Facies (2007) 53:377–388 DOI 10.1007/s10347-007-0113-5
O R I G I N A L A R T I CL E
Salpingoporella? popgrigorei, a new species of Dasycladales (calcareous algae) from the Lower Aptian deposits of P8durea Craiului (northern Apuseni Mountains, Romania) Ioan I. Bucur
Received: 17 March 2007 / Accepted: 29 April 2007 / Published online: 7 June 2007 © Springer-Verlag 2007
Abstract A new dasycladalean alga Salpingoporella? popgrigorei n. sp. was identiWed in P8durea Craiului Mountains (northern Apuseni, Romania) in the Lower Aptian limestone of the Valea Bobdei Member. The new alga was found within the external platform coarse bioclastic facies with fragments of corals, sclerosponges, bivalves (including rudists), gastropods, echinoderms, brachiopods, and bryozoans. The micropaleontological assemblage consists of foraminifera, calcareous algae, rare rivulariaceantype cyanobacteria, and some problematic microfossils. The deposits are Early Bedoulian in age, as clearly indicated by the orbitolinid foraminifera Orbitolinopsis pygmaea, Paracoskinolina sunnilandensis and Palorbitolina lenticularis. Salpingoporella? popgrigorei n. sp. is a medium-sized dasycladalean alga showing funnel-like laterals with an euspondyl arrangement. The laterals consist of two distinctive parts. The proximal part is narrow and Xattened. The distal part widens relatively suddenly, and then narrows slightly before the Wnal widening towards the exterior, in the place where the laterals most probably formed an assimilatory cortex. The distinctive features of the new species are represented by the shape of the laterals. The new Salpingoporella best resembles the Upper Hauterivian–Lower Barremian p.p. Salpingoporella genevensis (Conrad), especially due to the quadrangular aspect of the laterals in middle-deep tangential section. However, diVerences refer to the laterals’ general shape, and to the typical
I. I. Bucur (&) Department of Geology, Babeo-Bolyai University, M. Kog8lniceanu str. 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania e-mail:
[email protected]
features of the laterals in deep tangential section of Salpingoporella? popgrigorei n. sp. Keywords Calcareous algae · Dasycladales · Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) · Apuseni Mountains · Romania
Introduction Besides benthonic foraminifers, the calcareous algae represent important biotic constituents of shallow-water carbonate deposits. In the Barremian-Lower Aptian limestones from the Tethyan realm, dasycladaleans (green calcareous algae) have registered one of their Phanerozoic development peak (Barattolo 1991; Bucur 1999). Knowledge on dasycladaleans evolution provides insight in illustrating both time-related biodiversity, and biostratigraphy. The study of Aptian limestones from P8durea Craiului (Romania) allowed, additionally to the microfossils inventory, the identiWcation of a new dasycladalean alga that is described in the paper.
Location and geological setting The newly proposed dasycladalean species was identiWed in P8durea Craiului Mountains (northern Apuseni, Romania) (Figs. 1, 2). Within the Lower Cretaceous deposits of P8durea Craiului the following lithostratigraphic units have been separated (Bucur 2000; Cociuba 2000; Bucur and Cociuba 2001): (1) Blid Formation (Berriasian?-Valanginian-Barremian) including two members, 1a-Dobreoti Member (Berriasian?-Valanginian-Hauterivian), and 1bCoposeni Member (Hauterivian?-Barremian); (2) Ecleja Marls Formation (Lower Bedoulian), enclosing Gugu
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Fig. 1 Location of the P8durea Craiului massif within the Apuseni Mountains and the Romanian territory
Breccia Member and Valea Bobdei Limestone Member; (3) Valea M8gurii Formation (Upper Bedoulian), and (4) Vârciorog Formation (Gargasian-Albian) (Fig. 3). The new dasycladalean species was found in samples collected from the Valea Bobdei Limestone Member. This member (Fig. 4) consists of a succession of medium to coarse bioclastic grainstone–packstone interlayered with bioclastic-intraclastic grainstone–packstone, and more rarely with Wne-grained packstone. Salpingoporella? popgrigorei n. sp. occurs along the whole section in limestone samples of the external platform coarse bioclastic facies with calcareous algae, foraminifers, fragments of corals, sclerosponges, bivalves (rudists included), gastropods, echinoderms, brachiopods and bryozoans.
