Cancer Statistics in Korea - Cancer Research and Treatment

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pISSN 1598-2998, eISSN 2005-9256 https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2017.118

Cancer Res Treat. 2017;49(2):292-305

Open Access

Special Article

Cancer Statistics in Korea: Incidence, Mortality, Survival, and Prevalence in 2014

Kyu-Won Jung, MS1,2 Young-Joo Won, PhD1,2,3 Chang-Mo Oh, MD, PhD1,2 Hyun-Joo Kong, MS1,2 Duk Hyoung Lee, MD, PhD2,3 Kang Hyun Lee, MD, PhD1 The Community of Population-Based Regional Cancer Registries* 1 The Korea Central Cancer Registry, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 2 National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 3 Department of Cancer Control and Population Health, National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Goyang, Korea

+ Correspondence: + + + + + + +Young-Joo + + + + Won, + + PhD ++++++ + The + +Korea + + Central + + + Cancer + + + Registry, +++++++++ + National + + + + + + +Center, + + +323+ Ilsan-ro, ++++++++ + Ilsandong-gu, + + + +Cancer + +Goyang + + +10408, + + +Korea +++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++ + Tel: + +82-31-920-2015 +++++++++++++++++ + Fax: + +82-31-920-2179 +++++++++++++++++ + E-mail: + + + [email protected] ++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++ + Received + + + +March + + +6, +2017 +++++++++++ + Accepted + + + + March + + +6,+2017 +++++++++++ + Published + + + + Online + + + March + + +9,+2017 ++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++ + *The + + members + + + + of+ the + +group + + are + +listed + +at+the+ end ++ + of+ this + +article. ++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++

Purpose This study presents the 2014 nationwide cancer statistics in Korea, including cancer incidence, survival, prevalence, and mortality. Materials and Methods Cancer incidence data from 1999 to 2014 was obtained from the Korea National Cancer Incidence Database and followed until December 31, 2015. Mortality data from 1983 to 2014 were obtained from Statistics Korea. The prevalence was defined as the number of cancer patients alive on January 1, 2015, among all cancer patients diagnosed since 1999. Crude and age-standardized rates (ASRs) for incidence, mortality, prevalence, and 5-year relative survivals were also calculated. Results In 2014, 217,057 and 76,611 Koreans were newly diagnosed and died from cancer respectively. The ASRs for cancer incidence and mortality in 2014 were 270.7 and 85.1 per 100,000, respectively. The all-cancer incidence rate has increased significantly by 3.4% annually from 1999 to 2012, and started to decrease after 2012 (2012-2014; annual percent change, –6.6%). However, overall cancer mortality has decreased 2.7% annually since 2002. The 5-year relative survival rate for patients diagnosed with cancer between 2010 and 2014 was 70.3%, an improvement from the 41.2% for patients diagnosed between 1993 and 1995. Conclusion Age-standardized cancer incidence rates have decreased since 2012 and mortality rates have also declined since 2002, while 5-year survival rates have improved remarkably from 1993-1995 to 2010-2014 in Korea.

Introduction Cancer is a major life-threatening disease worldwide. Approximately 14.1 million patients were newly diagnosed with cancer and 8.2 million people died from cancer in 2012 worldwide [1]. The global burden of cancer is expected to grow rapidly due to aging population [2]. In Korea, cancer accounts for one in four deaths and more than 200,000 new cancer cases were diagnosed in 2013 [3].

292

Key words Incidence, Survival, Prevalence, Mortality, Neoplasms, Korea

The number of cancer incidences and deaths are expected to increase with an aging population and westernized lifestyles [4]. Additionally, the economic burden of cancer in Korea increased approximately 1.8-fold, from $11,424 to $20,858 million, between 2000 and 2010 [5]. In this context, cancer statistics are the most important indicator to assess the national cancer burden and form cancer prevention and control strategies. This article aims to provide nationwide cancer statistics including incidence, survival, prevalence, and mortality in 2014.

Copyright ⓒ 2017 by the Korean Cancer Association This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

│ http://www.e-crt.org │

Kyu-Won Jung, Cancer Statistics in Korea, 2014

Materials and Methods 1. Data sources The Korea Central Cancer Registry (KCCR) was established by the Ministry of Health and Welfare in 1980 as a nationwide hospital-based cancer registry. Since 1999, the KCCR has collected cancer incidence data nationwide by integrating a hospital-based KCCR database with data from regional cancer registry programs. The KCCR currently provides the nationwide cancer incidence, survival, and prevalence statistics annually [6]. The KCCR built the Korea National Cancer Incidence Database (KNCI DB) from hospitals, 11 population-based registries, and additional medical chart reviews. The KNCI DB contains information regarding age, sex, region, date of diagnosis, primary cancer site, histological type, most valid diagnostic method, and SEER stage. The completeness of cancer incidence data for 2014 was estimated to be 97.8% based on the method proposed by Ajiki et al. [7]. The midyear population and cancer mortality data from 1983 to 2014 were obtained from Statistics Korea [8]. To ascertain vital status and to calculate survival and prevalence, the KNCI DB was linked to mortality data and population registration data from Ministry of the Interior. 2. Classification All incidence cases were registered according to the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, 3rd edition [9] and converted to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition (ICD-10) [10]. The mortality cases were registered according to ICD-10. All cancer cases were reported based on the 24 cancer types. 3. Statistical analyses Rates were expressed as crude and age-standardized rates (CR and ASR, respectively) per 100,000 individuals. The crude rate was calculated as the total number of incidence/ mortality cases divided by the mid-year population of the specified years. The ASR is a weighted average of the agespecific rates, where the weights are the proportions of persons in the corresponding age groups of a standard population [11]. In this report, ASRs were calculated using Segi’s world standard population [12]. The cumulative risk of developing cancer from birth to life expectancy was calculated using cumulative rates; that is, the sum of the age-specific rates from birth to life expectancy, as follows [13].

cumulative rate Cumulative risk of developing cancer – 100 ) =100(1–e from birth to life expectancy

