plural). N hAmF (m aEn EtmFh!). ankanin pro we (inclusive, plural). ankanka pro we (exclusive, plural). anka”o pro (poss) our, our (plural, exclusief). N hAm }o. anko pro (poss) our (incl. plural). anma (alu) vt (middle) to turn over, to lie down. N pESVn. anma (anta) vi to snap (by the wind, of bamboo). N PV^n. cf Kanma. aKma (aKa) vi to tolerate. N shn. syn aKma. aKma (aKsu) vt (antip) to tolerate. N shn. syn aKma. aKsaK `I bore it'. aKsu `he bore it'. aKma n pine tree. N sSlo. apma (aptu) vt to shoot at (with arrow, gun), to hit. N hAn. root apma. apma (au) vt to shoot, shoot at (with arrow, gun). N hAn. caus amma. appl apma. appi n self; myself, yourself, himself. N aAP {. api k°atKa `I'll go myself'. araK araK adv long ago. araK n once, long ago, before. N uEhl . araK hkc°a k°okpa k°imda yuwaKa `once there was an old man in a house'. araKyuKkaKa `from long ago...'. asen n somewhere before the day before yesterday; a while ago, not specific. N aE-t. asenyuKka kaci maddhK `for a couple of days there has been no work'. att°u n before, a bit earlier; earlier, previously today; earlier, but just for today. N aEG. att°u hwayhK `earlier this morning'. awet adv later, later today. N Br . awet hnamphk `tonight'. ayh n today, this day. N aAя. cf awet.
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Appendices
ayhdoK adv this year. N yhF vq . ayhmit n nowadays. N aAяBoEl.
b bYdd°e adv many. bYVa n festival. N cAX vA ErEtErvAя. bYgYra n (dry) river bed. N bgr. baca n magic charm; promise, pledge, oath. N bAcA. baca hpaktacu `they put on a charm'. badd°e adj many, much; more. N D { r; bYF. badd°e mhnaci `many people'. bajiyoKma n cricket; cicada. N $yAukFrF. bak qual qualifier for flat things; as a noun signals a flat surface; not usual independently but frequent in combinations. N c =to. demka bak cak°uK batma? `how many plates should I take?'. bakuloK n clay marble, clay pellet. N mV R^g }A. bakwa n S 1. porridge. N Kol . bakwa hopma `to eat porridge'. S 2. leaf; used as a suffix rather than independent (in which case sumbakwa is used). N pAt. bak°a n clay, soil, mud; sand. bak°ada k°ela muyaK `he is playing in the sand'. bak°a tuma `to dig in the ground'. bak°a b°aVa banemuma `to make a clay pot'. bak°awensi n Himalayan (wild) strawberries. cf wensi. balam n window. N $yAl. bama (bo) vt to weave (socks, basket or a web, as by a spider). N bn. yag°aKma t°ali bayaK `the spider makes a web'. soya bama `to make a basket'. hktet soya boK `I made one basket (and it's finished)'. hktet soya baK `I have been making one basket (and it's not sure whether it's finished)'. bamna n Bahun, Brahmin caste member. bamKa n eel. bamo n bamboo shoots. N kEllo bAs. N tAmA. ban n weapon. N hEtyAr. banc°u bic°u n hand weapon. N hAt hEtyAr. banma (bana) vi to come (level). N aAun. yaniKka ... banyaK / bana `from there ... he comes / came'. caus batma. bantawa nm Bantawa. N bAtAvA. bant°eK n thunderstorm; thunder and lightning. bant°eK d°akina guVuK patyaK `as the thunderstorm comes, it cries 'Gurung''. baKa n uncle, father's younger brother. N kAkA. baKga n cotton. N kpAs. baKma (baKtu) vt to cross. laK baKma `cross your legs'. shK baKma `to join wood'. baKma (baKtu) vt to weave, to make (e.g. of nests). N bn. yaK baKma `to make a nest'. barasi n jackfruit. N kVhr. bak°a barasi n pineapple. N BikVhr. bashK n bamboo wood. bata n a pointed vessel, put on top of the stack of vessels used in distilling liquor. N sAno BAXo. batma (bara) vi to bloom. N PSn. batma (battu) vt S 1. to bring. N SyAun. cf banma. root banma. S 2. reach (as of age). N p`n. demka doK nubattiyen `how many years old are you?'. demka doK thbattu `how
C. Word list
413
many years old are you?'. bayh n spirit, particularly one affecting the stomach. N Bt. bayu n bamboo rope, the soft tissue that can be bent. samba”o bayudaKka k°eK bama `to make a basket out of bamboo'. bebbhkhk n flat basket for carrying small amounts of food; shopping bag, typically square cornered and carried as a handbag; made of bamboo strips. N p zgo. becukkusi n ginger leaf. cf becuk kusi. bec°uk n ginger, ginger root. N advA. k°okli bec°uk `wild ginger (Costus speciosus)'. bec°uk ni”o j°arakdaKka hd°iwaK shKsi `the ginger is the most important fruit'. bekma (bektu) vt to fold (of clothes, and paper and folding stuff only). syn b°ekma. bek°a n bag. N JolA. bek°ac°a `a small bag'. ben n hour, o'clock. N GXF; bя . benc°u n musical instrument. N cAp. bendasi n tomato (the fruit of a tomato plant). N golB \XA. cf k°okli bendasi. beKwa n left, left-hand side. moko beKwa pYˆˆi yuKna `he sits on the left side'. berawa n parrot. N sgA. besara n eagle. N cFl. bhbh n familiar form for elder brother. pair nic°a. bhchkhlhk n earthen vessel. N hAXF. cf b°h. bhhomma n turban; also: cloth, used in the distillation process. N pgrF. bhkbhke adv delirious. bhkma (bhu) vt to sweep. N bYAn . bhKku n sorghum; a kind of large millet. N яn lo. S Sorghum vulgare. bhKk°awa n gun. N bdk. bhKma (bhKsu) vt (middle) to blast, explode. N pX^kAun. bhKsa k°ara `it exploded'. bhKsuK `I blasted it'. syn b°hKma. bhtma (bhttu) vt to serve (your guests). bhwa n elder brother; also used for all elder male cousins. abhwa `o, brother!'