Fig. 2 Excerpt of the geological map 1:50,000 sheet Zece Hotare (Bordea et al. 1986) with location of the studied sections of the Valea Bobdei Limestone member (VBL) (arrow), Legend: 1 Holocen, 2 Pontian, 3 Pannonian, 4 Santonian-Campanian, 5 Vraconian-Turonian, 6 Albian, 7 Aptian, 8 Neocomian-Lower Aptian, 9 Bauxites, 10 Tithonian, 11 Lower-Middle Triasic, 12 Permian
Paratypes Specimens in Figs. 5b and 6a, sample 4063 (thin sections 4063/3, N.I. 5634, and 4063/2, N.I. 5635, respectively) from the same collection.
Systematic description Order Dasycladales Pascher 1931 Family Triploporellaceae (Pia 1920) Berger and Kaever 1992 Genus Salpingoporella Pia 1918 Salpingoporella? popgrigorei n. sp. (Figs. 5–8) Holotype Specimen illustrated in Fig. 5a, sample 5671 (thin section Valea Bobdei, 5671, N.I. 5633), I.I. Bucur collection in the Geology Department, Babeo-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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Origin of name Species dedicated to late Grigore Pop, an eminent Romanian geologist author of important contributions to the study of calpionellids. Type locality Valea Bobdei creek, P8durea Craiului Mountains, northern Apuseni, Romania (marked by arrow in Fig. 2). Type level Valea Bobdei Limestone Member, Lower Aptian (Lower Bedoulian) with Palorbitolina lenticularis (Blumenbach)
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Fig. 3 General succession of the Lower Cretaceous deposits from P8durea Craiului. 1 bauxitic rocks, 2 limestone, 3 breccia, 4 marls and shales, 5 conglomerates and sandstones
Diagnosis Medium-sized dasycladalean alga showing funnel-like laterals with an euspondyl arrangement. Thallus cylindrical to club shaped with a lower narrow portion, and an upper wider portion. Laterals in the lower part are acrophorous to slightly phloiophorous. Laterals in the upper part are phloiophorous (funnel-like). In the vertical section, they have a narrow and Xattened proximal part, and a distal part, which widens suddenly, and then it narrows slightly before the Wnal widening towards the exterior. In the horizontal section, the laterals have a funnel-like shape, and in the middle-deep tangential section they have a quadrangular aspect. Reproductive structures (cysts) were located inside the laterals of the adult (fertile) stage. Description Salpingoporella? popgrigorei n. sp. is a medium-sized dasycladalean alga showing funnel-like (phloiophorous) laterals with an euspondyl arrangement.