Trends in incidence/mortality rates were summarized as an annual percentage change (APC) by using a Joinpoint regression. APC is the average percentage change of rates and is calculated as follows [11]: APC=

Ry+1–Ry 100=(eb1–1)100 Ry

, where log(Ry)=b0+b1y, log(Ry) is the natural log transformed age standardized rates. y=year, b0=intercept, b1=slope The survival duration for each cancer case was determined as the interval between the date of initial diagnosis and the date of death, date of loss of follow-up, or closing date for follow-up. The 5-year relative survival rates were calculated as the ratios of the observed survival of the cancer patients to the expected survival of the general population, which was derived from the standard life table provided by Statistics Korea. Trends in 5-year relative survival rates were evaluated as percentage differences in 5-year relative survival rates from 1993-1995 and 2010-2014. Relative survival rates were calculated using the Ederer II method [14] with some minor corrections, based on an algorithm by Paul Dickman [15]. Prevalent cases were defined as the number of cancer patients alive on January 1, 2015 among all cancer patients diagnosed between 1999 and 2014. Limited-duration prevalences were calculated using SEER*Stat software. Any p-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. SEER*Stat 8.2.1 (National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD), Joinpoint 4. 1. 1 (National Cancer Institute), and SAS 9.3 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC) were used in this report.

Selected Findings 1. Incidence A total of 217,057 cases were newly diagnosed with cancer during the study period (Table 1). Of these cases, 112,882 (52.0%) were men and 104,175 (48.0%) were women. Thyroid cancer was the most commonly diagnosed cancer in 2014, followed by stomach, colorectal, lung, and breast cancer in 2014. The overall cumulative risk of developing cancer from birth to life expectancy was 36.2%. However, the cumulative risk of developing cancer from birth to life expectancy was VOLUME 49 NUMBER 2 APRIL 2017

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Table 1. Cancer incidence, deaths, and prevalence by sex in Korea, 2014 Site/Type All sites Lip, oral cavity, and pharynx Esophagus Stomach Colon and rectum Liver Gallbladderb) Pancreas Larynx Lung Breast Cervix uteri Corpus uteri Ovary Prostate Testis Kidney Bladder Brain and CNS Thyroid Hodgkin lymphoma Non-Hodgkin lymphoma Multiple myeloma Leukemia Other and ill-defined

New cases

Prevalent casesa)

Deaths

Both sexes

Men

Women

Both sexes

Men

Women

Both sexes

Men

Women

217,057 3,191

112,882 2,261

104,175 930

76,611 1,097

47,869 824

28,742 273

1,464,935 19,687

645,332 13,253

819,603 6,434

2,344 29,854 26,978 16,178 5,576 5,948 1,111 24,027 18,381 3,500 2,214 2,413 9,785 259 4,471 3,949 1,725 30,806 278 4,948 1,396 3,080 14,645

2,131 20,087 16,182 12,058 2,838 3,191 1,048 16,750 77 9,785 259 3,108 3,182 917 6,174 167 2,766 758 1,771 7,372

213 9,767 10,796 4,120 2,738 2,757 63 7,277 18,304 3,500 2,214 2,413 1,363 767 808 24,632 111 2,182 638 1,309 7,273

1,540 8,917 8,338 11,566 3,931 5,116 410 17,440 2,271 960 264 1,021 1,667 14 944 1,354 1,285 346 70 1,574 864 1,671 3,951

1,407 5,767 4,760 8,616 1,966 2,752 371 12,785 17 1,667 14 665 1,016 716 84 38 910 473 921 2,100

133 3,150 3,578 2,950 1,965 2,364 39 4,655 2,254 960 264 1,021 279 338 569 262 32 664 391 750 1,851

8,496 235,172 202,295 57,691 17,061 8,472 9,262 63,460 158,916 45,189 18,381 16,161 62,256 2,570 31,610 28,559 9,500 328,072 2,318 31,553 4,811 17,151 86,292

7,666 156,264 121,057 43,192 8,749 4,539 8,714 40,098 622 62,256 2,570 21,404 23,293 4,898 54,696 1,471 16,984 2,513 9,534 41,559

830 78,908 81,238 14,499 8,312 3,933 548 23,362 158,294 45,189 18,381 16,161 10,206 5,266 4,602 273,376 847 14,569 2,298 7,617 44,733

CNS, central nervous system. a)Limited-duration prevalent cases on January 1, 2015. These are patients who were diagnosed between January 1, 1999 and December 31, 2014 and who were alive on January 1, 2015. Multiple primary cancer cases were counted multiple times, b)Includes the gallbladder and other/unspecified parts of the biliary tract.

higher in men (38.7%) than in women (33.1%) (data not shown). The total CR and ASR for overall cancer incidences in 2014 were 427.6 and 270.7 per 100,000, respectively (Table 2). According to sex, CRs for all sites combined were 444.9 per 100,000 in men and 410.3 per 100,000 in women. The ASRs were 302.2 and 255.5 per 100,000 in men and women, respectively. Stomach cancer (CR, 79.2 per 100,000) was the most common cancer in men, followed by lung (CR, 66.0 per 100,000), colorectal (CR, 63.8 per 100,000), liver (CR, 47.5 per 100,000), and prostate cancer (CR, 38.6 per 100,000). These five cancers accounted for 66.3% of newly diagnosed cases in men during the study period. In contrast, thyroid cancer (CR, 97.0 per 100,000) was the most common cancer among women, followed by breast (CR, 72.1 per 100,000), colorectal

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(CR, 42.5 per 100,000), stomach (CR, 38.5 per 100,000), and lung cancer (CR, 28.7 per 100,000). These five cancers accounted for 67.9% of cases in women. 2. Mortality In 2014, the total number of deaths from cancer was 76,611, accounting for 28.6% of all deaths (Table 3). Expressed based on sex, 62.5% and 37.5% of cancer deaths occurred in men and women, respectively (Table 1). The total CR and ASR for cancer deaths were 150.9 and 85.1 per 100,000, respectively, in 2014 (Table 4). The total CR and ASR for cancer deaths per 100,000 were higher among men (CR, 188.7; ASR, 125.8) than in women (CR, 113.2; ASR, 55.6).