. biha n marriage. N EbhA. biha muma vt to marry. N EbhA gn . bihan n advice. N sSlAh. yayok-bihan munne `let's advise well'. bille adj faded (Nepali). N EblAi. bille liyaK `it is fading, wasting away'. bim n clip; pin. N hpEsyo. bitma (bitta) vi to walk, to go. hKbuda / iKbuya bitta `go in front, go first'. bitma yakma `to keep going'. bitma (bittu) vt to milk. boVa n long bean, cowpea. N boXF. bokma (bou) vt to plough. N яo(n. k°atni thk°atyaKo? whk boksi `where are you going? to plough the field'. cf d°okma. boksi n spirit, witch. N Bt; bo?sF. boksi”a mhKeucikinalo bhkbhke mhliyaK `they will go delirous after a spirit has bitten'. bolo n horizontal beam in the house. N blo. bomak n sesame, sesame seed. N Etl. bombok n eggplant. N vAi Ek bhArFko EddF-bEhnF. pair hhyakpa. hhyakpa n brother of a son-in-law or daughter-in-law. N >vAi Ek bhArFko dAi-BAi. pair hhyakma. hida vsuf `while,' simultaneous clause conjunctive marker. hili n culture. N s\-kEt. t°apshK-hili `tradition-culture'. anko t°apshK-hilida sakenwa ni”o j°arakdaKka hd°iwaK maK `In our culture, Sakenwa is the most important divinity'. hima (hisu) vt to shake, stir a liquid (with the vessel). N hSlAun. caus hinma. himma (himsa) vi to be mad. N bhlAun. moko himsa lonta `he went crazy'. himsale adj mad, insane, crazy; madman. N bhlAeko. cf himma. ayhmit tenda badd°e himsale kutiwaci mhkonyaK `nowadays in the village many crazy dogs walk about'. hinma (hila) vi to be stirred. N mE-kn. S 1. to stir, as of food. N m-kAun. S 2. to break down lumps; divide. N KX^n. root hinma. root hima. hinma (hinsu) vt to shake, to stir. root hinma. root hima. hiK n snow; ice. N Ehu; brP. hip n generation, age. N um r; dO\trF. hKhip”o yawaci tenda saKc°aK maddhKci `there are no friends of my age in the village'. hipma (hiptu) vt to shake through sieve. hipma (hiu) vt to cut.down; clear an area in the jungle. N PAX^n; sohr pVAr gn . hitamma n mountain, himalaya. N EhmAl. hogaKma n praying mantis. hokma (hou) vt to open door or mouth. N KoSn. caus hoKma. hokwa n skin. N CAlA. hhokwa raKta k°ara `he got a suntan'. hola n bottle gourd. N lOkA. holasi n bottle gourd (the fruit, specifically). N lOkA. homa (hoa) vi to burn. N poSn. homa (hosu) vt to burn, to make burn. N poSn. k°osa”a hosu `he burnt it'. root homa. homa (ho) vt to burn, to make burn. N poSn. k°osa”a ho `he burnt it'. homa.
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Appendices
homma (homa) vi to swell. N YAEXn. homa lonta `it had swollen'. caus hopma. off hopma. homma (homtu) vt to wrap (in clothes). N b n . omyaK”o tit”a homma dot. `one must wrap it in white clothes'. to be wrapped (in clothes). N b Ern. honma (holu) vt to mix. N EmsAun. hoKa n small type of fish (5cm long, 1cm diameter). N sAno mACA. hoKku n river; smaller river that grows and shrinks significantly with the season. N KolA. hoKma (hoKsu) vt to open, to uncover. N KoSn. root hokma. hopma (hoa) vi to be wet. N EB>n. wahopma `to be wet'. wa takina wa ho”aK `because of the rain, I got wet'. caus hopma. hopma (hoptu) vt to swell; to get wet. N z$n. wahopma `to get wet, to swell'. root homma. hopma (hoptu) vt to drink; usage for specific liquids; preferably one says "k°abat hopma" (drink beer) but rather heKmawa duKma (drink liquor).. N KAn; Kol Epun. cf bakwa. hotlum n hole, gap; cave. N =vAl. hotlumya k°ara `get into the cave'. hotma (hotta) vt (middle) to be tired; to wear out. This verb translates as intransitive, but conjugates transitively. hotma is an impersonal verb: the object of the `wearing out' is the one to get tired.. N TA?n. hottu `he got tired'. hhottaK `I became tired ('it wore me out')'. hotma vt (middle) to open, release; to let go. N KoSn; CoXFdFn. hKka hyuko k°imyu”o hKyawalai horu”o `I let my friend of the house below go'. horum k°aisum `we opened it and let it go (the water)'. cf c°itma. hot°i n spot. hucukhyaK n a whistle; collocates with 'luma' to mean: to whistle. N ss lo. k°o hucukhyaK luwaKa `he is whistling'. hukma (hukta) vi to bark. N B?n. huma (husu) vt to turn, to make turn. N GmAun. root huma. huma (huwa) vi S 1. to turn, to spin; to come up (of dizzyness). N GMn. nam”a hnaKwa huwa k°ara `by the sun he got dizzy'. cf naKwa. caus huma. S 2. to roll. N GMn. humma (humsu) vt to put on (of clothes); to wear. N aoY^n. humma n eagle owl. N hcFl. hunma (hulu) vt to shake a pole to pull it out. N PkASn. huKma (huKu) vt to wait, to wait for someone. N pEK n. huKaK `wait for me!'. badde huKaKna `I have waited a long time for you'. badde hhuKaK ciaK `he has already waited a lot for me'. hupma (hupta) vi to cover in a blanket, or, e.g. by sinking in dirt. N aoYAun. hut n hole, inside. N dlo =vAl. chkyh”o hhut `a mouse's hole'. mo gaghtyaK”o ht°enda hutci mhyak. `There are holes in the bottom of that gaghtyaK.'. hutda postp inside. N EB/. cf koK. hutluK n fireplace, stove. N clo. hutma (huru) vt to loosen; to take off. N PkASn. hutma (hutta) vi to be pierced, to have holes. N =vAl pn . hutma (huttu) vt (middle) to bore, to drill, to pierce. N =vAl pAn . middle hutma. hwa adj two. N dI. hwaK adj two persons; (two fused with qualifier pang). N dIяnA. hwatni adv this way, in this manner. N ysrF. hwatni ca `do it this way...'. cf mwatni. hyakko adj that one over there, further away (on the same vertical level). N t so ; utA. hyakko k°im `that house over there'.