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Fig. 4 Two adjacent sections of the Valea Bobdei Limestone Member. The distance between sections is about 25 m, and they are separated by a fault. 1 bioclastic limestone, 2 marly-limestone, 3 marls, 4 location of sample 5671 providing the holotype. 5 location of samples containing Salpingoporella? popgrigorei n. sp
Two kinds of calciWed thallus were found noted here as “form A” and “form B”. “Form A” (Figs. 5–7) corresponds most probably to the adult (fertile) stage of the alga, is more frequent, and has laterals consisting of two distinctive parts. The proximal part is narrow and Xattened. The distal part widens relatively suddenly, and then it narrows slightly before the Wnal widening towards the exterior in the place where the laterals most probably formed an assimilatory cortex. Fig. 5 Salpingoporella? popgrigorei n. sp. a Longitudinal oblique 䉴 section. Holotype, sample 5671. b Longitudinal section. Paratype, sample 4063. c Enlargement of the right part of the specimen in a showing the shape of laterals. d Longitudinal-oblique section, sample 5665. e Longitudinal section showing the characteristic shape of laterals (arrow), sample 5673. f–h Transverse sections, sample 5665. Scale bar is 0.125 mm (c), 0.20 mm (b), 0.25 mm (a, d–f, h), and 0.35 mm (g)
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䉳 Fig. 6 Salpingoporella? popgrigorei n. sp. a Longitudinal section. Paratype, sample 4063; b Longitudinal section, sample 5684; c Longitudinal-oblique section, sample 4074; d Enlargement of the right part of the specimen in c showing the characteristic form of the laterals (arrow); e Oblique section, sample 5665; f Oblique section, sample 5671; g Oblique section, sample 5674; h Oblique-tangential section, sample 4067; i Oblique-transverse section, sample 5697; j Enlargement of the specimen in k, showing the characteristic form of laterals in transverse section (arrow); k Transverse section, sample 4063. Scale bar is 0.10 mm (d, j), 0.15 mm (h), 0.20 mm (a, c, g, k), and 0.25 mm (e, f, i)
These characteristics are illustrated in longitudinal, longitudinal-oblique and oblique sections (Figs. 5a–e, 6a– g). Transverse and transverse-oblique sections of the “form A” show typical phloiophorous (funnel-like) form of laterals in horizontal plane (Figs. 5f–h, 6i–k, 7k–m). Figure 9 shows the form of laterals in longitudinal section (9a, based on Fig. 5e-arrow, and Fig. 6d-arrow), and in transverse section (9b, based on Fig. 6j-arrow). Oblique-tangential sections (Figs. 6h, 7a–b, f–h) show the variable morphology of the laterals from the proximal to the distal part. In the proximal part, the pores corresponding to laterals are narrow slits; they enlarge distally becoming quadrangular, than rhombic to ovoidal. These diVerent shapes of laterals can also be seen in diVerent tangential sections. Figure 7e is a deep tangential section showing the proximal part. Figures 7c and 7i show the quadrangular shape in a less deep tangential section, and Fig. 7d and 7j show the rhombic shape in a shallower tangential section. “Form B” (Fig. 8), corresponding probably to the juvenile (sterile) stage of the alga, has only short and narrow Xattened laterals, similar to the proximal part of laterals in “form A”. In longitudinal and longitudinal-oblique sections (Fig. 8a–m) laterals keep the same diameter along almost their full length. However, most of them present a distal widening (Fig. 8n) characteristic for the phloiophorous type. Dimensions In Table 1, the dimensions of “form A”, and in Table 2 the dimensions of “form B” are presented. The general dimensions of the calciWed thallus (“form A” + “form B”) are presented in Table 3.
Reproductive structures In several sections through laterals of the adult stage of the alga (“form A”) (e.g., Fig. 5b, d) imprints of cysts are visible. As in other Salpingoporella species (e.g., Salpingoporella genevensis, “Macroporella”(Salpingoporella) praturloni), the cysts were not calciWed, living just imprints.
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SigniWcance of the two “forms”, A and B Two hypotheses are put forward regarding the signiWcance of the “forms” A and B: (1) The two “forms” represent two distinctive parts of the alga: lower, sterile (“form B”), and upper, fertile (“form A”); (2) The “form B” represents marginally eroded fragments of the calciWed thallus in “form A” within a high-energy paleoenvironment. Most arguments support hypothesis 1: generally smaller dimensions as well as smaller h values of the specimens in “form B” (compare Tables 1 and 2); presence of imprints of reproductive cysts in the laterals of “form A”; the two forms were found together in the same thin section reXecting the same paleoenvironment. Based on this hypothesis, a reconstruction of the thallus of Salpingoporella? popgrigorei n. sp. is given in Fig. 10.