Kyu-Won Jung, Cancer Statistics in Korea, 2014

Table 2. Crude and age-standardized cancer incidence rates by sex in Korea, 2014 Crude incidence rate per 100,000

Site/Type All sites Lip, oral cavity, and pharynx Esophagus Stomach Colon and rectum Liver Gallbladderb) Pancreas Larynx Lung Breast Cervix uteri Corpus uteri Ovary Prostate Testis Kidney Bladder Brain and CNS Thyroid Hodgkin lymphoma Non-Hodgkin lymphoma Multiple myeloma Leukemia Other and ill-defined

Age-standardized incidence rate per 100,000a)

Both sexes

Men

Women

Both sexes

Men

Women

427.6 6.3 4.6 58.8 53.1 31.9 11.0 11.7 2.2 47.3 36.2 6.9 4.4 4.8 19.3 0.5 8.8 7.8 3.4 60.7 0.5 9.7 2.8 6.1 28.8

444.9 8.9 8.4 79.2 63.8 47.5 11.2 12.6 4.1 66.0 0.3 38.6 1.0 12.2 12.5 3.6 24.3 0.7 10.9 3.0 7.0 29.1

410.3 3.7 0.8 38.5 42.5 16.2 10.8 10.9 0.2 28.7 72.1 13.8 8.7 9.5 5.4 3.0 3.2 97.0 0.4 8.6 2.5 5.2 28.6

270.7 4.0 2.8 35.8 31.9 19.4 6.2 6.7 1.3 27.2 24.0 4.6 2.9 3.3 11.2 0.5 5.7 4.5 2.7 43.3 0.5 6.8 1.6 5.2 18.6

302.2 6.1 5.5 52.7 42.6 31.4 7.4 8.4 2.7 43.7 0.2 25.6 1.0 8.4 8.4 3.0 17.3 0.5 8.1 2.0 6.1 21.0

255.5 2.3 0.4 21.4 23.0 8.6 5.2 5.4 0.1 14.9 47.7 9.0 5.7 6.4 3.3 1.5 2.4 69.8 0.4 5.7 1.3 4.3 16.6

CNS, central nervous system. a)Age-adjusted using the Segi’s world standard population, b)Includes the gallbladder and other/unspecified parts of the biliary tract.

Table 3. The top 10 leading causes of death in Korea, 2014 Rank

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Cause of death All causes Cancer Heart disease Cerebrovascular disease Intentional self-harm (suicide) Pneumonia Diabetes mellitus Chronic lower respiratory diseases Disease of liver Transport accidents Hypertensive diseases Others

No. of deaths 267,692 76,611 26,588 24,486 13,836 12,021 10,526 7,171 6,635 5,700 5,061 79,057

Percentage of all deaths

Age-standardized death rate per 100,000a)

100.0 28.6 9.9 9.1 5.2 4.5 3.9 2.7 2.5 2.1 1.9 29.5

295.7 85.1 27.7 24.8 19.3 11.6 10.7 6.9 8.0 8.0 4.9 88.8

Source: Mortality Data, 2014, Statistics Korea [8]. a)Age-adjusted using the Segi’s world standard population.

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Table 4. Crude and age-standardized cancer mortality rates by sex in Korea, 2014 Crude mortality rate per 100,000

Site/Type All sites Lip, oral cavity, and pharynx Esophagus Stomach Colon and rectum Liver Gallbladderb) Pancreas Larynx Lung Breast Cervix uteri Corpus uteri Ovary Prostate Testis Kidney Bladder Brain and CNS Thyroid Hodgkin lymphoma Non-Hodgkin lymphoma Multiple myeloma Leukemia Other and ill-defined

Age-standardized mortality rate per 100,000a)

Both sexes

Men

Women

Both sexes

Men

Women

150.9 2.2 3.0 17.6 16.4 22.8 7.7 10.1 0.8 34.4 4.5 1.9 0.5 2.0 3.3 0.0 1.9 2.7 2.5 0.7 0.1 3.1 1.7 3.3 7.8

188.7 3.2 5.5 22.7 18.8 34.0 7.7 10.8 1.5 50.4 0.1 6.6 0.1 2.6 4.0 2.8 0.3 0.1 3.6 1.9 3.6 8.3

113.2 1.1 0.5 12.4 14.1 11.6 7.7 9.3 0.2 18.3 8.9 3.8 1.0 4.0 1.1 1.3 2.2 1.0 0.1 2.6 1.5 3.0 7.3

85.1 1.3 1.7 9.7 9.0 13.4 4.1 5.6 0.4 18.8 2.8 1.1 0.3 1.2 1.6 0.0 1.0 1.4 1.7 0.4 0.1 1.8 1.0 2.2 4.5

125.8 2.1 3.6 15.1 12.6 22.4 5.1 7.1 1.0 33.2 0.0 4.5 0.0 1.8 2.7 2.1 0.2 0.1 2.4 1.2 2.7 5.8

55.6 0.5 0.2 5.7 6.3 5.6 3.4 4.4 0.1 8.5 5.4 2.1 0.6 2.3 0.5 0.5 1.4 0.4 0.1 1.3 0.8 1.8 3.6

CNS, central nervous system. a)Age-adjusted using the world standard population, b)Includes the gallbladder and other/ unspecified parts of the biliary tract. 350 Men incidence

According to the cancer sites, lung cancer (CR, 50.4 per 100,000) was the leading cause of death in men, followed by liver (CR, 34.0 per 100,000), stomach (CR, 22.7 per 100,000), colorectal (CR, 18.8 per 100,000), and pancreatic cancer (CR, 10.8 per 100,000). The top five causes of deaths from cancer in women included lung (CR, 18.3 per 100,000), colorectal (CR, 14.1 per 100,000), stomach (CR, 12.4 per 100,000), liver (CR, 11.6 per 100,000), and pancreatic cancer (CR, 9.3 per 100,000). 3. Trends in cancer incidence and mortality Fig. 1 shows trends in cancer incidence and mortality from 1983 to 2014. The ASR for all-cancer incidence increased by 3.4% annually from 1999 to 2012, and then began to decrease from 2012 to 2014 (APC, –6.6%) (Table 5, Fig. 1). Cancers in stomach, colorectum, lung and thyroid started to decrease

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Rate per 100,000

300

Both sexes incidence

250 200

Women incidence

Men mortality

150

Both sexes mortality

100 50

Women mortality

0 1983

1988

1993

1998 Year

2003

2008

2014

Fig. 1. Annual age-standardized cancer incidence and death rates by sex for all sites from 1983 to 2014 in Korea. Age standardization was based on the Segi’s world standard population.