433
C. Word list
hyana adv over there, far away (as far as the eye can see) (attributive). N pr (t so ). hyana b°ira `the cliff over there'. hyanana adv far away, over there, (further than the eye can see). N u pr. cf hyana. hyani n there, in that location, at the same vertical level. N pr. hyani k°ara `go there, to that place'. hya”o adj yonder, of over there (attributive). N pSlo. hya”o tenya”o simma `the girl from the village over there...'. hyatni n over there, in that direction (at the same vertical level). N utAEtr. hyatni k°ara `go in that direction'. hyaud°era adv on the other side, across (the river, the valley). N pAEr. hyaud°et adv other side, other bank. hyu n deictic expression meaning 'that below'; it relates to expressions as o (this, proximal), mo (that, distal), hya (that, over there). hyuna `down below'. hyucok n lower floor, ground floor. N tl tSlA. hyucokyu d°ak°a `come down to the lower floor!'. hyukko adj the lower, the one below. hyukko tola `the lower village'. cf d°akko. hyuna adv down there. N tl. hyuna d°anne `let's go down'. hyuna d°ama `to go down'. hyunaKka adv from down there. hyutni adv over there, in downwards direction (at a lower vertical level, e.g. in the valley). N u tlEtr. opp d°atni. d°aniKkac°aK hmaj°ada c°uk, `from up it is in the middle'. hyuniKkac°aK hmaj°ada c°uk `from down it is in the middle'.
h hcilosa n almost; a little. N Tor {; JX {. hcilosa thtoKnanan `you're almost right (a little - you did not match it)'. cf hcilo. hcilok adv a little, a little bit only. N Tor {. hcilok cakwa `a little bit of water'. hcit adv a little, slightly; adverb of degree. cf cit. hco pro (poss) their (non-singular 3rd person possessive pronoun). N uko. hc°intuk n the day after tomorrow. N pEs . hdi pro what - possessive form, `his what', what of him?. k°osa”a hdi cinma? `what knowledge does he have?'. hd°iwaK adj big. N Wlo. cf d°ima; ad°iwaK. hd°uwa n leader. hk adj one. N ek. hkcit adv a little, a few. N aEl aEl; aElkEt. cf citma. hkc°ani n one another. N ek ako lAi. cf hk c°a ni. hkc°aKa adv alone. hkc°aKa yuKma `stay alone, sit alone'. hkc°aKa k°atKa `I will go alone'. hkiwaK adj long, tall. N lAmo; a`lo. cf kima. hklenhwalen adv one or two days. hkni adv together. N s\g {. ankaci hkni yuKcine `let's sit together'. hkni hkni yuKma `sit together'. hko pro (poss) his, her (singular 3rd person possessive pronoun). N u-ko. hko hyaK maddhK `he has no money (lit. his money is not)'. hlenkon adv day-by-day, daily. N Edn-Edn {; Edn { EpQC . hlenkon b°aKsinka `we cook it daily'. hlummak n in four days' time; four days from now. N cAr Edn pCAEX. hma (hsa) vi to be bad. N nrAm }o hn.
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Appendices
hmantumpa adj unripe. N npAk ko. hmantumpa suntala sun `an unripe orange is sour'. hnamphk n darkness, night; sunset, evening. N b lkA. cf nam. cf hwayhK. hnamphk lisa `it has become dark'. hK posspfx- my, 1st person singular possessive noun prefix. hKka pro I, first person singular pronoun. N m. hKkaca pro we (excl. dual). hKkaci pro we (incl. dual). N hAmF (dI яnA). hKko pro (poss) mine, my; possessive pronoun for the first person singular. hrokwa adj old (of things, not people), worn. N prAno. hrokwaci yuKciKci `they're old'. cf hnhKwa. hssawa adj bad, evil. hsummak n in three days time; three days from now. N EnkopEs . cf hlummak. htakane part never mind; let's leave it alone, let's not bother; lit: let's not come. N я hos^. htlo adj bad. htma (htsa) vi to be bad, to be not good. hssa `it is bad...'. badde caht `it is not tasty'. k°an hssa”o `bad, useless'. nuwa he htsa `is it good or bad?'. k°an htma vi to look bad, ugly. N nrAm }o dEKn. ht°aKpa adv upwards. N ukAlo. ht°aKpa k°atma dot `one must go up'. cf htemma.
i i part excl. ideK n after. N pEC. ik°ip n number; (for magazines:) edition. N a\k, gEt. ima (iya) vi to laugh. N hA-n. appl itma. imk°a n bed, sleeping place. N KAV, s(n WAu. cf imma. imma (imsa) vi to sleep. N s(n. caus ipma. inma (inu) vt (antip) to sell. N b Qn. ankaciya anco”o hwatet gai incuwa `we (d) will sell our two cows'. khma karaki manindacu”a `out of fear we (d) did not sell'. opp k°itma. ipma (iptu) vt (antip) S 1. to deceive. N CSn. to put to sleep. N stAun. root imma. S 2. to cover, to hide (from view). N YA?n. isara nm Isara, a Bantawa clan. N isArA, bAtAvA Trko euVA pACA (hAgA). isara n signal. isi n ciuri tree, a tree with edible fruits; used for oil extraction. N QyEr. S Bassia butyracea. itma (ittu) vt to laugh at. N hsAun. root ima.
j jYigYla n flower, with small seeds and flowers that can be dried and stored for a long time. jammYy adv all. jaKma (jaKtu) vt to construct on the ground. N BimA bnAun. cf gakma. jaKma (joKtu) vt to reach some height. N y/o hn. onj°aKko lisa `it got this big'. jato n hand mill (for maize). N яAto. jeˆ°ana n brother-in-law (wife's elder brother). N я WAn. joKma (joKtu) vt to reach some height. N y/o hn. on joKma `to reach a certain height'. onjoKko
435
C. Word list lisa `it got this big'. jora n pair (of shoes), couple. N яoXA. juwapa n answer. N яvAP; uttr. juwapa c°otna `I gave you the answer'.
j° j°YmpYla n lever, crowbar. N gl. j°anma vi to pile up. N K=Vn. j°arak n all, every. N sb {. j°hj°ema n dhobini plant and flower. N DoEbnF. S Mussaenda macrophylla. j°hj°ema buKwa `dhobini flower'. j°hmoKmoKwa n mourning. N g>yARgяR. j°hmoKmoKwa mhchwaKa `they were crowding together'. j°omma vt to surround; crowd round. N G n . cf j°umma. j°onma (j°onta) vi to be high. N a`lo hn. j°ontaKa”o b°hrcok `a high hill'. j°onma (j°ontu) vt to make tall. N a`lo bnAun. j°oKma (j°oKta) vi (middle) to be tall; to make tall. N y/o hn. j°ora n shrub, thicket. N JAXF. j°orala `thicket'. j°orak°a `a densely grown place'. j°umma (j°umta) vi to gather; to meet together, be packed. N gя mя Ber B lA hn. j°amsanincin yuwanin `we were packed together'.