Comparisons The distinctive features of the new species are represented mainly by the shape of the laterals. The new species best resembles Salpingoporella genevensis (Conrad), especially due to the quadrangular aspect of the laterals (Conrad 1969) in middle-deep tangential sections. However, diVerences refer to the laterals’ general shape and to the typical features of laterals in deep tangential section of Salpingoporella? popgrigorei n. sp. Another species with quadrangular aspect of laterals in tangential sections is Salpingoporella heraldica SokaT (SokaT 1996), but this later species is much smaller, and the general shape of the laterals is diVerent. The new species is also comparable with Similiclypeina conradi Bucur (Bucur 1993), but the laterals’ aspect is diVerent for the two species in longitudinal and transverse sections (i.e., the laterals of Similiclypeina conradi have in the horizontal plane the same aspect as the laterals of Salpingoporella? popgrigorei n. sp in the vertical plane). Moreover, if we accept the reconstruction in Fig. 10 as valid, Salpingoporella? popgrigorei n. sp. diVers from S. genevensis, S. heraldica and S. conradi by the general morphology of the thallus that is club-shaped in the new species and show two distinct parts. This feature diVerentiates Salpingoporella? popgrigorei n. sp. from all the other species of the genus Salpingoporella, and this is the reason Fig. 7 Salpingoporella? popgrigorei n. sp. a Oblique section, sample 䉴 5665; b Oblique section, sample 5674; c Middle deep tangential section, sample 5665; d Shallow tangential section, sample 5665; e Micritised fragment in oblique-tangential section, sample 4084; f, h Oblique tangential sections, sample 5665; g Oblique tangential section, sample 4063; i Middle deep tangential section, sample 5697; j Shallow tangential section, sample 5676; k Transverse section, sample 4076; l, m Transverse and transverse-oblique sections respectively, sample 5665. Scale bar is: 0.20 mm (j), 0.25 mm (a–i, k–m)
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䉳 Fig. 8 Salpingoporella? popgrigorei n. sp. a Oblique section, sample
4077; b Longitudinal section, sample 5665; c Longitudinal section, sample 5671; d, i Longitudinal-oblique sections, sample 4077; e Longitudinal-oblique section, sample 5697; f, g Longitudinal-oblique sections, sample 5665; h Longitudinal section, sample 5697; j Longi-
tudinal section, sample 4076; k Oblique section, sample 5665; l Oblique section, sample 5683; m Longitudinal-oblique section, sample 4076; n Enlargement of the left part of e showing the phloiophorous shape of laterals
Table 1 Dimensions of Salpingoporella? popgrigorei n. sp. (upper fertile part, “form A”) (in mm) Specimen
Sample
1 2 3
4074
4
4074
5 6
L
D
d
d/D
l
4074
0.75
0.35
0.47
0.26
4074
1
0.4
lp
ld
0.1
0.3
pp
pd
h
w
0.1
0.1
0.84
0.38
0.45
1.2
0.42
0.35
4063
1.05
0.55
0.52
4063
0.96
0.5
0.52
0.24
7
4063
1.1
0.5
0.45
0.32
0.1
0.22
0.02
8
4063
0.62
0.025
0.13
0.06
9
4063
1.2
0.62
0.52
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.03
0.11
0.1
10
4067
1.1
0.45
0.41
0.36
0.1
0.25
0.03
0.17
0.11
11
4076
0.82
0.38
0.46
0.2
12
4076
0.58
0.32
0.55
13
4077
0.82
0.45
0.55
14
4077
0.8
0.38
0.48
15
4077
0.7
0.25
0.36
16
4077
0.85
0.37
0.44
17
4077
0.9
0.43
0.48
18
4077
19
4078
1
0.37
20
5665
0.86
0.43
21
5665
1.05
0.45
0.43
0.3
0.08
22
5665
0.7
0.4
0.43
23
5665
1
0.4
0.4
0.32
0.1
24
5665
1
0.42
0.42
0.3
25
5665
0.9
0.5
0.56
26
5665
27
5665
1.1
0.42