1999

-

3.4a) 3.5a) 0.9a) 2.2a)

6.8 1999-2014

1.6 1999-2014 5.2 1999-2014 18.6 1999-2014

-

-

2011-2014 –5.8a) 2010-2014 –4.6a) 2011-2014 –5.2a) 2005-2014 –1.2a) 2011-2014 –1.7a) 2005-2014 4.5a) 2009-2014 3.0a) 2009-2014 0.6 2009-2014 1.6a) 2004-2014 –1.5a) 2009-2014 –2.4 2011-2014 –10.8a) -

–2.2a) –0.1 6.0a) –1.7a) 1.1 1.4a) –3.6a) 0.1 7.6a) –4.1a) 6.2a) 1.5a) 15.1a) 4.8a) 6.6a) 2.4a) 1.1a) 22.4a) 4.4a)

1999-2014 1999-2011 1999-2010 1999-2011 1999-2005 1999-2014 1999-2014 1999-2011 1999-2005 1999-2014 1999-2009 1999-2014 1999-2009 1999-2014 1999-2009 1999-2004 1999-2009 1999-2011 1999-2014

2.8 35.8 31.9 19.4 6.2 6.7 1.3 27.2 24.0 4.6 2.9 3.3 11.2 0.5 5.7 4.5 2.7 43.3 0.5

2012-2014 –6.6 -

APC

3.4 0.5

Year

270.7 1999-2012 4.0 1999-2014

APC a)

Year

Trend 2 a)

2014

Trend 1

Both sexes

1.2 5.5 17.9

5.8

8.8 66.2 26.2 46.8 8.1 7.8 4.9 51.4 0.2 8.4 0.6 4.5 9.0 3.2 2.1 0.4

285.0 6.1

1999 Year

1999-2014 1999-2011 1999-2010 1999-2009 1999-2014 1999-2014 1999-2014 1999-2005 1999-2014 1999-2009 1999-2014 1999-2010 1999-2005 1999-2009 1999-2012 1999-2014

2.0 1999-2014 6.1 1999-2014 21.0 1999-2014

8.1 1999-2014

5.5 52.7 42.6 31.4 7.4 8.4 2.7 43.7 0.2 25.6 1.0 8.4 8.4 3.0 17.3 0.5

3.2a) 0.9a) 1.6a)

2.7a)

–2.7a) –0.3a) 6.5a) –1.8a) –0.6a) 0.7a) –3.8a) –0.1 –1.2 13.6a) 4.7a) 6.0a) 1.5a) 1.3a) 22.8a) 3.5a)

a)

APC

302.2 1999-2011 1.7 6.1 1999-2014 –0.3

2014

Men Trend 1

-

-

-

-

2011-2014 –6.3a) 2010-2014 –5.1a) 2009-2014 –3.8a) 2005-2014 –1.5a) 2009-2014 –0.2 2010-2014 0.7 2005-2014 –1.9a) 2009-2014 –2.5 2012-2014 –16.7a) -

a)

APC

2011-2014 –3.6 -

Year

Trend 2

0.8 3.9 11.8

3.4

0.6 26.7 16.4 12.3 5.3 4.0 0.4 12.4 20.9 16.3 2.8 5.0 1.7 1.6 2.6 10.4 0.1

161.1 1.6

1999 Year

1999-2014 1999-2011 1999-2009 1999-2011 1999-2003 1999-2014 1999-2014 1999-2011 1999-2007 1999-2014 1999-2009 1999-2014 1999-2009 1999-2003 1999-2007 1999-2011 1999-2014

1.3 1999-2014 4.3 1999-2014 16.6 1999-2010

5.7 1999-2011

0.4 21.4 23.0 8.6 5.2 5.4 0.1 14.9 47.7 9.0 5.7 6.4 3.3 1.5 2.4 69.8 0.4

Year

APC

Trend 2

3.7a) 0.6a) 3.2a) 2010-2014

0.7

1.0

2011-2014 –5.4a) 2009-2014 –2.5a) 2011-2014 –6.1a) 2003-2014 –1.2a) 2011-2014 –0.4 2007-2014 4.2a) 2009-2014 3.1a) 2009-2014 0.9 2003-2014 –2.0a) 2007-2014 –1.7 2011-2014 –11.9a) 4.7a) 2011-2014

–2.0a) –0.3 5.3a) –1.4a) 2.7 2.1a) –7.1a) 1.9a) 7.0a) –3.9a) 6.4a) 1.8a) 6.6a) 2.9 1.5a) 22.1a) 5.5a)

5.5 2012-2014 –7.9a) 1.3a) -

a)

APC

Trend 1

255.5 1999-2012 2.3 1999-2014

2014

Women

APC was calculated using age-standardized incidence data based on the Segi’s world standard population. APC, annual percentage change; CNS, central nervous system. a)Significantly different from zero (p < 0.05), b)Includes the gallbladder and other/unspecified parts of the biliary tract.