k kYdYm n fodder plant, of the euphorbia family. N kdm. S Jatropa curcas. kYpti n lazy. N aSCF. kYrYK n rib. N krR. kabhtpa n a person who is qualified to perform religious duties. kaci n job, work. N kAm. ˆuristci dem mhta, k°unKa hKka kaci toktuK `as much tourists come in, that much work I get'. kacinlupa n disciple, someone who wants to learn from a master. kacipen n a programme, a festival. N kAy m. kac°ukpa n alternative term for Rhesus monkey, lit. a 'jumper'. N bAdr. cf helawa. kad°uppa n blacksmith, member of the Kami caste, lit: 'hitter'. N kAmF. kaeppa n guard, sentry; someone standing. cf kahuKpa. kahuKpa n guard, sentry; someone standing. kakma (kaktu) vt to occupy; to have little room, be crammed. N aogV^n. yuKk°a kakyaK `the place was occupied'. kakma (kaktu) vt (antip) to jump over. N nA]n. kalekasinci n the people who know, the knowledgeable people. N яAn h!. kaletna n forgiver. cf let. kama (kasa) vi to have free time, off. N Ps d hn. ai thkayaK `are you free today?'. kamduK nm KamduK, a Bantawa clan. N kAmdR, bAtAvA Trko euVA pACA (hAgA). kamec°a n girl; young woman. N яvAnF k VF. kamma (kamsu) vt to join. N яoX^n. kanco n tobacco. N tmAK. kancoraK `tobacco plant'.
436
Appendices
kanla n terrace; a step in the fields. N kAlo. kanma (kala) vi to get stuck (as in the throat). N aX^Ekn. nulok hk°uiminalo mhkan `if you don't chew it well, it'll get stuck'. kanma (kansu) vt S 1. to identify, to ascertain; to see in the future. N BEv yvAZF J { hn . dowa”a kainsu `the seer sees into the future'. root katma. kaKma (kaKsu) vt to accept, to obey. N mAn. kaKma (kaKsu) vt (middle) to hide, of feet; to tuck in; to move your steps. N cASn; pAilA cASn. laK kaKsu `pull in your feet!'. kaKma (kaKta) vi to warm (indirectly). N s ?n. kaKma (kaKtu) vt to heat up indirectly, to warm (e.g. to put out in the sun or next to a heater); to dry (e.g. at the fire). N s kAun; ttAun. b°Yrk°Yr”o c°aci b°Yrk°Yr jYnma lisa”o c°acilai mida kaKma cima dot `new-born babies must be warmed at the fire'. kap n S 1. a pair, a complement; an accompaniment. N яoXF. hkapma di pakma `to complement it, what shall we put in?'. hkap `his complement'. cf kapma. S 2. the middle; the split, a branch. N Ebc; hAgA. kapma (kaptu) vt to put together (things that are related). N яoX^n. kaptana n captain, officer. kasatmancin n a reptile, a 'crawling' insect, lit. 'one that drags itself'. N GEs } hX^n . cf satma. katma (kara) vi to feel. N lA`n. caus kanma. khma kat `fear'. petma kat `belch'. ima kat `smile'. hKsoma karaki hKka hara bokma c°iruK. `being lazy, I stopped ploughing'. k°ana amsoma karaki hara bokma thc°iru ”o? `Did you stop ploughing out of lazyness?'. katok n respected, respectable, venerable. N mAy. cf tokma. katuk n ill person, sick man. N EbrAmF. kat°uppa n tailor, member of the Damain caste; also musicians. lit: 'he who sews'. N dmAI\. kaya n rice plant, paddy. N DAn. kaya”o bala `rice ear'. kayaraK n rice paddy, rice plant. N DAn. kekma (kekta) vi to construct a roof; to join the rafters. N CAnA bnAun. N XAXA r BAVA яoXn kAm gn . kekuwa n lapwing (white bird, eating small fish; roaming rice fields and warm areas). N hEVV^yAu. S Vanellus indicus. kem n river bank, shore. N EknAr. hoKku”o hkem `the river bank'. kema (kesu) vt to throw away. N %yA?n; PASn. manma kema `to forget'. mitma kema `to decide'. ken n a large drum (bigger than maadal). N Yol. kenma (kentu) vt to feed, to keep (domesticate animals). N pASn. kenwa n the keeping or fostering of animals; maintenance. N pAln. keKma (keKa) vi to be cold, to be wet (and cold). N Ecso hn. keKyaK `it is cold'. keKma wa `cold water'. keKyaK”o cakwa `cold water'. keKma (keKsu) vt (anti-passive middle) to make cold (in Sindrang also to get cold). N Ecso hn; Ecso pAn . keKmuKwa n cold spring, cold water source. N EcsopAnF. pair kumuKwa. keKtaK n buttocks, hindquarters. N cAk. kepma (keptu) vt to sting. N EKSn; EclAun. kera n crack, burst. ketma (keru) vt (middle) to break, to snap (splice with a knife). N PVAun; PV^n. samba kera
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437
`the bamboo snapped'. ketma (kettu) vt to break, to snap (causative and benefactive; to break for someone else). N PVAun; PVAiEdn. kettuK `I broke it to him (e.g. his arm)'. root ketma. khkma (khktu) vt (antip) to hold (small things), to grab, to take. N smAun. hc°ukda khktuki `'holding her hand''. khma (khsa) vi to be afraid. N tEs n; XrAun. khma hdotnin `you do not have to fear'. off kitma. khma (khwu) vt to rot. N kEhn. caus khtma. khma n fear, fright. N Xr. hkhma katyaK `he is afraid'. cf khma. khmma (khmsu) vt to decrease, to make less; to save, set apart. N sAQn. hcilok khmsuK laruKyuKsuK `I am saving a bit'. khnma (khlu) vt to button up; to sew. N EKSn; VAk lAun. khK n tooth, teeth. khKma (khKsu) vt (middle) to hang, to hang up. N JEXn; JX^yAun. khKsaKa”o t°yo; ai maddhK `I had hung it there - now it's not here?!'