0.38
28
5665
0.92
0.45
0.49
29
5665
0.65
0.4
0.62
30
5665
0.8
0.4
0.5
31
5665
1
0.57
0.57
32
5665
33
5665
0.9
0.45
34
5665
1
0.5
35
5665
1.55
0.85
0.35
0.41
36
5665
0.9
0.48
0.53
37
5671
1.8
1.1
0.52
0.47
38
5671
0.8
0.37
0.46
39
5671
1.05
0.55
0.52
40
5671
1.12
0.58
0.52
41
5671
1.05
0.45
0.43
42
5673
0.8
0.3
0.47
43
5673
2
0.17
17
0.11
0.1
0.17
12
0.27
0.08
0.19
0.1
0.09
0.42
0.15
0.27
0.09
0.1
0.37
0.3
0.08
0.22
0.5
0.24
18
0.1 0.08 0.22
0.09 0.1 0.16
0.17
10
0.2
16 15 0.1 0.02
0.08 0.1
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.09
0.21
0.01
0.5
0.35
0.07
0.28
0.025
0.5
0.35
0.1
0.25
0.2
0.9
17 16
0.37
1.4
0.12
0.13
0.1
0.1
0.11 0.11
0.02
0.12
0.03
0.1
18 0.1
0.12 0.34
0.1
0.24
0.27
0.09
0.18
13
0.1 0.13 0.2
0.14
0.08
0.07
18 0.3
0.1
0.2
0.32
0.12
0.2
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Table 1 continued Specimen
Sample
44
5673
0.87
0.4
0.46
0.11
45
5674
1
0.37
0.37
0.15
46
5676
1.05
0.4
0.38
0.15
47
5677
0.73
0.45
0.62
48
5679
0.9
0.35
0.39
0.3
49
5683
1.1
0.5
0.45
0.32
0.1
50
5688
1
0.3
0.3
0.42
0.15
Total
47
45
44
26
19
17
9
31
15
12
Minimum
0.58
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.07
0.18
0.01
0.08
0.06
10
Maximum
L
2
D
d
d/D
l
lp
ld
pp
pd
h
w
15 0.11 0.1
1.2
0.62
0.62
0.42
0.17
0.28
0.03
0.17
0.14
18
Average
0.923
0.424
0.465
0.314
0.103
0.225
0.023
0.121
0.096
15.417
Standard deviation
0.150
0.085
0.071
0.053
0.025
0.034
0.007
0.030
0.019
2.575
L length of the calciWed thallus, D external diameter of the thallus, d internal diameter of the thallus, d/D ratio between external and internal diameter of the thallus, l length of laterals, lp length of the proximal part of the laterals, ld length of the distal part of the laterals, pp width of the proximal part of the laterals, pd width of the distal part of the laterals, h distance between two successive verticils, w number of laterals inside a verticil
Table 2 Dimensions of Salpingoporella? popgrigorei n. sp. (lower sterile part, “form B”) (in mm)
See explanation of Table 1 for abbreviations
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Specimen
Sample
1 2
L
D
d
d/D
h
4081
0.5
0.25
0.5
0.1
5665
0.57
0.31
0.54
3
5665
0.7
4
5671
0.65
0.3
0.46
5
5671
0.6
0.25
0.42
6
5671
0.7
0.35
0.5
7
5671
0.7
0.25
0.36
8
5683
0.7
0.32
0.46
9
5684
0.6
0.4
0.67
10
5684
0.62
0.28
0.45
11
5684
0.85
0.45
0.53
0.07
12
5697
0.45
0.23
0.51
0.06
13
5697
0.45
0.17
0.38
0.05
14
5697
0.52
15
5701
0.8
0.35
0.44
0.07
16
5676
0.62
0.32
0.52
17
4069
0.38
0.18
0.47
18
4075
0.58
0.33
0.57
19
4076
0.4
0.2
0.5
20
4076
0.58
0.32
0.55
21
4077
0.82
0.45
0.55
22
4077
0.8
0.38
0.48
23
4077
0.7
0.25
0.36
1.4
0.1
Total
23
21
21
6
Minimum
0.38
0.17
0.36
0.05
Maximum
0.85
0.45
0.67
0.1
Average
0.621
0.302
0.487
0.07
Standard deviation
0.132
0.079
0.074
0.033
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Table 3 Range of the dimensional parameters of Salpingoporella? popgrigorei n. sp. (“form A” + “form B”) (in mm) L Total Minimum
D
d
d/D
l
lp
ld
pp
pd
h
W
91
80
78
27
19
17
9
33
29
12 10
0.4
0.17
0.3
0.2
0.07
0.18
0.01
0.06
0.05
1.2
0.62
0.67
0.42
0.17
0.3
0.03
0.2
0.14
18
Average
0.823
0.384
0.473
0.315
0.103
0.225
0.023
0.122
0.088
15.417
Standard deviation
0.199
0.106
0.085
0.025
0.025
0.034
0.007
0.03
0.026
2.575
Maximum
2
See explanation of Table 1 for abbreviations
Fig. 9 Shape of laterals in longitudinal section (vertical plane) (a) and transverse section (horizontal plane) (b)
for adding a question mark after the genus name of the new species.