All sites 210.5 Lip, oral cavity, 3.6 and pharynx Esophagus 4.1 Stomach 43.6 Colon and rectum 20.4 Liver 27.9 Gallbladderb) 6.5 Pancreas 5.6 Larynx 2.3 Lung 28.5 Breast 10.7 Cervix uteri 8.5 Corpus uteri 1.4 Ovary 2.7 Prostate 3.1 Testis 0.3 Kidney 3.0 Bladder 4.6 Brain and CNS 2.9 Thyroid 6.3 Hodgkin 0.2 lymphoma Non-Hodgkin 4.5 lymphoma Multiple myeloma 1.0 Leukemia 4.7 Other and 14.3 ill-defined

Site/Type

Table 5. Trends in cancer incidence rates from 1999 to 2014 in Korea

Kyu-Won Jung, Cancer Statistics in Korea, 2014

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1999

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Year

APC

Year

1999-2014 1999-2003 1999-2004 1999-2002 1999-2001 1999-2014 1999-2014 1999-2001 1999-2014 1999-2003 1999-2003 1999-2001 1999-2002 1999-2014 1999-2014 1999-2014 1999-2002 1999-2003 1999-2003

–4.5a) –3.3a) 5.2a) 0.7 7.7 0.3a) –9.6a) 3.7a) 1.4a) 8.8a) 35.7a) 10.6 16.1a) –2.3 0.0 –1.2a) 4.6 6.7 27.8a) -

2003-2014 2004-2014 2002-2014 2001-2014 2001-2014 2003-2014 2003-2014 2001-2014 2002-2014 2002-2014 2003-2014 2003-2014 -

–6.6a) –1.0a) –3.6a) –2.8a) –1.9a) –5.5a) 2.4a) 0.3 1.2a) –2.1a) –3.9a) 0.8

1.0 1999-2003 12.6a) 2003-2014 1.0 2.2 1999-2001 1.4 2001-2014 –2.0a) 4.5 1999-2014 –3.0a) -

1.8 1999-2014 –0.9a)

1.7 9.7 9.0 13.4 4.1 5.6 0.4 18.8 2.8 1.1 0.3 1.2 1.6 0.0 1.0 1.4 1.7 0.4 0.1

a)

APC

Trend 2

85.1 1999-2002 1.0 2002-2014 –2.7 1.3 1999-2014 –2.0a) -

2014

Trend 1

Both sexes

0.8 3.5 9.0

3.0

6.8 36.9 10.5 35.3 6.8 7.6 3.4 41.5 0.1 2.6 0.1 1.8 2.6 2.2 0.3 0.0

176.6 2.0

1999 Year

APC

Year

1999-2014 1999-2002 1999-2004 1999-2002 1999-2001 1999-2014 1999-2014 1999-2001 1999-2014 1999-2002 1999-2014 1999-2014 1999-2014 1999-2014 1999-2002 1999-2004

–4.7a) –1.3 5.6a) –0.2 6.7 –0.4a) –9.1a) 4.0 –4.6a) 16.7a) –2.5 0.2 –1.4a) –1.5a) 15.4 18.2a) -

2002-2014 2004-2014 2002-2014 2001-2014 2001-2014 2002-2014 2002-2014 2004-2014 -

–6.7a) –0.7a) –3.7a) –3.0a) –2.4a) 0.7a) –3.7a) –1.2a)

1.2 1999-2002 14.3a) 2002-2014 1.4a) 2.7 1999-2014 –1.7a) 5.8 1999-2009 –0.5 2009-2014 –7.2a)

2.4 1999-2014 –1.2

3.6 15.1 12.6 22.4 5.1 7.1 1.0 33.2 0.0 4.5 0.0 1.8 2.7 2.1 0.2 0.1

a)

APC

Trend 2

125.8 1999-2002 1.1 2002-2014 –3.1 2.1 1999-2014 –2.2a) -

2014

Men Trend 1

0.4 2.4 7.0

1.4

0.5 14.6 6.0 8.3 4.1 3.9 0.4 9.4 4.2 2.6 0.1 1.7 0.5 0.5 1.6 0.5 0.0

70.6 0.4

1999 Year

APC

Trend 1 Year

APC

Trend 2

1999-2014 –5.2a) 1999-2003 –4.4a) 1999-2004 4.7a) 1999-2002 2.9a) 1999-2001 9.3 1999-2014 0.8a) 1999-2012 –15.3a) 1999-2001 4.2 1999-2014 1.7a) 1999-2003 8.2a) 1999-2003 35.7a) 1999-2014 1.1a) 1999-2014 –0.8 1999-2001 11.1 1999-2014 –1.5a) 1999-2004 4.1 1999-2002 56.3

-

2003-2014 2004-2014 2002-2014 2001-2014 2012-2014 2001-2014 2003-2014 2003-2014 2001-2014 2004-2014 2002-2014

-

–6.6a) –1.7a) –3.7a) –2.7a) 16.4 –1.4a) –5.2a) 2.8a) –2.0a) –4.5a) 3.5a)

0.8 1999-2007 7.6a) 2007-2014 –1.6 1.8 1999-2014 –2.0a) 3.6 1999-2005 –7.1a) 2005-2014 –1.9a)

1.3 1999-2014 –0.5

0.2 5.7 6.3 5.6 3.4 4.4 0.1 8.5 5.4 2.1 0.6 2.3 0.5 0.5 1.4 0.4 0.1

55.6 1999-2002 1.0 2002-2014 –2.2a) 0.5 1999-2014 –3.1a) -

2014

Women

APC was calculated using age-standardized incidence data based on the Segi’s world standard population. APC, annual percentage change; CNS, central nervous system. a)Significantly different from zero (p < 0.05), b)Includes the gallbladder and other/unspecified parts of the biliary tract.