. khKyaK `it's there (hanging)'. khpma (khptu) vt (middle) to cut off, to split (with effect, not trying, but succeeding); also: to split the money. N kAV^n. khptancin `he cut himself (reflexive)'. demka k°epida thkhptu? `in how many times did you split it'. khtma (khttu) vt (none) to make rot. N khAun. root khma. cf khma. khwa n mute; dumb, stupid. N lAVo. hKka khwa lisaKki kaci mantuK k°aisuK `being stupid, I forgot about things'. khyaKpa n mother's relative, some male person in the mother's house. N mAmAGr. ki conj and. kima (kiya) vi to be long; to be tall. N a`lo hn; lAmo hn. kiyaK”o `it is long'. k°ana hKkab°Ynda thkiyaK `you are taller than me'. j°arakdaKka hkiwaK battu `take the longest'. j°arakdaKka kiyaK”o mhna `the tallest man'. kina conj causal, consequential clause chainer; the main clause is explained as a result of the embedded clause; by virtue of ...; There may also be a more simple temporal reading (see example) but in any case, the embedded clause is necessary for the matrix verb to happen. g°ora yuktukina hyatni k°attuni `mounting the horse, he took it away - it is said'. kinma (kintu) vt (middle) to frighten. N tsA un; h=kAun. root kitma. kint°okwa n rebel, nowadays used and almost synonymous for maoist. kipmak°a n the in-laws of a brother or sister. N soESV. kippa n flea. N uEpyA. kirawa n Kiranti, the autonym for the Kiranti grouping of people groups; also used in a narrower sense for Bantawas as a subgrouping. N EkrAt; bAtAvA rAI. kitap n book. kitma (kittu) vt (middle) to scare; to be afraid, scared of. N tEs n. mo mhna kitma dot `one must fear that man'. caus kinma. root khma. kiwa n leopard; also translated as tiger, but it really refers to an animal the size of a leopard (N cituw ). N EctvA. koiso adj any, some. N ks {ko. kuiso yak, kuiso hyaknin `of some people there are, of some there aren't'. koi moda mhyuKyaK, koi moya mhyuKyaK `some are there, some are over there'. kok n rice; cooked rice, also used as a generic word for 'food'. N BAt. kokcom n ladle, flat spoon used for serving out rice. N py. kokma (kou) vt to throw with stones. N YgA hAn; bsA un.
438
Appendices
kokolok n maize. N mk {. kokolokma `maize plant'. kokolokk°a `maize field'. cf k°a. kokolokca `maize'. kokoKwetma n eagle, big eagle (N garuda). N gzX. kom vt to surround (s.o.). N G n . hkomta `they surrounded him'. cuKwa luyaKnalo dabya kommakina j°arak yuKma dot `if it's cold, all should sit around the fire and sit'. kombi n sickle; grass cutting knife (used by women). N KpF . konco n calf. N C pAXF. konma (kola) vi to walk, to move about, to walk around, wander. N EhX^n. abYdaKka konma mandot `from now on you don't need to walk'. caus k°onma. caus kotma. koK n heart, the inner being of a human. N mn. koKkona n Butea plant. N sAno plAs. S Butea minor. koKkoKma n mosquito. N mQCr. koKkoKwa”a hKe”aK `a mosquito bit me'. koKk°i n forest bhy kur (N); type of root found in the forest. N ekprkArko bn yAR. k°ot n peel, skin of a fruit. hk°ot u”uk°o! `peel it!'. k°otet part that one, specific. N (yo cAEh. k°otet onj°oKlo mettancin, hKkatet citlok hmettaK `That one he made big for himself, for me he made a small one.'. cf otet tet. k°otma (k°ottu) vt S 1. to point. N aO\lAun. S 2. to shave someone else. N KOrn. hKtaK k°ottaKk°aK `please, shave my head'. root k°oma. k°otni pro that way, in that way. N (ysrF. k°ana detni thch, k°watniKa hKkac°aK chKa `as you do, such I will also do'. k°watni minaKki... `thinking that way, ...'. cf k°o. cf watni. k°owa n wound, particularly a sore (coming from inside). cf k°en. mosa”a k°owa mettaKphwaK `he wounded me'. moci”a k°analai k°owa nhmettaphwa `they wounded you'. k°uigYiri adv then, at that moment. k°uigYri k°oko banaki `at that moment he came, and...'. k°ukma (k°uktu) vt to attack with horn. N gozl hAn. k°uma (k°u) vt to chew (soundless, as for rice). N cbAun. k°uK `I chew it'. hk°uiminnalo mhkan `if you don't chew it well, it gets stuck'. k°umma (k°umtu) vt to bury; to plant. N gAX^n. root kumma. k°unma (k°untu) vt to enter, to penetrate. N ECrAun. hmiri k°untu disu `he stuck his tail in'. k°unma (k°uyu) vt to carry. N bo?n. ben k°utma. duKtim k°unma `to be arrogant'. k°uK n shell; plate, pot, pan. N TAl. k°ebak k°uK `a crab's shell'. k°uKma (k°uKu) vt to shelter. N aoY^n. k°upma (k°uptu) vt to chew (with sounds). N Vo?n; cbAun. kuuki k°uptuconi `picking it up, he chewed and ate it'. k°upma (k°uu) vt to chew. N cbAun. k°ura n hoof. N Kr. k°utma (k°uttu) vt to bring for someone. N boEkEdn. root k°unma. k°uwaraK n fish that lives in the mud (eel?), (black, round head, approx. 20 cm long, 5 cm diameter). N EhSl mACA. k°uwaraK”o hlap yak `the khuwarang has fins'. k°uwaraK”o hlap hcitko mu. `the khuwarang's fins are small'. k°uwaraK”o nab°ak hwatet yakci. `the khuwarang has two gills'. k°uyle adj bald (Nepali). N tAlKil , Kil .