Associated microfossils, age and geographic repartition The samples providing Salpingoporella? popgrigorei n. sp. contain also a micropaleontological assemblage consisting of foraminifera (Vercorsella hensoni (Dalbiez), Vercorsella scarsellai (De Castro), Sabaudia minuta (Hofker), Nautiloculina cretacea Peybernès, Melathrokerion praesigali (Banner), Charentia cuvillieri Neumann, Nezzazatinella sp., Pseudolituonella conica Luperto Sinni and Masse, Neotrocholina sp., Glomospira urgoniana Arnaud-Vanneau, Derventina Wlipescui Neagu, Archaealveolina sp., Orbitolinopsis buccifer Arnaud Vanneau and Thieuloy, Orbitolinopsis pygmaea Arnaud-Vanneau, Orbitolinopsis div. sp., Paracoskinolina sunnilandensis (Maync), and Palorbitolina lenticularis (Blumenbach)), and calcareous algae (Sporolithon rude (Lemoine), Polystrata alba (Pfender), Arabicodium meridionalis Bucur, Boueina hochstetteri Toula, Carpathocodium anae (Dragastan), Montiella elitzae (Bakalova), Cylindroporella ivanovici (SokaT), Neomeris sp., Pseudoactinoporella fragilis Conrad, Salpin-
Fig. 10 Tentative reconstruction of the thallus of Salpingoporella? popgrigorei n. sp. The lower part of the reconstruction shows the aspect of laterals in longitudinal (right) and transverse (top) section through the calciWed thallus, as well as the aspect of the cortex (left). The upper part of the reconstruction shows the morphology of laterals in the upper part of the thallus and their relationship to the main stem
goporella melitae RadoiTib, Salpingoporella muehlbergii (Lorenz), Biokoviella robusta SokaT and Salpingoporella pygmaea (Guembel)), rare rivulariacean-type cyanobacteria,
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and the problematica Coptocampylodon fontis Patrulius, Bacinella irregularis RadoiTib, and Lirhocodium aggregatum Elliott. The deposits are Early Bedoulian in age, as clearly indicated by the orbitolinid foraminifera (e.g., Schroeder 1975; Arnaud-Vanneau 1980; Moullade et al. 1985). Outside Romania, the new species was found in SE France, in Bedoulian deposits with Orbitolinopsis buccifer and Palorbitolina lenticularis (M.A. Conrad, written information), and in South Poland, in Bedoulian limestone pebbles of a Paleogene conglomerate, associated with Palorbitolina lenticularis and Sporolithon rude (Bucur and Krobicki, unpublished data). Acknowledgments This paper is part of the research project “The Urgonian biosedimentary system in the Romanian Carpathians. Comparisons with other areas of the Tethyan realm” founded by the CNCSIS grant 1330. I thank Marc A. Conrad (Geneve) and Felix Schlagintweit (Muenchen) for their remarks on the Wrst version of the paper, which helped in its improvement. I also thank the reviewers Jochen Kuss and Andre Freiwald for their valuable remarks and help.
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