All sites 114.3 Lip, oral cavity, 1.1 and pharynx Esophagus 3.1 Stomach 23.8 Colon and rectum 7.7 Liver 20.4 Gallbladderb) 5.2 Pancreas 5.4 Larynx 1.6 Lung 22.4 Breast 2.2 Cervix uteri 1.4 Corpus uteri 0.1 Ovary 0.9 Prostate 0.9 Testis 0.0 Kidney 1.1 Bladder 1.3 Brain and CNS 1.9 Thyroid 0.4 Hodgkin 0.0 lymphoma Non-Hodgkin 2.1 lymphoma Multiple myeloma 0.6 Leukemia 2.9 Other and 7.8 ill-defined

Site/Type

Table 6. Trends in cancer mortality rates from 1999 to 2014 in Korea

Cancer Res Treat. 2017;49(2):292-305

Kyu-Won Jung, Cancer Statistics in Korea, 2014

100

A Stomach Liver Prostate

Colon and rectum Lung Thyroid

120 Age-standardized rate per 100,000

Age-standardized rate per 100,000

120

80 60 40 20 0

100 80

B Stomach Colon and rectum Liver Lung Breast Cervix uteri Thyroid

60 40 20 0

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Year of diagnosis

Year of diagnosis

Fig. 2. Trends in age-standardized incidences of selected cancers by sex from 1999 to 2014 in Korea. (A) Men. (B) Women. Age standardization was based on the Segi’s world standard population.

A Stomach Colon and rectum Liver Lung Prostate Thyroid

60

40

20

0 1983

1988

1993

1998 2003 Year of death

2008

2014

B

40

Age-standardized rate per 100,000

Age-standardized rate per 100,000

80

Stomach Colon and rectum Liver Lung Breast Cervix Thyroid

30

20

10

0 1983

1988

1993

1998 2003 Year of death

2008

2014

Fig. 3. Annual age-standardized cancer mortalities of selected cancers by sex from 1983 to 2014 in Korea. (A) Men. (B) Women. Age standardization was based on the Segi’s world standard population.

around 2011 (Table 5, Fig. 2). Especially, ASR for thyroid cancer has increased rapidly 22.4% from 1999 to 2011, but then decreased swiftly 10.8% annually starting in 2011. Incidence of breast cancer has increased constantly throughout the period, but APC was slowed from 2005. Conversely, the incidence rates of cervix and liver showed constant decrease for the whole period. The incidence rate for liver cancer has

started to decrease since 1999. After 2011, decreasing rate for liver cancer was more steepen. The ASR for all-cancer mortality rate has been increased until 2002 (Table 6, Fig. 1). After that year, it began to decrease (2002-2014; APC, –2.7%). Same patterns were shown in men and women. Most cancer sites, including lung, liver, colorectum, gallbladder, leukemia, brain and central VOLUME 49 NUMBER 2 APRIL 2017

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Table 7. The five common sites of cancer incidence by age group and sex in Korea, 2014 Age (yr)

Rank Men 1 2 3 4 5 Women 1 2 3 4 5

0-14

15-34

35-64

≥ 65

Leukemia (4.4) Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (2.8) Brain and CNS (1.8) Liver (0.4) Testis (0.3)

Thyroid (13.5) Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (3.2) Colon and rectum (3.1) Leukemia (3.1) Testis (2.1)

Stomach (86.7) Colon and rectum (66.0) Liver (59.1) Lung (42.8) Thyroid (38.8)

Lung (445.7) Stomach (373.6) Colon and rectum (313.5) Prostate (284.2) Liver (192.4)

Leukemia (4.1) Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (2.0) Brain and CNS (1.7) Ovary (0.8) Thyroid (0.6)

Thyroid (54.7) Breast (11.4) Cervix uteri (5.3) Ovary (3.3) Stomach (3.3)

Thyroid (161.4) Breast (129.0) Colon and rectum (38.7) Stomach (37.6) Lung (22.2)

Colon and rectum (168.5) Stomach (142.2) Lung (126.8) Breast (73.5) Liver (71.7)

CNS, central nervous system.

A Stomach Colon and rectum Liver Lung Prostate Thyroid

600 500 400 300 200

250 200 150 100

0 10 -1 4 15 -1 9 20 -2 4 25 -2 9 30 -3 4 35 -3 9 40 -4 4 45 -4 9 50 -5 4 55 -5 9 60 -6 4 65 -6 9 70 -7 4 75 -7 9 80 -8 4 ≥ 85

10 -1 4 15 -1 9 20 -2 4 25 -2 9 30 -3 4 35 -3 9 40 -4 4 45 -4 9 50 -5 4 55 -5 9 60 -6 4 65 -6 9 70 -7 4 75 -7 9 80 -8 4 ≥ 85

0

04 59

50

Age group (yr)

Stomach Colon and rectum Liver Lung Breast Cervix uteri Thyroid

300

100

04 59

Age-specific rate per 100,000

700

B

350

Age-specific rate per 100,000

800

Age group (yr)

Fig. 4. Age-specific incidence rates of common cancers for 2014 in Korea. (A) Men. (B) Women.

nervous system, cervix uteri, and thyroid started to decrease in the early 2000s. However, cancers in stomach, larynx, testis, bladder, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma decreased starting in 1999 (Table 6, Fig. 3). Cancers in the pancreas, breast, and prostate showed constant increasing trends for the whole period.

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4. Age-specific incidence rates Leukemia was the most commonly diagnosed cancer among children between 0 and 14 years of age. Thyroid cancer was the most common cancer among adolescents and young adults between 15 and 34 years of age (Table 7). For men, the incidence rate of cancer increased until age 70 (Fig. 4A). Stomach cancer was the most commonly diagnosed cancer among men 35 to 64 years old, while lung cancer was

41.2 41.1 12.7 42.8 54.8 10.7 17.3 9.4 59.7 11.3 77.9 77.5 81.5 58.7 55.9 85.4 62.0 69.1 38.5 94.2 68.0 46.6 22.1 26.5 42.1

All sites Lip, oral cavity, and pharynx Esophagus Stomach Colon and rectum Liver Gallbladderb) Pancreas Larynx Lung Breast Cervix uteri Corpus uteri Ovary Prostate Testis Kidney Bladder Brain and CNS Thyroid Hodgkin lymphoma Non-Hodgkin lymphoma Multiple myeloma Leukemia Other and ill-defined

44.0 46.7 15.2 46.6 58.0 13.2 19.7 7.6 62.3 12.7 83.2 80.0 81.8 58.9 67.2 90.4 66.1 73.1 39.0 94.9 71.2 50.8 19.8 33.3 45.9