l
C. Word list
443
lYttYm n guava. N b lOtF; aMbA. lYttYm toktin `you can get guavas'. labuwa n bat. N cm ro. ladip n moon. ladipma `moon'. lak n religious dance, danced only during sakenwa occasions. N cEX nAQn. lak luma `to dance'. lakluk°a n dancing place, place where ritual dances are performed. N cEX nAQn WAu. lakma (laktu) vt to stick, to fall on; of dirt or colour, stains. N lA`n ; aSJAun. lakuwa n tuber, type of root; (git.h N). N EgWA. lakwa n yellow footed green pigeon (N haleso). N hl so. lam n way, road; path; doorway. N bAVo. lama vi to return, but never used alone. N Pk n. lama tama `to return, coming'. lama k°atma `to return, going'. lasak°ara `he returned home (away)'. caus latma. lama vt to pick, to pick up. N EV=n. hKka bak°awensi lama dot `I must pick strawberries'. laKyuK `I am picking (present continuous)'. laKyaK `I was picking (past continuous)'. loK `I have picked (simple past)'. lamma (lamu) vt to seek, to search. N Ko>n. lamuk°o `search for it!'. hanma lamyaK `he tries to talk'. nihi lamyaK `he is looking for a fight [pretext]'. appl lapma. lanma (lantu) vt to winnow, to feed to the wind. N hAvA KvAun. hhk lantu `he fed it to the wind'. laKc°uk n foot-and-hand, extremities. laK n leg; foot. N KÓA. laKka adj flat, stretched, with the flat side up; upright; steep. N WAXo. laKkubak n foot. N pAu; KÓA. laKkusi n toe, toes. N KÓAko aOlA. cf kusi. laKma (laKa) vi to make a joke. laKma (laKsu) vt to wipe, to smear; to apply paint. N Pohor Ecя vA nrAm }o krA dSn।. lap n wing; fin (of a fish). N pK VA. lapma (laptu) vt to try; to try to do something. N Ko>n. hanma laptuK `I tried to talk with him'. hanma hlaptaK `He tried to talk with me'. root lamma. lapma (lau) vt to catch, to arrest. to grab, to take hold of. N smA(n. lapsi n sour fruit. S malia dubia. N l=sF. laptik°oK n doorway. N { dlo. latli n centipede (of a poisonous kind). N Kяro. latma (laru) vt to take out. N EJ?n. root lama. phralara `it was grazed off and went'. yhK latma vi (antip) to pray, to invoke. yhK mhlat `they pray'. latma (lattu) vt S 1. to take out. N EJ?n. root latma. S 2. to be enough; a dative verb. `to be enough for someone'; agreeing with the recipient, the experiencer of the sufficiency).. hlattaK `it's enough for me'. lattu `it's enough for him'. lawa n shadow; shade. N CAyA. hKlawa `my shadow'. lawa n spirit, soul. N aA(mA; h\s. bom b°iKsakina mhnaci”o hcolawa lo”a. `after the bomb exploded, people got scared'. lawac°ami n shadow. layaca n food stuffs, flowers and rice that is spread around by those heading a burial procession. N KAn krA. lek adj eight (in Homtang). N aAW. lek n four. cf lekka. cf lippa. lekka adj four. cf lek.
444
Appendices
lekka adv approximately. N яtF. dem lekka yaK thtokyaK `how much money have you got, approximately?'. calis kilo lekka lisa hola. `It is some forty kilos, may be.'. 4,5 g°Ysˆa leka yakyaK. `It's about 4,5 hours. (Bungwakha 23)'. lekma (lea) vi to lick. N cAV^n. lekma yakma shnlo `let's kiss'. caus leKma. lekwasi n orange, mandarin. N stlA. lek°a n highland, a high hilly area. N l K. lem n tongue. N Eяb }o. lema (lesu) vt to know how to do something; to learn (how to do something). N яAn. lesuKo `he knows ('is knowing')'. hKka”a amno b°asa lema hshnhKnu `I do not want to learn your language'. c°apma lesuKyuK `I can write (note the progressive aspect)'. lemc°okwa n sweet, sweets, candy. N EmWAi. lemc°okwa k°aKmetsa c°aci c°emtuKsuK `showing the sweets, I attracted the children'. lemlemma n yeti, a legendary creature. N ytF. lemma (lema) vi to be sweet. N gElyo hn. caus lemma. lemma (lemtu) vt to flatter, make sweet. N PkAun. root lemma. len n day, a day (of time, or as a date). N Edn; bAr; gt . cf lenta. lenkolen n day by day, every day. N Edn-Edn {. lenk°a n replacement; place to pour something in; a match to make fire. N sAn WAu; bASn Ecя. lenma (lensu) vt to light, to make bright; to ignite. N bASn. lenma (lensu) vt to save (protect is not a good gloss). N bcAun. root lenma. lenma (lentu) vt to pour in. N KEnn; KyAun. lenma (lenu) vt to rip. N Ecn . lenma vi to burn, to be lighted, to be alive (non-human). N bSn. kuppa lera `the little light burnt'. lenmi n lamp, wick; little oil lamp. N bttF, VkF. lenta n day of the week. N bAr. leKma (leKsa) vi to slip; slide. N EcE=ln. hKma leKsa k°ara `my mother slipped'. root lekma. leKma (leKsu) vt to smear, to plaster. N El=n. hKma”a k°im leKsu”o `my mother smeared the house'. letma (leru) vt to leave, to let go, to release. N CoX^n. letma k°anma vt to leave behind. leruK k°aisuK `I left him behind'. letmancin vi to shed a skin (as for a snake). hokwa c°irudiki nuKwak li nalo letmancin ni lom `if you leave a skin and a new one comes, we call it 'to leave oneself''. lhkma (lhktu) vt to threaten. lhkwahaK nm Lukwahang, a Bantawa clan. N l?vAhAR, bAtAvA Trko euVA pACA (hAgA). lhma (lhsu) vt to have intercourse. appl lhtma. lhKma (lhKsu) vt to hook; to hang up. N JX^yAun. lhKwa n lowland grass; straw, long sturdy grass. N phAXF Kr. S Themeda. lhtma (lhttu) vt to have intercourse with. root lhma. lhwa n ball, round object; grain. N dAnA. mhklhwa `eyeball'. sampica lhwa `a grain of millet'. li n penis. N Elg. lim n shoot, sprout. N mnA; Vso. lima (lisa) vi to happen, to become; to be. N hn. limma (lima) vi to bud; to sprout. limma (limsa) vi to turn over. limsa k°ara `it turned over'. limma (limsu) vt to turn over.