19962000 53.9 54.2 21.2 57.7 66.6 20.2 22.8 8.2 66.2 16.2 88.5 81.3 84.6 61.5 80.3 90.6 73.4 75.6 40.8 98.3 76.7 59.9 29.3 41.8 56.0

20012005 70.3 63.5 35.0 74.4 76.3 32.8 29.2 10.1 74.6 25.1 92.0 79.7 87.9 64.1 93.3 96.0 81.3 75.6 40.8 100.2 80.6 69.1 40.1 51.1 69.1

29.1 22.4 22.3 31.6 21.5 22.1 11.9 0.7 14.9 13.8 14.1 2.2 6.4 5.4 37.4 10.6 19.3 6.5 2.3 6.0 12.6 22.5 18.0 24.6 27.0

2010Changea) 2014 31.7 35.8 11.8 43.0 55.3 9.9 16.6 8.8 60.2 10.4 75.1 55.9 85.4 60.8 70.0 37.2 87.2 67.6 45.3 21.1 26.2 37.4

19931995 35.3 41.1 14.3 46.9 59.0 12.9 20.3 7.3 62.8 11.6 85.6 67.2 90.4 64.4 74.8 37.5 89.5 68.1 48.9 17.8 32.3 42.4

19962000 45.3 49.4 20.5 58.4 68.5 20.2 23.4 8.2 66.8 15.0 87.1 80.3 90.6 72.8 77.4 40.2 95.8 74.7 58.1 29.6 41.7 52.3

20012005

Men

62.2 59.8 34.7 75.3 78.1 33.1 30.1 9.8 74.9 21.9 86.8 93.3 96.0 80.8 77.5 39.4 100.5 81.6 67.4 39.7 50.9 65.7

30.5 24.0 22.9 32.3 22.8 23.2 13.5 1.0 14.7 11.5 11.7 37.4 10.6 20.0 7.5 2.2 13.3 14.0 22.1 18.6 24.7 28.3

2010Changea) 2014 53.4 58.1 23.7 42.6 54.2 13.6 18.0 10.1 55.4 14.2 78.0 77.5 81.5 58.7 64.5 65.5 40.2 95.4 68.6 48.7 23.3 26.8 47.4

19931995 55.3 63.8 24.2 46.0 56.8 14.2 19.1 8.1 57.8 16.2 83.2 80.0 81.8 58.9 69.7 66.3 40.7 95.9 77.4 53.5 22.1 34.6 50.0

19962000 64.0 67.8 29.6 56.4 64.2 20.5 22.4 8.2 58.2 19.7 88.5 81.3 84.6 61.5 74.5 68.6 41.5 98.7 80.7 62.4 29.1 42.0 60.0

20012005

Women

78.2 72.4 37.3 72.7 73.4 31.9 28.4 10.5 70.7 32.4 92.0 79.7 87.9 64.1 82.5 67.9 42.4 100.1 78.8 71.1 40.6 51.4 72.6

24.8 14.3 13.6 30.1 19.2 18.3 10.4 0.4 15.3 18.2 14.0 2.2 6.4 5.4 18.0 2.4 2.2 4.7 10.2 22.4 17.3 24.6 25.2

2010Changea) 2014

CNS, central nervous system. a)Percentage change in 5-year relative survival from 1993 to 1995 and 2010 to 2014, b)Includes the gallbladder and other/unspecified parts of the biliary tract.

19931995

Site/Type

Both sexes

Table 8. Trends in the 5-year relative survival rates (%) by year of diagnosis from 1993 to 2014 in Korea

Kyu-Won Jung, Cancer Statistics in Korea, 2014

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A 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Relative survival (%)

80 60 40 20 0

0

1

2

3 4 5 6 7 Year after diagnosis

8

9

B

100

60 40 20 0

10

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

80 Relative survival (%)

100

0

1

2

3 4 5 6 7 Year after diagnosis

8

9

10

Fig. 5. Trends in relative survival by year of diagnosis from 1999 to 2014. (A) All sites for both sexes. (B) All sites except thyroid cancer for both sexes.

Thyroid Stomach Colon and rectum Breast Lung Prostate Liver Cervix uteri Kidney Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 0

40,000

Thyroid

Stomach

Under 1 yr

30,635

26,812

1-2 yr

42,457

24,241

2-5 yr

120,630

More than 5 yr

134,350

Total

328,072

235,172

80,000

Colon and rectum

120,000

Breast

Lung

24,674

18,144

16,808

22,870

16,888

10,208

65,813

61,623

43,990

118,306

93,128

79,894

202,295

158,916

160,000

Prostate

200,000

240,000

280,000

320,000

360,000

Cancer prevalent cases NonAll Hodgkin cancers lymphoma

Liver

Cervix uteri

Kidney

9,526

11,491

3,331

4,141

4,283

189,119

8,858

8,162

3,187

3,713

3,621

174,156

17,890

21,992

17,409

9,158

9,307

8,782

443,505

18,554

21,880

20,629

29,513

14,449

14,867

658,155

63,460

62,256

57,691

45,189

31,610

31,553

1,464,935

Fig. 6. Prevalence of common cancer sites by time period after cancer diagnosis. Prevalent cases were defined as the number of cancer patients alive on January 1, 2015 among all cancer patients diagnosed between 1999 and 2014.