C. Word list
445
limma (limta) vi to parboil. linma (lintu) vt to attack, to press on. N ETQn. lintu k°attu `attack!'. saKwa”a mhk°ukhida mhlink°atnalo setma mhrh `The buffalo, if he strikes and presses on, can kill (1st incl plural object)'. cf timma. lippa -adv in the direction of...; directional marker for location nouns. buKk°alippa `outside'. lip°u n sting (of wasp, bee). N KFl. lita n down, fluff. litma (littu) vt to plant, to sow. N ro=n. k°ana dem thlittu, k°onKa hKkac°aK littuK `As much as you plant, that much I will also plant'. littu; hlitcu; hlit `he plants; they (du) plant; they plant (habitually)'. loha n iron. N lohA; PlAm. loka n part. N BAg; a\f. loka hama dot `one must divide the shares'. lokc°um n Nepali coat. N dOrA. lokma (loktu) vt to boil. N uEMln. lokmetma `to make boil'. lokma mu `it's starting to boil'. cakwa loktu `the water is boiling'. nam lokma vi to play (as of children). N K Sn. lawa lokma vi to be scared. N tEs n. hKlawa lok `I'll be scared'. lokma (loktu) vt to take a loan, to ask for a loan of someone specific. N kAY^n. lokma (lou) vt to take a loan, to ask for a loan. N kAY^n. loma (lo) vt to tell; to say sth. to so.; to relate. N Bn. lomayhK n command, commandment. lonma (lonsu) vt to take outside; to make come out, move. N EnkASn. lonsuK `I'll take it out'. root lonma. lonma (lonta) vi to go outside. N En-kn. hKyamda k°owa lonta `a sore developed in my body'. yuniKka d°atni k°atyaK (k°ara) / lonta `from down, upwards, he goes (went) / goes up'. caus lonma. loKga n spicy pepper, red or green. N Ks nF. loKk°im n temple. N mEdr. loKma (loKsu) vt (middle) S 1. to light, to light a lamp; brighten up. N bASn; sSkAun. saya loKma `to show respect'. S 2. to increase (in size), to grow; to praise, to lift up. N bYAun; bY^n; uPAn . lopma (loptu) vt to palpitate; to tremble; as in eyes or skin. N kA=n. lose n slope; an arable area, but not with an oxen; temporary farming land. N pK ro. lotma (lora) vi to run. N dOXn; dgn ; kd^n. detni watni chlok apYt thlotciKci”o? `why are you running so fast?'. cakwa lotyaK `the water runs away'. lukma (lukta) vi to be finished. N EsEdn. hKwaci mhlukta `my chickens are finished (they're up)'. lukma (luktu) vt point, point at. N aOSyAun. lukma (luktu) vt to finish. N Esd^@yAun. lulli n earthquake. N BicAlo. lulli t°aKa `there was an earthquake'. lulli”a hKk°im b°uKsu `the earthquake destroyed my house'. luma (luwa) vi S 1. to feel, as of taste; to experience, to have effect, make feel. N lA`n. yum luwa `it tastes salty (not too salty - it's OK)'. oda yuKma watni luyaK `It feels like to I'd want to live here'. S 2. to speak, to sing; to perform. N boSn; gAun. k°o c°am luwa `he sang a song'. k°ana c°am thluwa `you sang a song'. maKyhK mhlu `to pray'. lumma (lumtu) vt to sink, to drown (someone or something). N XbAun.
446
Appendices
lunma (luntu) vt to sink; to set (as for the sun). N XNn. nam lunta `the sun has set'. luK n price. N mol. oso hluK dem c°uk? `what is its price?'. luK n stone; generic term (mass). N YgA. k°im k°apk°a luK `slate (stone to roof the house)'. luKk°a n rocky place, rock bed, rock face. N D { r YgA Beko WAu. cf luK. luKk°awa n rocky place, such as a steep hilly desert area or a dry river bed. N D { r YgA Beko WAu. luKma (luKsu) vt to finish. N Esd^@yAun. root lukma. oko samuc°e sambala k°ana onKa deki thluKsu? `why did you finish the straight bamboo bush on your own?'. luKmak n liver. N kl яo. luKtak n stone, individual rock; single stone. N YR^gA. cf luK. lupma (luptu) vt S 1. to point. N EtKAn . S 2. dip, plunge, sink. N coNn. lupmit n needle, pin. N Esyo. lurka n earlobe. N lotF. lutma (luttu) vt to tell (of a story). N btAun. lutma n bamboo mat, wicker mat (made of bamboo strips). N mAdýo. luwa n seed, grain. N g XA. hluwa `his seed'.
m
ma n mother. N aAmA. ama `o, mum!'. amo `mother!'. cf mama. pair pa. ma part no. N hoin. ma vobj 'woman' - a verbal complement, that together with tatma - ('to bring') renders the meaning (politely) 'to have intercourse with'. maaK part no, as a sentence-negation; the 3rd person negative for yakma. mad°itma n flu, influenza. N zGAKokF. mahaVa n Sumac's red leaves; a fodder plant. N DAiro; BEkMlo. maijk n aunt, mother's younger brother's wife. N mAiя. maj°a n middle (Nepali). N mAJ. maj°a k°im `the house in the middle'. makachkchkwa adv cf makachkwa. makachkwa adv dark. cf makachkchkwa. makchkpa n dark, black. N a@yAro. k°okli makchkpa yuKyaK `the forest is dark'. makc°a n son-in-law (daughter's husband); also brother-in-law: younger sister's husband; in general all male in-laws (that are not patrilocal). N >vAi. makhwa adj black. N kAlo. makma (makta) vi to be black, to be dark. N a@yAro hn. makta k°ara `it became dark'. makyaK”o mhna `a dark skinned man'. cf omma. makma (maktu) vt to see in a dream. N spnAmA dHn. root maKma. maksa n bear. N BAl. makwa n fishing bird; a bird that dives into the water and jumps out again. N mACA mAn crA. makyh n rope. N XorF. malaKbopi n splintbone; the round ball at the end of the calf bone. mama (masu) vt to lose. N hrAun. hKbek°a masuK `I lost my bag'. caus matma. root mama. mama n mother (term of address). pair papa. mama vi to go lost, to be lost. N hAn ; hrAun. cf k°atma. cf mama. hKk°aru mak°ara `I lost my mind (went unconscious)'. hwatet gai mhmak°ara `two cows were lost'. ak°omaK k°anaci thmak°araci `you (two) were lost yesterday'. k°ada thmank°arin `where were you (pl) lost?'. caus mama.