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Kyu-Won Jung, Cancer Statistics in Korea, 2014

Table 9. Crude and age-standardized rates of cancer prevalence by sex on January 1, 2015 in Korea Crude prevalence rate per 100,000a)

Site/Type All sites Lip, oral cavity, and pharynx Esophagus Stomach Colon and rectum Liver Gallbladderc) Pancreas Larynx Lung Breast Cervix uteri Corpus uteri Ovary Prostate Testis Kidney Bladder Brain and CNS Thyroid Hodgkin lymphoma Non-Hodgkin lymphoma Multiple myeloma Leukemia Other and ill-defined

Age-standardized prevalence rate per 100,000b)

Both sexes

Men

Women

Both sexes

Men

Women

2,885.8 38.8 16.7 463.3 398.5 113.6 33.6 16.7 18.2 125.0 313.1 89.0 36.2 31.8 122.6 5.1 62.3 56.3 18.7 646.3 4.6 62.2 9.5 33.8 170.0

2,543.2 52.2 30.2 615.8 477.1 170.2 34.5 17.9 34.3 158.0 2.5 245.3 10.1 84.4 91.8 19.3 215.6 5.8 66.9 9.9 37.6 163.8

3,228.2 25.3 3.3 310.8 320.0 57.1 32.7 15.5 2.2 92.0 623.5 178.0 72.4 63.7 40.2 20.7 18.1 1076.8 3.3 57.4 9.1 30.0 176.2

1,837.6 25.0 9.9 278.1 237.5 71.8 19.4 10.2 10.8 74.5 201.8 56.7 23.7 22.2 67.1 4.6 40.2 32.1 16.1 438.4 3.8 44.1 5.8 31.7 112.0

1,730.9 35.5 20.0 407.6 317.6 114.2 22.8 12.1 22.8 105.0 1.6 160.7 9.0 57.5 61.2 17.0 148.2 4.8 50.1 6.6 35.6 120.7

2,027.1 15.8 1.7 171.5 173.1 33.5 16.8 8.7 1.1 51.0 396.8 110.5 46.5 44.0 24.9 10.1 15.0 726.7 2.9 38.7 5.1 28.0 104.7

CNS, central nervous system. a)Crude prevalence rate: number of prevalent cases divided by the corresponding person-years of observation. Prevalent cases were defined as patients who were diagnosed between January 1, 1999 and December 31, 2014 and who were alive on January 1, 2015. Multiple primary cancer cases were counted multiple times, b)Age-adjusted using the Segi’s world standard population, c)Includes the gallbladder and other/unspecified parts of the biliary tract.

the most common among men 65 and over. In contrast, thyroid cancer was most commonly diagnosed among women 35 to 64 years old, while colorectal cancer was the most common among women 65 and older. Thyroid and breast cancer showed an inverted U-shaped incidence rates by age (Fig. 4B). 5. Survival rates The 5-year relative survival rates for all cancer combined improved remarkably in both sexes, from 41.2% in 1993-1995 to 70.3% in 2010-2014 (Table 8, Fig. 5A). After excluding thyroid cancer, the 5-year relative survival rates for all cancer still increased from 1993 to 2014 (Fig. 5B).

The 5-year relative survival rate during 2010-2014 for all cancer combined was 62.2% in men and 78.2% in women, respectively. The 5-year relative survival rate for thyroid cancer was over 100%, while the 5-year relative survival rates for testis, prostate, and breast cancer were over 90% in 20102014 for both sexes, respectively. However, the 5-year relative survival rate for pancreatic cancer was only 10.1% in both sexes in 2010-2014. When compared to the 5-year relative survival rate for men in 1993-1995, prostate cancer diagnosed from 2010 to 2014 showed the most outstanding improvement, followed by stomach cancer, leukemia, lip/oral cavity/pharynx and liver cancer. Among women, stomach cancer diagnosed during 2010-2014 showed the greatest improvement in 5-year relaVOLUME 49 NUMBER 2 APRIL 2017

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tive survival rates compared to those between 1993 and1995, followed by leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, colorectal, and liver cancer. 6. Prevalence rates A total of 1,464,935 cancer prevalent cases were identified on January 1, 2015 (Table 1). Of these cases, 645,332 (44.1%) were men and 819,603 (55.9%) were women. The crude and age-standardized prevalence rates for cancer overall were 2,885.8 per 100,000 individuals and 1,837.6 per 100,000 individuals for both sexes, respectively, in 2014 (Table 9). The five most common cancers for men were stomach (CR, 615.8 per 100,000), colorectal (CR, 477.1 per 100,000), prostate (CR, 245.3 per 100,000), thyroid (CR, 215.6 per 100,000), and liver cancer (CR, 170.2 per 100,000). In contrast, thyroid cancer was most common in women (CR, 1,076.8 per 100,000), followed by breast (CR, 623.5 per 100,000), colorectal (CR, 320.0 per 100,000), stomach (CR, 310.8 per 100,000), and cervix uteri cancer (CR, 178.0 per 100,000). Analysis of the period after cancer diagnosis revealed that thyroid (20.1%) cancer was the most prevalent cancer within two years after diagnosis, followed by stomach (14.1%) and colorectal cancer (13.1%) (Fig. 6). Thyroid cancer (27.2%) was most prevalent for 2-5 years, followed by stomach (14.8%) and colorectal cancer (13.9%). After 5 years, thyroid cancer (20.4%) was the most prevalent cancer, followed by stomach (18.0%) and colorectal cancer (14.1%).

*The Community of Population-Based Regional Cancer Registries

Ulsan University Hospital), Heon Kim (Chungbuk Cancer Registry, Chungbuk National University Hospital), HaeSung Nam (Daejeon/Chungnam Cancer Registry, Chungnam National University and Hospital), Jung-Sik Huh (Jeju Cancer Registry, Jeju National University and Hospital), Jung-Ho Youm (Chonbuk Cancer Registry, Chonbuk National University Hospital), Moo-Kyung Oh (Kangwon Cancer Registry, Kangwon National University Hospital), Nam-Soo Hong (Deagu/Gyeongbuk Cancer Registry, Kyungpook National University Medical Center), Sun-Seog Kweon (Gwangju/Jeonnam Cancer Registry, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital), Woo-Chul Kim (Incheon Cancer Registry, Inha University Hospital), YuneSik Kang (Gyeongnam Cancer Registry, Gyeongsang National University and Hospital)

Conflicts of Interest Conflict of interest relevant to this article was not reported.

Acknowledgments This work was supported by a research grant from the National Cancer Center (No. 1610200), Republic of Korea. The authors are indebted to the Korea Central Cancer Registry (KCCR)-affiliated hospitals, non-KCCR-affiliated hospitals, the National Health Insurance Service and Statistics Korea for data collection.

Chang-Hoon Kim (Busan Cancer Registry, Pusan National University Hospital), Cheol-In Yoo (Ulsan Caner Registry,

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