C. Word list
447
mamaK n ghost, roaming spirit (of a woman). N Bt-pr t (k VFko). pair hhlla. hhlla-mamaK `the ghosts, the spirits'. mamarem nm Mamarem, a far place, where one gets lost: oblivion (religious language). N hrAeko mAC ko bsAi।. cf mamak°atma. mamma (mamtu) vt to grab (as in a fight). N sohon . appl mapma. mani n cymbal, brass drum. N $yAMVA. manma vt to forget. manma kema `to forget'. manma k°anma `to forget'. hKka k°o dum mantuK kesuK `We forgot that thing'. mantuK k°ansuK `I forgot it'. cf kema. cf k°anma. maK n godhead; spirit. N dvtA. maKci `the gods'. maK munyinka `we are worshipping'. maK kamupa `a religious officiant; shaman'. maKda pakma `to elevate someone to deity, to perform the ritual that makes someone a proper ancestor to be worshipped.'. maK part Negating a topic; excluding a constituent from the statement; particle that indicates that the previous constituent specifically does hold or not hold. N cAEh. pãc kusi maK maddhK `there are not five fingers (there may be four)'. hkc°a oda banaci hwaK maK ma”aK `please, one person, come here; not two people'. maKc°ama nm godhead; house god (particular to a house, purpose or locality). N dvtA. maKc°hk n wart. N mso. maKd°in n fever. N >vro. maKhim n curse. N srAp. maKkolen n tomorrow. N BoEl. maKkolen-c°intuk `tomorrow, or the day after'. maKkup n garlic. N lsn. maKma (maKa) vi to dream. N spnA dHn. appl makma. maKnalo conj if not, unless. cf k°onalo. maKt°oK n diarrhoea. N pKlA. k°ana maKt°oK nhmetyaK? `do you have diarrhoea?'. badd°e akwa k°an caKkina maKt°oK hmetKaKa `have eaten a lot of oily vegetable, I am having diarrhoea'. maKyhK n prayer, vow. N prAT nA; BAkl; Ep/. maKyhK luma `to say a vow'. mapma vt to grab, snatch (as if in a hurry). N sohon ; sohoErEdn. htaKmhwa mapma dot. `One must grab him by the hair.'. mapma k°anma `take it out, pull it off.'. root mamma. mapma vt to grab, to snatch (as if in a hurry, or to take from someone else). N sohon . amc°apdani mapna k°atna `I will snatch away your pen'. moko mhna o dum maptuk°attu `that man took that thing away'. appl mamma. root mapma. mashK n wife, old woman (affectionately used for wife). N bYF. pair pashK. masit n black gram, black lentil. N mAs. S Vigna mungo. matdhK vi singular form for negative 'to be'; it's not there, no. matma (mattu) vt to lose for someone else. N hrAiEdn. root mama. mayaK n womb. N aAimAiko gX. cf yaK. mayhK n later, in the (distant) future. N pEC. mayhK k°ana hd°iwaK mhna lisa `may you be a big man later'. cf neklo. mecc°ac°a n girl, daughter. cf mec°a-c°a. mec°ac°a n S 1. daughter, female person. N CorF. pair duwac°a. S 2. girl. mekma (mekta) vi to sleep (in child language). N s(n (bQcAko BAqAmA). mek°ara n sheep. N B XA. mek°arat°umba `he-sheep'. men part but, maybe, err...; expression of hesitation. menma (mentu) vt to refer to things like 'that', so-and-so only; do something that is presumedly
448
Appendices
known. N "u gn ". metma (mettu) vt to cause, root for causative formation; also: to play a game. N grAun, K lAun. kaK-metma `to persuade (n. caus saKma. saKma (saKsu) vt to play (an instrument). N bяAun. root saKma. saKraKkuwa n cockerel, rooster. N BAl . saKwa n buffalo. N B {\sF. cf poKpipa. saKwalem n bog bean (lit: buffalo's tongue). S Menyanthes trifoliata. cf nunuma. saKwapa n buffalo bull, male buffalo. N rAgo. cf poKpipa. saKwaraKma n Ainsliaea, 'buffalo tree'. sapma (saptu) vt to sound, make audible. N snAun. sappasi n buckwheat. N PApr. sapten n region, area; countryside, e.g. Hatuwali. N " /. sap°u n bladder. sarasa n saras crane, smaller and local type of crane. N sArs. sarima n disease. N rog. sarima banyaK `a disease came (e.g. to the village)'. hKka sarima”a hd°iraK `I caught a disease'. sarima n disease. cf sarihaK. satma (saru) vt to pull, to draw. N tAn. sawarhk n cartilage, soft bone; tendon, sinew. N nso.
C. Word list
461
sawatomk°a n resting. sawatomk°a len `resting day'. cf sawa toKma. saya n head, particularly the immaterial notion of it (N [ir). N Efr. sayabuK `a flower on the head: idiom for daughters and sisters'. saya phma vt to honour, to pay respect. N i>яt gn . nukoKla saya part best wishes, I wish you the best. N fB kAmnA. sek adj six (in Homtang). N C. sekb°a n bedbug. N uXs. sekma (sektu) vt to clean thoroughly, make clean; e.g. to take out the bits that do not fit from food. N sPA pAn . sekma vi to finish, to end cleanly, peacefully. N EsEdn. Ken sek `the war finishes'. Ken sea / sekta `the war finished'. sela n sel bread, ring-shaped fried bread. N s lroEV. selle n broom grass. N aAEm }so. S Thysanolaena maxima. seluwa n mugwort; a bitter herb (used for catching fish). N Ett pAtF. S Artemisia Indica. sema (sesu) vt to not eat the hard bits; to clear out. N hVAun. sesu co `it ate the plant but left the hard bits'. semma (sema) vi to rest, be quiet. N fAEt hn. Ken sema / semta `the fight is over'. cf semma. caus semma. semma (semtu) vt to make peace. N fAEt pAn ; bAX^n. k°osa”a mhk°iyaKa”o c°aci semtuci `He made peace of the children who were quarrelling'. semtinne `let's divide it'. cf semma. root semma. senma (senu) vt to ask, inquire. N so@n. senmaK n dream. N spnA. cf senmi senmuyu senci. senmaKyu k°aKu `she saw it in a dream'. seKma (seKsa) vi to be clean, to be clear. N coKo hn; sPA hn. ninama seKyaK `the sky is clear'. seKyaKo cakwa `clear water'. caus seKma. seKma (seKsu) vt to clean. N sPA pAn . root seKma. bukluK seKsum `you (pl), clean the yard!'. seKtaKpa n holy person. sepma (sea) vt to wither. N aoiln. to wither. N aoiEln. sepma (septu) vt to sharpen. N udyAun. setma (sera) vi to kill; when in middle conjugation, 'to be killed' used figuratively for 'to be drunk'. N mAn . seula n branch, stalk; a piece of a tree usually comprising a small branch with attached leaves. N s ulA. sewa mune part greeting (sewa derives from Nepali 'service'). sewa mune `hello!'. shkma (shktu) vt to fill forcefully. N KvAun. shkwa n black hornet. N aErgAl. shma (sha) vi to die, to go out (of fire). N mn ; En
